101
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Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:937-950. [PMID: 30293747 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors, well known mediators of response to non-self-molecules and inflammation, also act as mediators of immunity triggered by 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) cause inflammation in mammals and a rapid immune response in plants, while DAMPs trigger more complex responses, including immunity, tissue maintenance and repair. DAMPs, their receptors and downstream transduction mechanisms are often conserved within a kingdom or, due to convergent evolution, are similar across the kingdoms of life. Herein, we describe the dynamics and functionality of specific extracellular DAMP classes and their receptors in immunity, inflammation and repair of tissue damage in plants and mammals.
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102
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McGrath PT, Ruvinsky I. A primer on pheromone signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans for systems biologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:23-30. [PMID: 30984890 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Individuals communicate information about their age, sex, social status, and recent life history with other members of their species through the release of pheromones, chemical signals that elicit behavioral or physiological changes in the recipients. Pheromones provide a fascinating example of information exchange: animals have evolved intraspecific languages in the presence of eavesdroppers and cheaters. In this review, we discuss the recent work using the nematode C. elegans to decipher its chemical language through the analysis of ascaroside pheromones. Genetic dissection has started to identify the enzymes that produce pheromones and the neural circuits that process these signals. Ecological experiments have characterized the biotic environment of C. elegans and its relatives, including ecological relationships with a variety of species that sense or release similar blends of ascarosides. Systems biology approaches should be fruitful in understanding the organization and function of communication systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T McGrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Physics; Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.
| | - Ilya Ruvinsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
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103
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Pattern Recognition Receptors—Versatile Genetic Tools for Engineering Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of crop plants with pathogens pose a major threat to global food supply. Exploiting plant defense mechanisms to produce disease-resistant crop varieties is an important strategy to control plant diseases in modern plant breeding and can greatly reduce the application of agrochemicals. The discovery of different types of immune receptors and a detailed understanding of their activation and regulation mechanisms in the last decades has paved the way for the deployment of these central plant immune components for genetic plant disease management. This review will focus on a particular class of immune sensors, termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), that activate a defense program termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and outline their potential to provide broad-spectrum and potentially durable disease resistance in various crop species—simply by providing plants with enhanced capacities to detect invaders and to rapidly launch their natural defense program.
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104
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Zhao L, Ahmad F, Lu M, Zhang W, Wickham JD, Sun J. Ascarosides Promote the Prevalence of Ophiostomatoid Fungi and an Invasive Pathogenic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:701-710. [PMID: 30033490 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the coevolution of pathogens and their associated mycoflora depend upon a proper elucidation of the basis of their chemical communication. In the case of pine wilt disease, the mutual interactions between cerambycid beetles, invasive pathogenic nematodes, (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and their symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi provide a unique opportunity to understand the role of small molecules in mediating their chemical communication. Nematodes produce ascarosides, a highly conserved family of small molecules that serve essential functions in nematode biology and ecology. Here we demonstrated that the associated fungi, one of the key natural food resources of pine wood nematodes, can detect and respond to these ascarosides. We found that ascarosides significantly increase the growth of L. pini-densiflorae and Sporothrix sp. 1, which are native fungal species in China that form a symbiotic relationship with pinewood nematodes. Hyphal mass of L. pini-densiflorae increased when treated with asc-C5 compared to other ophiostomatoid species. Field results demonstrated that in forests where higher numbers of PWN were isolated from beetle galleries, L. pini-densiflorae had been prevalent; the same results were confirmed in laboratory studies. Furthermore, when treated with asc-C5, L. pini-densiflorae responded by increasing its production of spores, which leads to a higher likelihood of dispersal by insect vectors, hence explaining the dominance of L. pini-densiflorae over S. sp. 1 in the Tianwang and Nanlu Mountains within the Northern Forestry Centre of China. These findings provide an emphatic representation of coevolution of pine wood nematode and its associated fungi. Our results lay a broader foundation for a better understanding of inter-kingdom mutualisms and the chemical signals that mediate their establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
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105
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Potent Attractant for Root-Knot Nematodes in Exudates from Seedling Root Tips of Two Host Species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10847. [PMID: 30022095 PMCID: PMC6052019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) can parasitize over 2,000 plant species and are generally considered to be the most agriculturally damaging group of plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide. Infective juveniles (J2) are non-feeding and must locate and invade a host before their reserves are depleted. However, what attracts J2 to appropriate root entry sites is not known. An aim of this research is to identify semiochemicals that attract RKN to roots. J2 of the three RKN species tested are highly attracted to root tips of both tomato and Medicago truncatula. For both hosts, mutants defective in ethylene signaling were found to be more attractive than those of wild type. We determined that cell-free exudates collected from tomato and M. truncatula seedling root tips were highly attractive to M. javanica J2. Using a pluronic gel-based microassay to monitor chemical fractionation, we determined that for both plant species the active component fractionated similarly and had a mass of ~400 based on size-exclusion chromatography. This characterization is a first step toward identification of a potent and specific attractant from host roots that attracts RKN. Such a compound is potentially a valuable tool for developing novel and safe control strategies.
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106
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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107
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Fornefeld E, Baklawa M, Hallmann J, Schikora A, Smalla K. Sewage sludge amendment and inoculation with plant-parasitic nematodes do not facilitate the internalization of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 in lettuce plants. Food Microbiol 2018; 71:111-119. [PMID: 29366460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of fruits and vegetables with Salmonella is a serious threat to human health. In order to prevent possible contaminations of fresh produce it is necessary to identify the contributing ecological factors. In this study we investigated whether the addition of sewage sludge or the presence of plant-parasitic nematodes foster the internalization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 into lettuce plants, posing a potential threat for human health. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the amendment of sewage sludge to soil or the presence of plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne hapla or Pratylenchus crenatus promote the internalization of S. Typhimurium LT2 from soil into the edible part of lettuce plants. Unexpectedly, numbers of cultivable S. Typhimurium LT2 decreased faster in soil with sewage sludge than in control soil but not in root samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed shifts of the soil bacterial communities in response to sewage sludge amendment and time. Infection and proliferation of nematodes inside plant roots were observed but did not influence the number of cultivable S. Typhimurium LT2 in the root samples or in soil. S. Typhimurium LT2 was not detected in the leaf samples 21 and 49 days after inoculation. The results indicate that addition of sewage sludge, M. hapla or P. crenatus to soil inoculated with S. Typhimurium LT2 did not result in an improved survival in soil or internalization of lettuce plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fornefeld
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mohamed Baklawa
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany; Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Botany Department, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Johannes Hallmann
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Münster, Germany
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
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108
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Lee MW, Huffaker A, Crippen D, Robbins RT, Goggin FL. Plant elicitor peptides promote plant defences against nematodes in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:858-869. [PMID: 28600875 PMCID: PMC6638146 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are widely distributed among angiosperms, and have been shown to amplify immune responses in multiple plant families. Here, we characterize three Peps from soybean (Glycine max) and describe their effects on plant defences against two damaging agricultural pests, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Seed treatments with exogenous GmPep1, GmPep2 or GmPep3 significantly reduced the reproduction of both nematodes. Pep treatment also protected plants from the inhibitory effects of root-knot nematodes on above-ground growth, and up-regulated basal expression levels of nematode-responsive defence genes. GmPep1 induced the expression of its propeptide precursor (GmPROPEP1), a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein (NBS-LRR), a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), Respiratory Burst Oxidase Protein D (RBOHD) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves. In addition, GmPep2 and GmPep3 seed treatments up-regulated RBOHD expression and ROS accumulation in roots and leaves. These results suggest that GmPeps activate plant defences through systemic transcriptional reprogramming and ROS signalling, and that Pep seed treatments represent a potential strategy for nematode management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Lee
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92903USA
| | - Devany Crippen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Robert T. Robbins
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Fiona L. Goggin
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
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109
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Leonetti P, Accotto GP, Hanafy MS, Pantaleo V. Viruses and Phytoparasitic Nematodes of Cicer arietinum L.: Biotechnological Approaches in Interaction Studies and for Sustainable Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29599788 PMCID: PMC5862823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) is the world's fourth most widely grown pulse. Chickpea seeds are a primary source of dietary protein for humans, and chickpea cultivation contributes to biological nitrogen fixation in the soil, given its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. Therefore, chickpea cultivation plays a pivotal role in innovative sustainable models of agro-ecosystems inserted in crop rotation in arid and semi-arid environments for soil improvement and the reduction of chemical inputs. Indeed, the arid and semi-arid tropical zones of Africa and Asia have been primary areas of cultivation and diversification. Yet, nowadays, chickpea is gaining prominence in Canada, Australia, and South America where it constitutes a main ingredient in vegetarian and vegan diets. Viruses and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have been considered to be of minor and local impact in primary areas of cultivation. However, the introduction of chickpea in new environments exposes the crop to these biotic stresses, compromising its yields. The adoption of high-throughput genomic technologies, including genome and transcriptome sequencing projects by the chickpea research community, has provided major insights into genome evolution as well as genomic architecture and domestication. This review summarizes the major viruses and PPNs that affect chickpea cultivation worldwide. We also present an overview of the current state of chickpea genomics. Accordingly, we explore the opportunities that genomics, post-genomics and novel editing biotechnologies are offering in order to understand chickpea diseases and stress tolerance and to design innovative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Unit of Bari, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Unit of Turin, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Moemen S. Hanafy
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Unit of Bari, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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110
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Dong C, Reilly DK, Bergame C, Dolke F, Srinivasan J, von Reuss SH. Comparative Ascaroside Profiling of Caenorhabditis Exometabolomes Reveals Species-Specific (ω) and (ω - 2)-Hydroxylation Downstream of Peroxisomal β-Oxidation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7109-7120. [PMID: 29480728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication in nematodes such as the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is modulated by a variety of glycosides based on the dideoxysugar l-ascarylose. Comparative ascaroside profiling of nematode exometabolome extracts using a GC-EIMS screen reveals that several basic components including ascr#1 (asc-C7), ascr#2 (asc-C6-MK), ascr#3 (asc-ΔC9), ascr#5 (asc-ωC3), and ascr#10 (asc-C9) are highly conserved among the Caenorhabditis. Three novel side chain hydroxylated ascaroside derivatives were exclusively detected in the distantly related C. nigoni and C. afra. Molecular structures of these species-specific putative signaling molecules were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by total synthesis and chemical correlations. Biological activities were evaluated using attraction assays. The identification of (ω)- and (ω - 2)-hydroxyacyl ascarosides demonstrates how GC-EIMS-based ascaroside profiling facilitates the detection of novel ascaroside components and exemplifies how species-specific hydroxylation of ascaroside aglycones downstream of peroxisomal β-oxidation increases the structural diversity of this highly conserved class of nematode signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfu Dong
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knoell Strasse 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany.,Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology , Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology , Max-Planck-Ring 9 , D-72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Douglas K Reilly
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , 60 Prescott Street , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
| | - Célia Bergame
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Neuchatel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Franziska Dolke
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knoell Strasse 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Jagan Srinivasan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , 60 Prescott Street , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
| | - Stephan H von Reuss
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knoell Strasse 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany.,Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Neuchatel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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111
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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112
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Artyukhin AB, Zhang YK, Akagi AE, Panda O, Sternberg PW, Schroeder FC. Metabolomic "Dark Matter" Dependent on Peroxisomal β-Oxidation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2841-2852. [PMID: 29401383 PMCID: PMC5890438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal β-oxidation (pβo) is a highly conserved fat metabolism pathway involved in the biosynthesis of diverse signaling molecules in animals and plants. In Caenorhabditis elegans, pβo is required for the biosynthesis of the ascarosides, signaling molecules that control development, lifespan, and behavior in this model organism. Via comparative mass spectrometric analysis of pβo mutants and wildtype, we show that pβo in C. elegans and the satellite model P. pacificus contributes to life stage-specific biosynthesis of several hundred previously unknown metabolites. The pβo-dependent portion of the metabolome is unexpectedly diverse, e.g., intersecting with nucleoside and neurotransmitter metabolism. Cell type-specific restoration of pβo in pβo-defective mutants further revealed that pβo-dependent submetabolomes differ between tissues. These results suggest that interactions of fat, nucleoside, and other primary metabolism pathways can generate structural diversity reminiscent of that arising from combinatorial strategies in microbial natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Artyukhin
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ying K. Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Allison E. Akagi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Oishika Panda
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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113
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Block A, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Alborn HT. Herbivore-derived fatty-acid amides elicit reactive oxygen species burst in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1235-1245. [PMID: 29301018 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be elicited by many forms of stress, including pathogen attack, abiotic stress, damage and insect infestation. Perception of microbe- or damage-associated elicitors triggers an ROS burst in many plant species; however, the impact of herbivore fatty-acid amides on ROS elicitation remains largely unexplored. In this study we show that the lepidopteran-derived fatty-acid amide elicitor N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (GLN18:3) can induce a ROS burst in multiple plant species. Furthermore, in Arabidopsis this ROS burst is partially dependent on the plasma membrane localized NADPH oxidases RBOHD and RBOHF, and an Arabidopsis rbohD/F double mutant produces enhanced GLN18:3-induced jasmonic acid. Quantification of GLN18:3-induced ROS in phytohormone-deficient lines revealed that in Arabidopsis reduced levels of jasmonic acid resulted in a larger elicitor-induced ROS burst, while in tomato reduction of either jasmonic acid or salicylic acid led to higher induced ROS production. These data indicate that GLN18:3-induced ROS is antagonistic to jasmonic acid production in these species. In biological assays, rbohD/F mutant plants were more resistant to the generalist herbivores Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni but not to the specialist Plutella xylostella. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in Arabidopsis herbivore-induced ROS may negatively regulate plant defense responses to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
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114
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat S. Juvale
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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115
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Plants eavesdrop on cues produced by snails and induce costly defenses that affect insect herbivores. Oecologia 2018; 186:703-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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116
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Mei Y, Wright KM, Haegeman A, Bauters L, Diaz-Granados A, Goverse A, Gheysen G, Jones JT, Mantelin S. The Globodera pallida SPRYSEC Effector GpSPRY-414-2 That Suppresses Plant Defenses Targets a Regulatory Component of the Dynamic Microtubule Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1019. [PMID: 30050557 PMCID: PMC6052128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The white potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen of a limited number of Solanaceous plants. Like other plant pathogens, G. pallida deploys effectors into its host that manipulate the plant to the benefit of the nematode. Genome analysis has led to the identification of large numbers of candidate effectors from this nematode, including the cyst nematode-specific SPRYSEC proteins. These are a secreted subset of a hugely expanded gene family encoding SPRY domain-containing proteins, many of which remain to be characterized. We investigated the function of one of these SPRYSEC effector candidates, GpSPRY-414-2. Expression of the gene encoding GpSPRY-414-2 is restricted to the dorsal pharyngeal gland cell and reducing its expression in G. pallida infective second stage juveniles using RNA interference causes a reduction in parasitic success on potato. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that GpSPRY-414-2 disrupts plant defenses. It specifically suppresses effector-triggered immunity (ETI) induced by co-expression of the Gpa2 resistance gene and its cognate avirulence factor RBP-1. It also causes a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species triggered by exposure of plants to the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a potato cytoplasmic linker protein (CLIP)-associated protein (StCLASP) as a host target of GpSPRY-414-2. The two proteins co-localize in planta at the microtubules. CLASPs are members of a conserved class of microtubule-associated proteins that contribute to microtubule stability and growth. However, disruption of the microtubule network does not prevent suppression of ETI by GpSPRY-414-2 nor the interaction of the effector with its host target. Besides, GpSPRY-414-2 stabilizes its target while effector dimerization and the formation of high molecular weight protein complexes including GpSPRY-414-2 are prompted in the presence of the StCLASP. These data indicate that the nematode effector GpSPRY-414-2 targets the microtubules to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mei
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathryn M. Wright
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lander Bauters
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amalia Diaz-Granados
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie Mantelin
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117
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Zhang H, Song Q, Griffin JD, Song BH. Genetic architecture of wild soybean (Glycine soja) response to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:1257-1265. [PMID: 28710561 PMCID: PMC5680095 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most destructive pathogens of soybean plants worldwide. Host-plant resistance is an environmentally friendly method to mitigate SCN damage. To date, the resistant soybean cultivars harbor limited genetic variation, and some are losing resistance. Thus, a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms of the SCN resistance, as well as developing diverse resistant soybean cultivars, is urgently needed. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 1032 wild soybean (Glycine soja) accessions with over 42,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to understand the genetic architecture of G. soja resistance to SCN race 1. Ten SNPs were significantly associated with the response to race 1. Three SNPs on chromosome 18 were localized within the previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and two of which were localized within a strong linkage disequilibrium block encompassing a nucleotide-binding (NB)-ARC disease resistance gene (Glyma.18G102600). Genes encoding methyltransferases, the calcium-dependent signaling protein, the leucine-rich repeat kinase family protein, and the NB-ARC disease resistance protein, were identified as promising candidate genes. The identified SNPs and candidate genes can not only shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying SCN resistance, but also can facilitate soybean improvement employing wild genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyou Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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118
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Manohar M, Wang D, Manosalva PM, Choi HW, Kombrink E, Klessig DF. Members of the abscisic acid co-receptor PP2C protein family mediate salicylic acid-abscisic acid crosstalk. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00020. [PMID: 31245670 PMCID: PMC6508495 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) influences plant responses to various (a)biotic stresses; however, the underlying mechanism for this crosstalk is largely unknown. Here, we report that type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), some of which are negative regulators of ABA signaling, bind SA. SA binding suppressed the ABA-enhanced interaction between these PP2Cs and various ABA receptors belonging to the PYR/PYL/RCAR protein family. Additionally, SA suppressed ABA-enhanced degradation of PP2Cs and ABA-induced stabilization of SnRK2s. Supporting SA's role as a negative regulator of ABA signaling, exogenous SA suppressed ABA-induced gene expression, whereas the SA-deficient sid2-1 mutant displayed heightened PP2C degradation and hypersensitivity to ABA-induced suppression of seed germination. Together, these results suggest a new molecular mechanism through which SA antagonizes ABA signaling. A better understanding of the crosstalk between these hormones is important for improving the sustainability of agriculture in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Dekai Wang
- Boyce Thompson InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology UtilizationZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Patricia M. Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of California RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | | | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology LaboratoryMax Plank Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harvey
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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120
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von Reuss SH, Dolke F, Dong C. Ascaroside Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans Using Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10570-10577. [PMID: 28866881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes such as the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans produce various homologous series of l-ascarylose-derived glycolipids called ascarosides, which include several highly potent signals in intra and interspecies communication as well as cross-kingdom interactions. Given their low concentrations and large number of structurally similar components, mass spectrometric screens based on high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) are commonly employed for ascaroside detection and quantification. Here, we describe a complementary gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) screen that utilizes an ascarylose-derived K1-fragment ion signal at m/z 130.1 [C6H14OSi]+● to highlight known as well as yet unidentified ascaroside components in TMS-derivatized crude nematode exometabolome extracts. GC-EIMS-based ascaroside profiling of wild-type and mutant C. elegans facilitates the analysis of all basic ascarosides using the same ionization technique while providing excellent resolution for the complete homologous series with side chains ranging from 3 to 33 carbons. Combined screening for m/z 130.1 along with side chain-specific J1 [M - 173]+ and J2 [M - 291]+ fragment ions, as well as additional characteristic marker ions from α-cleavage, enables convenient structure assignment of ca. 200 components from wild-type and peroxisomal β-oxidation mutants including (ω - 1)-linked acyl, enoyl, β-hydroxyacyl, and 2-ketoalkyl ascarosides along with their (ω)-linked or α-methyl isomers and ethanolamide derivatives, as well as 2-hydroxyalkyl ascarosides. Given the widespread availability of GC-MS and its increasing popularity in metabolomics, this method will promote the identification of ascarosides in C. elegans and other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan H von Reuss
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Dolke
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , D-07745 Jena, Germany
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121
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Gust AA, Pruitt R, Nürnberger T. Sensing Danger: Key to Activating Plant Immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:779-791. [PMID: 28779900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from the host itself. Immunogenic plant host factors can be roughly divided into two categories: molecules which are passively released upon cell damage ('classical' damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and peptides which are processed and/or secreted upon infection to modulate the immune response (phytocytokines). We highlight the ongoing challenge to understand how plants sense various danger signals and integrate this information to produce an appropriate immune response to diverse challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Rory Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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122
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Boutrot F, Zipfel C. Function, Discovery, and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:257-286. [PMID: 28617654 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have devastating ecological and economic consequences on ecosystems and agriculture. Plants employ receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to monitor their apoplastic environment and detect non-self and damaged-self patterns as signs of potential danger. Plant PRRs contribute to both basal and non-host resistances, and treatment with pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by plant PRRs induces both local and systemic immunity. Here, we comprehensively review known PAMPs/DAMPs recognized by plants as well as the plant PRRs described to date. In particular, we describe the different methods that can be used to identify PAMPs/DAMPs and PRRs. Finally, we emphasize the emerging biotechnological potential use of PRRs to improve broad-spectrum, and potentially durable, disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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123
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Plant signalling in symbiosis and immunity. Nature 2017; 543:328-336. [PMID: 28300100 DOI: 10.1038/nature22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root-soil interface, that can invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between plants and microorganisms include those that promote plant growth by facilitating the acquisition of limiting nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. But while promoting such symbiotic relationships, plants must restrict the formation of pathogenic associations. Achieving this balance requires the perception of potential invading microorganisms through the signals that they produce, followed by the activation of either symbiotic responses that promote microbial colonization or immune responses that limit it.
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124
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Guo Y, Fudali S, Gimeno J, DiGennaro P, Chang S, Williamson VM, Bird DM, Nielsen DM. Networks Underpinning Symbiosis Revealed Through Cross-Species eQTL Mapping. Genetics 2017; 206:2175-2184. [PMID: 28642272 PMCID: PMC5560814 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.202531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms engage in extensive cross-species molecular dialog, yet the underlying molecular actors are known for only a few interactions. Many techniques have been designed to uncover genes involved in signaling between organisms. Typically, these focus on only one of the partners. We developed an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping-based approach to identify cause-and-effect relationships between genes from two partners engaged in an interspecific interaction. We demonstrated the approach by assaying expression of 98 isogenic plants (Medicago truncatula), each inoculated with a genetically distinct line of the diploid parasitic nematode Meloidogyne hapla With this design, systematic differences in gene expression across host plants could be mapped to genetic polymorphisms of their infecting parasites. The effects of parasite genotypes on plant gene expression were often substantial, with up to 90-fold (P = 3.2 × 10-52) changes in expression levels caused by individual parasite loci. Mapped loci included a number of pleiotropic sites, including one 87-kb parasite locus that modulated expression of >60 host genes. The 213 host genes identified were substantially enriched for transcription factors. We distilled higher-order connections between polymorphisms and genes from both species via network inference. To replicate our results and test whether effects were conserved across a broader host range, we performed a confirmatory experiment using M. hapla-infected tomato. This revealed that homologous genes were similarly affected. Finally, to validate the broader utility of cross-species eQTL mapping, we applied the strategy to data from a Salmonella infection study, successfully identifying polymorphisms in the human genome affecting bacterial expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Guo
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sylwia Fudali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jacinta Gimeno
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Peter DiGennaro
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Stella Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Valerie M Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David McK Bird
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Dahlia M Nielsen
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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125
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Ranf S. Sensing of molecular patterns through cell surface immune receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:68-77. [PMID: 28501024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sensing of Pathogen/Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) and host-derived Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) by host cell surface Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) activates Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI). The identification of an increasing number of immunogenic patterns and PRRs illustrates that PTI is a universal defence mechanism against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants, and that evolutionary selective pressure drives diversification of molecular patterns and diversity of PRRs. Further advances unravelled how some prototypical PRRs get activated to initiate metabolic adaptation and defence responses that stop invaders. Deeper insights into the repertoire of PRRs will reveal how plants manage to mount appropriate defence against diverse kinds of invaders and how we can biotechnologically exploit nature's design for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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126
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Engineering resistance to virus transmission. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:20-27. [PMID: 28750351 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineering plants for resistance to virus transmission by invertebrate vectors has lagged behind other forms of plant protection. Vectors typically transmit more than one virus. Thus, vector resistance could provide a wider range of protection than defenses directed solely against one virus or virus group. We discuss current knowledge of vector-host-virus interactions, the roles of viral gene products in host and vector manipulation, and the effects of semiochemicals on host-vector interactions, and how this knowledge could be employed to disrupt transmission dynamics. We also discuss how resistance to vectors could be generated through genetic engineering or gene editing or indirectly through use of biocontrol using plant-resident viruses that infect vectors.
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127
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Leach JE, Triplett LR, Argueso CT, Trivedi P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017; 169:587-596. [PMID: 28475891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chemical communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biological, chemical, and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lindsay R Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
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128
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Han Z, Boas S, Schroeder NE. Serotonin Regulates the Feeding and Reproductive Behaviors of Pratylenchus penetrans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:872-877. [PMID: 28398877 PMCID: PMC6525625 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-16-0397-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The success of all plant-parasitic nematodes is dependent on the completion of several complex behaviors. The lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is an economically important parasite of a diverse range of plant hosts. Unlike the cyst and root-knot nematodes, P. penetrans moves both within and outside of the host roots and can feed from both locations. Adult females of P. penetrans require insemination by actively moving males for reproduction and can lay eggs both within and outside of the host roots. We do not have a complete understanding of the molecular basis for these behaviors. One candidate modulator of these behaviors is the neurotransmitter serotonin. Previous research demonstrated an effect of exogenously applied serotonin on the feeding and male mating behaviors of cyst and root-knot nematodes. However, there are no data on the role of exogenous serotonin on lesion nematodes. Similarly, there are no data on the presence and function of endogenous serotonin in any plant-parasitic nematode. Here, we establish that exogenous serotonin applied to P. penetrans regulates both feeding and sex-specific behaviors. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry and pharmacological assays, our data suggest that P. penetrans utilizes endogenous serotonin to regulate both feeding and sex-specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziduan Han
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - Stephanie Boas
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - Nathan E Schroeder
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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129
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Zhang YK, Sanchez-Ayala MA, Sternberg PW, Srinivasan J, Schroeder FC. Improved Synthesis for Modular Ascarosides Uncovers Biological Activity. Org Lett 2017; 19:2837-2840. [PMID: 28513161 PMCID: PMC5533076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A versatile synthesis of modular ascarosides, a family of signaling molecules from Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes, via hydrogenolysis of a cyclic sulfate derived from methyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside is reported. The route enables selective introduction of different side chains at the 1, 2, and 4 positions of the sugar, as demonstrated for ascarosides from C. elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. Bioassays with synthetic samples of 4'-tigloyl ascaroside mbas#3 revealed its role as an avoidance or dispersal signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying K Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marco A Sanchez-Ayala
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jagan Srinivasan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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130
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Small-molecule pheromones and hormones controlling nematode development. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:577-586. [PMID: 28514418 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of small-molecule signals that influence development in Caenorhabditis elegans has been known for several decades, but only in recent years have the chemical structures of several of these signals been established. The identification of these signals has enabled connections to be made between these small molecules and fundamental signaling pathways in C. elegans that influence not only development but also metabolism, fertility, and lifespan. Spurred by these important discoveries and aided by recent advances in comparative metabolomics and NMR spectroscopy, the field of nematode chemistry has the potential to expand dramatically in the coming years. This Perspective will focus on small-molecule pheromones and hormones that influence developmental events in the nematode life cycle (ascarosides, dafachronic acids, and nemamides), will cover more recent work regarding the biosynthesis of these signals, and will explore how the discovery of these signals is transforming our understanding of nematode development and physiology.
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131
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Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces tens, if not hundreds, of different ascarosides as pheromones to communicate with other members of its species. Overlapping mixtures of these pheromones affect the development of the worm and a variety of different behaviors. The ascarosides represent a unique tool for dissecting the neural circuitry that controls behavior and that connects to important signaling pathways, such as the insulin and TGFβ pathways, that lie at the nexus of development, metabolism, and lifespan in C. elegans. However, the exact physiological roles of many of the ascarosides are unclear, especially since many of these pheromones likely have multiple functions depending on their concentrations, the presence of other pheromones, and a variety of other factors. Determining these physiological roles will be facilitated by top-down approaches to characterize the pheromone receptors and their function, as well as bottom-up approaches to characterize the pheromone biosynthetic enzymes and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Butcher
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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132
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Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase NILR1 is required for induction of innate immunity to parasitic nematodes. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006284. [PMID: 28406987 PMCID: PMC5391088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive pests causing losses of billions of dollars annually. An effective plant defence against pathogens relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localised receptors leading to the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Extensive studies have been conducted to characterise the role of PTI in various models of plant-pathogen interactions. However, far less is known about the role of PTI in roots in general and in plant-nematode interactions in particular. Here we show that nematode-derived proteinaceous elicitor/s is/are capable of inducing PTI in Arabidopsis in a manner dependent on the common immune co-receptor BAK1. Consistent with the role played by BAK1, we identified a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, termed NILR1 that is specifically regulated upon infection by nematodes. We show that NILR1 is essential for PTI responses initiated by nematodes and nilr1 loss-of-function mutants are hypersusceptible to a broad category of nematodes. To our knowledge, NILR1 is the first example of an immune receptor that is involved in induction of basal immunity (PTI) in plants or in animals in response to nematodes. Manipulation of NILR1 will provide new options for nematode control in crop plants in future. Host perception of pathogens via receptors leads to the activation of antimicrobial defence responses in all multicellular organisms, including plants. Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant yield losses in agriculture; therefore resistance is an important trait in crop breeding. However, not much is known about the perception of nematodes in plants. Here we identified an Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, NILR1 that is specifically activated upon nematode infection. We show that NILR1 is required for the induction of immune responses initiated by nematodes and nilr1 loss-of-function mutants are hypersusceptible to a broad category of nematodes. Manipulation of NILR1 will provide new options for nematode control in crop plants in the future.
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133
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Gillet FX, Bournaud C, Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Plant-parasitic nematodes: towards understanding molecular players in stress responses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:775-789. [PMID: 28087659 PMCID: PMC5378187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematode interactions occur within a vast molecular plant immunity network. Following initial contact with the host plant roots, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) activate basal immune responses. Defence priming involves the release in the apoplast of toxic molecules derived from reactive species or secondary metabolism. In turn, PPNs must overcome the poisonous and stressful environment at the plant-nematode interface. The ability of PPNs to escape this first line of plant immunity is crucial and will determine its virulence. SCOPE Nematodes trigger crucial regulatory cytoprotective mechanisms, including antioxidant and detoxification pathways. Knowledge of the upstream regulatory components that contribute to both of these pathways in PPNs remains elusive. In this review, we discuss how PPNs probably orchestrate cytoprotection to resist plant immune responses, postulating that it may be derived from ancient molecular mechanisms. The review focuses on two transcription factors, DAF-16 and SKN-1 , which are conserved in the animal kingdom and are central regulators of cell homeostasis and immune function. Both regulate the unfolding protein response and the antioxidant and detoxification pathways. DAF-16 and SKN-1 target a broad spectrum of Caenorhabditis elegans genes coding for numerous protein families present in the secretome of PPNs. Moreover, some regulatory elements of DAF-16 and SKN-1 from C. elegans have already been identified as important genes for PPN infection. CONCLUSION DAF-16 and SKN-1 genes may play a pivotal role in PPNs during parasitism. In the context of their hub status and mode of regulation, we suggest alternative strategies for control of PPNs through RNAi approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Gillet
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Wang J, Li J, Li J, Li J, Liu S, Gao W. LSP1, a responsive protein from Meyerozyma guilliermondii, elicits defence response and improves glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3510-3519. [PMID: 28105652 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research explored the effects of protein and polysaccharide in Meyerozyma guilliermondii on active compounds in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. In this study, a responsive protein LSP1 was purified from the Meyerozyma guilliermondii since the excellent induction. The contents of total flavonoids (3.46 mg · g-1 ), glycyrrhizic acid (0.41 mg · g-1 ), glycyrrhetinic acid (0.41 mg · g-1 ), and polysaccharide (94.49 mg · g-1 ) in adventitious root peaked at LSP1 group, which were 1.6, 3.4, 2.4, 2.0-fold that of control, respectively. Besides, the responsive protein LSP1 significantly activated the defense signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases and extremely up-regulated the expression of defense-related genes and functional genes involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Gleason C, Polzin F, Habash SS, Zhang L, Utermark J, Grundler FMW, Elashry A. Identification of Two Meloidogyne hapla Genes and an Investigation of Their Roles in the Plant-Nematode Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:101-112. [PMID: 28301312 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-16-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are soil-borne pathogens that invade and establish feeding sites in plant roots. They have an extremely broad host range, including most vascular plants. During infection of a susceptible host, root-knot nematodes secrete molecules called effectors that help them establish an intimate interaction with the plant and, at the same time, allow them to evade or suppress plant immune responses. Despite the fact that Meloidogyne hapla is a significant pest on several food crops, no effectors have been characterized from this root-knot nematode species thus far. Using the published genome and proteome from M. hapla, we have identified and characterized two genes, MhTTL2 and Mh265. MhTTL2 encodes a predicted secreted protein containing a transthyretin-like protein domain. The expression of MhTTL2 was up-regulated during parasitic life stages of the nematode, and in situ hybridization showed that MhTTL2 was expressed in the amphids, suggesting it has a role in the nematode nervous system during parasitism. We also studied the gene Mh265. The Mh265 transcript was localized to the subventral esophageal glands. An upregulation in Mh265 expression coincided with the pre- and early-parasitic life stages of the nematode. When Mh265 was constitutively expressed in plants, it enhanced their susceptibility to nematodes. These transgenic plants were also compromised in flg22-induced callose deposition, suggesting the Mh265 is modulating plant basal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gleason
- 1 Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 2 Georg August University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Dept. of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 4 Washington State University, Plant Pathology Department, Pullman, WA 99164 U.S.A
| | - Frederik Polzin
- 1 Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samer S Habash
- 3 University of Bonn, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany and Agricultural Research Centre, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, 9 Gamaa st., Giza 12619, Egypt; and
| | - Lei Zhang
- 4 Washington State University, Plant Pathology Department, Pullman, WA 99164 U.S.A
| | - Jan Utermark
- 1 Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- 3 University of Bonn, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany and Agricultural Research Centre, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, 9 Gamaa st., Giza 12619, Egypt; and
| | - Abdelnaser Elashry
- 3 University of Bonn, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany and Agricultural Research Centre, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, 9 Gamaa st., Giza 12619, Egypt; and
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Hu Y, You J, Li C, Williamson VM, Wang C. Ethylene response pathway modulates attractiveness of plant roots to soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41282. [PMID: 28112257 PMCID: PMC5256374 DOI: 10.1038/srep41282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes respond to root exudates to locate their host roots. In our studies second stage juveniles of Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), quickly migrated to soybean roots in Pluronic F-127 gel. Roots of soybean and non-host Arabidopsis treated with the ethylene (ET)-synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) were more attractive to SCN than untreated roots, and significantly more nematodes penetrated into roots. Moreover, Arabidopsis ET insensitive mutants (ein2, ein2-1, ein2-5, ein3-1, ein5-1, and ein6) were more attractive than wild-type plants. Conversely, the constitutive triple-response mutant ctr1-1, was less attractive to SCN. While ET receptor gain-of-function mutant ein4-1 attracted more SCN than the wild-type, there were no significant differences in attractiveness between another gain-of-function ET receptor mutant, etr1-3, or the loss-of-function mutants etr1-7 and ers1-3 and the wild type. Expression of the reporter construct EBS: β-glucuronidase (GUS) was detected in Arabidopsis root tips as early as 6 h post infection, indicating that ET signaling was activated in Arabidopsis early by SCN infection. These results suggest that an active ET signaling pathway reduces root attractiveness to SCN in a way similar to that reported for root-knot nematodes, but opposite to that suggested for the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081 China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081 China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081 China
| | | | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081 China
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Mantelin S, Thorpe P, Jones JT. Translational biology of nematode effectors. Or, to put it another way, functional analysis of effectors – what’s the point? NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a huge amount of work put into identifying and characterising effectors from plant-parasitic nematodes in recent years. Although this work has provided insights into the mechanisms by which nematodes can infect plants, the potential translational outputs of much of this research are not always clear. This short article will summarise how developments in effector biology have allowed, or will allow, new control strategies to be developed, drawing on examples from nematology and from other pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Biology Department, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TZ, UK
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138
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Hu Y, You J, Li C, Hua C, Wang C. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induces defence against Meloidogyne hapla in soybean. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in plant defence against plant-parasitic nematodes, although the role of jasmonate (JA) in defence against root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) in soybean (Glycine max) was unknown. In this study, two commercial soybean cultivars, cvs DongSheng1 (DS1) and SuiNong14 (SN14), were identified as susceptible and resistant, respectively, to M. hapla. Quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in JA synthesis or signalling was significantly induced in both susceptible and resistant roots at 24 and 48 h after inoculation. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induced defence against RKN in susceptible cv. DS1, which might be involved in altered activities of defence-related enzymes (chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) and pathogenesis-related gene PR5 expression. The results indicate that exogenous application of JA might be an alternative strategy to induce soybean resistance against RKN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Cui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
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139
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Masler E, Rogers S, Hooks C. Behavioural differences of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita infective juveniles exposed to root extracts in vitro. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro behaviour of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita was compared in the presence and absence of plant root extracts. In an agar plate attraction-retention assay, with samples applied by agar disc infused with water (control) or aqueous test solutions, H. glycines was 15-fold more responsive to a chemical attractant (CaCl2) than was M. incognita. Control discs retained H. glycines at a rate 2.9-fold greater than M. incognita. Crude extracts (slurries; 40 mg dry root (ml water)−1) from roots of six plant species (corn, Zea mays; cucumber, Cucumis sativus; marigold, Tagetes patula; mustard, Sinapis alba; pepper, Capsicum annuum; soybean, Glycine max) differentially affected the two nematodes. Cucumber, marigold, pepper and soybean each attracted H. glycines at rates between 2.2- and 3.6-fold greater than controls. No root preparations were attractive to M. incognita, which were significantly repelled by corn, cucumber, mustard and pepper, relative to controls. Preparation of selected root extract supernatants, which involved vacuum drying, decreased the attractiveness of marigold and soybean to H. glycines by 38 and 82%, respectively, but the effect of pepper was unchanged. Supernatant processing had no effect on M. incognita behaviour. In a liquid-based J2 movement assay, root supernatants from marigold, pepper and soybean at 1 mg dry root ml−1 each decreased the frequency of head movement in H. glycines and M. incognita relative to controls. However, dose responses were detected only with marigold, with maximum decreases in activity at 16 mg dry root ml−1 for each species. These decreases were significantly different at 46 and 66%, respectively, for H. glycines and M. incognita. The behaviour of the two nematodes was qualitatively different in assays that required detection of signals across a short distance (agar assay), whereas qualitative responses were similar when juveniles were immersed in treatment solution (liquid assay). In the latter, quantitative responses to marigold differed significantly between H. glycines and M. incognita J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P. Masler
- USDA-ARS Nematology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Stephen T. Rogers
- USDA-ARS Nematology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Cerruti R. R. Hooks
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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140
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Mantelin S, Bellafiore S, Kyndt T. Meloidogyne graminicola: a major threat to rice agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:3-15. [PMID: 26950515 PMCID: PMC6638252 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Metazoa; Phylum Nematoda; Class Chromadorea; Order Tylenchida; Suborder Tylenchina; Infraorder Tylenchomorpha; Superfamily Tylenchoidea; Family Meloidogynidae; Subfamily Meloidogyninae; Genus Meloidogyne. BIOLOGY Microscopic non-segmented roundworm. Plant pathogen; obligate sedentary endoparasitic root-knot nematode. Reproduction: facultative meiotic parthenogenetic species in which amphimixis can occur at a low frequency (c. 0.5%); relatively fast life cycle completed in 19-27 days on rice depending on the temperature range. HOST RANGE Reported to infect over 100 plant species, including cereals and grass plants, as well as dicotyledonous plants. Main host: rice (Oryza sativa). SYMPTOMS Characteristic hook-shaped galls (root swellings), mainly formed at the root tips of infected plants. Alteration of the root vascular system causes disruption of water and nutrient transport, stunting, chlorosis and loss of vigour, resulting in poor growth and reproduction of the plants with substantial yield losses in crops. DISEASE CONTROL Nematicides, chemical priming, constant immersion of rice in irrigated fields, crop rotation with resistant or non-host plants, use of nematode-free planting material. Some sources of resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola have been identified in African rice species (O. glaberrima and O. longistaminata), as well as in a few Asian rice cultivars. AGRONOMIC IMPORTANCE Major threat to rice agriculture, particularly in Asia. Adapted to flooded conditions, Meloidogyne graminicola causes problems in all types of rice agrosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector ConsortiumInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- IRD‐CIRAD‐Université Montpellier II, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)34394MontpellierFrance
- LMI‐RICEHanoiVietnam
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular BiotechnologyGhent University9000GhentBelgium
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142
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Choi HW, Klessig DF. DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27782807 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0921-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as tissue and cellular damage. Detection via cell-surface receptors activates an ancient and evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. RESULT Potentially harmful microorganisms are recognized by the presence of molecules or parts of molecules that have structures or chemical patterns unique to microbes and thus are perceived as non-self/foreign. They are referred to as Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs). Recently, a class of small molecules that is made only by nematodes, and that functions as pheromones in these organisms, was shown to be recognized by a wide range of plants. In the presence of these molecules, termed Nematode-Associated Molecular Patterns (NAMPs), plants activate innate immune responses and display enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of microbial and nematode pathogens. In addition to pathogen attack, the relocation of various endogenous molecules or parts of molecules, generally to the extracellular milieu, as a result of tissue or cellular damage is perceived as a danger signal, and it leads to the induction of innate immune responses. These relocated endogenous inducers are called Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS This mini-review is focused on plant DAMPs, including the recently discovered Arabidopsis HMGB3, which is the counterpart of the prototypic animal DAMP HMGB1. The plant DAMPs will be presented in the context of plant MAMPs and NAMPs, as well as animal DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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143
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Choi HW, Klessig DF. DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:232. [PMID: 27782807 PMCID: PMC5080799 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as tissue and cellular damage. Detection via cell-surface receptors activates an ancient and evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. RESULT Potentially harmful microorganisms are recognized by the presence of molecules or parts of molecules that have structures or chemical patterns unique to microbes and thus are perceived as non-self/foreign. They are referred to as Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs). Recently, a class of small molecules that is made only by nematodes, and that functions as pheromones in these organisms, was shown to be recognized by a wide range of plants. In the presence of these molecules, termed Nematode-Associated Molecular Patterns (NAMPs), plants activate innate immune responses and display enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of microbial and nematode pathogens. In addition to pathogen attack, the relocation of various endogenous molecules or parts of molecules, generally to the extracellular milieu, as a result of tissue or cellular damage is perceived as a danger signal, and it leads to the induction of innate immune responses. These relocated endogenous inducers are called Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS This mini-review is focused on plant DAMPs, including the recently discovered Arabidopsis HMGB3, which is the counterpart of the prototypic animal DAMP HMGB1. The plant DAMPs will be presented in the context of plant MAMPs and NAMPs, as well as animal DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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144
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Noon JB, Qi M, Sill DN, Muppirala U, Eves-van den Akker S, Maier TR, Dobbs D, Mitchum MG, Hewezi T, Baum TJ. A Plasmodium-like virulence effector of the soybean cyst nematode suppresses plant innate immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:444-60. [PMID: 27265684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, delivers effector proteins into soybean roots to initiate and maintain an obligate parasitic relationship. HgGLAND18 encodes a candidate H. glycines effector and is expressed throughout the infection process. We used a combination of molecular, genetic, bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses to determine the role of HgGLAND18 during H. glycines infection. HgGLAND18 is necessary for pathogenicity in compatible interactions with soybean. The encoded effector strongly suppresses both basal and hypersensitive cell death innate immune responses, and immunosuppression requires the presence and coordination between multiple protein domains. The N-terminal domain in HgGLAND18 contains unique sequence similarity to domains of an immunosuppressive effector of Plasmodium spp., the malaria parasites. The Plasmodium effector domains functionally complement the loss of the N-terminal domain from HgGLAND18. In-depth sequence searches and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate convergent evolution between effectors from divergent parasites of plants and animals as the cause of sequence and functional similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Noon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Danielle N Sill
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Usha Muppirala
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Drena Dobbs
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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145
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Ascarosides coordinate the dispersal of a plant-parasitic nematode with the metamorphosis of its vector beetle. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12341. [PMID: 27477780 PMCID: PMC4974635 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect vectors are required for the transmission of many species of parasitic nematodes, but the mechanisms by which the vectors and nematodes coordinate their life cycles are poorly understood. Here, we report that ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones, are produced not only by a plant-parasitic nematode, but also by its vector beetle. The pinewood nematode and its vector beetle cause pine wilt disease, which threatens forest ecosystems world-wide. Ascarosides secreted by the dispersal third-stage nematode LIII larvae promote beetle pupation by inducing ecdysone production in the beetle and up-regulating ecdysone-dependent gene expression. Once the beetle develops into the adult stage, it secretes ascarosides that attract the dispersal fourth-stage nematode LIV larvae, potentially facilitating their movement into the beetle trachea for transport to the next pine tree. These results demonstrate that ascarosides play a key role in the survival and spread of pine wilt disease. Many species of nematodes use pheromones called ascarosides to coordinate their behaviour and development. Here, Zhao et al. demonstrate that the beetle vector of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) also uses and responds to ascarosides in its interactions with the nematodes.
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146
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Wu GL, Kuo TH, Tsay TT, Tsai IJ, Chen PJ. Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) 45 and 5 Candidate Cellulases in Aphelenchoides besseyi Isolated from Bird's-Nest Fern. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158663. [PMID: 27391812 PMCID: PMC4938546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Aphelenchoides besseyi isolates collected from bird's-nest ferns or rice possess different parasitic capacities in bird's-nest fern. Two different glycoside hydrolase (GH) 45 genes were identified in the fern isolates, and only one was found in the rice isolates. A Abe GH5-1 gene containing an SCP-like family domain was found only in the fern isolates. Abe GH5-1 gene has five introns suggesting a eukaryotic origin. A maximum likelihood phylogeny revealed that Abe GH5-1 is part of the nematode monophyletic group that can be clearly distinguished from those of other eukaryotic and bacterial GH5 sequences with high bootstrap support values. The fern A. besseyi isolates were the first parasitic plant nematode found to possess both GH5 and GH45 genes. Surveying the genome of the five A. besseyi isolates by Southern blotting using an 834 bp probe targeting the GH5 domain suggests the presence of at least two copies in the fern-origin isolates but none in the rice-origin isolates. The in situ hybridization shows that the Abe GH5-1 gene is expressed in the nematode ovary and testis. Our study provides insights into the diversity of GH in isolates of plant parasitic nematodes of different host origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Long Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Kuo
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Tsuan Tsay
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J. Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peichen J. Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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147
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Teixeira MA, Wei L, Kaloshian I. Root-knot nematodes induce pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:276-87. [PMID: 26892116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are plant parasites with a broad host range causing great losses worldwide. To parasitize their hosts, RKNs establish feeding sites in roots known as giant cells. The majority of work studying plant-RKN interactions in susceptible hosts addresses establishment of the giant cells and there is limited information on the early defense responses. Here we characterized early defense or pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against RKNs in Arabidopsis thaliana. To address PTI, we evaluated known canonical PTI signaling mutants with RKNs and investigated the expression of PTI marker genes after RKN infection using both quantitative PCR and β-glucuronidase reporter transgenic lines. We showed that PTI-compromised plants have enhanced susceptibility to RKNs, including the bak1-5 mutant. BAK1 is a common partner of distinct receptors of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, our data indicated that nematode recognition leading to PTI responses involves camalexin and glucosinolate biosynthesis. While the RKN-induced glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway was BAK1-dependent, the camalexin biosynthetic pathway was only partially dependent on BAK1. Combined, our results indicate the presence of BAK1-dependent and -independent PTI against RKNs in A. thaliana, suggesting the existence of diverse nematode recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella A Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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148
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Holbein J, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Plant basal resistance to nematodes: an update. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2049-61. [PMID: 26842982 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most plant-parasitic nematodes are obligate biotrophs feeding on the roots of their hosts. Whereas ectoparasites remain on the root surface and feed on the outer cell layers, endoparasitic nematodes enter the host to parasitize cells around or within the central cylinder. Nematode invasion and feeding causes tissue damage which may, in turn, lead to the activation of host basal defence responses. Hitherto, research interests in plant-nematode interaction have emphasized effector-triggered immunity rather than basal plant defence responses. However, some recent investigations suggest that basal defence pathways are not only activated but also play an important role in determining interaction outcomes. In this review we discuss the major findings and point out future directions to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant basal defence to nematodes further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holbein
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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149
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Venturi V, Keel C. Signaling in the Rhizosphere. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:187-198. [PMID: 26832945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Signaling studies in the rhizosphere have focused on close interactions between plants and symbiotic microorganisms. However, this focus is likely to expand to other microorganisms because the rhizomicrobiome is important for plant health and is able to influence the structure of the microbial community. We discuss here the shaping of the rhizomicrobiome and define which aspects can be considered signaling. We divide signaling in the rhizosphere into three categories: (i) between microbes, (ii) from plants to microorganisms, and (iii) from microorganisms to plants. Signals act on diverse organisms including the plant. Mycorrhizal and rhizobial interkingdom signaling has revealed its pivotal role in establishing associations, and the recent discovery of signaling with non-symbiotic microorganisms indicates the important role of communication in shaping the rhizomicrobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Venturi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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150
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Smakowska E, Kong J, Busch W, Belkhadir Y. Organ-specific regulation of growth-defense tradeoffs by plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:129-37. [PMID: 26802804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants grow while also defending themselves against phylogenetically unrelated pathogens. Because defense and growth are both costly programs, a plant's success in colonizing resource-scarce environments requires tradeoffs between the two. Here, we summarize efforts aimed at understanding how plants use iterative tradeoffs to modulate differential organ growth when defenses are elicited. First, we focus on shoots to illustrate how light, in conjunction with the growth hormone gibberellin (GA) and the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA), act to finely regulate defense and growth programs in this organ. Second, we expand on the regulation of growth-defense trade-offs in the root, a less well-studied topic despite the critical role of this organ in acquiring resources in an environment deeply entrenched with disparate populations of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Jixiang Kong
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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