101
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Chen YF, Yang CC, Kao SY, Liu CJ, Lin SC, Chang KW. MicroRNA-211 Enhances the Oncogenicity of Carcinogen-Induced Oral Carcinoma by Repressing TCF12 and Increasing Antioxidant Activity. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4872-86. [PMID: 27221705 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
miR-211 expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been implicated in poor patient survival. To investigate the oncogenic roles of miR-211, we generated K14-EGFP-miR-211 transgenic mice tagged with GFP. Induction of oral carcinogenesis in transgenic mice using 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) resulted in more extensive and severe tongue tumorigenesis compared with control animals. We found that 4NQO and arecoline upregulated miR-211 expression in OSCC cells. In silico and experimental evidence further revealed that miR-211 directly targeted transcription factor 12 (TCF12), which mediated suppressor activities in OSCC cells and was drastically downregulated in tumor tissues. We used GeneChip analysis and bioinformatic algorithms to identify transcriptional targets of TCF12 and confirmed through reporter and ChIP assays that family with sequence similarity 213, member A (FAM213A), a peroxiredoxin-like antioxidative protein, was repressed transcriptionally by TCF12. FAM213A silencing in OSCC cells diminished oncogenic activity, reduced the ALDH1-positive cell population, and increased reactive oxygen species. TCF12 and FAM213A expression was correlated inversely in head and neck carcinoma samples according to The Cancer Genome Atlas. OSCC patients bearing tumors with high FAM213A expression tended to have worse survival. Furthermore, 4NQO treatment downregulated TCF12 and upregulated FAM213A by modulating miR-211 both in vitro and in vivo Overall, our findings develop a mouse model that recapitulates the molecular and histopathologic alterations of human OSCC pathogenesis and highlight a new miRNA-mediated oncogenic mechanism. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4872-86. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Dentistry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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102
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Mapping Breakpoints of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements Involving a Partial Trisomy 15q23.1-q26.2 Revealed by Next Generation Sequencing and Conventional Techniques. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154574. [PMID: 27218255 PMCID: PMC4878739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs), which are rather rare in the whole population, may be associated with aberrant phenotypes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and conventional techniques, could be used to reveal specific CCRs for better genetic counseling. We report the CCRs of a girl and her mother, which were identified using a combination of NGS and conventional techniques including G-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR. The girl demonstrated CCRs involving chromosomes 3 and 8, while the CCRs of her mother involved chromosomes 3, 5, 8, 11 and 15. HumanCytoSNP-12 Chip analysis identified a 35.4 Mb duplication on chromosome 15q21.3-q26.2 in the proband and a 1.6 Mb microdeletion at chromosome 15q21.3 in her mother. The proband inherited the rearranged chromosomes 3 and 8 from her mother, and the duplicated region on chromosome 15 of the proband was inherited from the mother. Approximately one hundred genes were identified in the 15q21.3-q26.2 duplicated region of the proband. In particular, TPM1, SMAD6, SMAD3, and HCN4 may be associated with her heart defects, and HEXA, KIF7, and IDH2 are responsible for her developmental and mental retardation. In addition, we suggest that a microdeletion on the 15q21.3 region of the mother, which involved TCF2, TCF12, ADMA10 and AQP9, might be associated with mental retardation. We delineate the precise structures of the derivative chromosomes, chromosome duplication origin and possible molecular mechanisms for aberrant phenotypes by combining NGS data with conventional techniques.
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103
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Rottgers SA, Gallo P, Gilbert J, Macisaac Z, Cray J, Smith DM, Mooney MP, Losee J, Kathju S, Cooper G. Application of Laser Capture Microdissection to Craniofacial Biology: Characterization of Anatomically Relevant Gene Expression in Normal and Craniosynostotic Rabbit Sutures. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 54:109-118. [PMID: 26954032 DOI: 10.1597/15-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fusion of the cranial sutures is thought to depend on signaling among perisutural tissues. Mapping regional variations in gene expression would improve current models of craniosynostosis. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) isolates discrete cell populations for gene expression analysis. LCM has rarely been used in the study of mineralized tissue. This study sought to evaluate the potential use of LCM for mapping of regional gene expression within the cranial suture. DESIGN Coronal sutures were isolated from 10-day-old wild-type and craniosynostotic (CS) New Zealand White rabbits, and LCM was used to isolate RNA from the sutural ligament (SL), osteogenic fronts (OF), dura mater, and periosteum. Relative expression levels for Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2), Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFβ-2), Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGFβ-3), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP-4), and Noggin were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS A fivefold increase in TGFβ2 expression was detected in the CS SL relative to wild type, whereas 152-fold less TGFβ-3 was detected within the OF of CS animals. Noggin expression was increased by 10-fold within the CS SL, but reduced by 13-fold within the CS dura. Reduced expression of FGF2 was observed within the CS SL and dura, whereas increased expression of FGFR2 was observed within the CS SL. Reduced expression of BMP-2 was observed in the CS periosteum, and elevated expression of BMP-4 was observed in the CS SL and dura. CONCLUSIONS LCM provides an effective tool for measuring regional variations in cranial suture gene expression. More precise measurements of regional gene expression with LCM may facilitate efforts to correlate gene expression with suture morphogenesis and pathophysiology.
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104
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Abnormal transcranial Doppler cerebral blood flow velocity and blood pressure profiles in children with syndromic craniosynostosis and papilledema. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:465-70. [PMID: 26857754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with syndromic craniosynostosis are at risk of intracranial hypertension. This study aims to examine patient profiles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) and systemic blood pressure (BP) in subjects with and without papilledema at the time of surgery, and subsequent effect of cranial vault expansion. METHODS Prospective study of patients treated at a national referral center. Patients underwent TCD of the middle cerebral artery 1 day before and 3 weeks after surgery. Measurements included mean CBFv, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity; age-corrected resistive index (RI) was calculated. Systemic BP was recorded. Papilledema was used to indicate intracranial hypertension. RESULTS Twelve patients (mean age 3.1 years, range 0.4-9.5) underwent TCD; 6 subjects had papilledema. Pre-operatively, patients with papilledema, in comparison to those without, had higher TCD values, RI, and BP (all p = 0.04); post-operatively, the distinction regarding BP remained (p = 0.04). There is a significant effect of time following vault surgery with a decrease in RI (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis who have papilledema have a different TCD profile with raised BP. Vault surgery results in increased CBFv and decrease in RI, however the associated systemic BP response to intracranial hypertension remained at short-term follow-up.
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105
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Al-Rekabi Z, Wheeler MM, Leonard A, Fura AM, Juhlin I, Frazar C, Smith JD, Park SS, Gustafson JA, Clarke CM, Cunningham ML, Sniadecki NJ. Activation of the IGF1 pathway mediates changes in cellular contractility and motility in single-suture craniosynostosis. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:483-91. [PMID: 26659664 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a major anabolic signal that is essential during skeletal development, cellular adhesion and migration. Recent transcriptomic studies have shown that there is an upregulation in IGF1 expression in calvarial osteoblasts derived from patients with single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC). Upregulation of the IGF1 signaling pathway is known to induce increased expression of a set of osteogenic markers that previously have been shown to be correlated with contractility and migration. Although the IGF1 signaling pathway has been implicated in SSC, a correlation between IGF1, contractility and migration has not yet been investigated. Here, we examined the effect of IGF1 activation in inducing cellular contractility and migration in SSC osteoblasts using micropost arrays and time-lapse microscopy. We observed that the contractile forces and migration speeds of SSC osteoblasts correlated with IGF1 expression. Moreover, both contractility and migration of SSC osteoblasts were directly affected by the interaction of IGF1 with IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Our results suggest that IGF1 activity can provide valuable insight for phenotype-genotype correlation in SSC osteoblasts and might provide a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marsha M Wheeler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Andrea Leonard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adriane M Fura
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ilsa Juhlin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christopher Frazar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sarah S Park
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gustafson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Christine M Clarke
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA Division of Craniofacial Medicine and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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106
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. New insights into craniofacial malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R50-9. [PMID: 26085576 PMCID: PMC4571997 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the human skull and face is a highly orchestrated and complex three-dimensional morphogenetic process, involving hundreds of genes controlling the coordinated patterning, proliferation and differentiation of tissues having multiple embryological origins. Craniofacial malformations that occur because of abnormal development (including cleft lip and/or palate, craniosynostosis and facial dysostoses), comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. High-throughput sequencing has recently led to the identification of many new causative disease genes and functional studies have clarified their mechanisms of action. We present recent findings in craniofacial genetics and discuss how this information together with developmental studies in animal models is helping to increase understanding of normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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107
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Kyrylkova K, Iwaniec UT, Philbrick KA, Leid M. BCL11B regulates sutural patency in the mouse craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 2015; 415:251-260. [PMID: 26453795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor BCL11B plays essential roles during development of the immune, nervous, and cutaneous systems. Here we show that BCL11B is expressed in both osteogenic and sutural mesenchyme of the developing craniofacial complex. Bcl11b(-/-) mice exhibit increased proliferation of osteoprogenitors, premature osteoblast differentiation, and enhanced skull mineralization leading to synostoses of facial and calvarial sutures. Ectopic expression of Fgfr2c, a gene implicated in craniosynostosis in mice and humans, and that of Runx2 was detected within the affected sutures of Bcl11b(-/-) mice. These data suggest that ectopic expression of Fgfr2c in the sutural mesenchyme, without concomitant changes in the expression of FGF ligands, appears to induce the RUNX2-dependent osteogenic program and craniosynostosis in Bcl11b(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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108
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The Development of the Calvarial Bones and Sutures and the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:131-56. [PMID: 26589924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The skull vault is a complex, exquisitely patterned structure that plays a variety of key roles in vertebrate life, ranging from the acquisition of food to the support of the sense organs for hearing, smell, sight, and taste. During its development, it must meet the dual challenges of protecting the brain and accommodating its growth. The bones and sutures of the skull vault are derived from cranial neural crest and head mesoderm. The frontal and parietal bones develop from osteogenic rudiments in the supraorbital ridge. The coronal suture develops from a group of Shh-responsive cells in the head mesoderm that are collocated, with the osteogenic precursors, in the supraorbital ridge. The osteogenic rudiments and the prospective coronal suture expand apically by cell migration. A number of congenital disorders affect the skull vault. Prominent among these is craniosynostosis, the fusion of the bones at the sutures. Analysis of the pathophysiology underling craniosynostosis has identified a variety of cellular mechanisms, mediated by a range of signaling pathways and effector transcription factors. These cellular mechanisms include loss of boundary integrity, altered sutural cell specification in embryos, and loss of a suture stem cell population in adults. Future work making use of genome-wide transcriptomic approaches will address the deep structure of regulatory interactions and cellular processes that unify these seemingly diverse mechanisms.
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109
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The long tail and rare disease research: the impact of next-generation sequencing for rare Mendelian disorders. Genet Res (Camb) 2015; 97:e15. [PMID: 26365496 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672315000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 6000-8000 rare Mendelian diseases that collectively affect 30 million individuals in the United States. The low incidence and prevalence of these diseases present significant challenges to improving diagnostics and treatments. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized research of rare diseases. This article will first comment on the effectiveness of NGS through the lens of long-tailed economics. We then provide an overview of recent developments and challenges of NGS-based research on rare diseases. As the quality of NGS studies improve and the cost of sequencing decreases, NGS will continue to make a significant impact on the study of rare diseases moving forward.
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110
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Twigg SRF, Forecki J, Goos JAC, Richardson ICA, Hoogeboom AJM, van den Ouweland AMW, Swagemakers SMA, Lequin MH, Van Antwerp D, McGowan SJ, Westbury I, Miller KA, Wall SA, van der Spek PJ, Mathijssen IMJ, Pauws E, Merzdorf CS, Wilkie AOM. Gain-of-Function Mutations in ZIC1 Are Associated with Coronal Craniosynostosis and Learning Disability. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:378-88. [PMID: 26340333 PMCID: PMC4564895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ZIC1 (zinc finger protein of cerebellum 1), one of five homologs of the Drosophila pair-rule gene odd-paired, encodes a transcription factor previously implicated in vertebrate brain development. Heterozygous deletions of ZIC1 and its nearby paralog ZIC4 on chromosome 3q25.1 are associated with Dandy-Walker malformation of the cerebellum, and loss of the orthologous Zic1 gene in the mouse causes cerebellar hypoplasia and vertebral defects. We describe individuals from five families with heterozygous mutations located in the final (third) exon of ZIC1 (encoding four nonsense and one missense change) who have a distinct phenotype in which severe craniosynostosis, specifically involving the coronal sutures, and variable learning disability are the most characteristic features. The location of the nonsense mutations predicts escape of mutant ZIC1 transcripts from nonsense-mediated decay, which was confirmed in a cell line from an affected individual. Both nonsense and missense mutations are associated with altered and/or enhanced expression of a target gene, engrailed-2, in a Xenopus embryo assay. Analysis of mouse embryos revealed a localized domain of Zic1 expression at embryonic days 11.5-12.5 in a region overlapping the supraorbital regulatory center, which patterns the coronal suture. We conclude that the human mutations uncover a previously unsuspected role for Zic1 in early cranial suture development, potentially by regulating engrailed 1, which was previously shown to be critical for positioning of the murine coronal suture. The diagnosis of a ZIC1 mutation has significant implications for prognosis and we recommend genetic testing when common causes of coronal synostosis have been excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jennifer Forecki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jacqueline A C Goos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivy C A Richardson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A Jeannette M Hoogeboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans M W van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Van Antwerp
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Isabelle Westbury
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kerry A Miller
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene M J Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christa S Merzdorf
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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111
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A Genetic-Pathophysiological Framework for Craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:359-77. [PMID: 26340332 PMCID: PMC4564941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures of the skull, provides a paradigm for investigating the interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to malformation. Over the past 20 years molecular genetic techniques have provided a new approach to dissect the underlying causes; success has mostly come from investigation of clinical samples, and recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have dramatically enhanced the study of the human as the preferred "model organism." In parallel, however, we need a pathogenetic classification to describe the pathways and processes that lead to cranial suture fusion. Given the prenatal onset of most craniosynostosis, investigation of mechanisms requires more conventional model organisms; principally the mouse, because of similarities in cranial suture development. We present a framework for classifying genetic causes of craniosynostosis based on current understanding of cranial suture biology and molecular and developmental pathogenesis. Of note, few pathologies result from complete loss of gene function. Instead, biochemical mechanisms involving haploinsufficiency, dominant gain-of-function and recessive hypomorphic mutations, and an unusual X-linked cellular interference process have all been implicated. Although few of the genes involved could have been predicted based on expression patterns alone (because the genes play much wider roles in embryonic development or cellular homeostasis), we argue that they fit into a limited number of functional modules active at different stages of cranial suture development. This provides a useful approach both when defining the potential role of new candidate genes in craniosynostosis and, potentially, for devising pharmacological approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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112
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Algorithm for the Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Children with Syndromic Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136:331-340. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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113
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Taylor JC, Martin HC, Lise S, Broxholme J, Cazier JB, Rimmer A, Kanapin A, Lunter G, Fiddy S, Allan C, Aricescu AR, Attar M, Babbs C, Becq J, Beeson D, Bento C, Bignell P, Blair E, Buckle VJ, Bull K, Cais O, Cario H, Chapel H, Copley RR, Cornall R, Craft J, Dahan K, Davenport EE, Dendrou C, Devuyst O, Fenwick AL, Flint J, Fugger L, Gilbert RD, Goriely A, Green A, Greger IH, Grocock R, Gruszczyk AV, Hastings R, Hatton E, Higgs D, Hill A, Holmes C, Howard M, Hughes L, Humburg P, Johnson D, Karpe F, Kingsbury Z, Kini U, Knight JC, Krohn J, Lamble S, Langman C, Lonie L, Luck J, McCarthy D, McGowan SJ, McMullin MF, Miller KA, Murray L, Németh AH, Nesbit MA, Nutt D, Ormondroyd E, Oturai AB, Pagnamenta A, Patel SY, Percy M, Petousi N, Piazza P, Piret SE, Polanco-Echeverry G, Popitsch N, Powrie F, Pugh C, Quek L, Robbins PA, Robson K, Russo A, Sahgal N, van Schouwenburg PA, Schuh A, Silverman E, Simmons A, Sørensen PS, Sweeney E, Taylor J, Thakker RV, Tomlinson I, Trebes A, Twigg SR, Uhlig HH, Vyas P, Vyse T, Wall SA, Watkins H, Whyte MP, Witty L, Wright B, Yau C, Buck D, Humphray S, Ratcliffe PJ, Bell JI, Wilkie AO, Bentley D, Donnelly P, McVean G. Factors influencing success of clinical genome sequencing across a broad spectrum of disorders. Nat Genet 2015; 47:717-726. [PMID: 25985138 PMCID: PMC4601524 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To assess factors influencing the success of whole-genome sequencing for mainstream clinical diagnosis, we sequenced 217 individuals from 156 independent cases or families across a broad spectrum of disorders in whom previous screening had identified no pathogenic variants. We quantified the number of candidate variants identified using different strategies for variant calling, filtering, annotation and prioritization. We found that jointly calling variants across samples, filtering against both local and external databases, deploying multiple annotation tools and using familial transmission above biological plausibility contributed to accuracy. Overall, we identified disease-causing variants in 21% of cases, with the proportion increasing to 34% (23/68) for mendelian disorders and 57% (8/14) in family trios. We also discovered 32 potentially clinically actionable variants in 18 genes unrelated to the referral disorder, although only 4 were ultimately considered reportable. Our results demonstrate the value of genome sequencing for routine clinical diagnosis but also highlight many outstanding challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefano Lise
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andy Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Fiddy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Allan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Babbs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celeste Bento
- Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Bignell
- Molecular Haematology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Veronica J Buckle
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Bull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holger Cario
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helen Chapel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard R Copley
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Cornall
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jude Craft
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karin Dahan
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Génétique et de Pathologie, Gosselies, Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma E Davenport
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Calliope Dendrou
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aimée L Fenwick
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodney D Gilbert
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angie Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anja V Gruszczyk
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Hastings
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edouard Hatton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doug Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm Howard
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Hughes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Humburg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Laboratory for Integrative Physiology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Krohn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Langman
- Kidney Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and the Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lorne Lonie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua Luck
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davis McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kerry A Miller
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Murray
- Illumina Cambridge Limited, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Andrea H Németh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alistair Pagnamenta
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Smita Y Patel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Percy
- Department of Haematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Nayia Petousi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo Piazza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sian E Piret
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Niko Popitsch
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Pugh
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn Quek
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Robson
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Schuh
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Earl Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Per Soelberg Sørensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Taylor
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NHS Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Trebes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Rf Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Vyse
- Division of Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lorna Witty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Yau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Buck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - John I Bell
- Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Om Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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114
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Ketwaroo PD, Robson CD, Estroff JA. Prenatal Imaging of Craniosynostosis Syndromes. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36:453-64. [PMID: 26614129 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the prenatal diagnosis of those syndromes in which craniosynostosis is a key feature. Although not an exhaustive list, the authors highlight conditions that may be encountered with some regularity, especially in a higher volume fetal imaging center. Rare conditions are also discussed. Normal sutural anatomy and development are first reviewed, followed by a discussion of specific syndromes, the salient imaging findings, and pathologic as well as postnatal correlations when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Deaver Ketwaroo
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Judy A Estroff
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Advanced Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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115
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Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E, Riazalhosseini Y, Dobbins SE, Elarouci N, Ducray F, de Reyniès A, Zelenika D, Wardell CP, Frampton M, Saulnier O, Pastinen T, Hallout S, Figarella-Branger D, Dehais C, Idbaih A, Mokhtari K, Delattre JY, Huillard E, Mark Lathrop G, Sanson M, Houlston RS. TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7207. [PMID: 26068201 PMCID: PMC4490400 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) are rare primary brain tumours that are generally incurable, with heterogeneous prognosis and few treatment targets identified. Most oligodendrogliomas have chromosomes 1p/19q co-deletion and an IDH mutation. Here we analysed 51 AO by whole-exome sequencing, identifying previously reported frequent somatic mutations in CIC and FUBP1. We also identified recurrent mutations in TCF12 and in an additional series of 83 AO. Overall, 7.5% of AO are mutated for TCF12, which encodes an oligodendrocyte-related transcription factor. Eighty percent of TCF12 mutations identified were in either the bHLH domain, which is important for TCF12 function as a transcription factor, or were frameshift mutations leading to TCF12 truncated for this domain. We show that these mutations compromise TCF12 transcriptional activity and are associated with a more aggressive tumour type. Our analysis provides further insights into the unique and shared pathways driving AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Labreche
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Iva Simeonova
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Kamoun
- Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Gleize
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Chubb
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Sara E. Dobbins
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Francois Ducray
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Service de Neuro-oncologie, Hopital neurologique, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team, 69677 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Centre National de Génotypage, IG/CEA, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, Evry 91057, France
| | - Christopher P. Wardell
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mathew Frampton
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Sabrina Hallout
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d’anatomie pathologique et de neuropathologie, 13385 Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, CRO2, UMR 911 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Dehais
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - G. Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Marc Sanson
- Inserm, U 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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116
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Abstract
Craniofacial malformations are among the most common birth defects. Although most cases of orofacial clefting and craniosynostosis are isolated and sporadic, these abnormalities are associated with a wide range of genetic syndromes, and making the appropriate diagnosis can guide management and counseling. Patients with craniofacial malformation are best cared for in a multidisciplinary clinic that can coordinate the care delivered by a diverse team of providers.
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117
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Yeung CCS, Gerds AT, Fang M, Scott BL, Flowers MED, Gooley T, Deeg HJ. Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Analysis of Late Relapse Using Comparative Karyotype and Chromosome Genome Array Testing. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1565-1575. [PMID: 25953732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Relapse is a major cause of failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We analyzed the relapse pattern in 1007 patients who underwent transplantation for MDS to identify factors that may determine the timing of relapse. Overall, 254 patients relapsed: 213 before 18 months and 41 later than 18 months after HCT, a time point frequently used in clinical trials. The hazard of relapse declined progressively with time since transplantation. A higher proportion of patients with early relapse had high-risk cytogenetics compared with patients with late relapse (P = .009). Patients with late relapse had suggestively longer postrelapse survival than patients who relapsed early, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .07). Among 41 late relapsing patients, sequential cytogenetic data were available in 36. In 41% of these, new clonal abnormalities in addition to pre-HCT findings were identified at relapse; in 30% pre-HCT abnormalities were replaced by new clones, in 17.3% the same clone was present before HCT and at relapse, and in 9.7%, no abnormalities were present either before HCT or at relapse. Comparative chromosomal genomic array testing in 3 patients with late relapse showed molecular differences not detectable by cytogenetics between the pre-HCT clones and the clones at relapse. These data show that late relapses are not infrequent in patients who undergo transplantation for MDS. The pattern of new cytogenetic alterations at late relapse is similar to that observed in patients with early relapse and supports the concept that MDS relapse early and late after HCT is frequently due to the emergence of clones not detectable before HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C S Yeung
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron T Gerds
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Min Fang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bart L Scott
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E D Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ted Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - H Joachim Deeg
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
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118
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Rijken BFM, den Ottelander BK, van Veelen MLC, Lequin MH, Mathijssen IMJ. The occipitofrontal circumference: reliable prediction of the intracranial volume in children with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38:E9. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.focus14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Patients with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis are characterized by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. These patients are at risk for developing elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). There are several factors known to contribute to elevated ICP in these patients, including craniocerebral disproportion, hydrocephalus, venous hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. However, the causal mechanism is unknown, and patients develop elevated ICP even after skull surgery. In clinical practice, the occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) is used as an indirect measure for intracranial volume (ICV), to evaluate skull growth. However, it remains unknown whether OFC is a reliable predictor of ICV in patients with a severe skull deformity. Therefore, in this study the authors evaluated the relation between ICV and OFC.
METHODS
Eighty-four CT scans obtained in 69 patients with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis treated at the Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital were included. The ICV was calculated based on CT scans by using autosegmentation with an HU threshold < 150. The OFC was collected from electronic patient files. The CT scans and OFC measurements were matched based on a maximum amount of the time that was allowed between these examinations, which was dependent on age. A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the correlations between OFC and ICV. The predictive value of OFC, age, and sex on ICV was then further evaluated using a univariate linear mixed model. The significant factors in the univariate analysis were subsequently entered in a multivariate mixed model.
RESULTS
The correlations found between OFC and ICV were r = 0.908 for the total group (p < 0.001), r = 0.981 for Apert (p < 0.001), r = 0.867 for Crouzon-Pfeiffer (p < 0.001), r = 0.989 for Muenke (p < 0.001), r = 0.858 for Saethre- Chotzen syndrome (p = 0.001), and r = 0.917 for complex craniosynostosis (p < 0.001). Age and OFC were significant predictors of ICV in the univariate linear mixed model (p < 0.001 for both factors). The OFC was the only predictor that remained significant in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The OFC is a significant predictor of ICV in patients with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis. Therefore, measuring the OFC during clinical practice is very useful in determining which patients are at risk for impaired skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Lise Charlotte van Veelen
- 3Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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119
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The role of the posterior fossa in developing Chiari I malformation in children with craniosynostosis syndromes. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:813-9. [PMID: 25979575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with craniosynostosis syndromes are at risk of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and Chiari I malformation (CMI), caused by a combination of restricted skull growth, venous hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and an overproduction or insufficient resorption of cerebrospinal fluid. This study evaluates whether craniosynostosis patients with CMI have an imbalance between cerebellar volume (CV) and posterior fossa volume (PFV), that is, an overcrowded posterior fossa. METHODS Volumes were measured in 3D-SPGR T1-weighted MR scans of 28 'not-operated' craniosynostosis patients (mean age: 4.0 years; range: 0-14), 85 'operated' craniosynostosis patients (mean age: 8.0 years; range: 1-18), and 34 control subjects (mean age: 5.4 years; range: 0-15). Volumes and CV/PFV ratios were compared between the operated and not-operated craniosynostosis patients, between the individual craniosynostosis syndromes and controls, and between craniosynostosis patients with and without CMI. Data were logarithmically transformed and studied with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS The CV, PFV, and CV/PFV ratios of not-operated craniosynostosis patients and operated craniosynostosis patients were similar to those of the control subjects. None of the individual syndromes was associated with a restricted PFV. However, craniosynostosis patients with CMI had a significantly higher CV/PFV ratio than the control group (0.77 vs. 0.75; p = 0.008). The range of CV/PFV ratios for craniosynostosis patients with CMI, however, did not exceed the normal range. CONCLUSION Volumes and CV/PFV ratio cannot predict which craniosynostosis patients are more prone to developing CMI than others. Treatment should focus on the skull vault and other contributing factors to increased ICP, including OSA and venous hypertension.
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Piard J, Rozé V, Czorny A, Lenoir M, Valduga M, Fenwick AL, Wilkie AOM, Maldergem LV. TCF12 microdeletion in a 72-year-old woman with intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1897-901. [PMID: 25871887 PMCID: PMC4654244 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in TCF12 were recently identified as an important cause of craniosynostosis. In the original series, 14% of patients with a mutation in TCF12 had significant developmental delay or learning disability. We report on the first case of TCF12 microdeletion, detected by array‐comparative genomic hybridization, in a 72‐year‐old patient presenting with intellectual deficiency and dysmorphism. Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification analysis indicated that exon 19, encoding the functionally important basic helix‐loop‐helix domain, was included in the deleted segment in addition to exon 20. We postulate that the TCF12 microdeletion is responsible for this patient's intellectual deficiency and facial phenotype. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Piard
- Centre de génétique humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Virginie Rozé
- Laboratoire de génétique, histologie et biologie de la reproduction, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Alain Czorny
- Service de neurochirurgie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marion Lenoir
- Service de radiologie pédiatrique, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mylène Valduga
- Laboratoire de génétique, Université de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Aimée L Fenwick
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Maxhimer JB, Bradley JP, Lee JC. Signaling pathways in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis: Lessons from cranial sutures and applications to regenerative medicine. Genes Dis 2015; 2:57-68. [PMID: 25961069 PMCID: PMC4425620 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the simplest models for examining the interplay between bone formation and resorption is the junction between the cranial bones. Although only roughly a quarter of patients diagnosed with craniosynostosis have been linked to known genetic disturbances, the molecular mechanisms elucidated from these studies have provided basic knowledge of bone homeostasis. This work has translated to methods and advances in bone tissue engineering. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of cranial suture biology derived from human craniosynostosis syndromes and discuss its application to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Maxhimer
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - James P. Bradley
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Temple University/St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, PA, USA
| | - Justine C. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, USA
- Corresponding author. UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 465, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Tel.: +1 310 794 7616; fax: +1 310 206 6833.
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BCL11B expression in intramembranous osteogenesis during murine craniofacial suture development. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 17:16-25. [PMID: 25511173 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sutures, where neighboring craniofacial bones are separated by undifferentiated mesenchyme, are major growth sites during craniofacial development. Pathologic fusion of bones within sutures occurs in a wide variety of craniosynostosis conditions and can result in dysmorphic craniofacial growth and secondary neurologic deficits. Our knowledge of the genes involved in suture formation is poor. Here we describe the novel expression pattern of the BCL11B transcription factor protein during murine embryonic craniofacial bone formation. We examined BCL11B protein expression at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5 in 14 major craniofacial sutures of C57BL/6J mice. We found BCL11B expression to be associated with all intramembranous craniofacial bones examined. The most striking aspects of BCL11B expression were its high levels in suture mesenchyme and increasingly complementary expression with RUNX2 in differentiating osteoblasts during development. BCL11B was also expressed in mesenchyme at the non-sutural edges of intramembranous bones. No expression was seen in osteoblasts involved in endochondral ossification of the cartilaginous cranial base. BCL11B is expressed to potentially regulate the transition of mesenchymal differentiation and suture formation within craniofacial intramembranous bone.
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Goos JAC, van den Ouweland AMW, Swagemakers SMA, Verkerk AJMH, Hoogeboom AJM, van Veelen MLC, Mathijssen IMJ, van der Spek PJ. A novel mutation inFGFR2. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:123-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. C. Goos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Annemieke J. M. H. Verkerk
- Department of Bioinformatics; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Irene M. J. Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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Expanding the mutation spectrum in 182 Spanish probands with craniosynostosis: identification and characterization of novel TCF12 variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:907-14. [PMID: 25271085 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, caused by the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, can be classified into non-syndromic or syndromic and by which sutures are affected. Clinical assignment is a difficult challenge due to the high phenotypic variability observed between syndromes. During routine diagnostics, we screened 182 Spanish craniosynostosis probands, implementing a four-tiered cascade screening of FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR1, TWIST1 and EFNB1. A total of 43 variants, eight novel, were identified in 113 (62%) patients: 104 (92%) detected in level 1; eight (7%) in level 2 and one (1%) in level 3. We subsequently screened additional genes in the probands with no detected mutation: one duplication of the IHH regulatory region was identified in a patient with craniosynostosis Philadelphia type and five variants, four novel, were identified in the recently described TCF12, in probands with coronal or multisuture affectation. In the 19 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) individuals in whom a variant was detected, 15 (79%) carried a TWIST1 variant, whereas four (21%) had a TCF12 variant. Thus, we propose that TCF12 screening should be included for TWIST1 negative SCS patients and in patients where the coronal suture is affected. In summary, a molecular diagnosis was obtained in a total of 119/182 patients (65%), allowing the correct craniosynostosis syndrome classification, aiding genetic counselling and in some cases provided a better planning on how and when surgical intervention should take place and, subsequently the appropriate clinical follow up.
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Babbs C, Lloyd D, Pagnamenta AT, Twigg SRF, Green J, McGowan SJ, Mirza G, Naples R, Sharma VP, Volpi EV, Buckle VJ, Wall SA, Knight SJL, Parr JR, Wilkie AOM. De novo and rare inherited mutations implicate the transcriptional coregulator TCF20/SPBP in autism spectrum disorder. J Med Genet 2014; 51:737-47. [PMID: 25228304 PMCID: PMC4215269 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are common and have a strong genetic basis, yet the cause of ∼70-80% ASDs remains unknown. By clinical cytogenetic testing, we identified a family in which two brothers had ASD, mild intellectual disability and a chromosome 22 pericentric inversion, not detected in either parent, indicating de novo mutation with parental germinal mosaicism. We hypothesised that the rearrangement was causative of their ASD and localised the chromosome 22 breakpoints. METHODS The rearrangement was characterised using fluorescence in situ hybridisation, Southern blotting, inverse PCR and dideoxy-sequencing. Open reading frames and intron/exon boundaries of the two physically disrupted genes identified, TCF20 and TNRC6B, were sequenced in 342 families (260 multiplex and 82 simplex) ascertained by the International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). RESULTS IMGSAC family screening identified a de novo missense mutation of TCF20 in a single case and significant association of a different missense mutation of TCF20 with ASD in three further families. Through exome sequencing in another project, we independently identified a de novo frameshifting mutation of TCF20 in a woman with ASD and moderate intellectual disability. We did not identify a significant association of TNRC6B mutations with ASD. CONCLUSIONS TCF20 encodes a transcriptional coregulator (also termed SPBP) that is structurally and functionally related to RAI1, the critical dosage-sensitive protein implicated in the behavioural phenotypes of the Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski 17p11.2 deletion/duplication syndromes, in which ASD is frequently diagnosed. This study provides the first evidence that mutations in TCF20 are also associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Babbs
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Lloyd
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne Green
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ghazala Mirza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Naples
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Vikram P Sharma
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emanuela V Volpi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Veronica J Buckle
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Samantha J L Knight
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jeremy R Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Fenwick AL, Goos JAC, Rankin J, Lord H, Lester T, Hoogeboom AJM, van den Ouweland AMW, Wall SA, Mathijssen IMJ, Wilkie AOM. Apparently synonymous substitutions in FGFR2 affect splicing and result in mild Crouzon syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:95. [PMID: 25174698 PMCID: PMC4236556 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) account for a higher proportion of genetic cases of craniosynostosis than any other gene, and are associated with a wide spectrum of severity of clinical problems. Many of these mutations are highly recurrent and their associated features well documented. Crouzon syndrome is typically caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the third immunoglobulin domain of FGFR2. Case presentation Here we describe two families, each segregating a different, previously unreported FGFR2 mutation of the same nucleotide, c.1083A>G and c.1083A>T, both of which encode an apparently synonymous change at the Pro361 codon. We provide experimental evidence that these mutations affect normal FGFR2 splicing and document the clinical consequences, which include a mild Crouzon syndrome phenotype and reduced penetrance of craniosynostosis. Conclusions These observations add to a growing list of FGFR2 mutations that affect splicing and provide important clinical information for genetic counselling of families affected by these specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Takenouchi T, Sakamoto Y, Miwa T, Torii C, Kosaki R, Kishi K, Takahashi T, Kosaki K. Severe craniosynostosis with Noonan syndrome phenotype associated with SHOC2 mutation: clinical evidence of crosslink between FGFR and RAS signaling pathways. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2869-72. [PMID: 25123707 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in the RAS signaling cascade results in a family of malformation syndromes called RASopathies. Meanwhile, alterations in FGFR signaling cascade are responsible for various syndromic forms of craniosynostosis. In general, the phenotypic spectra of RASopathies and craniosynostosis syndromes do not overlap. Recently, however, mutations in ERF, a downstream molecule of the RAS signaling cascade, have been identified as a cause of complex craniosynostosis, suggesting that the RAS and FGFR signaling pathways can interact in the pathogenesis of malformation syndromes. Here, we document a boy with short stature, developmental delay, and severe craniosynostosis involving right coronal, bilateral lambdoid, and sagittal sutures with a de novo mutation in exon1 of SHOC2 (c.4A>G p.Ser2Gly). This observation further supports the existence of a crosslink between the RAS signaling cascade and craniosynostosis. In retrospect, the propositus had physical features suggestive of a dysregulated RAS signaling cascade, such as fetal pleural effusion, fetal hydrops, and atrial tachycardia. In addition to an abnormal cranial shape, which has been reported for this specific mutation, craniosynostosis might be a novel associated phenotype. In conclusion, the phenotypic combination of severe craniosynostosis and RASopathy features observed in the propositus suggests an interaction between the RAS and FGFR signaling cascades. Patients with craniosynostosis in combination with any RASopathy feature may require mutation screening for molecules in the FGFR-RAS signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Machida A, Okuhara S, Harada K, Iseki S. Difference in apical and basal growth of the frontal bone primordium in Foxc1ch/ch mice. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:172-7. [PMID: 24417671 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The frontal and parietal bones form the major part of the calvarium and their primordia appear at the basolateral region of the head and grow apically. A spontaneous loss of Foxc1 function mutant mouse, congenital hydrocephalus (Foxc1(ch/ch)), results in congenital hydrocephalus accompanied by defects in the apical part of the skull vault. We found that during the initiation stage of apical growth of the frontal bone primordium in the Foxc1(ch/ch) mouse, the Runx2 expression domain extended only to the basal side and bone sialoprotein (Bsp) and N-cadherin expression domains appeared only in the basal region. Fluorescent dye (DiI) labeling of the frontal primordium by ex-utero surgery confirmed that apical extension of the frontal bone primordium of the mouse was severely retarded, while extension to the basal side underneath the brain was largely unaffected. Consistent with this observation, decreased cell proliferation activity was seen at the apical tip but not the basal tip of the frontal bone primordium as determined by double detection of Runx2 transcripts and BrdU incorporation. Furthermore, expression of the osteogenic-related genes Bmp4 and-7 was observed only in the basal part of the meninges during the initiation period of primordium growth. These results suggest that a loss of Foxc1 function affects skull bone formation of the apical region and that Bmp expression in the meninges might influence the growth of the calvarial bone primordium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Machida
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Closing the Gap: Genetic and Genomic Continuum from Syndromic to Nonsyndromic Craniosynostoses. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:135-145. [PMID: 26146596 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, a condition that includes the premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures, is a relatively common birth defect in humans and the second most common craniofacial anomaly after orofacial clefts. There is a significant clinical variation among different sutural synostoses as well as significant variation within any given single-suture synostosis. Craniosynostosis can be isolated (i.e., nonsyndromic) or occurs as part of a genetic syndrome (e.g., Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert, Muenke, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes). Approximately 85 % of all cases of craniosynostosis are nonsyndromic. Several recent genomic discoveries are elucidating the genetic basis for nonsyndromic cases and implicate the newly identified genes in signaling pathways previously found in syndromic craniosynostosis. Published epidemiologic and phenotypic studies clearly demonstrate that nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is a complex and heterogeneous condition supporting a strong genetic component accompanied by environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenetic network of this birth defect. Large population, rather than single-clinic or hospital-based studies is required with phenotypically homogeneous subsets of patients to further understand the complex genetic, maternal, environmental, and stochastic factors contributing to nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Learning about these variables is a key in formulating the basis of multidisciplinary and lifelong care for patients with these conditions.
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Martin HC, Kim GE, Pagnamenta AT, Murakami Y, Carvill GL, Meyer E, Copley RR, Rimmer A, Barcia G, Fleming MR, Kronengold J, Brown MR, Hudspith KA, Broxholme J, Kanapin A, Cazier JB, Kinoshita T, Nabbout R, Bentley D, McVean G, Heavin S, Zaiwalla Z, McShane T, Mefford HC, Shears D, Stewart H, Kurian MA, Scheffer IE, Blair E, Donnelly P, Kaczmarek LK, Taylor JC. Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3200-11. [PMID: 24463883 PMCID: PMC4030775 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found de novo non-synonymous mutations in the genes KCNQ2 and SCN2A. In a third OS case, WGS revealed paternal isodisomy for chromosome 9, leading to identification of the causal homozygous missense variant in KCNT1, which produced a substantial increase in potassium channel current. The fourth OS patient had a recessive mutation in PIGQ that led to exon skipping and defective glycophosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis. The two patients with NSEOE had likely pathogenic de novo mutations in CBL and CSNK1G1, respectively. Mutations in these genes were not found among 500 additional individuals with epilepsy. This work reveals two novel genes for OS, KCNT1 and PIGQ. It also uncovers unexpected genetic mechanisms and emphasizes the power of WGS as a clinical tool for making molecular diagnoses, particularly for highly heterogeneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grace E Kim
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Esther Meyer
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard R Copley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Matthew R Fleming
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jack Kronengold
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maile R Brown
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karl A Hudspith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sinéad Heavin
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zenobia Zaiwalla
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tony McShane
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Shears
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Stewart
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK,
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Clinical spectrum and outcomes in families with coronal synostosis and TCF12 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1413-6. [PMID: 24736737 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TCF12 mutations have been reported very recently in coronal synostosis. We report several cases of familial coronal synostosis among four families harbouring novel TCF12 mutations. We observed a broad interfamilial phenotypic spectrum with features overlapping with the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. TCF12 molecular testing should be considered in patients with unilateral- or bilateral-coronal synostosis associated or not with syndactyly, after having excluded mutations in the TWIST1 gene and the p.Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3.
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132
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Al Chawa T, Ludwig KU, Fier H, Pötzsch B, Reich RH, Schmidt G, Braumann B, Daratsianos N, Böhmer AC, Schuencke H, Alblas M, Fricker N, Hoffmann P, Knapp M, Lange C, Nöthen MM, Mangold E. Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: Increased burden of rare variants within Gremlin-1, a component of the bone morphogenetic protein 4 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:493-8. [PMID: 24706492 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes Gremlin-1 (GREM1) and Noggin (NOG) are components of the bone morphogenetic protein 4 pathway, which has been implicated in craniofacial development. Both genes map to recently identified susceptibility loci (chromosomal region 15q13, 17q22) for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P). The aim of the present study was to determine whether rare variants in either gene are implicated in nsCL/P etiology. METHODS The complete coding regions, untranslated regions, and splice sites of GREM1 and NOG were sequenced in 96 nsCL/P patients and 96 controls of Central European ethnicity. Three burden and four nonburden tests were performed. Statistically significant results were followed up in a second case-control sample (n = 96, respectively). For rare variants observed in cases, segregation analyses were performed. RESULTS In NOG, four rare sequence variants (minor allele frequency < 1%) were identified. Here, burden and nonburden analyses generated nonsignificant results. In GREM1, 33 variants were identified, 15 of which were rare. Of these, five were novel. Significant p-values were generated in three nonburden analyses. Segregation analyses revealed incomplete penetrance for all variants investigated. CONCLUSION Our study did not provide support for NOG being the causal gene at 17q22. However, the observation of a significant excess of rare variants in GREM1 supports the hypothesis that this is the causal gene at chr. 15q13. Because no single causal variant was identified, future sequencing analyses of GREM1 should involve larger samples and the investigation of regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofik Al Chawa
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Klinikverbund St. Antonius und St. Josef, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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McCarthy DJ, Humburg P, Kanapin A, Rivas MA, Gaulton K, Cazier JB, Donnelly P. Choice of transcripts and software has a large effect on variant annotation. Genome Med 2014; 6:26. [PMID: 24944579 PMCID: PMC4062061 DOI: 10.1186/gm543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variant annotation is a crucial step in the analysis of genome sequencing data. Functional annotation results can have a strong influence on the ultimate conclusions of disease studies. Incorrect or incomplete annotations can cause researchers both to overlook potentially disease-relevant DNA variants and to dilute interesting variants in a pool of false positives. Researchers are aware of these issues in general, but the extent of the dependency of final results on the choice of transcripts and software used for annotation has not been quantified in detail. Methods This paper quantifies the extent of differences in annotation of 80 million variants from a whole-genome sequencing study. We compare results using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for variant annotation with the software Annovar, and also compare the results from two annotation software packages, Annovar and VEP (Ensembl’s Variant Effect Predictor), when using Ensembl transcripts. Results We found only 44% agreement in annotations for putative loss-of-function variants when using the RefSeq and Ensembl transcript sets as the basis for annotation with Annovar. The rate of matching annotations for loss-of-function and nonsynonymous variants combined was 79% and for all exonic variants it was 83%. When comparing results from Annovar and VEP using Ensembl transcripts, matching annotations were seen for only 65% of loss-of-function variants and 87% of all exonic variants, with splicing variants revealed as the category with the greatest discrepancy. Using these comparisons, we characterised the types of apparent errors made by Annovar and VEP and discuss their impact on the analysis of DNA variants in genome sequencing studies. Conclusions Variant annotation is not yet a solved problem. Choice of transcript set can have a large effect on the ultimate variant annotations obtained in a whole-genome sequencing study. Choice of annotation software can also have a substantial effect. The annotation step in the analysis of a genome sequencing study must therefore be considered carefully, and a conscious choice made as to which transcript set and software are used for annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis J McCarthy
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Humburg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
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134
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Brook AH, Jernvall J, Smith RN, Hughes TE, Townsend GC. The dentition: the outcomes of morphogenesis leading to variations of tooth number, size and shape. Aust Dent J 2014; 59 Suppl 1:131-42. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- AH Brook
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
- Institute of Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; United Kingdom
| | - J Jernvall
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - RN Smith
- School of Dentistry; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - TE Hughes
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - GC Townsend
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
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135
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Le Tanno P, Poreau B, Devillard F, Vieville G, Amblard F, Jouk PS, Satre V, Coutton C. Maternal complex chromosomal rearrangement leads to TCF12 microdeletion in a patient presenting with coronal craniosynostosis and intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1530-6. [PMID: 24648389 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on a young child with intellectual disability and unilateral coronal craniosynostosis leading to craniofacial malformations. Standard karyotype showed an apparently balanced translocation between chromosomes 2 and 15 [t(2;15)(q21;q21.3)], inherited from his mother. Interestingly, array-CGH 180K showed a 3.64 Mb de novo deletion on chromosome 15 in the region 15q21.3q22.2, close to the chromosome 15 translocation breakpoints. This deletion leads to haploinsufficiency of TCF12 gene that can explain the coronal craniosynostosis described in the patient. Additional FISH analyses showed a complex balanced maternal chromosomal rearrangement combining the reciprocal translocation t(2;15)(q21;q21.3), and an insertion of the 15q22.1 segment into the telomeric region of the translocated 15q fragment. The genomic imbalance in the patient is likely caused by a crossing-over that occurs in the recombination loop formed during the maternal meiosis resulting in the deletion of the inserted fragment. This original case of a genomic microdeletion of TCF12 exemplifies the importance of array-CGH in the clinical investigation of apparently balanced rearrangements but also the importance of FISH analysis to identify the chromosomal mechanism causing the genomic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Le Tanno
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Département de Génétique et Procréation, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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136
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Parsons TE, Weinberg SM, Khaksarfard K, Howie RN, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Cray JJ. Craniofacial shape variation in Twist1+/- mutant mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:826-33. [PMID: 24585549 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is a relatively common birth defect resulting from the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. Human genetic studies have identified several genes in association with CS. One such gene that has been implicated in both syndromic (Saethre-Chotzen syndrome) and nonsyndromic forms of CS in humans is TWIST1. In this study, a heterozygous Twist1 knock out (Twist1(+/-) ) mouse model was used to study the craniofacial shape changes associated with the partial loss of function. A geometric morphometric approach was used to analyze landmark data derived from microcomputed tomography scans to compare craniofacial shape between 17 Twist1(+/-) mice and 26 of their Twist1(+/+) (wild type) littermate controls at 15 days of age. The results show that despite the purported wide variation in synostotic severity, Twist1(+/-) mice have a consistent pattern of craniofacial dysmorphology affecting all major regions of the skull. Similar to Saethre-Chotzen, the calvarium is acrocephalic and wide with an overall brachycephalic shape. Mutant mice also exhibited a shortened cranial base and a wider and shorted face, consistent with coronal CS associated phenotypes. The results suggest that these differences are at least partially the direct result of the Twist1 haploinsufficiency on the developing craniofacial skeleton. This study provides a quantitative phenotype complement to the developmental and molecular genetic research previously done on Twist1. These results can be used to generate further hypotheses about the effect of Twist1 and premature suture fusion on the entire craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish E Parsons
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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137
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Heuzé Y, Martínez-Abadías N, Stella JM, Arnaud E, Collet C, García Fructuoso G, Alamar M, Lo LJ, Boyadjiev SA, Di Rocco F, Richtsmeier JT. Quantification of facial skeletal shape variation in fibroblast growth factor receptor-related craniosynostosis syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:250-9. [PMID: 24578066 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -related craniosynostosis syndromes are caused by many different mutations within FGFR-1, 2, 3, and certain FGFR mutations are associated with more than one clinical syndrome. These syndromes share coronal craniosynostosis and characteristic facial skeletal features, although Apert syndrome (AS) is characterized by a more dysmorphic facial skeleton relative to Crouzon (CS), Muenke (MS), or Pfeiffer syndromes. METHODS Here we perform a detailed three-dimensional evaluation of facial skeletal shape in a retrospective sample of cases clinically and/or genetically diagnosed as AS, CS, MS, and Pfeiffer syndrome to quantify variation in facial dysmorphology, precisely identify specific facial features pertaining to these four syndromes, and further elucidate what knowledge of the causative FGFR mutation brings to our understanding of these syndromes. RESULTS Our results confirm a strong correspondence between genotype and facial phenotype for AS and MS with severity of facial dysmorphology diminishing from Apert FGFR2(S252W) to Apert FGFR2(P253R) to MS. We show that AS facial shape variation is increased relative to CS, although CS has been shown to be caused by numerous distinct mutations within FGFRs and reduced dosage in ERF. CONCLUSION Our quantitative analysis of facial phenotypes demonstrate subtle variation within and among craniosynostosis syndromes that might, with further research, provide information about the impact of the mutation on facial skeletal and nonskeletal development. We suggest that precise studies of the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations at many levels of analysis should accompany next-generation genetic research and that these approaches should proceed cooperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Heuzé
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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138
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Overlapping microdeletions involving 15q22.2 narrow the critical region for intellectual disability to NARG2 and RORA. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:163-8. [PMID: 24525055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions in the 15q22 region have not been well documented. We collected genotype and phenotype data from five patients with microdeletions involving 15q22.2, which were between 0.7 Mb and 6.5 Mb in size; two were of de novo origin and one was of familial origin. Intellectual disability and epilepsy are frequently observed in patients with 15q22.2 deletions. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis narrowed the critical region for such neurologic symptoms to a genomic region of 654 Kb including the NMDA receptor-regulated 2 gene (NARG2) and the PAR-related orphan receptor A gene (RORA), either of which may be responsible for neurological symptoms commonly observed in patients with deletions in this region. The neighboring regions, including the forkhead box B1 gene (FOXB1), may also be related to the additional neurological features observed in the patients with larger deletions.
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139
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Neural crest cell signaling pathways critical to cranial bone development and pathology. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:138-47. [PMID: 24509233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells appear early during embryogenesis and give rise to many structures in the mature adult. In particular, a specific population of neural crest cells migrates to and populates developing cranial tissues. The ensuing differentiation of these cells via individual complex and often intersecting signaling pathways is indispensible to growth and development of the craniofacial complex. Much research has been devoted to this area of development with particular emphasis on cell signaling events required for physiologic development. Understanding such mechanisms will allow researchers to investigate ways in which they can be exploited in order to treat a multitude of diseases affecting the craniofacial complex. Knowing how these multipotent cells are driven towards distinct fates could, in due course, allow patients to receive regenerative therapies for tissues lost to a variety of pathologies. In order to realize this goal, nucleotide sequencing advances allowing snapshots of entire genomes and exomes are being utilized to identify molecular entities associated with disease states. Once identified, these entities can be validated for biological significance with other methods. A crucial next step is the integration of knowledge gleaned from observations in disease states with normal physiology to generate an explanatory model for craniofacial development. This review seeks to provide a current view of the landscape on cell signaling and fate determination of the neural crest and to provide possible avenues of approach for future research.
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140
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Mort M, Sterne-Weiler T, Li B, Ball EV, Cooper DN, Radivojac P, Sanford JR, Mooney SD. MutPred Splice: machine learning-based prediction of exonic variants that disrupt splicing. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R19. [PMID: 24451234 PMCID: PMC4054890 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-1-r19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel machine-learning approach, MutPred Splice, for the identification of coding region substitutions that disrupt pre-mRNA splicing. Applying MutPred Splice to human disease-causing exonic mutations suggests that 16% of mutations causing inherited disease and 10 to 14% of somatic mutations in cancer may disrupt pre-mRNA splicing. For inherited disease, the main mechanism responsible for the splicing defect is splice site loss, whereas for cancer the predominant mechanism of splicing disruption is predicted to be exon skipping via loss of exonic splicing enhancers or gain of exonic splicing silencer elements. MutPred Splice is available at http://mutdb.org/mutpredsplice.
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141
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Tamura M, Amano T, Shiroishi T. The Hand2 Gene Dosage Effect in Developmental Defects and Human Congenital Disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 110:129-52. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405943-6.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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142
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Balemans MCM, Ansar M, Oudakker AR, van Caam APM, Bakker B, Vitters EL, van der Kraan PM, de Bruijn DRH, Janssen SM, Kuipers AJ, Huibers MMH, Maliepaard EM, Walboomers XF, Benevento M, Nadif Kasri N, Kleefstra T, Zhou H, Van der Zee CEEM, van Bokhoven H. Reduced Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 causes developmental delay, hypotonia, and cranial abnormalities associated with increased bone gene expression in Kleefstra syndrome mice. Dev Biol 2013; 386:395-407. [PMID: 24362066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1), a chromatin modifying enzyme, is the cause of Kleefstra syndrome (KS). KS is an intellectual disability (ID) syndrome, with general developmental delay, hypotonia, and craniofacial dysmorphisms as additional core features. Recent studies have been focused on the role of EHMT1 in learning and memory, linked to the ID phenotype of KS patients. In this study we used the Ehmt1(+/-) mouse model, and investigated whether the core features of KS were mimicked in these mice. When comparing Ehmt1(+/-) mice to wildtype littermates we observed delayed postnatal growth, eye opening, ear opening, and upper incisor eruption, indicating a delayed postnatal development. Furthermore, tests for muscular strength and motor coordination showed features of hypotonia in young Ehmt1(+/-) mice. Lastly, we found that Ehmt1(+/-) mice showed brachycephalic crania, a shorter or bent nose, and hypertelorism, reminiscent of the craniofacial dysmorphisms seen in KS. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of Runx2 and several other bone tissue related genes in P28 Ehmt1(+/-) mice. Runx2 immunostaining also appeared to be increased. The mRNA upregulation was associated with decreased histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels, the epigenetic mark deposited by Ehmt1, in the promoter region of these genes. Together, Ehmt1(+/-) mice indeed recapitulate KS core features and can be used as an animal model for Kleefstra syndrome. The increased expression of bone developmental genes in the Ehmt1(+/-) mice likely contributes to their cranial dysmorphisms and might be explained by diminished Ehmt1-induced H3K9 dimethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C M Balemans
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Advance Centre of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Astrid R Oudakker
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Bakker
- Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly L Vitters
- Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik R H de Bruijn
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne M Janssen
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Kuipers
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M H Huibers
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliza M Maliepaard
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina E E M Van der Zee
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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143
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Rachwalski M, Wollnik B, Kress W. Klinik und Genetik syndromaler und nichtsyndromaler Kraniosynostosen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-013-0412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Kraniosynostosen gehören mit einer Inzidenz von 1:2000 bis 1:3000 Geburten zu den häufigsten kraniofazialen Anomalien. Die durch die vorzeitige Verknöcherung einer oder mehrerer Schädelnähte verursachte Wachstumshemmung kann zu schweren Deformitäten des Schädel- und Gesichtsskeletts führen. Dies sorgt nicht nur für eine große ästhetische Beeinträchtigung, sondern hat auch funktionelle Auswirkungen für die Patienten. Hierzu können u. a. gehören: intrakranielle Drucksteigerung, Atrophie des N. opticus, Atem-, Hör- und Entwicklungsstörungen. Trotz großer Anstrengungen konnten bisher nur für einen Teil der autosomal-dominanten syndromalen Kraniosynostosen die ursächlichen Gene, z. B „fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-3“ (FGFR1-3), „twist basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1“ (TWIST1) etc., gefunden werden. Die Ätiologie der nichtsyndromalen Kraniosynostosen bleibt weiterhin ungeklärt. Aufgrund der verbreiteten Anwendung neuer Sequenziertechnologien zur Identifizierung neuer kausaler Gene bei Patienten mit Kraniosynostose kann in den nächsten Jahren mit der Entschlüsselung vieler weiterer krankheitsverursachender Gene gerechnet werden. Insbesondere die syndromalen Formen der Kraniosynostose bedürfen aufgrund ihrer klinischen Komplexität einer interdisziplinären Betreuung. Die einzige Therapieoption besteht derzeit in der kraniofazialen Chirurgie, welche aber die genetisch determinierten pathologischen Wachstumsmuster der komplexen syndromalen Kraniosynostosen langfristig oft nicht beheben kann.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rachwalski
- Aff1 grid.411097.a 000000008852305X Institut für Humangenetik Uniklinik Köln Kerpener Str. 34 50931 Köln Deutschland
| | - B. Wollnik
- Aff1 grid.411097.a 000000008852305X Institut für Humangenetik Uniklinik Köln Kerpener Str. 34 50931 Köln Deutschland
| | - W. Kress
- Aff2 grid.8379.5 0000000119588658 Institut für Humangenetik Universität Würzburg Würzburg Deutschland
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144
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Roscioli T, Elakis G, Cox TC, Moon DJ, Venselaar H, Turner AM, Le T, Hackett E, Haan E, Colley A, Mowat D, Worgan L, Kirk EP, Sachdev R, Thompson E, Gabbett M, McGaughran J, Gibson K, Gattas M, Freckmann ML, Dixon J, Hoefsloot L, Field M, Hackett A, Kamien B, Edwards M, Adès LC, Collins FA, Wilson MJ, Savarirayan R, Tan TY, Amor DJ, McGillivray G, White SM, Glass IA, David DJ, Anderson PJ, Gianoutsos M, Buckley MF. Genotype and clinical care correlations in craniosynostosis: findings from a cohort of 630 Australian and New Zealand patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:259-70. [PMID: 24127277 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is one of the most common craniofacial disorders encountered in clinical genetics practice, with an overall incidence of 1 in 2,500. Between 30% and 70% of syndromic craniosynostoses are caused by mutations in hotspots in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes or in the TWIST1 gene with the difference in detection rates likely to be related to different study populations within craniofacial centers. Here we present results from molecular testing of an Australia and New Zealand cohort of 630 individuals with a diagnosis of craniosynostosis. Data were obtained by Sanger sequencing of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 hotspot exons and the TWIST1 gene, as well as copy number detection of TWIST1. Of the 630 probands, there were 231 who had one of 80 distinct mutations (36%). Among the 80 mutations, 17 novel sequence variants were detected in three of the four genes screened. In addition to the proband cohort there were 96 individuals who underwent predictive or prenatal testing as part of family studies. Dysmorphic features consistent with the known FGFR1-3/TWIST1-associated syndromes were predictive for mutation detection. We also show a statistically significant association between splice site mutations in FGFR2 and a clinical diagnosis of Pfeiffer syndrome, more severe clinical phenotypes associated with FGFR2 exon 10 versus exon 8 mutations, and more frequent surgical procedures in the presence of a pathogenic mutation. Targeting gene hot spot areas for mutation analysis is a useful strategy to maximize the success of molecular diagnosis for individuals with craniosynostosis.
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D’Souza R, Dunnwald M, Frazier-Bowers S, Polverini P, Wright J, de Rouen T, Vieira A. Translational Genetics. J Dent Res 2013; 92:1058-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034513507954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific opportunities have never been better than today! The completion of the Human Genome project has sparked hope and optimism that cures for debilitating conditions can be achieved and tailored to individuals and communities. The availability of reference genome sequences and genetic variations as well as more precise correlations between genotype and phenotype have facilitated the progress made in finding solutions to clinical problems. While certain craniofacial and oral diseases previously deemed too difficult to tackle have benefited from basic science and technological advances over the past decade, there remains a critical need to translate the fruits of several decades’ worth of basic and clinical research into tangible therapies that can benefit patients. The fifth Annual Fall Focused Symposium, “Translational Genetics – Advancing Fronts for Craniofacial Health”, was created by the American Association for Dental Research (AADR) to foster its mission to advance interdisciplinary research that is directed toward improving oral health. The symposium showcased progress made in identifying molecular targets that are potential therapeutics for common and rare dental diseases and craniofacial disorders. Speakers focused on translational and clinical applications of their research and, where applicable, on strategies for new technologies and therapeutics. The critical needs to transfer new knowledge to the classroom and for further investment in the field were also emphasized. The symposium underscored the importance of basic research, chairside clinical observations, and population-based studies in driving the new translational connections needed for the development of cures for the most common and devastating diseases involving the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.N. D’Souza
- University of Utah School of Dentistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | - J.T. Wright
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sharma VP, Fenwick AL, Brockop MS, McGowan SJ, Goos JAC, Hoogeboom AJM, Brady AF, Jeelani NO, Lynch SA, Mulliken JB, Murray DJ, Phipps JM, Sweeney E, Tomkins SE, Wilson LC, Bennett S, Cornall RJ, Broxholme J, Kanapin A, Johnson D, Wall SA, van der Spek PJ, Mathijssen IMJ, Maxson RE, Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. Erratum: Mutations in TCF12, encoding a basic helix-loop-helix partner of TWIST1, are a frequent cause of coronal craniosynostosis. Nat Genet 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/ng1013-1261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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147
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Florisson JMG, Verkerk AJMH, Huigh D, Hoogeboom AJM, Swagemakers S, Kremer A, Heijsman D, Lequin MH, Mathijssen IMJ, van der Spek PJ. Boston type craniosynostosis: report of a second mutation in MSX2. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2626-33. [PMID: 23949913 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a family that segregated an autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis characterized by variable expression and limited extra-cranial features. Linkage analysis and genome sequencing were performed to identify the underlying genetic mutation. A c.443C>T missense mutation in MSX2, which predicts p.Pro148Leu was identified and segregated with the disease in all affected family members. One other family with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis (Boston type) has been reported to have a missense mutation in MSX2. These data confirm that missense mutations altering the proline at codon 148 of MSX2 cause dominantly inherited craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M G Florisson
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Dutch Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Molecular Analysis of Twist1 and FGF Receptors in a Rabbit Model of Craniosynostosis: Likely Exclusion as the Loci of Origin. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:305971. [PMID: 23738319 PMCID: PMC3664496 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the cranial vault sutures. We have previously described a colony of rabbits with a heritable pattern of nonsyndromic, coronal suture synostosis; however, the underlying genetic defect remains unknown. We now report a molecular analysis to determine if four genes implicated in human craniosynostosis, TWIST1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors 1–3 (FGFR1–3), could be the loci of the causative mutation in this unique rabbit model. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within the Twist1, FGFR1, and FGFR2 genes, and the allelic patterns of these silent mutations were examined in 22 craniosynostotic rabbits. SNP analysis of the Twist1, FGFR1, and FGFR2 genes indicated that none were the locus of origin of the craniosynostotic phenotype. In addition, no structural mutations were identified by direct sequence analysis of Twist1 and FGFR3 cDNAs. These data indicate that the causative locus for heritable craniosynostosis in this rabbit model is not within the Twist1, FGFR1, and FGFR2 genes. Although a locus in intronic or flanking sequences of FGFR3 remains possible, no direct structural mutation was identified for FGFR3.
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