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Kringel D, Lippmann C, Parnham MJ, Kalso E, Ultsch A, Lötsch J. A machine-learned analysis of human gene polymorphisms modulating persisting pain points to major roles of neuroimmune processes. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1735-1756. [PMID: 29923268 PMCID: PMC6220816 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Human genetic research has implicated functional variants of more than one hundred genes in the modulation of persisting pain. Artificial intelligence and machine‐learning techniques may combine this knowledge with results of genetic research gathered in any context, which permits the identification of the key biological processes involved in chronic sensitization to pain. Methods Based on published evidence, a set of 110 genes carrying variants reported to be associated with modulation of the clinical phenotype of persisting pain in eight different clinical settings was submitted to unsupervised machine‐learning aimed at functional clustering. Subsequently, a mathematically supported subset of genes, comprising those most consistently involved in persisting pain, was analysed by means of computational functional genomics in the Gene Ontology knowledgebase. Results Clustering of genes with evidence for a modulation of persisting pain elucidated a functionally heterogeneous set. The situation cleared when the focus was narrowed to a genetic modulation consistently observed throughout several clinical settings. On this basis, two groups of biological processes, the immune system and nitric oxide signalling, emerged as major players in sensitization to persisting pain, which is biologically highly plausible and in agreement with other lines of pain research. Conclusions The present computational functional genomics‐based approach provided a computational systems‐biology perspective on chronic sensitization to pain. Human genetic control of persisting pain points to the immune system as a source of potential future targets for drugs directed against persisting pain. Contemporary machine‐learned methods provide innovative approaches to knowledge discovery from previous evidence. Significance We show that knowledge discovery in genetic databases and contemporary machine‐learned techniques can identify relevant biological processes involved in Persitent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kringel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Lippmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
| | - M J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
| | - E Kalso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Pain Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - J Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
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102
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Behavioral, cellular and molecular maladaptations covary with exposure to pyridostigmine bromide in a rat model of gulf war illness pain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:119-131. [PMID: 29803855 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many veterans of Operation Desert Storm (ODS) struggle with the chronic pain of Gulf War Illness (GWI). Exposure to insecticides and pyridostigmine bromide (PB) have been implicated in the etiology of this multisymptom disease. We examined the influence of 3 (DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), permethrin, chlorpyrifos) or 4 GW agents (DEET, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, pyridostigmine bromide (PB)) on the post-exposure ambulatory and resting behaviors of rats. In three independent studies, rats that were exposed to all 4 agents consistently developed both immediate and delayed ambulatory deficits that persisted at least 16 weeks after exposures had ceased. Rats exposed to a 3 agent protocol (PB excluded) did not develop any ambulatory deficits. Cellular and molecular studies on nociceptors harvested from 16WP (weeks post-exposure) rats indicated that vascular nociceptor Nav1.9 mediated currents were chronically potentiated following the 4 agent protocol but not following the 3 agent protocol. Muscarinic linkages to muscle nociceptor TRPA1 were also potentiated in the 4 agent but not the 3 agent, PB excluded, protocol. Although Kv7 activity changes diverged from the behavioral data, a Kv7 opener, retigabine, transiently reversed ambulation deficits. We concluded that PB played a critical role in the development of pain-like signs in a GWI rat model and that shifts in Nav1.9 and TRPA1 activity were critical to the expression of these pain behaviors.
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103
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Hoffstaetter LJ, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. TRPs et al.: a molecular toolkit for thermosensory adaptations. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:745-759. [PMID: 29484488 PMCID: PMC5945325 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense temperature is crucial for the survival of an organism. Temperature influences all biological operations, from rates of metabolic reactions to protein folding, and broad behavioral functions, from feeding to breeding, and other seasonal activities. The evolution of specialized thermosensory adaptations has enabled animals to inhabit extreme temperature niches and to perform specific temperature-dependent behaviors. The function of sensory neurons depends on the participation of various types of ion channels. Each of the channels involved in neuronal excitability, whether through the generation of receptor potential, action potential, or the maintenance of the resting potential have temperature-dependent properties that can tune the neuron's response to temperature stimuli. Since the function of all proteins is affected by temperature, animals need adaptations not only for detecting different temperatures, but also for maintaining sensory ability at different temperatures. A full understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermosensation requires an investigation of all channel types at each step of thermosensory transduction. A fruitful avenue of investigation into how different molecules can contribute to the fine-tuning of temperature sensitivity is to study the specialized adaptations of various species. Given the diversity of molecular participants at each stage of sensory transduction, animals have a toolkit of channels at their disposal to adapt their thermosensitivity to their particular habitats or behavioral circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Hoffstaetter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
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104
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Prada J, Sasi M, Martin C, Jablonka S, Dandekar T, Blum R. An open source tool for automatic spatiotemporal assessment of calcium transients and local 'signal-close-to-noise' activity in calcium imaging data. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006054. [PMID: 29601577 PMCID: PMC5895056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and spontaneous calcium signals play important roles in neurons and neuronal networks. Spontaneous or cell-autonomous calcium signals may be difficult to assess because they appear in an unpredictable spatiotemporal pattern and in very small neuronal loci of axons or dendrites. We developed an open source bioinformatics tool for an unbiased assessment of calcium signals in x,y-t imaging series. The tool bases its algorithm on a continuous wavelet transform-guided peak detection to identify calcium signal candidates. The highly sensitive calcium event definition is based on identification of peaks in 1D data through analysis of a 2D wavelet transform surface. For spatial analysis, the tool uses a grid to separate the x,y-image field in independently analyzed grid windows. A document containing a graphical summary of the data is automatically created and displays the loci of activity for a wide range of signal intensities. Furthermore, the number of activity events is summed up to create an estimated total activity value, which can be used to compare different experimental situations, such as calcium activity before or after an experimental treatment. All traces and data of active loci become documented. The tool can also compute the signal variance in a sliding window to visualize activity-dependent signal fluctuations. We applied the calcium signal detector to monitor activity states of cultured mouse neurons. Our data show that both the total activity value and the variance area created by a sliding window can distinguish experimental manipulations of neuronal activity states. Notably, the tool is powerful enough to compute local calcium events and ‘signal-close-to-noise’ activity in small loci of distal neurites of neurons, which remain during pharmacological blockade of neuronal activity with inhibitors such as tetrodotoxin, to block action potential firing, or inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The tool can also offer information about local homeostatic calcium activity events in neurites. Calcium imaging has become a standard tool to investigate local, spontaneous, or cell-autonomous calcium signals in neurons. Some of these calcium signals are fast and ‘small’, thus making it difficult to identify real signaling events due to an unavoidable signal noise. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the spatiotemporal activity footprint of individual neurons or a neuronal network. We developed this open source tool to automatically extract, count, and localize calcium signals from the whole x,y-t image series. As demonstrated here, the tool is useful for an unbiased comparison of activity states of neurons, helps to assess local calcium transients, and even visualizes local homeostatic calcium activity. The tool is powerful enough to visualize signal-close-to-noise calcium activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Prada
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manju Sasi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Martin
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TD); (RB)
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TD); (RB)
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105
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Wang G, Long C, Liu W, Xu C, Zhang M, Li Q, Lu Q, Meng P, Li D, Rong M, Sun Z, Luo X, Lai R. Novel Sodium Channel Inhibitor From Leeches. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:186. [PMID: 29559913 PMCID: PMC5845541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering blood-sucking habits of leeches from surviving strategy of view, it can be hypothesized that leech saliva has analgesia or anesthesia functions for leeches to stay undetected by the host. However, no specific substance with analgesic function has been reported from leech saliva although clinical applications strongly indicated that leech therapy produces a strong and long lasting pain-reducing effect. Herein, a novel family of small peptides (HSTXs) including 11 members which show low similarity with known peptides was identified from salivary glands of the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris. A typical HSTX is composed of 22-25 amino acid residues including four half-cysteines, forming two intra-molecular disulfide bridges, and an amidated C-terminus. HSTX-I exerts significant analgesic function by specifically inhibiting voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels (NaV1.8 and NaV1.9) which contribute to action potential electrogenesis in neurons and potential targets to develop analgesics. This study reveals that sodium channel inhibitors are analgesic substances in the leech. HSTXs are excellent candidates or templates for development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Weihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Mingqiang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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106
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Erickson A, Deiteren A, Harrington AM, Garcia‐Caraballo S, Castro J, Caldwell A, Grundy L, Brierley SM. Voltage-gated sodium channels: (Na V )igating the field to determine their contribution to visceral nociception. J Physiol 2018; 596:785-807. [PMID: 29318638 PMCID: PMC5830430 DOI: 10.1113/jp273461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain, altered motility and bladder dysfunction are common, yet poorly managed symptoms of functional and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Recently, numerous human channelopathies of the voltage-gated sodium (NaV ) channel family have been identified, which induce either painful neuropathies, an insensitivity to pain, or alterations in smooth muscle function. The identification of these disorders, in addition to the recent utilisation of genetically modified NaV mice and specific NaV channel modulators, has shed new light on how NaV channels contribute to the function of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues within the gastrointestinal tract and bladder. Here we review the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence to reveal how the nine NaV channel family members (NaV 1.1-NaV 1.9) contribute to abdominal visceral function in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andelain Erickson
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Annemie Deiteren
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Andrea M. Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia‐Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Ashlee Caldwell
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
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107
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Zorina-Lichtenwalter K, Parisien M, Diatchenko L. Genetic studies of human neuropathic pain conditions: a review. Pain 2018; 159:583-594. [PMID: 29240606 PMCID: PMC5828382 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown associations between genetic variants and neuropathic pain disorders. Rare monogenic disorders are caused by mutations of substantial effect size in a single gene, whereas common disorders are likely to have a contribution from multiple genetic variants of mild effect size, representing different biological pathways. In this review, we survey the reported genetic contributors to neuropathic pain and submit them for validation in a 150,000-participant sample of the U.K. Biobank cohort. Successfully replicated association with a neuropathic pain construct for 2 variants in IL10 underscores the importance of neuroimmune interactions, whereas genome-wide significant association with low back pain (P = 1.3e-8) and false discovery rate 5% significant associations with hip, knee, and neck pain for variant rs7734804 upstream of the MAT2B gene provide evidence of shared contributing mechanisms to overlapping pain conditions at the molecular genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Parisien
- Alan Edwards Pain Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Alan Edwards Pain Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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108
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Hasan MK, Alam S, Mirkovic J, Hossain MF. Screening of Human Proteins for Fluoride and Aluminum Binding. Bioinformation 2018; 14:68-74. [PMID: 29618902 PMCID: PMC5879948 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that prolonged exposure to fluoride (F-) and aluminum (Al3+) ions is associated with numerous diseases including neurological disorders. They don't have any known biological function. But they can bind with proteins that interact with ions similar to them. Such unwanted interactions affect the normal biological function of the target proteins, as well as their downstream protein-protein interactions. Several studies show the detrimental effects posed by them including Alzheimer's disease. However, their target proteins have never been reported. Here, we have screened for the human protein targets subjected to F- and Al3+ interactions by using data-driven prediction tools. We have identified 20 different proteins that directly bind with them (10 interact with fluoride and 10 with aluminum). In addition, protein-protein interaction has been explored to find the proteins that indirectly interact with F- and Al3+. We have found 86 indirect targets for F- and 90 for Al3+. Furthermore, 19 common protein targets have been identified, including proteins (9 out of 19) associated with neurodegenerative disorders. However, wet lab experiments are beyond our scopes to validate the binding networks. Additional studies must be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saruar Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jovan Mirkovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Md. Faruk Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439
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109
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Wu Y, Ma H, Zhang F, Zhang C, Zou X, Cao Z. Selective Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Peptide Toxins from Animal Venom: Pharmacological Probes and Analgesic Drug Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:187-197. [PMID: 29161016 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play critical roles in action potential generation and propagation. Nav channelopathy as well as pathological sensitization contribute to allodynia and hyperalgesia. Recent evidence has demonstrated the significant roles of Nav subtypes (Nav1.3, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9) in nociceptive transduction, and therefore these Navs may represent attractive targets for analgesic drug discovery. Animal toxins are structurally diverse peptides that are highly potent yet selective on ion channel subtypes and therefore represent valuable probes to elucidate the structures, gating properties, and cellular functions of ion channels. In this review, we summarize recent advances on peptide toxins from animal venom that selectively target Nav1.3, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9, along with their potential in analgesic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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110
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Indo Y. NGF-dependent neurons and neurobiology of emotions and feelings: Lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:1-16. [PMID: 29407522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NGF is a well-studied neurotrophic factor, and TrkA is a receptor tyrosine kinase for NGF. The NGF-TrkA system supports the survival and maintenance of NGF-dependent neurons during development. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to loss-of-function mutations in the NTRK1 gene encoding TrkA. Individuals with CIPA lack NGF-dependent neurons, including NGF-dependent primary afferents and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, in otherwise intact systems. Thus, the pathophysiology of CIPA can provide intriguing findings to elucidate the unique functions that NGF-dependent neurons serve in humans, which might be difficult to evaluate in animal studies. Preceding studies have shown that the NGF-TrkA system plays critical roles in pain, itching and inflammation. This review focuses on the clinical and neurobiological aspects of CIPA and explains that NGF-dependent neurons in the peripheral nervous system play pivotal roles in interoception and homeostasis of our body, as well as in the stress response. Furthermore, these NGF-dependent neurons are likely requisite for neurobiological processes of 'emotions and feelings' in our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Indo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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111
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St John Smith E. Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain. J Neurol 2018; 265:231-238. [PMID: 29032407 PMCID: PMC5808094 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain results from the activation of a subset of sensory neurones termed nociceptors and has evolved as a "detect and protect" mechanism. However, lesion or disease in the sensory system can result in neuropathic pain, which serves no protective function. Understanding how the sensory nervous system works and what changes occur in neuropathic pain are vital in identifying new therapeutic targets and developing novel analgesics. In recent years, technologies such as optogenetics and RNA-sequencing have been developed, which alongside the more traditional use of animal neuropathic pain models and insights from genetic variations in humans have enabled significant advances to be made in the mechanistic understanding of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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112
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Huang J, Mis MA, Tanaka B, Adi T, Estacion M, Liu S, Walker S, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Atypical changes in DRG neuron excitability and complex pain phenotype associated with a Na v1.7 mutation that massively hyperpolarizes activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1811. [PMID: 29379075 PMCID: PMC5788866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium channel Nav1.7 plays a central role in pain-signaling: gain-of-function Nav1.7 mutations usually cause severe pain and loss-of-function mutations produce insensitivity to pain. The Nav1.7 I234T gain-of-function mutation, however, is linked to a dual clinical presentation of episodic pain, together with absence of pain following fractures, and corneal anesthesia. How a Nav1.7 mutation that produces gain-of-function at the channel level causes clinical loss-of-function has remained enigmatic. We show by current-clamp that expression of I234T in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons produces a range of membrane depolarizations including a massive shift to >−40 mV that reduces excitability in a small number of neurons. Dynamic-clamp permitted us to mimic the heterozygous condition via replacement of 50% endogenous wild-type Nav1.7 channels by I234T, and confirmed that the I234T conductance could drastically depolarize DRG neurons, resulting in loss of excitability. We conclude that attenuation of pain sensation by I234T is caused by massively depolarized membrane potential of some DRG neurons which is partly due to enhanced overlap between activation and fast-inactivation, impairing their ability to fire. Our results demonstrate how a Nav1.7 mutation that produces channel gain-of-function can contribute to a dual clinical presentation that includes loss of pain sensation at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Malgorzata A Mis
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Brian Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Talia Adi
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Mark Estacion
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Shujun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Suellen Walker
- Developmental Neurosciences Program, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06510. .,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA, 06516.
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113
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Martin C, Stoffer C, Mohammadi M, Hugo J, Leipold E, Oehler B, Rittner HL, Blum R. Na V1.9 Potentiates Oxidized Phospholipid-Induced TRP Responses Only under Inflammatory Conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:7. [PMID: 29410612 PMCID: PMC5787077 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) like oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) were recently identified as novel proalgesic targets in acute and chronic inflammatory pain. These endogenous chemical irritants are generated in inflamed tissue and mediate their pain-inducing function by activating the transient receptor potential channels TRPA1 and TRPV1 expressed in sensory neurons. Notably, prototypical therapeutics interfering with OxPL were shown to inhibit TRP channel activation and pain behavior. Here, we asked how OxPL excite primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG neurons from mice of either sex). Acute stimulation of sensory neurons with the prototypical OxPL 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) evoked repetitive calcium spikes in small-diameter neurons. As NaV1.9, a voltage-gated sodium channel involved in nociceptor excitability, was previously shown to be essential for the generation of calcium spikes in motoneurons, we asked if this channel is also important for OxPL mediated calcium spike and action potential generation in nociceptors. In wild-type and NaV1.9-deficient neurons, the action potential firing rate and the calcium spike frequency to an acute PGPC stimulus was similar. When preincubated with inflammatory mediators, both, the action potential firing rate and the calcium spike frequency were markedly increased in response to an acute PGPC stimulus. However, this potentiating effect was completely lost in NaV1.9-deficient small-diameter neurons. After treatment with inflammatory mediators, the resting membrane potential of NaV1.9 KO neurons was slightly more negative than that of wild-type control neurons. This suggests that NaV1.9 channels are active under this condition and therefore increases the ease with which action potentials are elicited after OxPL stimulation. In summary, our data suggest that NaV1.9 has a switch function to potentiate the receptor potentials induced by OxPL under inflammatory conditions. Since human NaV1.9 has been shown to mediate painful and painless channelopathies, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which NaV1.9 amplifies stimuli of endogenous irritants under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Martin
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Stoffer
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hugo
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Beatrice Oehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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114
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Abstract
Pain is an increasing clinical challenge affecting about half the population, with a substantial number of people suffering daily intense pain. Such suffering can be linked to the dramatic rise in opioid use and associated deaths in the United States. There is a pressing need for new analgesics with limited side effects. Here, we summarize what we know about the genetics of pain and implications for drug development. We make the case that chronic pain is not one but a set of disease states, with peripheral drive a key element in most. We argue that understanding redundancy and plasticity, hallmarks of the nervous system, is critical in developing analgesic drug strategies. We describe the exploitation of monogenic pain syndromes and genetic association studies to define analgesic targets, as well as issues associated with animal models of pain. We appraise present-day screening technologies and describe recent approaches to pain treatment that hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sexton
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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115
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Translational Model Systems for Complex Sodium Channel Pathophysiology in Pain. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 246:355-369. [PMID: 29374838 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain patients are often left with insufficient treatment as the pathophysiology especially of neuropathic pain remains enigmatic. Recently, genetic variations in the genes of the voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) were linked to inherited neuropathic pain syndromes, opening a research pathway to foster our understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. More than 10 years ago, the rare, inherited pain syndrome erythromelalgia was linked to mutations in the subtype Nav1.7, and since then a plethora of mutations and genetic variations in this and other Nav genes were identified. Often the biophysical changes induced by the genetic alteration offer a straightforward explanation for the clinical symptoms, but mutations in some channels, especially Nav1.9, paint a more complex picture. Although efforts were undertaken to significantly advance our knowledge, translation from heterologous or animal model systems to humans remains a challenge. Here we present recent advances in translation using stem cell-derived human sensory neurons and their potential application for identification of better, effective, and more precise treatment for the individual pain patient.
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116
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Pain-Causing Venom Peptides: Insights into Sensory Neuron Pharmacology. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:toxins10010015. [PMID: 29280959 PMCID: PMC5793102 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms are produced by a wide variety of species including spiders, scorpions, reptiles, cnidarians, and fish for the purpose of harming or incapacitating predators or prey. While some venoms are of relatively simple composition, many contain hundreds to thousands of individual components with distinct pharmacological activity. Pain-inducing or "algesic" venom compounds have proven invaluable to our understanding of how physiological nociceptive neural networks operate. In this review, we present an overview of some of the diverse nociceptive pathways that can be modulated by specific venom components to evoke pain.
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117
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Wadhawan S, Pant S, Golhar R, Kirov S, Thompson J, Jacobsen L, Qureshi I, Ajroud-Driss S, Freeman R, Simpson DM, Smith AG, Hoke A, Bristow LJ. Na V channel variants in patients with painful and nonpainful peripheral neuropathy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e207. [PMID: 29264398 PMCID: PMC5732007 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the incidence of nonsynonymous missense variants in SCN9A (NaV1.7), SCN10A (NaV1.8), and SCN11A (NaV1.9) in patients with painful and nonpainful peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Next-generation sequencing was performed on 457 patient DNA samples provided by the Peripheral Neuropathy Research Registry (PNRR). The patient diagnosis was as follows: 278 idiopathic peripheral neuropathy (67% painful and 33% nonpainful) and 179 diabetic distal polyneuropathy (77% painful and 23% nonpainful). Results: We identified 36 (SCN9A), 31 (SCN10A), and 15 (SCN11A) nonsynonymous missense variants, with 47.7% of patients carrying a low-frequency (minor allele frequency <5%) missense variant in at least 1 gene. The incidence of previously reported gain-of-function missense variants was low (≤3%), and these were detected in patients with and without pain. There were no significant differences in missense variant allele frequencies of any gene, or SCN9A haplotype frequencies, between PNRR patients with painful or nonpainful peripheral neuropathy. PNRR patient SCN9A and SCN11A missense variant allele frequencies were not significantly different from the Exome Variant Server, European American (EVS-EA) reference population. For SCN10A, there was a significant increase in the alternate allele frequency of the common variant p.V1073A and low-frequency variant pS509P in PNRR patients compared with EVS-EA and the 1000 Genomes European reference populations. Conclusions: These results suggest that identification of a genetically defined subpopulation for testing of NaV1.7 inhibitors in patients with peripheral neuropathy is unlikely and that additional factors, beyond expression of previously reported disease “mutations,” are more important for the development of painful neuropathy than previously discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Wadhawan
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumya Pant
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Ryan Golhar
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Stefan Kirov
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - John Thompson
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Leslie Jacobsen
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Irfan Qureshi
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Senda Ajroud-Driss
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - David M Simpson
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - A Gordon Smith
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Linda J Bristow
- Department of Translational Biomarkers and Computational Genomics (S.W., S.P., R.G., S.K., J.T.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell Site, Pennington, NJ; Department of Genetically Defined Diseases Discovery Biology (L.J.B.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Department of Innovative Clinical Development (I.Q., L.J.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, Princeton, NJ; Department of Neurology (S.A.-D.), Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (D.M.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (A.G.S.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S.P. is currently affiliated with Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
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118
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Zhou X, Xiao Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Tang D, Wu X, Tang C, Chen M, Shi X, Chen P, Liang S, Liu Z. Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Analyses of Na v1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel by Establishing a Heterologous Expression System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:852. [PMID: 29213238 PMCID: PMC5702848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1. 9 voltage-gated sodium channel is preferentially expressed in peripheral nociceptive neurons. Recent progresses have proved its role in pain sensation, but our understanding of Nav1.9, in general, has lagged behind because of limitations in heterologous expression in mammal cells. In this work, functional expression of human Nav1.9 (hNav1.9) was achieved by fusing GFP to the C-terminal of hNav1.9 in ND7/23 cells, which has been proved to be a reliable method to the electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of hNav1.9. By using the hNav1.9 expression system, we investigated the electrophysiological properties of four mutations of hNav1.9 (K419N, A582T, A842P, and F1689L), whose electrophysiological functions have not been determined yet. The four mutations significantly caused positive shift of the steady-state fast inactivation and therefore increased hNav1.9 activity, consistent with the phenotype of painful peripheral neuropathy. Meanwhile, the effects of inflammatory mediators on hNav1.9 were also investigated. Impressively, histamine was found for the first time to enhance hNav1.9 activity, indicating its vital role in hNav1.9 modulating inflammatory pain. Taken together, our research provided a useful platform for hNav1.9 studies and new insight into mechanism of hNav1.9 linking to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongfang Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Minzhi Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Songping Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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119
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Animal toxins for channelopathy treatment. Neuropharmacology 2017; 132:83-97. [PMID: 29080794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that allow passive flow of ions inside and/or outside of cells or cell organelles. Except mutations lead to nonfunctional protein production or abolished receptor entrance on the membrane surface an altered channel may have two principal conditions that can be corrected. The channel may conduct fewer ions through (loss-of-function mutations) or too many ions (gain-of-function mutations) compared to a normal channel. Toxins from animal venoms are specialised molecules that are generally oriented toward interactions with ion channels. This is a result of long coevolution between predators and their prey. On the molecular level, toxins activate or inhibit ion channels, so they are ideal molecules for restoring conductance in mutated channels. Another aspect of this long coevolution is that a broad variety of toxins have been fine tuned to recognize the channels of different species, keeping many amino acids substitution among sequences. Many peptide ligands with high selectivity to specific receptor subtypes have been isolated from animal venoms, some of which are absolutely non-toxic to humans and mammalians. It is expected that molecules that are selective to each known receptor can be found in animal venoms, but the pool of toxins currently does not override all receptors described as being involved in channelopathies. Modern investigating methods have enhanced the search process for selective ligands. One prominent method is a site-directed mutagenesis of existing toxins to change the selectivity or/and affinity to the selected receptor, which has shown positive results. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Channelopathies.'
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Symonds JD, Zuberi SM. Genetics update: Monogenetics, polygene disorders and the quest for modifying genes. Neuropharmacology 2017; 132:3-19. [PMID: 29037745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic channelopathies are a broad collection of diseases. Many ion channel genes demonstrate wide phenotypic pleiotropy, but nonetheless concerted efforts have been made to characterise genotype-phenotype relationships. In this review we give an overview of the factors that influence genotype-phenotype relationships across this group of diseases as a whole, using specific individual channelopathies as examples. We suggest reasons for the limitations observed in these relationships. We discuss the role of ion channel variation in polygenic disease and highlight research that has contributed to unravelling the complex aetiological nature of these conditions. We focus specifically on the quest for modifying genes in inherited channelopathies, using the voltage-gated sodium channels as an example. Epilepsy related to genetic channelopathy is one area in which precision medicine is showing promise. We will discuss the successes and limitations of precision medicine in these conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Channelopathies.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Symonds
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK; School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sameer M Zuberi
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK; School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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121
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Paris L, Marc I, Charlot B, Dumas M, Valmier J, Bardin F. Millisecond infrared laser pulses depolarize and elicit action potentials on in-vitro dorsal root ganglion neurons. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4568-4578. [PMID: 29082085 PMCID: PMC5654800 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the optical stimulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons through infrared laser light stimulation. We show that a few millisecond laser pulse at 1875 nm induces a membrane depolarization, which was observed by the patch-clamp technique. This stimulation led to action potentials firing on a minority of neurons beyond an energy threshold. A depolarization without action potential was observed for the majority of DRG neurons, even beyond the action potential energy threshold. The use of ruthenium red, a thermal channel blocker, stops the action potential generation, but has no effects on membrane depolarization. Local temperature measurements reveal that the depolarization amplitude is sensitive to the amplitude of the temperature rise as well as to the time rate of change of temperature, but in a way which may not fully follow a photothermal capacitive mechanism, suggesting that more complex mechanisms are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Paris
- Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benoit Charlot
- Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean Valmier
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Bardin
- Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MIPA, Université de Nîmes, Place Gabriel Péri, 30000, Nîmes, France
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Abstract
Abstract
Painful stimuli are detected by specialized neurons, nociceptors, and are translated into action potentials, that are conducted along afferent pathways into the central nervous system, where they are conceived as pain. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV channels) are of paramount importance for nociceptor function, as they are responsible for the generation of action potentials and for their directed propagation. The exceptional role of sodium channel subtypes NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 in the transmission of nociceptive signals has been emphasized by a variety of studies that associated genetically-induced malfunction of these channels with various pain diseases. In the following, structure and function of subtypes NaV1.7, NaV1.8 und NaV1.9 are briefly reviewed, associated pain diseases are introduced and current and future NaV-based strategies for the treatment of pain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nau
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care , University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck , Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck , Germany , Phone: +49 451 50040701, Fax: +49 451 50040704
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine , Department of Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Hans-Knoell-St. 2, 07745 Jena , Germany , Phone: +49 3641 9395654, Fax: +49 3641 9395652
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123
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Sun J, Duan G, Li N, Guo S, Zhang Y, Ying Y, Zhang M, Wang Q, Liu JY, Zhang X. SCN11A variants may influence postoperative pain sensitivity after gynecological surgery in Chinese Han female patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8149. [PMID: 28953656 PMCID: PMC5626299 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1.9, encoded by sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11 (SCN11A), is one of the main sodium channels involved in pain transmission. Dysfunction of Nav1.9 alters pain sensitivity, resulting in insensitivity to pain or familial episodic pain. Our purpose was to explore the effects of SCN11A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on postoperative pain sensitivity in Chinese Han female patients after gynecological surgery.Here, we combined the methods of tag SNPs and candidate SNPs. The associations between eleven SCN11A SNPs and basic pain sensitivity in female healthy volunteers were analyzed using the Plink software. The SNPs associated with basic pain sensitivity were termed positive SCN11A SNPs. The effect of these positive SNPs on postoperative pain sensitivity was explored in patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery and receiving postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). We assessed pain intensity using the numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and recorded PCA consumption.Our results suggested that 5 SNPs (rs33985936, rs13080116, rs11720988, rs11709492, and rs11720013) in 11 tag and candidate SNPs were associated with basic pain sensitivity (P < .05). No evident association was found between the 5 positive SNPs and NRS (P > .05). However, among these positive SNPs, the minor alleles of rs33985936 and rs13080116 were significantly associated with increased PCA consumption (P < .01).To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that SCN11A SNPs affect postoperative pain sensitivity in Chinese Han women after gynecological surgery. The SNP rs33985936 and rs13080116 may serve as novel predictors for postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Ningbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Shanna Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Qingli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military
| | - Jing Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
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124
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Elhennawy K, Reda S, Finke C, Graul-Neumann L, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Bartzela T. Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:233. [PMID: 28807049 PMCID: PMC5556355 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Chen et al. recently identified the causative gene and characterized biallelic mutations in the PR domain-containing protein 12 gene, which plays a role in the development of pain-sensing nerve cells. Our patient's family was included in Chen and colleagues' study. We performed a literature review of the PubMed library (January 1985 to December 2016) on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I to VIII genetic disorders and their orofacial manifestations. This case report is the first to describe the oral manifestations, and their treatment, of the recently discovered hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII in the medical and dental literature. CASE PRESENTATION We report on the oral manifestations and dental management of an 8-month-old white boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII over a period of 16 years. Our patient was homozygous for a mutation of PR domain-containing protein 12 gene and was characterized by insensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli, self-mutilation behavior, reduced sweat and tear production, absence of corneal reflexes, and multiple skin and bone infections. Oral manifestations included premature loss of teeth, associated with dental traumata and self-mutilation, severe soft tissue injuries, dental caries and submucosal abscesses, hypomineralization of primary teeth, and mandibular osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS The lack of scientific knowledge on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy due to the rarity of the disease often results in a delay in diagnosis, which is of substantial importance for the prevention of many complications and symptoms. Interdisciplinary work of specialized medical and dental teams and development of a standardized treatment protocols are essential for the management of the disease. There are many knowledge gaps concerning the management of patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII, therefore more research on an international basis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Elhennawy
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seif Reda
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Finke
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luitgard Graul-Neumann
- Ambulantes Gesundheitszentrum, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Campus Virchow, Department of Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodosia Bartzela
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
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125
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Lötsch J, Lippmann C, Kringel D, Ultsch A. Integrated Computational Analysis of Genes Associated with Human Hereditary Insensitivity to Pain. A Drug Repurposing Perspective. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:252. [PMID: 28848388 PMCID: PMC5550731 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes causally involved in human insensitivity to pain provide a unique molecular source of studying the pathophysiology of pain and the development of novel analgesic drugs. The increasing availability of “big data” enables novel research approaches to chronic pain while also requiring novel techniques for data mining and knowledge discovery. We used machine learning to combine the knowledge about n = 20 genes causally involved in human hereditary insensitivity to pain with the knowledge about the functions of thousands of genes. An integrated computational analysis proposed that among the functions of this set of genes, the processes related to nervous system development and to ceramide and sphingosine signaling pathways are particularly important. This is in line with earlier suggestions to use these pathways as therapeutic target in pain. Following identification of the biological processes characterizing hereditary insensitivity to pain, the biological processes were used for a similarity analysis with the functions of n = 4,834 database-queried drugs. Using emergent self-organizing maps, a cluster of n = 22 drugs was identified sharing important functional features with hereditary insensitivity to pain. Several members of this cluster had been implicated in pain in preclinical experiments. Thus, the present concept of machine-learned knowledge discovery for pain research provides biologically plausible results and seems to be suitable for drug discovery by identifying a narrow choice of repurposing candidates, demonstrating that contemporary machine-learned methods offer innovative approaches to knowledge discovery from available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group, Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catharina Lippmann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group, Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dario Kringel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alfred Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of MarburgMarburg, Germany
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126
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Huang J, Vanoye CG, Cutts A, Goldberg YP, Dib-Hajj SD, Cohen CJ, Waxman SG, George AL. Sodium channel NaV1.9 mutations associated with insensitivity to pain dampen neuronal excitability. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2805-2814. [PMID: 28530638 DOI: 10.1172/jci92373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) mutations cause genetic pain disorders that range from severe paroxysmal pain to a congenital inability to sense pain. Previous studies on NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 established clear relationships between perturbations in channel function and divergent clinical phenotypes. By contrast, studies of NaV1.9 mutations have not revealed a clear relationship of channel dysfunction with the associated and contrasting clinical phenotypes. Here, we have elucidated the functional consequences of a NaV1.9 mutation (L1302F) that is associated with insensitivity to pain. We investigated the effects of L1302F and a previously reported mutation (L811P) on neuronal excitability. In transfected heterologous cells, the L1302F mutation caused a large hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation, leading to substantially enhanced overlap between activation and steady-state inactivation relationships. In transfected small rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, expression of L1302F and L811P evoked large depolarizations of the resting membrane potential and impaired action potential generation. Therefore, our findings implicate a cellular loss of function as the basis for impaired pain sensation. We further demonstrated that a U-shaped relationship between the resting potential and the neuronal action potential threshold explains why NaV1.9 mutations that evoke small degrees of membrane depolarization cause hyperexcitability and familial episodic pain disorder or painful neuropathy, while mutations evoking larger membrane depolarizations cause hypoexcitability and insensitivity to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos G Vanoye
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alison Cutts
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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127
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Keel BN, Nonneman DJ, Rohrer GA. A survey of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from whole-genome sequencing and their functional effect in the porcine genome . Anim Genet 2017; 48:404-411. [PMID: 28485055 DOI: 10.1111/age.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants detected from sequence have been used to successfully identify causal variants and map complex traits in several organisms. High and moderate impact variants, those expected to alter or disrupt the protein coded by a gene and those that regulate protein production, likely have a more significant effect on phenotypic variation than do other types of genetic variants. Hence, a comprehensive list of these functional variants would be of considerable interest in swine genomic studies, particularly those targeting fertility and production traits. Whole-genome sequence was obtained from 72 of the founders of an intensely phenotyped experimental swine herd at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC). These animals included all 24 of the founding boars (12 Duroc and 12 Landrace) and 48 Yorkshire-Landrace composite sows. Sequence reads were mapped to the Sscrofa10.2 genome build, resulting in a mean of 6.1 fold (×) coverage per genome. A total of 22 342 915 high confidence SNPs were identified from the sequenced genomes. These included 21 million previously reported SNPs and 79% of the 62 163 SNPs on the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip assay. Variation was detected in the coding sequence or untranslated regions (UTRs) of 87.8% of the genes in the porcine genome: loss-of-function variants were predicted in 504 genes, 10 202 genes contained nonsynonymous variants, 10 773 had variation in UTRs and 13 010 genes contained synonymous variants. Approximately 139 000 SNPs were classified as loss-of-function, nonsynonymous or regulatory, which suggests that over 99% of the variation detected in our pigs could potentially be ignored, allowing us to focus on a much smaller number of functional SNPs during future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Keel
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - D J Nonneman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - G A Rohrer
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
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128
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Vetter I, Deuis JR, Mueller A, Israel MR, Starobova H, Zhang A, Rash LD, Mobli M. NaV1.7 as a pain target – From gene to pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:73-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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129
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Leng XR, Qi XH, Zhou YT, Wang YP. Gain-of-function mutation p.Arg225Cys in SCN11A causes familial episodic pain and contributes to essential tremor. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:641-646. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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130
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King MK, Leipold E, Goehringer JM, Kurth I, Challman TD. Pain insensitivity: distal S6-segment mutations in Na V1.9 emerge as critical hotspot. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:179-181. [PMID: 28289907 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K King
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA. .,Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena & Jena University Hospital, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica M Goehringer
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas D Challman
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
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131
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Han C, Yang Y, Te Morsche RH, Drenth JPH, Politei JM, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. Familial gain-of-function Na v1.9 mutation in a painful channelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:233-240. [PMID: 27503742 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gain-of-function mutations in Nav1.9 have been identified in three families with rare heritable pain disorders, and in patients with painful small-fibre neuropathy. Identification and functional assessment of new Nav1.9 mutations will help to elucidate the phenotypic spectrum of Nav1.9 channelopathies. METHODS Patients from a large family with early-onset pain symptoms were evaluated by clinical examination and genomic screening for mutations in SCN9A and SCN11A. Electrophysiological recordings and multistate modelling analysis were implemented for functional analyses. RESULTS A novel Nav1.9 mutation, p.Arg222His, was identified in patients with early-onset pain in distal extremities including joints and gastrointestinal disturbances, but was absent from an asymptomatic blood relative. This mutation alters channel structure by substituting the highly conserved first arginine residue in transmembrane segment 4 (domain 1), the voltage sensor, with histidine. Voltage-clamp recordings demonstrate a hyperpolarising shift and acceleration of activation of the p.Arg222His mutant channel, which make it easier to open the channel. When expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons, mutant p.Arg222His channels increase excitability via a depolarisation of resting potential and increased evoked firing. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the spectrum of heritable pain disorders linked to gain-of-function mutations in Nav1.9, strengthening human validation of this channel as a potential therapeutic target for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Han
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rene H Te Morsche
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan M Politei
- Department of Neurology, Fundación para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Neurometabólicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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132
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Recurrent and novel mutations in the NTRK1 gene lead to rare congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis in two Chinese patients. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 468:39-45. [PMID: 28192073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive autonomic and sensory neuropathy. CIPA is associated with various mutations in NTRK1. CASES Two unrelated Chinese patients presented separately with symptoms of insensitivity to pain, inability to sweat, repeated painless fractures, and Charcot arthropathy were recruited. Both of them were clinically diagnosed with CIPA. Increased serum bone resorption marker (β-CTX) levels and decreased BMD were observed in both patients. X-ray films revealed enlarged bony calli in the fracture sites, Charcot arthropathy, and bilateral lower limb osteomyelitis. Sanger sequencing demonstrated compound heterozygous mutations in NTRK1 for proband 1 (IVS7-33T>A in intron 7 and c. 2281C>T in exon 17) and for proband 2 (IVS7-33T>A in intron 7 and c.1652delA in exon 14), of which the variation in exon 14 in NTRK1 was a novel mutation. CONCLUSIONS We report the detailed phenotypes, as well as both recurrent and novel mutations in NTRK1 in 2 Chinese patients with CIPA. The genetic findings of our study expand the gene mutation spectrum of CIPA.
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Structure-based assessment of disease-related mutations in human voltage-gated sodium channels. Protein Cell 2017; 8:401-438. [PMID: 28150151 PMCID: PMC5445024 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels are essential for the rapid upstroke of action potentials and the propagation of electrical signals in nerves and muscles. Defects of Nav channels are associated with a variety of channelopathies. More than 1000 disease-related mutations have been identified in Nav channels, with Nav1.1 and Nav1.5 each harboring more than 400 mutations. Nav channels represent major targets for a wide array of neurotoxins and drugs. Atomic structures of Nav channels are required to understand their function and disease mechanisms. The recently determined atomic structure of the rabbit voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channel Cav1.1 provides a template for homology-based structural modeling of the evolutionarily related Nav channels. In this Resource article, we summarized all the reported disease-related mutations in human Nav channels, generated a homologous model of human Nav1.7, and structurally mapped disease-associated mutations. Before the determination of structures of human Nav channels, the analysis presented here serves as the base framework for mechanistic investigation of Nav channelopathies and for potential structure-based drug discovery.
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134
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Rogers M, Zidar N, Kikelj D, Kirby RW. Characterization of Endogenous Sodium Channels in the ND7-23 Neuroblastoma Cell Line: Implications for Use as a Heterologous Ion Channel Expression System Suitable for Automated Patch Clamp Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:109-30. [PMID: 26991361 PMCID: PMC4800267 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent neuroblastoma cell line, ND7-23, is used to express voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) and other neuronal ion channels resistant to heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Their advantage is that they provide endogenous factors and signaling pathways to promote ion channel peptide folding, expression, and function at the cell surface and are also amenable to automated patch clamping. However, ND7-23 cells exhibit endogenous tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Nav currents, and molecular profiling has revealed the presence of Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 transcripts, but no study has determined which subtypes contribute to functional channels at the cell surface. We profiled the repertoire of functional Nav channels endogenously expressed in ND7-23 cells using the QPatch automated patch clamp platform and selective toxins and small molecules. The potency and subtype selectivity of the ligands (Icagen compound 68 from patent US-20060025415-A1-20060202, 4,9 anhydro TTX, and Protoxin-II) were established in human Nav1.3, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 channel cell lines before application of selective concentrations to ND7-23 cells. Our data confirm previous studies that >97% of macroscopic Nav current in ND7-23 cells is carried by TTX-sensitive channels (300 nM TTX) and that Nav1.7 is the predominant channel contributing to this response (65% of peak inward current), followed by Nav1.6 (∼20%) and negligible Nav1.3 currents (∼2%). In addition, our data are the first to assess the Nav1.6 potency (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 33 nM) and selectivity (50-fold over Nav1.7) of 4,9 anhydro TTX in human Nav channels expressed in mammalian cells, confirming previous studies of rodent Nav channels expressed in oocytes and HEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rogers
- 1 Xention Limited , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nace Zidar
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bertrand D, Biton B, Licher T, Chambard JM, Lanneau C, Partiseti M, Lefevre IA. Functional Studies of Sodium Channels: From Target to Compound Identification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 75:9.21.1-9.21.35. [PMID: 27960031 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last six decades, voltage-gated sodium (Nav ) channels have attracted a great deal of scientific and pharmaceutical interest, driving fundamental advances in both biology and technology. The structure and physiological function of these channels have been extensively studied; clinical and genetic data have uncovered their implication in diseases such as epilepsy, arrhythmias, and pain, bringing them into focus as current and future drug targets. While different techniques have been established to record the activity of Nav channels, proper determination of their properties still presents serious challenges, depending upon the experimental conditions and the desired subtype of channel to be characterized. The aim of this unit is to review the characteristics of Nav channels, their properties, the cells in which they can be studied, and the currently available techniques. Topics covered include the determination of Nav -channel biophysical properties as well as the use of toxins to discriminate between subtypes using electrophysiological or optical methods. Perspectives on the development of high-throughput screening assays with their advantages and limitations are also discussed to allow a better understanding of the challenges encountered in voltage-gated sodium channel preclinical drug discovery. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chiabrando D, Castori M, di Rocco M, Ungelenk M, Gießelmann S, Di Capua M, Madeo A, Grammatico P, Bartsch S, Hübner CA, Altruda F, Silengo L, Tolosano E, Kurth I. Mutations in the Heme Exporter FLVCR1 Cause Sensory Neurodegeneration with Loss of Pain Perception. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006461. [PMID: 27923065 PMCID: PMC5140052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is necessary to alert us to actual or potential tissue damage. Specialized nerve cells in the body periphery, so called nociceptors, are fundamental to mediate pain perception and humans without pain perception are at permanent risk for injuries, burns and mutilations. Pain insensitivity can be caused by sensory neurodegeneration which is a hallmark of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs). Although mutations in several genes were previously associated with sensory neurodegeneration, the etiology of many cases remains unknown. Using next generation sequencing in patients with congenital loss of pain perception, we here identify bi-allelic mutations in the FLVCR1 (Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor 1) gene, which encodes a broadly expressed heme exporter. Different FLVCR1 isoforms control the size of the cytosolic heme pool required to sustain metabolic activity of different cell types. Mutations in FLVCR1 have previously been linked to vision impairment and posterior column ataxia in humans, but not to HSAN. Using fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with sensory neurodegeneration, we here show that the FLVCR1-mutations reduce heme export activity, enhance oxidative stress and increase sensitivity to programmed cell death. Our data link heme metabolism to sensory neuron maintenance and suggest that intracellular heme overload causes early-onset degeneration of pain-sensing neurons in humans. Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSAN) is a genetic disorder mainly characterized by the impairment of sensory neurons, which transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature and touch. Therefore, unintentional self-injury, leading to ulcers and eventually amputations are common in affected individuals. Although mutations in several genes were previously associated with sensory neurodegeneration and pain insensitivity, the etiology of many cases remains unknown. We here identify mutations in the heme exporter protein FLVCR1 in patients with congenital inability to experience pain. We showed that FLVCR1 mutations results in reduced heme export activity, enhanced oxidative stress and increased sensitivity to programmed cell death. These data assign a surprising role for heme to sensory neuron maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
| | - Marco Castori
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maja di Rocco
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gießelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matteo Di Capua
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Madeo
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
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137
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Genetic predictors of human chronic pain conditions. Neuroscience 2016; 338:36-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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138
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Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain-related disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2257-2265. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are heteromeric transmembrane protein complexes. Nine homologous members, SCN1A–11A, make up the VGSC gene family. Sodium channel isoforms display a wide range of kinetic properties endowing different neuronal types with distinctly varied firing properties. Among the VGSCs isoforms, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are preferentially expressed in the peripheral nervous system. These isoforms are known to be crucial in the conduction of nociceptive stimuli with mutations in these channels thought to be the underlying cause of a variety of heritable pain disorders. This review provides an overview of the current literature concerning the role of VGSCs in the generation of pain and heritable pain disorders.
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139
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Kleggetveit IP, Schmidt R, Namer B, Salter H, Helås T, Schmelz M, Jørum E. Pathological nociceptors in two patients with erythromelalgia-like symptoms and rare genetic Nav 1.9 variants. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00528. [PMID: 27781142 PMCID: PMC5064340 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sodium channel Nav 1.9 is expressed in peripheral nociceptors and has recently been linked to human pain conditions, but the exact role of Nav 1.9 for human nociceptor excitability is still unclear. METHODS C-nociceptors from two patients with late onset of erythromelalgia-like pain, signs of small fiber neuropathy, and rare genetic variants of Nav 1.9 (N1169S, I1293V) were assessed by microneurography. RESULTS Compared with patients with comparable pain phenotypes (erythromelalgia-like pain without Nav-mutations and painful polyneuropathy), there was a tendency toward more activity-dependent slowing of conduction velocity in mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors. Hyperexcitability to heating and electrical stimulation were seen in some nociceptors, and other unspecific signs of increased excitability, including spontaneous activity and mechanical sensitization, were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Although the functional roles of these genetic variants are still unknown, the microneurography findings may be compatible with increased C-nociceptor excitability based on increased Nav 1.9 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge P. Kleggetveit
- Section of Clinical NeurophysiologyDepartment of NeurologyOslo University Hospital‐RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Roland Schmidt
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Barbara Namer
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Hugh Salter
- AstraZeneca Translational Science CentreDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Tormod Helås
- Section of Clinical NeurophysiologyDepartment of NeurologyOslo University Hospital‐RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Ellen Jørum
- Section of Clinical NeurophysiologyDepartment of NeurologyOslo University Hospital‐RikshospitaletOsloNorway
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140
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Beyder A, Farrugia G. Ion channelopathies in functional GI disorders. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G581-G586. [PMID: 27514480 PMCID: PMC5142191 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, abnormalities in secretion, absorption, motility, and sensation have been implicated in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Ion channels play important roles in all these GI functions. Disruptions of ion channels' ability to conduct ions can lead to diseases called ion channelopathies. Channelopathies can result from changes in ion channel biophysical function or expression due to mutations, posttranslational modification, and accessory protein malfunction. Channelopathies are strongly established in the fields of cardiology and neurology, but ion channelopathies are only beginning to be recognized in gastroenterology. In this review, we describe the state of the emerging field of GI ion channelopathies. Several recent discoveries show that channelopathies result in alterations in GI motility, secretion, and sensation. In the epithelium, mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or CFTR-associating proteins result in channelopathies with constipation or diarrhea as phenotypes. In the muscle, mutations in the SCN5A-encoded voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 are associated with irritable bowel syndrome. In the sensory nerves, channelopathies of voltage-gated sodium channels NaV1.7 and NaV1.9 (encoded by SCN9A, SCN11A, respectively) manifest by either GI hyper- or hyposensation. Recent advances in structural biology and ion channel biophysics, coupled with personalized medicine, have fueled rapid discoveries of novel channelopathies and direct drug targeting of specific channelopathies. In summary, the emerging field of GI ion channelopathies has significant implications for functional GI disease stratification, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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141
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Ahern CA, Payandeh J, Bosmans F, Chanda B. The hitchhiker's guide to the voltage-gated sodium channel galaxy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 147:1-24. [PMID: 26712848 PMCID: PMC4692491 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels contribute to the rising phase of action potentials and served as an early muse for biophysicists laying the foundation for our current understanding of electrical signaling. Given their central role in electrical excitability, it is not surprising that (a) inherited mutations in genes encoding for Nav channels and their accessory subunits have been linked to excitability disorders in brain, muscle, and heart; and (b) Nav channels are targeted by various drugs and naturally occurring toxins. Although the overall architecture and behavior of these channels are likely to be similar to the more well-studied voltage-gated potassium channels, eukaryotic Nav channels lack structural and functional symmetry, a notable difference that has implications for gating and selectivity. Activation of voltage-sensing modules of the first three domains in Nav channels is sufficient to open the channel pore, whereas movement of the domain IV voltage sensor is correlated with inactivation. Also, structure–function studies of eukaryotic Nav channels show that a set of amino acids in the selectivity filter, referred to as DEKA locus, is essential for Na+ selectivity. Structures of prokaryotic Nav channels have also shed new light on mechanisms of drug block. These structures exhibit lateral fenestrations that are large enough to allow drugs or lipophilic molecules to gain access into the inner vestibule, suggesting that this might be the passage for drug entry into a closed channel. In this Review, we will synthesize our current understanding of Nav channel gating mechanisms, ion selectivity and permeation, and modulation by therapeutics and toxins in light of the new structures of the prokaryotic Nav channels that, for the time being, serve as structural models of their eukaryotic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ahern
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Department of Physiology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Physiology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Baron Chanda
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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142
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Bagal SK, Marron BE, Owen RM, Storer RI, Swain NA. Voltage gated sodium channels as drug discovery targets. Channels (Austin) 2016; 9:360-6. [PMID: 26646477 PMCID: PMC4850042 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1079674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are a family of transmembrane ion channel proteins. They function by forming a gated, water-filled pore to help establish and control cell membrane potential via control of the flow of ions between the intracellular and the extracellular environments. Blockade of NaVs has been successfully accomplished in the clinic to enable control of pathological firing patterns that occur in a diverse range of conditions such as chronic pain, epilepsy, and cardiac arrhythmias. First generation sodium channel modulator drugs, despite low inherent subtype selectivity, preferentially act on over-excited cells which reduces undesirable side effects in the clinic. However, the limited therapeutic indices observed with the first generation demanded a new generation of sodium channel inhibitors. The structure, function and the state of the art in sodium channel modulator drug discovery are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K Bagal
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - Brian E Marron
- b Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Durham , NC USA
| | - Robert M Owen
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - R Ian Storer
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nigel A Swain
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
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Kurth I, Baumgartner M, Schabhüttl M, Tomni C, Windhager R, Strom TM, Wieland T, Gremel K, Auer-Grumbach M. Whole exome sequencing in congenital pain insensitivity identifies a novel causative intronic NTRK1-mutation due to uniparental disomy. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:875-8. [PMID: 27184211 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis (CIPA), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV), is characterized by recurrent episodes of unexplained high fever, loss of pain perception and temperature sensation, absent sweating, repeated traumatic and thermal injuries, and mild mental retardation. After exclusion of obviously pathogenic mutations in NTRK1, the most common cause of CIPA, whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out in a CIPA patient with unrelated parents. No mutations in known HSAN genes were identified. However, filtering for genes carrying two rare sequence variations detected 13 homozygous single nucleotide variants (SNV), all being located on chromosome 1. Further analysis strongly suggested that this finding might be best explained by uniparental disomy of chromosome 1. Because NTRK1 is also located on chromosome 1, we re-evaluated WES data and detected a novel intronic sequence variation at position c.2188-12 C>A, homozygously because of uniparental disomy. Subsequent analysis of NTRK1 transcripts in peripheral blood cells of the patient revealed an influence of the variant on mRNA splicing. The C>A transversion generated a novel splice-site, which led to the incorporation of 10 intronic bases into the NTRK1 mRNA and consequently to a non-functional gene product. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Manuela Baumgartner
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Hospital Barmherzige Schwestern Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Maria Schabhüttl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cecilia Tomni
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Gremel
- Department of Paediatric Orthopedics, Orthopaedical Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
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144
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Vardeh D, Mannion RJ, Woolf CJ. Toward a Mechanism-Based Approach to Pain Diagnosis. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:T50-69. [PMID: 27586831 PMCID: PMC5012312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The past few decades have witnessed a huge leap forward in our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of pain, in normal states where it helps protect from injury, and also in pathological states where pain evolves from a symptom reflecting tissue injury to become the disease itself. However, despite these scientific advances, chronic pain remains extremely challenging to manage clinically. Although the number of potential treatment targets has grown substantially and a strong case has been made for a mechanism-based and individualized approach to pain therapy, arguably clinicians are not much more advanced now than 20 years ago, in their capacity to either diagnose or effectively treat their patients. The gulf between pain research and pain management is as wide as ever. We are still currently unable to apply an evidence-based approach to chronic pain management that reflects mechanistic understanding, and instead, clinical practice remains an empirical and often unsatisfactory journey for patients, whose individual response to treatment cannot be predicted. In this article we take a common and difficult to treat pain condition, chronic low back pain, and use its presentation in clinical practice as a framework to highlight what is known about pathophysiological pain mechanisms and how we could potentially detect these to drive rational treatment choice. We discuss how present methods of assessment and management still fall well short, however, of any mechanism-based or precision medicine approach. Nevertheless, substantial improvements in chronic pain management could be possible if a more strategic and coordinated approach were to evolve, one designed to identify the specific mechanisms driving the presenting pain phenotype. We present an analysis of such an approach, highlighting the major problems in identifying mechanisms in patients, and develop a framework for a pain diagnostic ladder that may prove useful in the future, consisting of successive identification of 3 steps: pain state, pain mechanism, and molecular target. Such an approach could serve as the foundation for a new era of individualized/precision pain medicine. The Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION)-American Pain Society (APS) Pain Taxonomy (AAPT) includes pain mechanisms as 1 of the 5 dimensions that need to be considered when making a diagnostic classification. The diagnostic ladder proposed in this article is consistent with and an extension of the AAPT. PERSPECTIVE We discuss how identifying the specific mechanisms that operate in the nervous system to produce chronic pain in individual patients could provide the basis for a targeted and rational precision medicine approach to controlling pain, using chronic low back pain as our example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vardeh
- Division of Pain Neurology, Department of Neurology and Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard J Mannion
- Department of Academic Neurosurgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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145
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Stitziel NO, Kathiresan S. Leveraging human genetics to guide drug target discovery. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 27:352-359. [PMID: 27686272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Identifying appropriate molecular targets is a critical step in drug development. Despite many advantages, the traditional tools of observational epidemiology and cellular or animal models of disease can be misleading in identifying causal pathways likely to lead to successful therapeutics. Here, we review some favorable aspects of human genetics studies that have the potential to accelerate drug target discovery. These include using genetic studies to identify pathways relevant to human disease, leveraging human genetics to discern causal relationships between biomarkers and disease, and studying genetic variation in humans to predict the potential efficacy and safety of inhibitory compounds aimed at molecular targets. We present some examples taken from studies of plasma lipids and coronary artery disease to highlight how human genetics can accelerate therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO.
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
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Abstract
Individuals rely on the perception of pain to avoid injury, to signal disease, and to warn about tissue inflammation and damage. However, the inheritance of inappropriate, extreme, or inadequate pain production is a source of significant human suffering. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of pain through the study of individuals and families with several specific inherited pain syndromes. These studies have led to the discovery of a number of gene mutations associated with specific ion channel disturbances that produce familial inherited pain sensitivity and insensitivity syndromes. The sodium channel has been identified as the primary determinant of most of these syndromes. This article focuses on the inherited pain syndromes and their corresponding ion channel mutations. There is hope that through continued research into these ion channels and pain syndromes, targeted drug therapy would be fruitful and beneficial to those afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J DiMario
- Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford CT; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford CT; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT.
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148
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The integrative role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in nociceptive perception and analgesic regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29480. [PMID: 27385517 PMCID: PMC4935841 DOI: 10.1038/srep29480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of wakefulness is one of the major factors affecting nociception and pain. Stress-induced analgesia supports an animal’s survival via prompt defensive responses against predators or competitors. Previous studies have shown the pharmacological effects of orexin peptides on analgesia. However, orexin neurons contain not only orexin but also other co-transmitters such as dynorphin, neurotensin and glutamate. Thus, the physiological importance of orexin neuronal activity in nociception is unknown. Here we show that adult-stage selective ablation of orexin neurons enhances pain-related behaviors, while pharmacogenetic activation of orexin neurons induces analgesia. Additionally, we found correlative activation of orexin neurons during nociception using fiber photometry recordings of orexin neurons in conscious animals. These findings suggest an integrative role for orexin neurons in nociceptive perception and pain regulation.
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149
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Single-Fiber Recordings of Nociceptive Fibers in Patients With HSAN Type V With Congenital Insensitivity to Pain. Clin J Pain 2016; 32:636-42. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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150
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Tibbs GR, Posson DJ, Goldstein PA. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in the PNS: Novel Therapies for Neuropathic Pain? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:522-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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