101
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bender
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Stegner
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
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102
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
| | - Ton N.M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
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103
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Zuchtriegel G, Uhl B, Puhr-Westerheide D, Pörnbacher M, Lauber K, Krombach F, Reichel CA. Platelets Guide Leukocytes to Their Sites of Extravasation. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002459. [PMID: 27152726 PMCID: PMC4859536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective immune responses require the directed migration of leukocytes from the vasculature to the site of injury or infection. How immune cells “find” their site of extravasation remains largely obscure. Here, we identified a previously unrecognized role of platelets as pathfinders guiding leukocytes to their exit points in the microvasculature: upon onset of inflammation, circulating platelets were found to immediately adhere at distinct sites in venular microvessels enabling these cellular blood components to capture neutrophils and, in turn, inflammatory monocytes via CD40-CD40L-dependent interactions. In this cellular crosstalk, ligation of PSGL-1 by P-selectin leads to ERK1/2 MAPK-dependent conformational changes of leukocyte integrins, which promote the successive extravasation of neutrophils and monocytes to the perivascular tissue. Conversely, blockade of this cellular partnership resulted in misguided, inefficient leukocyte responses. Our experimental data uncover a platelet-directed, spatiotemporally organized, multicellular crosstalk that is essential for effective trafficking of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. This study identifies a previously unanticipated role for platelets as pathfinders, guiding leukocytes to the sites at which they can exit the microvasculature; this process appears to be critical for an effective immune response. White blood cells (leukocytes) are the effector cells of the immune system. The movement (extravasation) of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the surrounding tissue is a prerequisite for proper host defense. Platelets are anucleate cell particles that circulate in the blood and play a fundamental role in hemostasis. Here, we report a previously unrecognized function of platelets as "pathfinders" guiding leukocytes to their site of extravasation. Upon onset of the inflammatory response, platelets were found to immediately adhere to specific sites in the smallest venular microvessels. At these "hot spots", platelets capture intravascularly crawling neutrophils and, in turn, inflammatory monocytes. The cellular crosstalk arising from these interactions leads to conformational changes of distinct adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes, subsequently promoting the extravasation of these immune cells to the inflamed tissue. Conversely, blockade of this cellular partnership leads to misguided and inefficient leukocyte responses. Thus, platelet-directed guidance of leukocytes to confined sites of extravasation appears to be a critical step in the recruitment process of immune cells, which might emerge as a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zuchtriegel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Uhl
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Puhr-Westerheide
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Pörnbacher
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Andreas Reichel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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104
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Garraud O, Cognasse F, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Pozzetto B. Platelets and their immune role in anti-infective immunity. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:167-70. [PMID: 26849458 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Garraud
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France.,EA3064, Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- EA3064, Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- EA3064, Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- EA3064, Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratoire des Agents infectieux et d'Hygiène, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
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105
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Inturi S, Wang G, Chen F, Banda NK, Holers VM, Wu L, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Modulatory Role of Surface Coating of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoworms in Complement Opsonization and Leukocyte Uptake. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10758-68. [PMID: 26488074 PMCID: PMC5224875 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding rapid advances of nanotechnology in diagnostic imaging and drug delivery, the engineered nanocarriers still exhibit substantial lack of hemocompatibility. Thus, when injected systemically, nanoparticles are avidly recognized by blood leukocytes and platelets, but the mechanisms of immune recognition are not well understood and strategies to mitigate these phenomena remain underexplored. Using superparamagnetic dextran iron oxide (SPIO) nanoworms (NWs) we demonstrate an efficient and predominantly complement-dependent uptake by mouse lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes from normal and tumor bearing mice in vitro. Following intravenous injection into wild type mice, blood leukocytes as well as platelets became magnetically labeled, while the labeling was decreased by 95% in complement C3-deficient mice. Using blood cells from healthy and cancer patient donors, we demonstrated that neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils took up SPIO NWs, and the uptake was prevented by EDTA (a general complement inhibitor) and by antiproperdin antibody (an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of the complement system). Cross-linking and hydrogelation of SPIO NWs surface by epichlorohydrin decreased C3 opsonization in mouse serum, and consequently reduced the uptake by mouse leukocytes by more than 70% in vivo. Remarkably, the cross-linked particles did not show a decrease in C3 opsonization in human serum, but showed a significant decrease (over 60%) of the uptake by human leukocytes. The residual uptake of cross-linked nanoparticles was completely blocked by EDTA. These findings demonstrate species differences in complement-mediated nanoparticle recognition and uptake by leukocytes, and further show that human hemocompatibility could be improved by inhibitors of complement alternative pathway and by nanoparticle surface coating. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of hemocompatibility of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Inturi
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Guankui Wang
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Nirmal K. Banda
- The Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - V. Michael Holers
- The Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - LinPing Wu
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- NanoScience Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Address correspondence to:
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106
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Speth C, Rambach G, Würzner R, Lass-Flörl C, Kozarcanin H, Hamad OA, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. Complement and platelets: Mutual interference in the immune network. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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107
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Abstract
Similarly to the development of the plasma coagulation system, which matures during the early weeks and months of life, age-dependent mechanisms and developmental changes influence platelet production and function in neonates. Platelet function testing on cord blood and peripheral blood demonstrates a generalized platelet hyporeactivity, during the first days of life. This reactivity reaches normal adult levels between the fifth and ninth day of life. The persistence of hyporeactivity after the tenth day of life might indeed suggest a platelet disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Vecchio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Di Venere Hospital, Via Ospedale Di Venere n.1, Bari 70131, Italy.
| | - Mario Motta
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Costantino Romagnoli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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108
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Yang X, Zhang X, Sun Y, Tu T, Fu ML, Miller M, Fu YX. A BTLA-mediated bait and switch strategy permits Listeria expansion in CD8α(+) DCs to promote long-term T cell responses. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:68-80. [PMID: 25011109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes infected CD8α(+) DCs in the spleen are essential for CD8(+) T cell generation. CD8α(+) DCs are also necessary for Listeria expansion and dissemination within the host. The mechanisms that regulate CD8α(+) DCs to allow Listeria expansion are unclear. We find that activating the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), a coinhibitory receptor for T cells, suppresses, while blocking BTLA enhances, both the primary and memory CD8 T cell responses against Listeria. Btla(-/-) mice have lower effector and memory CD8(+) T cells while paradoxically also being more resistant to Listeria. Although bacterial entry into Btla(-/-) CD8α(+) DCs is unaffected, Listeria fails to expand within these cells. BTLA signaling limits Fas/FasL-mediated suppression of Listeria expansion within CD8α(+) DCs to more effectively alert adaptive immune cells. This study uncovers a BTLA-mediated strategy used by the host that permits Listeria proliferation to enable increasing T cell responses for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xunmin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; International joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tony Tu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - May Lynne Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mendy Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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109
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Starossom SC, Veremeyko T, Yung AWY, Dukhinova M, Au C, Lau AY, Weiner HL, Ponomarev ED. Platelets Play Differential Role During the Initiation and Progression of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. Circ Res 2015; 117:779-92. [PMID: 26294656 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Platelets are known to participate in vascular pathologies; however, their role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), is unknown. Autoimmune CD4 T cells have been the main focus of studies of MS, although the factors that regulate T-cell differentiation toward pathogenic T helper-1/T helper-17 phenotypes are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of platelets in the modulation of CD4 T-cell functions in patients with MS and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis, an animal model for MS. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that early in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis, platelets degranulated and produced soluble factors serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), platelet factor 4, and platelet-activating factor, which specifically stimulated differentiation of T cells toward pathogenic T helper-1, T helper-17, and interferon-γ/interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells. At the later stages of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis, platelets became exhausted in their ability to produce proinflammatory factors and stimulate CD4 T cells but substantially increased their ability to form aggregates with CD4 T cells. Formation of platelet-CD4 T-cell aggregates involved the interaction of CD62P on activated platelets with adhesion molecule CD166 on activated CD4 T cells, contributing to downmodulation of CD4 T-cell activation, proliferation, and production of interferon-γ. Blocking of formation of platelet-CD4 T-cell aggregates during progression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis substantially enhanced proliferation of CD4 T cells in the central nervous system and the periphery leading to exacerbation of the disease. CONCLUSION Our study indicates differential roles for platelets in the regulation of functions of pathogenic CD4 T cells during initiation and progression of central nervous system autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Starossom
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tatyana Veremeyko
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amanda W Y Yung
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Dukhinova
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheryl Au
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alexander Y Lau
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Howard L Weiner
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- From the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C.S., H.L.W., E.D.P.); Institute for Medical Immunology and NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.C.S.); and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (T.V., A.W.Y.Y., M.D., E.D.P.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital (C.A., A.Y.L.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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110
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The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment. Nat Med 2015. [PMID: 26214836 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1043] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We carried out metagenomic shotgun sequencing and a metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) of fecal, dental and salivary samples from a cohort of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls. Concordance was observed between the gut and oral microbiomes, suggesting overlap in the abundance and function of species at different body sites. Dysbiosis was detected in the gut and oral microbiomes of RA patients, but it was partially resolved after RA treatment. Alterations in the gut, dental or saliva microbiome distinguished individuals with RA from healthy controls, were correlated with clinical measures and could be used to stratify individuals on the basis of their response to therapy. In particular, Haemophilus spp. were depleted in individuals with RA at all three sites and negatively correlated with levels of serum autoantibodies, whereas Lactobacillus salivarius was over-represented in individuals with RA at all three sites and was present in increased amounts in cases of very active RA. Functionally, the redox environment, transport and metabolism of iron, sulfur, zinc and arginine were altered in the microbiota of individuals with RA. Molecular mimicry of human antigens related to RA was also detectable. Our results establish specific alterations in the gut and oral microbiomes in individuals with RA and suggest potential ways of using microbiome composition for prognosis and diagnosis.
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111
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Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 25798138 PMCID: PMC4351644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contribute to processes beyond thrombus formation and may play a so far underestimated role as an immune cell in various circumstances. This review outlines immune functions of platelets in host defense, but also how they may contribute to mechanisms of infectious diseases. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction of platelets with other immune cells. Furthermore, this article outlines the features of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular disease highlighting the role of platelet crosstalk with cellular and soluble factors involved in atheroprogression. Understanding, how platelets influence these processes of vascular remodeling will shed light on their role for tissue homeostasis beyond intravascular thrombosis. Finally, translational implications of platelet-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Nording
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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112
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Patzelt J, Verschoor A, Langer HF. Platelets and the complement cascade in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:49. [PMID: 25784879 PMCID: PMC4345806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its late sequels are still the number one cause of death in western societies. Platelets are a driving force not only during the genesis of atherosclerosis, but especially in its late stages, as evidenced by complications such as arterial thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory disease, influenced by various immune mechanisms. The complement system is part of our innate immune system, and its diverse roles in atherosclerosis have become evident over the past years. In this review we identify points of intersection between platelets and the complement system and discuss their relevance for atherosclerosis. Specifically, we will focus on roles for platelets in the onset as well as progression of the disease, a possible dual role for complement in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis, and review emerging literature revealing previously unrecognized cross-talk between platelets and the complement system and discuss its possible impact for atherosclerosis. Finally, we identify limitations of current research approaches and discuss perspectives of complement modulation in the control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Patzelt
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Harald F Langer
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Section for Cardioimmunology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
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113
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Rossaint J, Zarbock A. Platelets in leucocyte recruitment and function. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:386-95. [PMID: 25712962 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have a longstanding recognition as an essential cellular component of the coagulation system. However, substantial research over the last decade has added another important aspect to platelet function in that they are also an integral part of the innate immune system. Complex organisms are facing a constant threat of infections by invading pathogens, and they have developed a sophisticated and elegant measure to combat this threat, namely the immune system. Leucocyte recruitment to sites of infections is an essential step at the forefront of the immune response. Platelets have been shown to be involved in several steps of this process and they are an integrated connecting element among haemostasis, host defence, and additional immunological functions (e.g. neutrophil extracellular traps formation). However, the immune system also requires a tight regulation, as an overshooting immune response carries the risk of harming the host itself. This review aims at highlighting the unique features and molecular mechanisms that allow for the interactions of platelets and leucocytes and the regulation of this process. Furthermore, this article identifies the functional relevance of these events for the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, Münster 48149, Germany Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, Münster 48149, Germany Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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114
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Pfeiler S, Massberg S, Engelmann B. Biological basis and pathological relevance of microvascular thrombosis. Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 1:S35-7. [PMID: 24759139 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular thrombosis indicates a pathological occlusion of microvessels by fibrin- and/or platelet-rich thrombi. It is observed during systemic infections, cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases and in thrombotic microangiopathies. Microvessel thrombosis can cause greatly differing symptoms that range from limited changes in plasma coagulation markers to severe multi-organ failure. Because microvessel thrombi are difficult to detect and often occur only transiently, their importance for disease development and host biology is likely markedly under-appreciated. Recently, clear indications for a biological basis of microvascular thrombosis have been obtained. During systemic infections microvessel thrombosis can mediate an intravascular innate immune response (immunothrombosis). This biological form of thrombosis is based on the generation of fibrin inside blood vessels and is critically triggered by neutrophils and their interactions with platelets which result in the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (extracellular nucleosomes). Immunothrombosis is critically supported by neutrophil elastase and the activator molecules of blood coagulation tissue factor and factor XII. Identification of the biological driving forces of microvascular thrombosis should help to elucidate the mechanisms promoting pathological vessel occlusions in both microvessels and large vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pfeiler
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Engelmann
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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115
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Bieber K, Autenrieth SE. Insights how monocytes and dendritic cells contribute and regulate immune defense against microbial pathogens. Immunobiology 2014; 220:215-26. [PMID: 25468558 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating invading pathogens. Beside neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) have been recently identified as important sentinels and effectors in combating microbial pathogens. In the steady state mononuclear phagocytes like monocytes and DCs patrol the blood and the tissues. Mammalian monocytes contribute to antimicrobial defense by supplying tissues with macrophage and DC precursors. DCs recognize pathogens and are essential in presenting antigens to initiate antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, thereby bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both, monocytes and DCs play distinct roles in the shaping of immune response. In this review we will focus on the contributions of monocytes and lymphoid organ DCs to immune defense against microbial pathogens in the mouse and their dynamic regulation from steady state to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bieber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Germany
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116
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Calame DG, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. The C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR1) protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection by inhibiting type 1 IFN expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5099-107. [PMID: 25297874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a major cause of mortality resulting from food poisoning in the United States. In mice, C5 has been genetically linked to host resistance to listeriosis. Despite this genetic association, it remains poorly understood how C5 and its activation products, C5a and C5b, confer host protection to this Gram-positive intracellular bacterium. In this article, we show in a systemic infection model that the major receptor for C5a, C5aR1, is required for a normal robust host immune response against L. monocytogenes. In comparison with wild-type mice, C5aR1(-/-) mice had reduced survival and increased bacterial burden in their livers and spleens. Infected C5aR1(-/-) mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in all major subsets of splenocytes, which was associated with elevated caspase-3 activity and increased TUNEL staining. Because type 1 IFN has been reported to impede the host response to L. monocytogenes through the promotion of splenocyte death, we examined the effect of C5aR1 on type 1 IFN expression in vivo. Indeed, serum levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were significantly elevated in L. monocytogenes-infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Similarly, the expression of TRAIL, a type 1 IFN target gene and a proapoptotic factor, was elevated in NK cells isolated from infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Treatment of C5aR1(-/-) mice with a type 1 IFNR blocking Ab resulted in near-complete rescue of L. monocytogenes-induced mortality. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for C5aR1 in host defense against L. monocytogenes through the suppression of type 1 IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Calame
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; M.D./Ph.D. Program, University of Texas Medical School at Houston/The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John E Morales
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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117
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Graef P, Buchholz VR, Stemberger C, Flossdorf M, Henkel L, Schiemann M, Drexler I, Höfer T, Riddell SR, Busch DH. Serial transfer of single-cell-derived immunocompetence reveals stemness of CD8(+) central memory T cells. Immunity 2014; 41:116-26. [PMID: 25035956 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological memory has been proposed to rely on stem-cell-like lymphocytes. However, data supporting this hypothesis are focused on the developmental potential of lymphocyte populations and are thus insufficient to establish the functional hallmarks of stemness. Here, we investigated self-renewal capacity and multipotency of individual memory lymphocytes by in vivo fate mapping of CD8(+) T cells and their descendants across three generations of serial single-cell adoptive transfer and infection-driven re-expansion. We found that immune responses derived from single naive T (Tn) cells, single primary, and single secondary central memory T (Tcm) cells reached similar size and phenotypic diversity, were subjected to comparable stochastic variation, and could ultimately reconstitute immunocompetence against an otherwise lethal infection with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. These observations establish that adult tissue stem cells reside within the CD62L(+) Tcm cell compartment and highlight the promising therapeutic potential of this immune cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Graef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christian Stemberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification," Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lynette Henkel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Groups "Antigen-specific Immunotherapy" and "Immune-Monitoring," Helmholtz Center Munich (Neuherberg), TUM, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification," Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification," Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Groups "Antigen-specific Immunotherapy" and "Immune-Monitoring," Helmholtz Center Munich (Neuherberg), TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich 81675, Germany.
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118
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Duerschmied D, Bode C, Ahrens I. Immune functions of platelets. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:678-91. [PMID: 25209670 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review collects evidence about immune and inflammatory functions of platelets from a clinician's point of view. A focus on clinically relevant immune functions aims at stimulating further research, because the complexity of platelet immunity is incompletely understood and not yet translated into patient care. Platelets promote chronic inflammatory reactions (e.g. in atherosclerosis), modulate acute inflammatory disorders such as sepsis and other infections (participating in the host defense against pathogens), and contribute to exacerbations of autoimmune conditions (like asthma or arthritis). It would hence be obsolete to restrict a description of platelet functions to thrombosis and haemostasis--platelets clearly are the most abundant cells with immune functions in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duerschmied
- Daniel Duerschmied, MD, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 761 207 34410, Fax: +49 761 270 37855, E-mail:
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119
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Tan Y, Li Y, Fu X, Yang F, Zheng P, Zhang J, Guo B, Wu Y. Systemic C3 modulates CD8+ T cell contraction after Listeria monocytogenes infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3426-35. [PMID: 25187659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell contraction (contraction), which occurs after the resolution of infection, is critical for homeostasis of the immune system. Although complement components regulate the primary CD8(+) T cell response, there is insufficient evidence supporting their role in regulating contraction and memory. In this study, we show that C3-deficient (C3(-/-)) mice exhibited significantly less CD8(+) T cell contraction than did wild-type mice postinfection with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA. Kinetic analyses also revealed decreased contraction in mice treated with cobra venom factor to deplete C3, which was consistent with the results in C3(-/-) recipient mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from the same donors as wild-type recipient mice. The phenotypes of memory cells generated by C3(-/-) mice were not altered compared with those of wild-type mice. Further, C5aR signaling downstream of C3 was not involved in the regulation of contraction. Moreover, the regulation of contraction by C3 may be independent of the duration of antigenic stimulation or the functional avidity of effector CD8(+) T cells. However, reduced contraction in C3(-/-) mice was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of KLRG-1(hi) (killer-cell lectin-like receptor G1) CD127(lo) short-lived effector cells at the peak of the response and correlated with a reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IFN-γ, produced early postinfection. These results provide new insights into the role of systemic C3 in regulating contraction following intracellular bacterial infection and may help to develop vaccines that are more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Tan
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
| | - Jue Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; and
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120
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner EE. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-65. [PMID: 25265341 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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121
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner E. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-665. [PMID: 25144936 DOI: 10.1160/th-14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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Abstract
Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) form a critical interface between innate and adaptive immunity. As myeloid immune cell sentinels, cDCs are specialized in the sensing of pathogen challenges and cancer. They translate the latter for T cells into peptide form. Moreover, cDCs provide additional critical information on the original antigen context to trigger a diverse spectrum of appropriate protective responses. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of cDC subsets in mice. We will discuss cDC subset ontogeny and transcription factor dependencies, as well as emerging functional specializations within the cDC compartment in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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123
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Mueller-Ortiz SL, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. The receptor for the complement C3a anaphylatoxin (C3aR) provides host protection against Listeria monocytogenes-induced apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1278-89. [PMID: 24981453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium that is acquired through tainted food and may lead to systemic infection and possible death. Despite the importance of the innate immune system in fighting L. monocytogenes infection, little is known about the role of complement and its activation products, including the potent C3a anaphylatoxin. In a model of systemic L. monocytogenes infection, we show that mice lacking the receptor for C3a (C3aR(-/-)) are significantly more sensitive to infection compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by decreased survival, increased bacterial burden, and increased damage to their livers and spleens. The inability of the C3aR(-/-) mice to clear the bacterial infection was not caused by defective macrophages or by a reduction in cytokines/chemokines known to be critical in the host response to L. monocytogenes, including IFN-γ and TNF-α. Instead, TUNEL staining, together with Fas, active caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression data, indicates that the increased susceptibility of C3aR(-/-) mice to L. monocytogenes infection was largely caused by increased L. monocytogenes-induced apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid cells in the spleen that are required for ultimate clearance of L. monocytogenes, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These findings reveal an unexpected function of C3a/C3aR signaling during the host immune response that suppresses Fas expression and caspase-3 activity while increasing Bcl-2 expression, thereby providing protection to both myeloid and lymphoid cells against L. monocytogenes-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - John E Morales
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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124
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Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 1:44-51. [PMID: 25960946 PMCID: PMC4418767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes meningitis is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis and is associated with high rates of mortality and unfavorable outcome. METHODS We analyzed 101 cytokines, chemokines and complement factors in CSF of adult patients with Listeria meningitis included in a prospective cohort study and compared these biomarkers between Listeria meningitis patients and negative controls, and between Listeria meningitis patients with a favorable and an unfavorable outcome. RESULTS CSF was available from 26 of 62 (42%) Listeria meningitis patients and 19 negative controls. Fifteen (58%) Listeria meningitis patients had an unfavorable outcome. In Listeria meningitis CSF levels of 51 biomarkers were significantly elevated compared to negative controls after Bonferroni correction. The 11 most significantly elevated (P < .01) biomarkers of unfavorable outcome in Listeria meningitis were markers of T-cell activation (sIL-2Rα, sCD40L and IL-1), interferon-related (IFN-α2, IL-18, CX3CL1, CCL20), markers of complement activation (C3a), and endothelial growth factor related (VEGF, CXCL7). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that T-cell activation, complement activation, interferon- and endothelial growth factor production are important in the immune response to Listeria meningitis, and thereby influence outcome. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides target pathways for further studies in the pathophysiology of Listeria meningitis.
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125
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Lowest numbers of primary CD8(+) T cells can reconstitute protective immunity upon adoptive immunotherapy. Blood 2014; 124:628-37. [PMID: 24855206 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-547349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are threatened by potentially lethal viral manifestations like cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. Because the success of today's virostatic treatment is limited by side effects and resistance development, adoptive transfer of virus-specific memory T cells derived from the stem cell donor has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this context, dose minimization of adoptively transferred T cells might be warranted for the avoidance of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), in particular in prophylactic settings after T-cell-depleting allo-HSCT protocols. To establish a lower limit for successful adoptive T-cell therapy, we conducted low-dose CD8(+) T-cell transfers in the well-established murine Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) infection model. Major histocompatibility complex-Streptamer-enriched antigen-specific CD62L(hi) but not CD62L(lo) CD8(+) memory T cells proliferated, differentiated, and protected against L.m. infections after prophylactic application. Even progenies derived from a single CD62L(hi) L.m.-specific CD8(+) T cell could be protective against bacterial challenge. In analogy, low-dose transfers of Streptamer-enriched human CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells into allo-HSCT recipients led to strong pathogen-specific T-cell expansion in a compassionate-use setting. In summary, low-dose adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) could be a promising strategy, particularly for prophylactic treatment of infectious complications after allo-HSCT.
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126
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127
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Dupont A, Mohamed F, Salehen N, Glenn S, Francescut L, Adib R, Byrne S, Brewin H, Elliott I, Richards L, Dimitrova P, Schwaeble W, Ivanovska N, Kadioglu A, Machado LR, Andrew PW, Stover C. Septicaemia models using Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes: understanding the role of complement properdin. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:257-71. [PMID: 24728387 PMCID: PMC4118039 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes, pathogens which can cause severe infectious disease in human, were used to infect properdin-deficient and wildtype mice. The aim was to deduce a role for properdin, positive regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, by comparing and contrasting the immune response of the two genotypes in vivo. We show that properdin-deficient and wildtype mice mounted antipneumococcal serotype-specific IgM antibodies, which were protective. Properdin-deficient mice, however, had increased survival in the model of streptococcal pneumonia and sepsis. Low activity of the classical pathway of complement and modulation of FcγR2b expression appear to be pathogenically involved. In listeriosis, however, properdin-deficient mice had reduced survival and a dendritic cell population that was impaired in maturation and activity. In vitro analyses of splenocytes and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells support the view that the opposing outcomes of properdin-deficient and wildtype mice in these two infection models is likely to be due to a skewing of macrophage activity to an M2 phenotype in the properdin-deficient mice. The phenotypes observed thus appear to reflect the extent to which M2- or M1-polarised macrophages are involved in the immune responses to S. pneumoniae and L. monocytogenes. We conclude that properdin controls the strength of immune responses by affecting humoral as well as cellular phenotypes during acute bacterial infection and ensuing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dupont
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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128
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Liu S, Xing T, Sheng T, Yang S, Huang L, Peng Z, Sun X. The reduction rate of serum C3 following liver transplantation is an effective predictor of non-anastomotic strictures. Hepatol Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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129
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Abstract
Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
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130
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Arnold-Schrauf C, Dudek M, Dielmann A, Pace L, Swallow M, Kruse F, Kühl AA, Holzmann B, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Dendritic cells coordinate innate immunity via MyD88 signaling to control Listeria monocytogenes infection. Cell Rep 2014; 6:698-708. [PMID: 24529704 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM), a facultative intracellular Gram-positive pathogen, can cause life-threatening infections in humans. In mice, the signaling cascade downstream of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is essential for proper innate immune activation against LM, as MyD88-deficient mice succumb early to infection. Here, we show that MyD88 signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) is sufficient to mediate the protective innate response, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltration, bacterial clearance, and full protection from lethal infection. We also demonstrate that MyD88 signaling by DCs controls the infection rates of CD8α(+) cDCs and thus limits the spread of LM to the T cell areas. Furthermore, in mice expressing MyD88 in DCs, inflammatory monocytes, which are required for bacterial clearance, are activated independently of intrinsic MyD88 signaling. In conclusion, CD11c(+) conventional DCs critically integrate pathogen-derived signals via MyD88 signaling during early infection with LM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Dudek
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anastasia Dielmann
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luigia Pace
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U932, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Kruse
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute for Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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L-Myc expression by dendritic cells is required for optimal T-cell priming. Nature 2014; 507:243-7. [PMID: 24509714 PMCID: PMC3954917 DOI: 10.1038/nature12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors c-Myc and N-Myc--encoded by Myc and Mycn, respectively--regulate cellular growth and are required for embryonic development. A third paralogue, Mycl1, is dispensable for normal embryonic development but its biological function has remained unclear. To examine the in vivo function of Mycl1 in mice, we generated an inactivating Mycl1(gfp) allele that also reports Mycl1 expression. We find that Mycl1 is selectively expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) of the immune system and controlled by IRF8, and that during DC development, Mycl1 expression is initiated in the common DC progenitor concurrent with reduction in c-Myc expression. Mature DCs lack expression of c-Myc and N-Myc but maintain L-Myc expression even in the presence of inflammatory signals such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. All DC subsets develop in Mycl1-deficient mice, but some subsets such as migratory CD103(+) conventional DCs in the lung and liver are greatly reduced at steady state. Importantly, loss of L-Myc by DCs causes a significant decrease in in vivo T-cell priming during infection by Listeria monocytogenes and vesicular stomatitis virus. The replacement of c-Myc by L-Myc in immature DCs may provide for Myc transcriptional activity in the setting of inflammation that is required for optimal T-cell priming.
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132
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Rothman J, Paterson Y. Live-attenuatedListeria-based immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:493-504. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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133
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Wong CHY, Jenne CN, Petri B, Chrobok NL, Kubes P. Nucleation of platelets with blood-borne pathogens on Kupffer cells precedes other innate immunity and contributes to bacterial clearance. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:785-92. [PMID: 23770641 PMCID: PMC4972575 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using intravital imaging of the liver, we unveil a collaborative role for platelets with Kupffer cells (KCs) in eradicating bloodborne bacterial infections. Under basal conditions, platelets via glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) formed transient “touch-and-go” interactions with von Willebrand factor (vWF) constitutively expressed on KCs. Bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), were rapidly caught by KCs and triggered platelets to switch from “touch-and-go” to sustained GPIIb-mediated adhesion on the KC surface to encase the bacterium. Infected GpIbα−/− mice demonstrated increased endothelial and KC damage, leading to increased fluid leakage, significant polycythemia and rapid mortality. This study identifies a novel surveillance mechanism of intravascular macrophage by platelets that rapidly converts to a critical host response against bloodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie H Y Wong
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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134
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Schulz C, Engelmann B, Massberg S. Crossroads of coagulation and innate immunity: the case of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:233-41. [PMID: 23809127 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common condition characterized by the formation of an occlusive blood clot in the venous vascular system, potentially complicated by detachment and embolization of thrombi into the lung. Recent evidence from mouse models has shed light on the sequence of events and on the cellular (innate immune cells, platelets) and molecular (hematopoietic tissue factor, nucleic acids) components involved. In response to decreased blood flow, circulating neutrophils and monocytes adhere to the activated endothelium within hours. They initiate and propagate DVT by interacting with platelets and by the exposure and activation of circulating tissue factor and FXII. Intravascular blood coagulation is also induced by extracellular nucleosomes released mainly from activated neutrophils. Interestingly, these mechanisms are closely linked to an evolutionary conserved immune defense mechanism activated in response to infections. In this review, we will give an overview of DVT and the role of innate immune pathways supporting this process. While the latter are aimed at preserving tissue integrity and function, uncontrolled blood coagulation and activation of immune cells may result in pathological thrombus formation and vascular occlusion. Understanding the molecular and cellular players triggering occlusion of large veins, and their distinction from physiological hemostasis, is important for the development of strategies to prevent and treat DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schulz
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK.
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135
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Kahn F, Hurley S, Shannon O. Platelets promote bacterial dissemination in a mouse model of streptococcal sepsis. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:669-76. [PMID: 23711899 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have been reported to contribute to inflammation and inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we demonstrate that platelets contribute to the acute response to bacterial infection in a mouse model of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Thrombocytopenia occurred rapidly in infected animals and this was associated with platelet activation, formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes and neutrophil activation. In order to assess the role of platelets during infection, platelets were depleted prior to infection. Platelet-depleted animals had significantly decreased platelet-neutrophil complex formation and neutrophil activation in response to infection. Importantly, significantly fewer bacteria disseminated to the blood, lungs, and spleen of platelet-depleted animals. Platelet-depleted animals did not decrease as significantly in weight as the infected control animals. The results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for platelets during the pathophysiological response to infection, whereby S. pyogenes bacteria bind to platelets and platelets facilitate bacterial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Kahn
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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136
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Sotnikov I, Veremeyko T, Starossom SC, Barteneva N, Weiner HL, Ponomarev ED. Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58979. [PMID: 23555611 PMCID: PMC3608633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets respond to vascular damage and contribute to inflammation, but their role in the neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We found that the systemic administration of brain lipid rafts induced a massive platelet activation and degranulation resulting in a life-threatening anaphylactic-like response in mice. Platelets were engaged by the sialated glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) integrated in the rigid structures of astroglial and neuronal lipid rafts. The brain-abundant gangliosides GT1b and GQ1b were specifically recognized by the platelets and this recognition involved multiple receptors with P-selectin (CD62P) playing the central role. During the neuroinflammation, platelets accumulated in the central nervous system parenchyma, acquired an activated phenotype and secreted proinflammatory factors, thereby triggering immune response cascades. This study determines a new role of platelets which directly recognize a neuronal damage and communicate with the cells of the immune system in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Sotnikov
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Veremeyko
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Starossom
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalia Barteneva
- The Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EDP); (HLW)
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School for Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (EDP); (HLW)
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137
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Farache J, Zigmond E, Shakhar G, Jung S. Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:232-9. [PMID: 23399695 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes have collectively emerged as key players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, the development of gut inflammation and its resolution. Moreover, recent intense research efforts of many laboratories have revealed evidence for critical labor division between lamina propria-resident CD103(+) dendritic cells and CX3CR1(+) macrophages. In depth understanding of the respective activities of these cells in the mucosal landscape might pave the way for novel treatments of inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farache
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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138
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Abstract
Thrombosis is the most frequent cause of mortality worldwide and is closely linked to haemostasis, which is the biological mechanism that stops bleeding after the injury of blood vessels. Indeed, both processes share the core pathways of blood coagulation and platelet activation. Here, we summarize recent work suggesting that thrombosis under certain circumstances has a major physiological role in immune defence, and we introduce the term immunothrombosis to describe this process. Immunothrombosis designates an innate immune response induced by the formation of thrombi inside blood vessels, in particular in microvessels. Immunothrombosis is supported by immune cells and by specific thrombosis-related molecules and generates an intravascular scaffold that facilitates the recognition, containment and destruction of pathogens, thereby protecting host integrity without inducing major collateral damage to the host. However, if uncontrolled, immunothrombosis is a major biological process fostering the pathologies associated with thrombosis.
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139
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Kuo HH, Morrell CN, Baldwin WM. Alloantibody induced platelet responses in transplants: potent mediators in small packages. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1233-8. [PMID: 22789623 PMCID: PMC3496803 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The early histological studies of organ allografts noted platelets attached to vascular endothelium. Platelets adhere to vessels before any morphological evidence of endothelial injury. Subsequently, in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that alloantibodies can induce exocytosis of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin from endothelial cells and attachment of platelets within minutes. Platelets also adhere to and stimulate leukocytes. These interactions are increased by complement activation. After attachment platelets degranulate, releasing preformed mediators. Some chemokines stored together in platelet granules can form heteromers with synergistic functions. Heteromers containing platelet factor 4 (PF4; CXCL4) are specific to platelets and provide insights to unique platelet functions and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box CVRI, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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140
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Williams MA, Schmidt RL, Lenz LL. Early events regulating immunity and pathogenesis during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:488-95. [PMID: 22677184 PMCID: PMC3440530 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is both a life-threatening pathogen of humans and a model organism that is widely used to dissect the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune resistance to infection. Specific aspects of the immune response to systemic Lm infection can be protective, neutral, or in some cases deleterious. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of the early events during Lm infection that dictate or regulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. We highlight several recent developments that add to our understanding of the complex interplay between inflammatory responses, host susceptibility to infection, and the development of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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141
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Crosstalk between Platelets and the Immune System: Old Systems with New Discoveries. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:384685. [PMID: 23008717 PMCID: PMC3447344 DOI: 10.1155/2012/384685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate cells circulating in the blood. It has been recognized for more than 100 years that platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of vascular injury are critical events in hemostasis and thrombosis; however, recent studies demonstrated that, in addition to these classic roles, platelets also have important functions in inflammation and the immune response. Platelets contain many proinflammatory molecules and cytokines (e.g., P-selectin, CD40L, IL-1β, etc.), which support leukocyte trafficking, modulate immunoglobulin class switch, and germinal center formation. Platelets express several functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-9, which may potentially link innate immunity with thrombosis. Interestingly, platelets also contain multiple anti-inflammatory molecules and cytokines (e.g., transforming growth factor-β and thrombospondin-1). Emerging evidence also suggests that platelets are involved in lymphatic vessel development by directly interacting with lymphatic endothelial cells through C-type lectin-like receptor 2. Besides the active contributions of platelets to the immune system, platelets are passively targeted in several immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune thrombocytopenia, infection-associated thrombocytopenia, and fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. These data suggest that platelets are important immune cells and may contribute to innate and adaptive immunity under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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142
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Ramirez GA, Franchini S, Rovere-Querini P, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA, Maugeri N. The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:160. [PMID: 22719739 PMCID: PMC3376452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by widespread organ dysfunction due to fibrosis and ischemia. Its nebulous pathogenic background and the consequent absence of an etiological therapy prevent the adoption of satisfying treatment strategies, able to improve patients’ quality of life and survival and stimulate researchers to identify a unifying pathogenic target. Platelets show a unique biological behavior, lying at the crossroads between vascular function, innate and adaptive immunity, and regulation of cell proliferation. Consequently they are also emerging players in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including SSc. In the setting of SSc platelets are detectable in a persistent activated state, which is intimately linked to the concomitant presence of an injured endothelium and to the widespread activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. As a consistent circulating source of bioactive compounds platelets contribute to the development of many characteristic phenomena of SSc, such as fibrosis and impaired vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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143
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Abdullah Z, Geiger S, Nino-Castro A, Böttcher JP, Muraliv E, Gaidt M, Schildberg FA, Riethausen K, Flossdorf J, Krebs W, Chakraborty T, Kurts C, Schultze JL, Knolle PA, Klotz L. Lack of PPARγ in myeloid cells confers resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37349. [PMID: 22629382 PMCID: PMC3357414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that controls inflammation and immunity. Innate immune defense against bacterial infection appears to be compromised by PPARγ. The relevance of PPARγ in myeloid cells, that organize anti-bacterial immunity, for the outcome of immune responses against intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes in vivo is unknown. We found that Listeria monocytogenes infection of macrophages rapidly led to increased expression of PPARγ. This prompted us to investigate whether PPARγ in myeloid cells influences innate immunity against Listeria monocytogenes infection by using transgenic mice with myeloid-cell specific ablation of PPARγ (LysMCre×PPARγ(flox/flox)). Loss of PPARγ in myeloid cells results in enhanced innate immune defense against Listeria monocytogenes infection both, in vitro and in vivo. This increased resistance against infection was characterized by augmented levels of bactericidal factors and inflammatory cytokines: ROS, NO, IFNγ TNF IL-6 and IL-12. Moreover, myeloid cell-specific loss of PPARγ enhanced chemokine and adhesion molecule expression leading to improved recruitment of inflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes to sites of infection. Importantly, increased resistance against Listeria infection in the absence of PPARγ was not accompanied by enhanced immunopathology. Our results elucidate a yet unknown regulatory network in myeloid cells that is governed by PPARγ and restrains both listeriocidal activity and recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during Listeria infection, which may contribute to bacterial immune escape. Pharmacological interference with PPARγ activity in myeloid cells might represent a novel strategy to overcome intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergej Geiger
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Nino-Castro
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan P. Böttcher
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eugenia Muraliv
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Moritz Gaidt
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kati Riethausen
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Flossdorf
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krebs
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Clinic for Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neuro-oncology, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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144
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Nikolich-Žugich J, Li G, Uhrlaub JL, Renkema KR, Smithey MJ. Age-related changes in CD8 T cell homeostasis and immunity to infection. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:356-64. [PMID: 22554418 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of CD8 T cell responses to vaccination or infection with various pathogens in both animal models and human subjects have revealed a markedly consistent array of age-related defects. In general, recent work shows that aged CD8 T cell responses are decreased in magnitude, and show poor differentiation into effector cells, with a reduced arsenal of effector functions. Here we review potential mechanisms underlying these defects. We specifically address phenotypic and numeric changes to the naïve CD8 T cell precursor pool, the impact of persistent viral infection(s) and inflammation, and contributions of the aging environment in which these cells are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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145
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Abstract
Platelets store signaling molecules (eg, serotonin and ADP) within their granules. Transporters mediate accumulation of these molecules in platelet granules and, on platelet activation, their translocation across the plasma membrane. The balance between transporter-mediated uptake and elimination of signaling molecules and drugs in platelets determines their intracellular concentrations and effects. Several members of the 2 major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carriers (SLCs), have been identified in platelets. An example of an ABC transporter is MRP4 (ABCC4), which facilitates ADP accumulation in dense granules. MRP4 is a versatile transporter, and various additional functions have been proposed, notably lipid mediator release and a role in aspirin resistance. Several other ABC proteins have been detected in platelets with functions in glutathione and lipid homeostasis. The serotonin transporter (SERT, SLC6A4) in the platelet plasma membrane represents a well-characterized example of the SLC family. Moreover, recent experiments indicate expression of OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1), a high affinity transporter for certain statins, in platelets. Changes in transporter localization and expression can affect platelet function and drug sensitivity. This review summarizes available data on the physiologic and pharmacologic role of transporters in platelets.
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146
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Vanassche T, Kauskot A, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, van Ryn J, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. Fibrin formation by staphylothrombin facilitates Staphylococcus aureus-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:1107-21. [PMID: 22437005 DOI: 10.1160/th11-12-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of intravascular infections such as infective endocarditis (IE). A typical feature of S. aureus is the ability to generate thrombin activity through the secretion of two prothrombin activating molecules, staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp), which bind to human prothrombin to form the enzymatically active staphylothrombin complex. The role of staphylothrombin in the interaction between S. aureus and platelets has not yet been studied. We found that in contrast with thrombin, staphylothrombin did not directly activate human platelets. However, the staphylothrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin initiated platelet aggregation and secondary activation and facilitated S. aureus-platelet interactions. Both the genetic absence of staphylocoagulase and vWbp and pharmacological inhibition of staphylothrombin increased the lag time to aggregation, and reduced platelet trapping by S. aureus in high shear stress conditions. The combined inhibition of staphylothrombin and immunoglobulin binding to platelets completely abolished the ability of S. aureus to aggregate platelets in vitro. In conclusion, although staphylothrombin did not directly activate platelets, the formation of a fibrin scaffold facilitated bacteria-platelet interaction, and the inhibition of staphylothrombin resulted in a reduced activation of platelets by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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147
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Immune responses: Platelets drive shuttle buggy. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:804. [PMID: 22116086 DOI: 10.1038/nri3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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148
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A rescue gone wrong. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1137-8. [PMID: 22089212 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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