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Gocke CB, McMillan R, Wang Q, Begum A, Penchev VR, Ali SA, Borrello I, Huff CA, Matsui W. IQGAP1 Scaffold-MAP Kinase Interactions Enhance Multiple Myeloma Clonogenic Growth and Self-Renewal. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2733-2739. [PMID: 27573425 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, virtually all patients relapse and ultimately develop drug-resistant disease. Aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling is activated in the majority of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients, but its biological consequences are not fully understood. Self-renewal, as defined by the long-term maintenance of clonogenic growth, is essential for disease relapse, and we examined the role of RAS/MAPK activation on multiple myeloma self-renewal by targeting IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), an intracellular scaffold protein required for mutant RAS signaling. We found that loss of IQGAP1 expression decreased MAPK signaling, cell-cycle progression, and tumor colony formation. Similarly, a peptide mimicking the WW domain of IQGAP1 that interacts with ERK inhibited the clonogenic growth and self-renewal of multiple myeloma cell lines and primary clinical specimens in vitro as well as tumor-initiating cell frequency in immunodeficient mice. During multiple myeloma progression, self-renewal may be enhanced by aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling and inhibited by targeting IQGAP1. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2733-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Gocke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ross McMillan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Asma Begum
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vesselin R Penchev
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed A Ali
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William Matsui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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102
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Socoro-Yuste N, Dagher MC, Gonzalez De Peredo A, Mondet J, Zaccaria A, Roux Dalvai F, Plo I, Cahn JY, Mossuz P. Ph(-) myeloproliferative neoplasm red blood cells display deregulation of IQGAP1-Rho GTPase signaling depending on CALR/JAK2 status. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2758-2765. [PMID: 27566291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides genetic abnormalities in MPN patients, several studies have reported alterations in protein expression that could contribute towards the clinical phenotype. However, little is known about protein modifications in Ph- MPN erythrocytes. In this context, we used a quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics approach to study the MPN erythrocyte proteome. LC-MS/MS (LTQ Orbitrap) analysis led to the identification of 51 and 86 overexpressed proteins in Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia respectively, compared with controls. Functional comparison using pathway analysis software showed that the Rho GTPase family signaling pathways were deregulated in MPN patients. In particular, IQGAP1 was significantly overexpressed in MPNs compared with controls. Additionally, Western-blot analysis not only confirmed IQGAP1 overexpression, but also showed that IQGAP1 levels depended on the patient's genotype. Moreover, we found that in JAK2V617F patients IQGAP1 could bind RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 and consequently recruit activated GTP-Rac1 and the cytoskeleton motility protein PAK1. In CALR(+) patients, IQGAP1 was not overexpressed but immunoprecipitated with RhoGDI. In JAK2V617F transduced Ba/F3 cells we confirmed JAK2 inhibitor-sensitive overexpression of IQGAP1/PAK1. Altogether, our data demonstrated alterations of IQGAP1/Rho GTPase signaling in MPN erythrocytes dependent on JAK2/CALR status, reinforcing the hypothesis that modifications in erythrocyte signaling pathways participate in Ph- MPN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Socoro-Yuste
- TheREx Team "Thérapeutique recombinante expérimentale", TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, "Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble", UMR, UJF, CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, France.
| | - Marie-Claire Dagher
- TheREx Team "Thérapeutique recombinante expérimentale", TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, "Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble", UMR, UJF, CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez De Peredo
- Plateforme Protéomique de la Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, UMR, 5089 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Mondet
- TheREx Team "Thérapeutique recombinante expérimentale", TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, "Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble", UMR, UJF, CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Affif Zaccaria
- Department of clinical proteomics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Roux Dalvai
- Plateforme Protéomique de la Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, UMR, 5089 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean Yves Cahn
- TheREx Team "Thérapeutique recombinante expérimentale", TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, "Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble", UMR, UJF, CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, France; Clinique Universitaire d'Hématologie, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France
| | - Pascal Mossuz
- TheREx Team "Thérapeutique recombinante expérimentale", TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, "Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble", UMR, UJF, CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, France; Laboratoire d'Hématologie cellulaire, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France
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103
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Oh K, Yi GS. Prediction of scaffold proteins based on protein interaction and domain architectures. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17 Suppl 6:220. [PMID: 27490120 PMCID: PMC4965726 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scaffold proteins are known for being crucial regulators of various cellular functions by assembling multiple proteins involved in signaling and metabolic pathways. Identification of scaffold proteins and the study of their molecular mechanisms can open a new aspect of cellular systemic regulation and the results can be applied in the field of medicine and engineering. Despite being highlighted as the regulatory roles of dozens of scaffold proteins, there was only one known computational approach carried out so far to find scaffold proteins from interactomes. However, there were limitations in finding diverse types of scaffold proteins because their criteria were restricted to the classical scaffold proteins. In this paper, we will suggest a systematic approach to predict massive scaffold proteins from interactomes and to characterize the roles of scaffold proteins comprehensively. Results From a total of 10,419 basic scaffold protein candidates in protein interactomes, we classified them into three classes according to the structural evidences for scaffolding, such as domain architectures, domain interactions and protein complexes. Finally, we could define 2716 highly reliable scaffold protein candidates and their characterized functional features. To assess the accuracy of our prediction, the gold standard positive and negative data sets were constructed. We prepared 158 gold standard positive data and 844 gold standard negative data based on the functional information from Gene Ontology consortium. The precision, sensitivity and specificity of our testing was 80.3, 51.0, and 98.5 % respectively. Through the function enrichment analysis of highly reliable scaffold proteins, we could confirm the significantly enriched functions that are related to scaffold protein binding. We also identified functional association between scaffold proteins and their recruited proteins. Furthermore, we checked that the disease association of scaffold proteins is higher than kinases. Conclusions In conclusion, we could predict larger volume of scaffold proteins and analyzed their functional characteristics. Deeper understandings about the roles of scaffold proteins from this study will provide a higher opportunity to find therapeutic or engineering applications of scaffold proteins using their functional characteristics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1079-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimin Oh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gwan-Su Yi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
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104
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Ying H, Dey P, Yao W, Kimmelman AC, Draetta GF, Maitra A, DePinho RA. Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev 2016; 30:355-85. [PMID: 26883357 PMCID: PMC4762423 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275776.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ying et al. review pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) genetics and biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism, the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, and impaired DNA repair processes. With 5-year survival rates remaining constant at 6% and rising incidences associated with an epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is on track to become the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. The high mortality rate of PDAC stems primarily from the lack of early diagnosis and ineffective treatment for advanced tumors. During the past decade, the comprehensive atlas of genomic alterations, the prominence of specific pathways, the preclinical validation of such emerging targets, sophisticated preclinical model systems, and the molecular classification of PDAC into specific disease subtypes have all converged to illuminate drug discovery programs with clearer clinical path hypotheses. A deeper understanding of cancer cell biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism and impaired DNA repair processes, is providing novel therapeutic strategies that show strong preclinical activity. Elucidation of tumor biology principles, most notably a deeper understanding of the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, has provided an exciting framework to reawaken the immune system to attack PDAC cancer cells. While the long road of translation lies ahead, the path to meaningful clinical progress has never been clearer to improve PDAC patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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105
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Abstract
ERK1/2 MAP Kinases become activated in response to multiple intra- and extra-cellular stimuli through a signaling module composed of sequential tiers of cytoplasmic kinases. Scaffold proteins regulate ERK signals by connecting the different components of the module into a multi-enzymatic complex by which signal amplitude and duration are fine-tuned, and also provide signal fidelity by isolating this complex from external interferences. In addition, scaffold proteins play a central role as spatial regulators of ERKs signals. In this respect, depending on the subcellular localization from which the activating signals emanate, defined scaffolds specify which substrates are amenable to be phosphorylated. Recent evidence has unveiled direct interactions among different scaffold protein species. These scaffold-scaffold macro-complexes could constitute an additional level of regulation for ERK signals and may serve as nodes for the integration of incoming signals and the subsequent diversification of the outgoing signals with respect to substrate engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
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106
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Johnson DB, Pollack MH, Sosman JA. Emerging targeted therapies for melanoma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 21:195-207. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2016.1184644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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107
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Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer metastasis via IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7438-53. [PMID: 25924234 PMCID: PMC4480691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with several cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia increases intratumoral androgen signaling in prostate cancer, but it is unclear whether androgen-independent mechanisms also exist. Since hypercholesterolemia is associated with advanced, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, in this study, we aimed to determine whether and how hypercholesterolemia affects prostate cancer progression in the absence of androgen signaling. We demonstrate that diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes orthotopic xenograft PC-3 cell metastasis, concomitant with elevated expression of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 in xenograft tumor tissues. In vitro cholesterol treatment of PC-3 cells stimulated migration and increased IQGAP1 and caveolin-1 protein level and localization to a detergent-resistant fraction. Down-regulation of caveolin-1 or IQGAP1 in PC-3 cells reduced migration and invasion in vitro, and hypercholesterolemia-induced metastasis in vivo. Double knock-down of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 showed no additive effect, suggesting that caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 act via the same pathway. Taken together, our data show that hypercholesterolemia promotes prostate cancer metastasis independent of the androgen pathway, in part by increasing IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. These results have broader implications for managing metastasis of cancers in general as IQGAP1 and hypercholesterolemia are implicated in the progression of several cancers.
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108
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. The Complexity of the ERK/MAP-Kinase Pathway and the Treatment of Melanoma Skin Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:33. [PMID: 27200346 PMCID: PMC4846800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role played by the ERK/MAPK pathway downstream of RAS in human neoplasias is best exemplified in the context of melanoma skin cancer. Signaling through the MAPK pathway is crucial for the proliferation of melanocytes, the healthy pigment cells that give rise to melanoma. However, hyper-activation of the MAPK-pathway is found in over 90% of melanomas with approximately 50% of all patients displaying mutations in the kinase BRAF, and approximately 28% of all patients harboring mutations in the MAPK-pathway up-stream regulator NRAS. This finding has led to the development of BRAF and MEK inhibitors whose application in the clinic has shown unprecedented survival responses. Unfortunately the responses to MAPK pathway inhibitors are transient with most patients progressing within a year and a median progression free survival of 7-10 months. The disease progression is due to the development of drug-resistance based on various mechanisms, many of them involving a rewiring of the MAPK pathway. In this article we will review the complexity of MAPK signaling in melanocytic cells as well as the mechanisms of action of different MAPK-pathway inhibitors and their correlation with clinical response. We will reflect on mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance that limit patient's response, with a focus on the MAPK signaling network. Because of the resurgence of antibody-based immune-therapies there is a growing feeling of failure in the targeted therapy camp. However, recent studies have revealed new windows of therapeutic opportunity for melanoma sufferers treated with drugs targeting the MAPK pathway, and these opportunities will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- School of Applied Sciences, University of HuddersfieldHuddersfield, UK
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109
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Bamidele AO, Kremer KN, Hirsova P, Clift IC, Gores GJ, Billadeau DD, Hedin KE. IQGAP1 promotes CXCR4 chemokine receptor function and trafficking via EEA-1+ endosomes. J Cell Biol 2016. [PMID: 26195666 PMCID: PMC4508899 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IQGAP1 mediates CXCR4 cell surface expression and signaling by regulating EEA-1+ endosome interactions with microtubules during CXCR4 trafficking and recycling. IQ motif–containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a cytoskeleton-interacting scaffold protein. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that binds stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1; also known as CXCL12). Both IQGAP1 and CXCR4 are overexpressed in cancer cell types, yet it was unclear whether these molecules functionally interact. Here, we show that depleting IQGAP1 in Jurkat T leukemic cells reduced CXCR4 expression, disrupted trafficking of endocytosed CXCR4 via EEA-1+ endosomes, and decreased efficiency of CXCR4 recycling. SDF-1–induced cell migration and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK) MAPK were strongly inhibited, even when forced overexpression restored CXCR4 levels. Similar results were seen in KMBC and HEK293 cells. Exploring the mechanism, we found that SDF-1 treatment induced IQGAP1 binding to α-tubulin and localization to CXCR4-containing endosomes and that CXCR4-containing EEA-1+ endosomes were abnormally located distal from the microtubule (MT)-organizing center (MTOC) in IQGAP1-deficient cells. Thus, IQGAP1 critically mediates CXCR4 cell surface expression and signaling, evidently by regulating EEA-1+ endosome interactions with MTs during CXCR4 trafficking and recycling. IQGAP1 may similarly promote CXCR4 functions in other cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebowale O Bamidele
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ian C Clift
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Neurobiology of Disease Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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110
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Cao Y, Liang H, Zhang F, Luan Z, Zhao S, Wang XA, Liu S, Bao R, Shu Y, Ma Q, Zhu J, Liu Y. Prohibitin overexpression predicts poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation and invasion through ERK pathway activation in gallbladder cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:68. [PMID: 27084680 PMCID: PMC4833931 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prohibitin (PHB), a pleiotropic protein overexpressed in several tumor types, has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, invasive migration and survival. However, PHB expression and its biological function in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remain largely unknown. Methods PHB and p-ERK protein expressions were determined in human GBC tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effects of PHB knockdown on GBC cell proliferation and invasiveness were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell viability, cell cycle analysis, transwell invasion and gelatin zymography assays. Subcutaneous xenograft and tail vein-lung metastasis tumor models in nude mice were employed to further substantiate the role of PHB in GBC progression. Results PHB protein was overexpressed in GBC tissues and was significantly associated with histological grade, tumor stage and perineural invasion. Furthermore, PHB expression was negatively associated with overall survival in GBC patients. In vitro experimental studies demonstrated that the downregulation of PHB expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference not only inhibited the ERK pathway activation but also reduced the proliferative and invasive capacities of GBC cells. Moreover, PD0325901, a specific inhibitor of MEK, markedly impaired PHB- mediated phosphorylation of ERK protein. IHC statistical analyses further validated that PHB expression was positively correlated with ERK protein phosphorylation levels in GBC tissue samples. In vivo, PHB depletion also resulted in dramatic reductions in the growth and metastasis of GBC cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that PHB overexpression predicts poor survival in GBC patients. PHB could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for GBCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0346-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Luan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xu-An Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Runfa Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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111
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Győrffy B, Stelniec-Klotz I, Sigler C, Kasack K, Redmer T, Qian Y, Schäfer R. Effects of RAL signal transduction in KRAS- and BRAF-mutated cells and prognostic potential of the RAL signature in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13334-46. [PMID: 26033452 PMCID: PMC4537018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of oncogenic signaling pathways has strongly fostered current concepts for targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer. The RALA pathway is novel candidate due to its independent role in controlling expression of genes downstream of RAS. We compared RALA GTPase activities in three colorectal cancer cell lines by GTPase pull-down assay and analyzed the transcriptional and phenotypic effects of transient RALA silencing. Knocking-down RALA expression strongly diminished the active GTP-bound form of the protein. Proliferation of KRAS mutated cell lines was significantly reduced, while BRAF mutated cells were mostly unaffected. By microarray analysis we identified common genes showing altered expression upon RALA silencing in all cell lines. None of these genes were affected when the RAF/MAPK or PI3K pathways were blocked. To investigate the potential clinical relevance of the RALA pathway and its associated transcriptome, we performed a meta-analysis interrogating progression-free survival of colorectal cancer patients of five independent data sets using Cox regression. In each dataset, the RALA-responsive signature correlated with worse outcome. In summary, we uncovered the impact of the RAL signal transduction on genetic program and growth control in KRAS- and BRAF-mutated colorectal cells and demonstrated prognostic potential of the pathway-responsive gene signature in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iwona Stelniec-Klotz
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sigler
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Kasack
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torben Redmer
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Qian
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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112
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Reynoird N, Mazur PK, Stellfeld T, Flores NM, Lofgren SM, Carlson SM, Brambilla E, Hainaut P, Kaznowska EB, Arrowsmith CH, Khatri P, Stresemann C, Gozani O, Sage J. Coordination of stress signals by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes pancreatic cancer. Genes Dev 2016; 30:772-85. [PMID: 26988419 PMCID: PMC4826394 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275529.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, Reynoird et al. identify the protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer. They demonstrate that SMYD2 levels are increased in PDAC, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth, and the stress response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) is a substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC cells. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal form of cancer with few therapeutic options. We found that levels of the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 (SET and MYND domain 2) are elevated in PDAC and that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth. We further identified the stress response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) as a new physiologic substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC cells. Inhibition of MAPKAPK3 impedes PDAC growth, identifying a potential new kinase target in PDAC. Finally, we show that inhibition of SMYD2 cooperates with standard chemotherapy to treat PDAC cells and tumors. These findings uncover a pivotal role for SMYD2 in promoting pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoird
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timo Stellfeld
- Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natasha M Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shane M Lofgren
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Scott M Carlson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institut Albert Bonniot, U1209, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR5309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Ewa B Kaznowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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113
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McKinlay CJ, Waymouth RM, Wender PA. Cell-Penetrating, Guanidinium-Rich Oligophosphoesters: Effective and Versatile Molecular Transporters for Drug and Probe Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3510-7. [PMID: 26900771 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new family of highly effective cell-penetrating molecular transporters, guanidinium-rich oligophosphoesters, are described. These unique transporters are synthesized in two steps, irrespective of oligomer length, by the organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization (OROP) of 5-membered cyclic phospholane monomers followed by oligomer deprotection. Varying the initiating alcohol results in a wide variety of cargo attachment strategies for releasable or nonreleasable transporter applications. Initiation of oligomerization with a fluorescent probe produces, upon deprotection, a transporter-probe conjugate that is shown to readily enter multiple cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. These new transporters are superior in cell uptake to previously studied guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and oligoarginines, showing over 2-fold higher uptake than the former and 6-fold higher uptake than the latter. Initiation with a protected thiol gives, upon deprotection, thiol-terminated transporters which can be thiol-click conjugated to a variety of probes, drugs and other cargos as exemplified by the conjugation and delivery of the model probe fluorescein-maleimide and the medicinal agent paclitaxel (PTX) into cells. Of particular significance given that drug resistance is a major cause of chemotherapy failure, the PTX-transporter conjugate, designed to evade Pgp export and release free PTX after cell entry, shows efficacy against PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Collectively this study introduces a new and highly effective class of guanidinium-rich cell-penetrating transporters and methodology for their single-step conjugation to drugs and probes, and demonstrates that the resulting drug/probe-conjugates readily enter cells, outperforming previously reported guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and peptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J McKinlay
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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114
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The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway: targeting ERK to overcome obstacles to effective cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:269-89. [PMID: 25826360 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Currently, dozens of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors targeting RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have been introduced into clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, after 6-8 months of initial response, acquired drug resistance among the majority of those treated patients sharply diminished their clinical efficacy. DISCUSSION Important mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors have been elucidated. Continually, ERK1/2 locates in the critical position and features unique characteristics, such as activating hundreds of substrates, participating in feedback regulation, being catalyzed by MEK specifically and no acquired resistant mutation. CONCLUSION Taking in account the inspiring outcomes of ERK inhibitors in preclinical research, ERK1/2 might be the optimal target to overcome acquired drug resistance in RAF-MEK-ERK pathway.
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115
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Li J, Sen GL. Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis. J Vis Exp 2015:e53280. [PMID: 26709715 DOI: 10.3791/53280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function and physiology of their in vivo tissue counterparts. This is exemplified by organotypic skin cultures which faithfully recapitulates the epidermal differentiation and stratification program. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes are genetically manipulable through retroviruses where genes can be easily overexpressed or knocked down. These genetically modified keratinocytes can then be used to regenerate human epidermis in organotypic skin cultures providing a powerful model to study genetic pathways impacting epidermal growth, differentiation, and disease progression. The protocols presented here describe methods to prepare devitalized human dermis as well as to genetically manipulate primary human keratinocytes in order to generate organotypic skin cultures. Regenerated human skin can be used in downstream applications such as gene expression profiling, immunostaining, and chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by high throughput sequencing. Thus, generation of these genetically modified organotypic skin cultures will allow the determination of genes that are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego;
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116
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Shim G, Kim G, Choi J, Yi T, Cho YK, Song SU, Byun Y, Oh YK. Biomimetic chimeric peptide-tethered hydrogels for human mesenchymal stem cell delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:634-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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117
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Herrero A, Crespo P. Tumors topple when ERKs uncouple. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1091875. [PMID: 27308614 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current antitumor therapies targeting the RAS-ERK pathway have been mostly aimed at inhibiting the activity of the kinases that populate the route. A small-molecule inhibitor of ERK dimerization effectively prevents the progression of tumors harboring oncogenic RAS and BRAF, demonstrating that targeting regulatory protein-protein interactions can be a valid strategy for treating RAS-ERK pathway-driven neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrero
- Systems Biology Ireland, Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Spain
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118
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Mazur PK, Herner A, Mello SS, Wirth M, Hausmann S, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Lofgren SM, Kuschma T, Hahn SA, Vangala D, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Gupta A, Heid I, Noël PB, Braren R, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Sipos B, Sayles LC, Heikenwalder M, Heßmann E, Ellenrieder V, Esposito I, Jacks T, Bradner JE, Khatri P, Sweet-Cordero EA, Attardi LD, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Sage J, Siveke JT. Combined inhibition of BET family proteins and histone deacetylases as a potential epigenetics-based therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2015; 21:1163-71. [PMID: 26390243 PMCID: PMC4959788 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human cancers and shows resistance to any therapeutic strategy used. Here we tested small-molecule inhibitors targeting chromatin regulators as possible therapeutic agents in PDAC. We show that JQ1, an inhibitor of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of proteins, suppresses PDAC development in mice by inhibiting both MYC activity and inflammatory signals. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA synergizes with JQ1 to augment cell death and more potently suppress advanced PDAC. Finally, using a CRISPR-Cas9-based method for gene editing directly in the mouse adult pancreas, we show that de-repression of p57 (also known as KIP2 or CDKN1C) upon combined BET and HDAC inhibition is required for the induction of combination therapy-induced cell death in PDAC. SAHA is approved for human use, and molecules similar to JQ1 are being tested in clinical trials. Thus, these studies identify a promising epigenetic-based therapeutic strategy that may be rapidly implemented in fatal human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Alexander Herner
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephano S Mello
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Matthias Wirth
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Hausmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shane M Lofgren
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Timo Kuschma
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Deepak Vangala
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Clinic, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aayush Gupta
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Heid
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter B Noël
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rickmer Braren
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leanne C Sayles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Heßmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | | | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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119
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Duperret EK, Dahal A, Ridky TW. Focal-adhesion-independent integrin-αv regulation of FAK and c-Myc is necessary for 3D skin formation and tumor invasion. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3997-4013. [PMID: 26359297 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins play crucial roles in epithelial adhesion, proliferation, wound healing and cancer. In the epidermis, the roles of many integrin subunits are incompletely defined and mechanistic details regarding their functions are lacking. We performed a multiplexed small hairpin (sh)RNA screen to define roles for each subunit in human organotypic skin. We show that integrin-αv (also known as ITGAV) heterodimers are essential for epidermal generation, with integrin-αv loss driving a keratinocyte G1-S cell cycle block. Surprisingly, integrin αv is not localized within keratinocyte focal adhesions, and instead maintains proliferation by controlling cellular (c)-Myc translation through FAK, p38β and p90RSK1. These phenotypes depend only on the binding partners of integrin-αv--integrin β5 and integrin β6 (also known as ITGB5 and ITGB6, respectively). Through inducible depletion of integrin αv in both normal organotypic epidermis and Ras-driven invasive neoplasia, we show that integrin αv is required for de novo tissue generation and neoplastic invasion but that it is dispensable for epidermal maintenance. Heterodimers of integrin αv with integrin β5 (integrin αvβ5) or integrin β6 (integrin αvβ6) are required to similar extents for neoplastic invasion, thus identifying integrin αvβ5 and integrin αvβ6 heterodimers as potential therapeutic targets for epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Duperret
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ankit Dahal
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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120
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Fang X, Zhang B, Thisse B, Bloom GS, Thisse C. IQGAP3 is essential for cell proliferation and motility during zebrafish embryonic development. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:422-33. [PMID: 26286209 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IQGAPs are scaffolding proteins that regulate actin assembly, exocyst function, cell motility, morphogenesis, adhesion and division. Vertebrates express 3 family members: IQGAP1, IQGAP2, and IQGAP3. IQGAP1 is known to stimulate nucleation of branched actin filaments through N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex following direct binding to cytoplasmic tails of ligand-activated growth factor receptors, including EGFR, VEGFR2 and FGFR1. By contrast, little is known about functions of IQGAP2 or IQGAP3. Using in situ hybridization on whole mount zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, we show that IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 are associated with discrete tissues and organs, while IQGAP3 is mainly expressed in proliferative cells throughout embryonic and larval development. Morpholino knockdowns of IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 have little effect on embryo morphology while loss of function of IQGAP3 affects both cell proliferation and cell motility. IQGAP3 morphant phenotypes are similar to those resulting from overexpression of dominant negative forms of Ras or of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1), suggesting that IQGAP3 plays a role in FGFR1-Ras-ERK signaling. In support of this hypothesis, dominant negative forms of FGFR1 or Ras could be rescued by co-injection of zebrafish IQGAP3 mRNA, strongly suggesting that IQGAP3 acts as a downstream regulator of the FGFR1-Ras signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bianhong Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Institute of Biomedical Science, School of Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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121
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Herrero A, Pinto A, Colón-Bolea P, Casar B, Jones M, Agudo-Ibáñez L, Vidal R, Tenbaum SP, Nuciforo P, Valdizán EM, Horvath Z, Orfi L, Pineda-Lucena A, Bony E, Keri G, Rivas G, Pazos A, Gozalbes R, Palmer HG, Hurlstone A, Crespo P. Small Molecule Inhibition of ERK Dimerization Prevents Tumorigenesis by RAS-ERK Pathway Oncogenes. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:170-82. [PMID: 26267534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 50% of human malignancies exhibit unregulated RAS-ERK signaling; inhibiting it is a valid strategy for antineoplastic intervention. Upon activation, ERK dimerize, which is essential for ERK extranuclear, but not for nuclear, signaling. Here, we describe a small molecule inhibitor for ERK dimerization that, without affecting ERK phosphorylation, forestalls tumorigenesis driven by RAS-ERK pathway oncogenes. This compound is unaffected by resistance mechanisms that hamper classical RAS-ERK pathway inhibitors. Thus, ERK dimerization inhibitors provide the proof of principle for two understudied concepts in cancer therapy: (1) the blockade of sub-localization-specific sub-signals, rather than total signals, as a means of impeding oncogenic RAS-ERK signaling and (2) targeting regulatory protein-protein interactions, rather than catalytic activities, as an approach for producing effective antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Adán Pinto
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Mary Jones
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lorena Agudo-Ibáñez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Rebeca Vidal
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Stephan P Tenbaum
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Elsa M Valdizán
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | | | - Laszlo Orfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., 1022 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Emilie Bony
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gyorgy Keri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., 1022 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Pazos
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | | | - Héctor G Palmer
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.
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Mulvey HE, Chang A, Adler J, Del Tatto M, Perez K, Quesenberry PJ, Chatterjee D. Extracellular vesicle-mediated phenotype switching in malignant and non-malignant colon cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:571. [PMID: 26231887 PMCID: PMC4522096 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from many cells, carrying cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids. Research has shown that EVs play a role in a variety of biological processes including immunity, bone formation and recently they have been implicated in promotion of a metastatic phenotype. METHODS EVs were isolated from HCT116 colon cancer cells, 1459 non-malignant colon fibroblast cells, and tumor and normal colon tissue from a patient sample. Co-cultures were performed with 1459 cells and malignant vesicles, as well as HCT116 cells and non-malignant vesicles. Malignant phenotype was measured using soft agar colony formation assay. Co-cultures were also analyzed for protein levels using mass spectrometry. The importance of 14-3-3 zeta/delta in transfer of malignant phenotype was explored using siRNA. Additionally, luciferase reporter assay was used to measure the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. RESULTS This study demonstrates the ability of EVs derived from malignant colon cancer cell line and malignant patient tissue to induce the malignant phenotype in non-malignant colon cells. Similarly, EVs derived from non-malignant colon cell lines and normal patient tissue reversed the malignant phenotype of HCT116 cells. Cells expressing an EV-induced malignant phenotype showed increased transcriptional activity of NF-κB which was inhibited by the NF--κB inhibitor, BAY117082. We also demonstrate that knock down of 14-3-3 zeta/delta reduced anchorage-independent growth of HCT116 cells and 1459 cells co-cultured with HCT derived EVs. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of EV-mediated induction of malignant phenotype, and reversal of malignant phenotype, provides rational basis for further study of the role of EVs in tumorigenesis. Identification of 14-3-3 zeta/delta as up-regulated in malignancy suggests its potential as a putative drug target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary E Mulvey
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Audrey Chang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Jason Adler
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Michael Del Tatto
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kimberly Perez
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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Abstract
RAF links RAS, one of the most potent human oncogenes, to its effector ERK and to proliferation. This role is evolutionarily conserved, but while simpler multicellular organisms express one RAF, mammals have three. This Minireview highlights common and divergent features of RAF paralogs, their signaling outputs, and roles in tumorigenesis.
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124
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He H, Yao M, Zhang W, Tao B, Liu F, Li S, Dong Y, Zhang C, Meng Y, Li Y, Hu G, Luo C, Zong H, Lu Y. MEK2 is a prognostic marker and potential chemo-sensitizing target for glioma patients undergoing temozolomide treatment. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:658-68. [PMID: 26189368 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma, it is often non-curative due to drug resistance. To overcome the resistance of glioblastoma cells to TMZ, it is imperative to identify prognostic markers for outcome prediction and to develop chemo-sensitizing agents. Here, the gene expression profiles of TMZ-resistant and TMZ-sensitive samples were compared by microarray analysis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) was upregulated specifically in resistant glioma cells but not in sensitive tumor cells or non-tumor tissues. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of patient data revealed that the increased level of MEK2 expression correlated well with the advancement of glioma grade and worse prognosis in response to TMZ treatment. Furthermore, reducing the level of MEK2 in U251 glioma cell lines or xenografted glioma models through shRNA-mediated gene knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced the sensitivity of cells toward TMZ treatment. Further analysis of tumor samples from glioma patients by real-time PCR indicated that an increased MEK2 expression level was closely associated with the activation of many drug resistance genes. Finally, these resistance genes were downregulated after MEK2 was silenced in vitro, suggesting that the mechanism of MEK2-induced chemo-resistance could be mediated by the transcriptional activation of these resistance genes. Collectively, our data indicated that the expression level of MEK2 could serve as a prognostic marker for glioma chemotherapy and that MEK2 antagonists can be used as chemo-sensitizers to enhance the treatment efficacy of TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Maojin Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangbao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feili Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang Road Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Yicheng Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Guohan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R.China
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125
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Abstract
NRAS mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 arise in 15-20 % of all melanomas. These alterations have been associated with aggressive clinical behavior and a poor prognosis. Until recently, there has been a paucity of promising genetically targeted therapy approaches for NRAS-mutant melanoma (and RAS-mutant malignancies in general). MEK inhibitors, particularly binimetinib, have shown activity in this cohort. Based on pre-clinical and early clinical studies, combining MEK inhibitors with agents inhibiting the cell cycling and the PI3K-AKT pathway appears to provide additional benefit. In particular, a strategy of MEK inhibition and CDK4/6 inhibition is likely to be a viable treatment option in the future, and is the most promising genetically targeted treatment strategy for NRAS-mutant melanoma developed to date. In addition, immune-based therapies have shown increasing activity in advanced melanoma and may be particularly effective in those with NRAS mutations. Combination strategies of immune and targeted therapies may also play a role in the future although clinical trials testing these approaches are in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 777 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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126
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Ghaleb AM, Bialkowska AB, Snider AJ, Gnatenko DV, Hannun YA, Yang VW, Schmidt VA. IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein 2 (IQGAP2) Is a Novel Regulator of Colonic Inflammation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129314. [PMID: 26047140 PMCID: PMC4457730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 2 (IQGAP2) is a multidomain scaffolding protein that plays a role in cytoskeleton regulation by juxtaposing Rho GTPase and Ca2+/calmodulin signals. While IQGAP2 suppresses tumorigenesis in liver, its role in pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract remains unexplored. Here we report that IQGAP2 is required for the inflammatory response in colon. Mice lacking Iqgap2 gene (Iqgap2-/- mice) were resistant to chemically-induced colitis. Unlike wild-type controls, Iqgap2-/- mice treated with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in water for 13 days displayed no injury to colonic epithelium. Mechanistically, resistance to colitis was associated with suppression of colonic NF-κB signaling and IL-6 synthesis, along with diminished neutrophil and macrophage production and recruitment in Iqgap2-/- mice. Finally, alterations in IQGAP2 expression were found in colons of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our findings indicate that IQGAP2 promotes inflammatory response at two distinct levels; locally, in colonic epithelium through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and systemically, via control of maturation and recruitment of myeloid immune cells. This work identifies a novel mechanism of colonic inflammation mediated by signal transducing scaffolding protein IQGAP2. IQGAP2 domain-specific blocking agents may represent a conceptually novel strategy for therapy of IBD and other inflammation-associated disorders, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M. Ghaleb
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Dmitri V. Gnatenko
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Genomics Core Facility, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Valentina A. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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127
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Shin S, Brodsky IE. The inflammasome: Learning from bacterial evasion strategies. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:102-10. [PMID: 25914126 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in defense against microbial infection and employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors to detect broadly conserved microbial structures or activities. Pattern recognition receptors of the nucleotide binding domain/leucine rich repeat (NLR) family respond to particular microbial products or disruption of cellular physiology, and mediate the activation of an arm of the innate immune response termed the inflammasome. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that are inducibly assembled in response to the contamination of the host cell cytosol by microbial products. Individual NLRs sense the presence of their cognate stimuli, and initiate assembly of inflammasomes via the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and the effector pro-enzyme caspase-1. Inflammasome activation leads to rapid release of pro-inflammatory mediators of the IL-1 family as well as the release of intracellular alarmins due to a lytic form of programmed cell death termed pyroptosis. Over the past 15 years, a great deal has been learned about the mechanisms that drive inflammasome activation in response to infection by diverse pathogens. However, pathogens have also evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress host defenses, and the mechanisms by which pathogens evade inflammasome activation are not well-understood. Here, we will discuss emerging evidence on how diverse pathogens evade inflammasome activation, and what these studies have revealed about inflammasome biology. Deeper understanding of pathogen evasion of inflammasome activation has the potential to lead to development of novel classes of immunomodulatory factors that could be used in the context of human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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128
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IQGAP1 and IQGAP3 Serve Individually Essential Roles in Normal Epidermal Homeostasis and Tumor Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2258-2265. [PMID: 25848980 PMCID: PMC4537348 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
IQGAP scaffolding proteins regulate many essential cellular processes including growth factor receptor signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, adhesion and proliferation, and are highly expressed in many cancers. Using genetically engineered human skin tissue in vivo, we demonstrate that diminished, sub-physiologic expression of IQGAP1 or IQGAP3 is sufficient to maintain normal epidermal homeostasis, while significantly higher levels are required to support tumorigenesis. To target this tumor-specific IQGAP requirement in vivo, we engineered epidermal keratinocytes to express individual IQGAP protein domains designed to compete with endogenous IQGAPs for effector protein binding. Expression of the IQGAP1-IQM decoy domain in epidermal tissue in vivo inhibits oncogenic Ras-driven MAPK signaling and antagonizes tumorigenesis, without disrupting normal epidermal proliferation or differentiation. These findings define essential non-redundant roles for IQGAP1 and IQGAP3 in epidermis, and demonstrate the potential of IQGAP antagonism for cancer therapy.
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129
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Hypoxic induction of AKAP12 variant 2 shifts PKA-mediated protein phosphorylation to enhance migration and metastasis of melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4441-6. [PMID: 25792458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418164112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are critical hubs within cells that have the ability to modulate upstream signaling molecules and their downstream effectors to fine-tune biological responses. Although they can serve as focal points for association of signaling molecules and downstream pathways that regulate tumorigenesis, little is known about how the tumor microenvironment affects the expression and activity of scaffold proteins. This study demonstrates that hypoxia, a common element of solid tumors harboring low oxygen levels, regulates expression of a specific variant of the scaffold protein AKAP12 (A-kinase anchor protein 12), AKAP12v2, in metastatic melanoma. In turn, through a kinome-wide phosphoproteomic and MS study, we demonstrate that this scaffolding protein regulates a shift in protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation events under hypoxia, causing alterations in tumor cell invasion and migration in vitro, as well as metastasis in an in vivo orthotopic model of melanoma. Mechanistically, the shift in AKAP12-dependent PKA-mediated phosphorylations under hypoxia is due to changes in AKAP12 localization vs. structural differences between its two variants. Importantly, our work defines a mechanism through which a scaffold protein can be regulated by the tumor microenvironment and further explains how a tumor cell can coordinate many critical signaling pathways that are essential for tumor growth through one individual scaffolding protein.
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130
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Abel AM, Schuldt KM, Rajasekaran K, Hwang D, Riese MJ, Rao S, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. IQGAP1: insights into the function of a molecular puppeteer. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:336-49. [PMID: 25733387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular spatiotemporal organization of signaling events is critical for normal cellular function. In response to environmental stimuli, cells utilize highly organized signaling pathways that are subject to multiple layers of regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate these complex processes remain an enigma. Scaffolding proteins (scaffolins) have emerged as critical regulators of signaling pathways, many of which have well-described functions in immune cells. IQGAP1, a highly conserved cytoplasmic scaffold protein, is able to curb, compartmentalize, and coordinate multiple signaling pathways in a variety of cell types. IQGAP1 plays a central role in cell-cell interaction, cell adherence, and movement via actin/tubulin-based cytoskeletal reorganization. Evidence also implicates IQGAP1 as an essential regulator of the MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the recent advances on the cellular and molecular biology of IQGAP1. We also describe how this pleiotropic scaffolin acts as a true molecular puppeteer, and highlight the significance of future research regarding the role of IQGAP1 in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kristina M Schuldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - David Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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131
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Hedman AC, Smith JM, Sacks DB. The biology of IQGAP proteins: beyond the cytoskeleton. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:427-46. [PMID: 25722290 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IQGAP scaffold proteins are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes and facilitate the formation of complexes that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular signaling, and intercellular interactions. Fungal and mammalian IQGAPs are implicated in cytokinesis. IQGAP1, IQGAP2, and IQGAP3 have diverse roles in vertebrate physiology, operating in the kidney, nervous system, cardio-vascular system, pancreas, and lung. The functions of IQGAPs can be corrupted during oncogenesis and are usurped by microbial pathogens. Therefore, IQGAPs represent intriguing candidates for novel therapeutic agents. While modulation of the cytoskeletal architecture was initially thought to be the primary function of IQGAPs, it is now clear that they have roles beyond the cytoskeleton. This review describes contributions of IQGAPs to physiology at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hedman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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132
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Chen G, Davies MA. Targeted therapy resistance mechanisms and therapeutic implications in melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 28:523-36. [PMID: 24880945 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although selective mutant BRAF inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, the magnitude and duration of their clinical benefit are significantly undermined by de novo and acquired resistance. Functional studies, molecular characterization of clinical samples, and clinical trials are providing insights into the landscape of resistance mechanisms in this disease. These findings have implications for the development of rational therapeutic approaches, and have identified several challenges that remain to be overcome if outcomes are to be improved in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 904, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 904, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wender PA, Huttner MA, Staveness D, Vargas JR, Xu AF. Guanidinium-Rich, Glycerol-Derived Oligocarbonates: A New Class of Cell-Penetrating Molecular Transporters That Complex, Deliver, and Release siRNA. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:742-50. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500581r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Melanie A. Huttner
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daryl Staveness
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica R. Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adele F. Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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134
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Abstract
A number of key regulatory proteins contain one or two copies of the WW domain known to mediate protein-protein interaction via proline-rich motifs, such as PPxY. The Hippo pathway components take advantage of this module to transduce tumor suppressor signaling. It is becoming evident that tyrosine phosphorylation is a critical regulator of the WW proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involved tyrosine kinases and their roles in regulating the WW proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Shanzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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135
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IQGAPs choreograph cellular signaling from the membrane to the nucleus. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:171-84. [PMID: 25618329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1994, recognized cellular functions for the scaffold protein IQGAP1 have expanded immensely. Over 100 unique IQGAP1-interacting proteins have been identified, implicating IQGAP1 as a critical integrator of cellular signaling pathways. Initial research established functions for IQGAP1 in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell signaling. Recent studies have revealed additional IQGAP1 binding partners, expanding the biological roles of IQGAP1. These include crosstalk between signaling cascades, regulation of nuclear function, and Wnt pathway potentiation. Investigation of the IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 homologs demonstrates unique functions, some of which differ from those of IQGAP1. Summarized here are recent observations that enhance our understanding of IQGAP proteins in the integration of diverse signaling pathways.
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136
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Holck S, Nielsen HJ, Hammer E, Christensen IJ, Larsson LI. IQGAP1 in rectal adenocarcinomas: Localization and protein expression before and after radiochemotherapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:556-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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137
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Kim Y, Han D, Min H, Jin J, Yi EC, Kim Y. Comparative proteomic profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Mol Cells 2014; 37:888-98. [PMID: 25518923 PMCID: PMC4275706 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal cancers and is associated with limited diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Currently, gemcitabine is the only effective drug and represents the preferred first-line treatment for chemotherapy. However, a high level of intrinsic or acquired resistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine can contribute to the failure of gemcitabine treatment. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer, we performed label-free quantification of protein expression in intrinsic gemcitabine-resistant and - sensitive human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines using our improved proteomic strategy, combined with filter-aided sample preparation, single-shot liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enhanced spectral counting, and a statistical method based on a power law global error model. We identified 1931 proteins and quantified 787 differentially expressed proteins in the BxPC3, PANC-1, and HPDE cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis identified 15 epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and 13 EMT-related proteins that were closely associated with drug resistance were differentially expressed. Interestingly, 8 of these proteins were involved in glutathione and cysteine/methionine metabolism. These results suggest that proteins related to the EMT and glutathione metabolism play important roles in the development of intrinsic gemcitabine resistance by pancreatic cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikwon Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Eugene C. Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
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138
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An S, Yang Y, Ward R, Liu Y, Guo XX, Xu TR. Raf-interactome in tuning the complexity and diversity of Raf function. FEBS J 2014; 282:32-53. [PMID: 25333451 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinases have been intensely studied subsequent to their discovery 30 years ago. The Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway is at the heart of the signaling networks that control many fundamental cellular processes and Raf kinases takes centre stage in the MAPK pathway, which is now appreciated to be one of the most common sources of the oncogenic mutations in cancer. The dependency of tumors on this pathway has been clearly demonstrated by targeting its key nodes; however, blockade of the central components of the MAPK pathway may have some unexpected side effects. Over recent years, the Raf-interactome or Raf-interacting proteins have emerged as promising targets for protein-directed cancer therapy. This review focuses on the diversity of Raf-interacting proteins and discusses the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate Raf function, as well as the implications of targeting Raf-interacting proteins in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, China
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139
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Tseng PC, Chen CL, Shan YS, Chang WT, Liu HS, Hong TM, Hsieh CY, Lin SH, Lin CF. An increase in integrin-linked kinase non-canonically confers NF-κB-mediated growth advantages to gastric cancer cells by activating ERK1/2. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:69. [PMID: 25398317 PMCID: PMC4255431 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased activity or expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which regulates cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, leads to oncogenesis. We identified the molecular basis for the regulation of ILK and its alternative role in conferring ERK1/2/NF-κB-mediated growth advantages to gastric cancer cells. Results Inhibiting ILK with short hairpin RNA or T315, a putative ILK inhibitor, abolished NF-κB-mediated the growth in the human gastric cancer cells AGS, SNU-1, MKN45, and GES-1. ILK stimulated Ras activity to activate the c-Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2/ribosomal S6 kinase/inhibitor of κBα/NF-κB signaling by facilitating the formation of the IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1)–Ras complex. Forced enzymatic ILK expression promoted cell growth by facilitating ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling. PI3K activation or decreased PTEN expression prolonged ERK1/2 activation by protecting ILK from proteasome-mediated degradation. C-terminus of heat shock cognate 70 interacting protein, an HSP90-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediated ILK ubiquitination to control PI3K- and HSP90-regulated ILK stabilization and signaling. In addition to cell growth, the identified pathway promoted cell migration and reduced the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to the anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Additionally, exogenous administration of EGF as well as overexpression of EGFR triggered ILK- and IQGAP1-regulated ERK1/2/NF-κB activation, cell growth, and migration. Conclusion An increase in ILK non-canonically promotes ERK1/2/NF-κB activation and leads to the growth of gastric cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-014-0069-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Teng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tse-Ming Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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140
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Heroux MS, Chesnik MA, Halligan BD, Al-Gizawiy M, Connelly JM, Mueller WM, Rand SD, Cochran EJ, LaViolette PS, Malkin MG, Schmainda KM, Mirza SP. Comprehensive characterization of glioblastoma tumor tissues for biomarker identification using mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:467-81. [PMID: 24803679 PMCID: PMC4587597 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease; glioblastoma (GBM) is no exception. Short survival, poor prognosis, and very limited treatment options make it imperative to unravel the disease pathophysiology. The critically important identification of proteins that mediate various cellular events during disease is made possible with advancements in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. The objective of our study is to identify and characterize proteins that are differentially expressed in GBM to better understand their interactions and functions that lead to the disease condition. Further identification of upstream regulators will provide new potential therapeutic targets. We analyzed GBM tumors by SDS-PAGE fractionation with internal DNA markers followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Brain tissue specimens obtained for clinical purposes during epilepsy surgeries were used as controls, and the quantification of MS data was performed by label-free spectral counting. The differentially expressed proteins were further characterized by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify protein interactions, functions, and upstream regulators. Our study identified several important proteins that are involved in GBM progression. The IPA revealed glioma activation with z score 2.236 during unbiased core analysis. Upstream regulators STAT3 and SP1 were activated and CTNNα was inhibited. We verified overexpression of several proteins by immunoblot to complement the MS data. This work represents an important step towards the identification of GBM biomarkers, which could open avenues to identify therapeutic targets for better treatment of GBM patients. The workflow developed represents a powerful and efficient method to identify biomarkers in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime S Heroux
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marla A Chesnik
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D Halligan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mona Al-Gizawiy
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Wade M Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Scott D Rand
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elizabeth J Cochran
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Peter S LaViolette
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Mark G Malkin
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kathleen M Schmainda
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Shama P Mirza
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
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141
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Morales M, Ávila J, González-Fernández R, Boronat L, Soriano ML, Martín-Vasallo P. Differential transcriptome profile of peripheral white cells to identify biomarkers involved in oxaliplatin induced neuropathy. J Pers Med 2014; 4:282-96. [PMID: 25563226 PMCID: PMC4263976 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer chemotherapy (CT) produces non-desirable effects on normal healthy cells and tissues. Oxaliplatin is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and responsible for the development of sensory neuropathy in varying degrees, from complete tolerance to chronic neuropathic symptoms. We studied the differential gene expression of peripheral leukocytes in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy to find genes and pathways involved in oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Circulating white cells were obtained prior and after three cycles of FOLFOX or CAPOX chemotherapy from two groups of patients: with or without neuropathy. RNA was purified, and transcriptomes were analyzed. Differential transcriptomics revealed a total of 502 genes, which were significantly up- or down-regulated as a result of chemotherapy treatment. Nine of those genes were expressed in only one of two situations: CSHL1, GH1, KCMF1, IL36G and EFCAB8 turned off after CT, and CSRP2, IQGAP1, GNRH2, SMIM1 and C5orf17 turned on after CT. These genes are likely to be associated with the onset of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. The quantification of their expression in peripheral white cells may help to predict non-desirable side effects and, consequently, allow a better, more personalized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Morales
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Julio Ávila
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Rebeca González-Fernández
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Laia Boronat
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Soriano
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
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142
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Chen T, Yang M, Yu Z, Tang S, Wang C, Zhu X, Guo J, Li N, Zhang W, Hou J, Liu H, Han C, Liu Q, Gu Y, Qian C, Wan T, Cui L, Zhu M, Zheng W, Cao X. Small GTPase RBJ mediates nuclear entrapment of MEK1/MEK2 in tumor progression. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:682-96. [PMID: 24746703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ras-related small GTPases play important roles in cancer. However, the roles of RBJ, a representative of the sixth subfamily of Ras-related small GTPases, in tumorigenesis and tumor progression remain unknown. Here, we report that RBJ is dysregulated in human gastrointestinal cancers and can promote carcinogenesis and tumor progression via nuclear entrapment of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)1/MEK2 and activation of ERK1/ERK2. Nucleus-localized RBJ interacts with MEK/ERK and prolongs the duration of MEK/ERK activation. Rbj deficiency abrogates nuclear accumulation of MEK1/MEK2, attenuates ERK1/ERK2 activation, and impairs AOM/DSS-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Moreover, Rbj knockdown inhibits growth of established tumors. Our data suggest that RBJ may be an oncogenic Ras-related small GTPase mediating nuclear accumulation of active MEK1/MEK2 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mingjin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaofeng Han
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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143
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Maertens O, Cichowski K. An expanding role for RAS GTPase activating proteins (RAS GAPs) in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 55:1-14. [PMID: 24814062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is one of the most commonly deregulated pathways in human cancer. Mutations in RAS genes occur in nearly 30% of all human tumors. However in some tumor types RAS mutations are conspicuously absent or rare, despite the fact that RAS and downstream effector pathways are hyperactivated. Recently, RAS GTPase Activating Proteins (RAS GAPs) have emerged as an expanding class of tumor suppressors that, when inactivated, provide an alternative mechanism of activating RAS. RAS GAPs normally turn off RAS by catalyzing the hydrolysis of RAS-GTP. As such, the loss of a RAS GAP would be expected to promote excessive RAS activation. Indeed, this is the case for the NF1 gene, which plays an established role in a familial tumor predisposition syndrome and a variety of sporadic cancers. However, there are 13 additional RAS GAP family members in the human genome. We are only now beginning to understand why there are so many RAS GAPs, how they differentially function, and what their potential role(s) in human cancer are. This review will focus on our current understanding of RAS GAPs in human disease and will highlight important outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Maertens
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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144
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Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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145
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Griewank KG, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Flaherty KT, Schadendorf D, Murali R. Genetic alterations and personalized medicine in melanoma: progress and future prospects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt435. [PMID: 24511108 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technologies are providing new insights into the genetic alterations involved in melanomagenesis. It appears likely that most genetic events important in the pathogenesis of melanoma will be discovered over the next few years. Genetic analysis is also increasingly being used to direct patient care. In parallel with the discovery of new genes and the elucidation of molecular pathways important in the development of melanoma, therapies targeting these pathways are becoming available. In other words, the age of personalized medicine has arrived, characterized by molecular profiling of melanoma to identify the relevant genetic alterations and the abnormal signaling mechanisms involved, followed by selection of optimal, individualized therapies. In this review, we summarize the key genetic alterations in melanoma and the development of targeted agents against melanomas bearing specific mutations. These developments in melanoma serve as a model for the implementation of personalized medicine for patients with all cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Griewank
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (KGG, DS); Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (RAS); University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (RAS, JFT); Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia (RAS, JFT); Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF); Department of Pathology, and Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (RM)
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146
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Ma Y, Jin Z, Huang J, Zhou S, Ye H, Jiang S, Yu K. Quercetin suppresses the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells by down-regulating IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2597-604. [PMID: 24397597 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.879128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouxiang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Gastric Cancer Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,
Changsha, China
| | - Shujuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
| | - Haige Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,
Wenzhou, China
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147
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The Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 is downregulated in human diabetic nephropathy and associated with ERK1/2 pathway activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 391:21-5. [PMID: 24488174 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the underlying mechanism of hyperglycemia induced podocyte damage is not fully understood. The Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 is associated to the slit diaphragm proteins and the actin cytoskeleton in podocyte. Here, we studied IQGAP1 expression alterations in human DN biopsies and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathways of IQGAP1 expression in podocyte under high glucose (HG) media. In vivo, analysis of renal biopsies from patients with DN revealed a significant reduction in IQGAP1 expression compared to controls. In vitro, IQGAP1 mRNA and protein expression were observed to decline under HG media at 48 h. But phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was activated under HG media at 24 h and 48 h. However, HG-induced downregulation of IQGAP1 protein was attenuated by specific ERK1/2 activation inhibitor PD98059. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of IQGAP1 in DN, and suggest that IQGAP1 expression in podocyte under HG media is modulated by the ERK1/2 pathway, which may lead to the future development of therapies targeting IQGAP1 dysfunction in podocytes in DN.
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148
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Matsunaga H, Kubota K, Inoue T, Isono F, Ando O. IQGAP1 selectively interacts with K-Ras but not with H-Ras and modulates K-Ras function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:360-4. [PMID: 24462863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
K-Ras is frequently mutated and activated especially in pancreatic cancers. To analyze K-Ras function, we have searched for K-Ras interacting proteins and found IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) as a novel K-Ras binding protein. IQGAP1 has been known as a scaffold protein for B-Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Here we showed that IQGAP1 selectively formed a complex with K-Ras but not with H-Ras, and recruited B-Raf to K-Ras. We found that IQ motif region of IQGAP1 interacted with K-Ras. Both active and inactive K-Ras interacted with IQGAP1, and effector domain mutants of K-Ras also associated with IQGAP1, indicating that IQGAP1 interacts with K-Ras irrespective of Ras-effectors like B-Raf. We also found that overexpression or knock-down of IQGAP1 affected the interaction between K-Ras and B-Raf, and IQGAP1 overexpression increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in K-Ras dependent manner in PANC1 cells. Our data suggest that IQGAP1 has a novel mechanism to modulate K-Ras pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Matsunaga
- Oncology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuishi Kubota
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujio Isono
- Frontier Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ando
- Oncology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan; U3 Pharma GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 22, Martinsried, Planegg, Germany.
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149
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Jiao ZY, Wu J, Wen B, Zhao WZ, Du XL. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor dysfunction inhibits Rac1 activity and disrupts VE-cadherin/β-catenin and actin cytoskeleton interaction. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:137-44. [PMID: 24697698 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate whether M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) dysfunction disrupts the linkage between the vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in the adherens junctional complex and the actin-based cytoskeleton, increasing vascular permeability in atherosclerosis. Western blotting revealed that a selective M3 receptor antagonist, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), and M3 receptor siRNA decrease VE-cadherin and β-catenin in Triton X-100-insoluble fractions, indicating that M3 receptor inhibition weakens the linkage between the VE-cadherin/β-catenin complex and the actin cytoskeleton. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that M3 receptor inhibition reduces Rac1 activity and the association of IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) with Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), while increasing the interaction between IQGAP1 and β-catenin. Using IQGAP1 siRNA, we found that IQGAP1 is required for stable interaction between VE-cadherin/β-catenin and the actin cytoskeleton in quiescent endothelial cells; IQGAP1 siRNA augments the M3 receptor inhibition-induced dissociation between them. Moreover, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, attenuates this disassociation and Rac1 activity inhibition. The M3 receptor facilitates interaction of the VE-cadherin-based adherens junctional complex and the actin-based cytoskeleton by maintaining Rac1 activity, which regulates the interaction between IQGAP1/Rac1 and IQGAP1/β-catenin, and may contribute to endothelial barrier function under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Yang Jiao
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiehe Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Abstract
Coordination of the activity of multiple small GTPases is required for the regulation of many physiological processes, including cell migration. There are now several examples of functional interplay between small GTPase pairs, but the mechanisms that control GTPase activity in time and space are only partially understood. Here, we build on the hypothesis that small GTPases are part of a large, integrated network and propose that key proteins within this network integrate multiple signaling events and coordinate multiple small GTPase activities. Specifically, we identify the scaffolding protein IQGAP1 as a master regulator of multiple small GTPases, including Cdc42, Rac1, Rap1, and RhoA. In addition, we demonstrate that IQGAP1 promotes Arf6 activation downstream of β1 integrin engagement. Furthermore, following literature-curated searches and recent mass spectrometric analysis of IQGAP1-binding partners, we report that IQGAP1 recruits other small GTPases, including RhoC, Rac2, M-Ras, RhoQ, Rab10, and Rab5, small GTPase regulators, including Tiam1, RacGAP1, srGAP2 and HERC1, and small GTPase effectors, including PAK6, N-WASP, several sub-units of the Arp2/3 complex and the formin mDia1. Therefore, we propose that IQGAP1 acts as a small GTPase scaffolding platform within the small GTPase network, and recruits and/or regulates small GTPases, small GTPase regulators and effectors to orchestrate cell behavior. Finally, to identify other putative key regulators of small GTPase crosstalk, we have assembled a small GTPase network using protein-protein interaction databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquemet
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester, UK
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