101
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Fierro FA, Nolta JA, Adamopoulos IE. Concise Review: Stem Cells in Osteoimmunology. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1461-1467. [PMID: 28390147 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a lifelong process in which mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton by bone resorption and is replenished by new during ossification or bone formation. The remodeling cycle requires both the differentiation and activation of two cell types with opposing functions; the osteoclast, which orchestrates bone resorption, and the osteoblast, which orchestrates bone formation. The differentiation of these cells from their respective precursors is a process which has been overshadowed by enigma, particularly because the precise osteoclast precursor has not been identified and because the identification of skeletal stem cells, which give rise to osteoblasts, is very recent. Latest advances in the area of stem cell biology have enabled us to gain a better understanding of how these differentiation processes occur in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review we postulate that modulation of stem cells during inflammatory conditions is a necessary prerequisite of bone remodeling and therefore an essential new component to the field of osteoimmunology. In this context, we highlight the role of transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), because it directly links inflammation with differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Stem Cells 2017;35:1461-1467.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Fierro
- Stem Cell Program, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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102
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Zhang X, Wang C, Zhao J, Xu J, Geng Y, Dai L, Huang Y, Fu SC, Dai K, Zhang X. miR-146a facilitates osteoarthritis by regulating cartilage homeostasis via targeting Camk2d and Ppp3r2. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2734. [PMID: 28383548 PMCID: PMC5477577 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by insufficient extracellular matrix synthesis and cartilage degeneration, is known as an incurable disease because its pathogenesis is poorly elucidated. Thus far, limited information is available regarding the pathophysiological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in OA. In this study, we investigated the specific function of miR-146a in OA pathophysiology using mouse OA models. We found that the articular cartilage degeneration of miR-146a knockout (KO) mice was alleviated compared with that of the wild-type (WT) mice in spontaneous and instability-induced OA models. We demonstrate that miR-146a aggravated pro-inflammatory cytokines induced suppressing the expression of cartilage matrix-associated genes. We further identified calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta (Camk2d) and protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, beta isoform (Ppp3r2, also known as calcineurin B, type II) were essential targets of miR-146a in regulating cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, we found that surgical-induced OA mice treated with a miR-146a inhibitor significantly alleviated the destruction of articular cartilage via targeting Camk2d and Ppp3r2. These results suggested that miR-146a has a crucial role in maintaining cartilage homeostasis. MiR-146a inhibition in chondrocytes can be a potential therapeutic strategy to ameliorate OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong kong, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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103
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25-hydroxycholesterol promotes RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through coordinating NFATc1 and Sp1 complex in the transcription of miR-139-5p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:736-741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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104
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Niu P, Zhong Z, Wang M, Huang G, Xu S, Hou Y, Yan Y, Wang H. Zinc finger transcription factor Sp7/Osterix acts on bone formation and regulates col10a1a expression in zebrafish. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:174-184. [PMID: 36659402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sp7/Osterix as a zinc finger transcription factor is expressed specifically in osteoblasts. Embryonic lethality of Sp7 knockout mice, however, has prevented from examining the functions of Sp7 in osteoblast and bone formation in live animals. Here we used TALEN, a versatile genome-editing tool, to generate one zebrafish sp7 mutant line. Homozygous sp7-/- mutant zebrafish are able to survive to adulthood. Alizarin Red staining and Micro-CT analysis showed that sp7-/- larvae and adult fish fail to develop normal opercula, and display curved tail fins and severe craniofacial malformation, while Alcian Blue staining showed no obvious cartilage defects in sp7-/- fish. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that a number of osteoblast markers including spp1, phex, col1ala, and col1a1b are significantly down-regulated in sp7-/- fish. Furthermore, col10a1a, whose ortholog is the cartilage marker in mice, was shown to be a novel downstream gene of Sp7 as an osteoblast marker in zebrafish. Together, these results suggest that Sp7 is required for zebrafish bone development and zebrafish sp7 mutants provide animal models for investigating novel aspects of bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Niu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhaomin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Hou
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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105
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Bmp Induces Osteoblast Differentiation through both Smad4 and mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00253-16. [PMID: 27920253 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00253-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) family of secreted molecules has been extensively studied in the context of osteoblast differentiation. However, the intracellular signaling cascades that mediate the osteoblastogenic function of Bmp have not been fully elucidated. By profiling mRNA expression in the bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cell line ST2, we discover that BMP2 induces not only genes commonly associated with ossification and mineralization but also genes important for general protein synthesis. We define the two groups of genes as mineralization related versus protein anabolism signatures of osteoblasts. Although it induces the expression of several Wnt genes, BMP2 activates the osteogenic program largely independently of de novo Wnt secretion. Remarkably, although Smad4 is necessary for the activation of the mineralization-related genes, it is dispensable for BMP2 to induce the protein anabolism signature, which instead critically depends on the transcription factor Atf4. Upstream of Atf4, BMP2 activates mTORC1 to stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in an endoplasmic reticulum stress response mediated by Perk. Thus, Bmp signaling induces osteoblast differentiation through both Smad4- and mTORC1-dependent mechanisms.
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106
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Abstract
Bone is a major organ in the skeletal system that supports and protects muscles and other organs, facilitates movement and hematopoiesis, and forms a reservoir of minerals including calcium. The cells in the bone, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, orchestrate sequential and balanced regulatory mechanisms to maintain bone and are capable of differentiating in bones. Bone development and remodeling require a precise regulation of gene expressions in bone cells, a process governed by epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modification, DNA methylation, and chromatin structure. Importantly, lineage-specific transcription factors can determine the epigenetic regulation of bone cells. Emerging data suggest that perturbation of epigenetic programs can affect the function and activity of bone cells and contributes to pathogenesis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis. Thus, understanding epigenetic regulations in bone cells would be important for early diagnosis and future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David C. Rosensweig Center for Genomics Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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107
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Liu X, Zhao N, Duan H, Ma Y, Guo X, Diao J, Shi X, Wang Y. The effects of dissociated rods and rod-surfaced microspheres on bone mesenchymal stem cellular viability. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Material properties and cellular behaviours seemed to be coupled, implying the existence of reciprocities between cells and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Naru Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Haibo Duan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yijuan Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoheng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Jingjing Diao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Yingjun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
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108
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Zhang J, Xu H, Han Z, Chen P, Yu Q, Lei Y, Li Z, Zhao M, Tian J. Pulsed electromagnetic field inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells through the Ca 2+ -calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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109
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110
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Yu T, Graf M, Renn J, Schartl M, Larionova D, Huysseune A, Witten PE, Winkler C. A vertebrate-specific and essential role for osterix in osteogenesis revealed by gene knockout in the teleost medaka. Development 2016; 144:265-271. [PMID: 27993982 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
osterix (osx; sp7) encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that controls osteoblast differentiation in mammals. Although identified in all vertebrate lineages, its role in non-mammalian bone formation remains elusive. Here, we show that an osx mutation in medaka results in severe bone defects and larval lethality. Pre-osteoblasts fail to differentiate leading to severe intramembranous and perichondral ossification defects. The notochord sheath mineralizes normally, supporting the idea of an osteoblast-independent mechanism for teleost vertebral centra formation. This study establishes a key role for Osx for bone formation in a non-mammalian species, and reveals conserved and non-conserved features in vertebrate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingsheng Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Martin Graf
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Joerg Renn
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Texas Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Daria Larionova
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Eckhard Witten
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore .,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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111
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Dou XW, Park W, Lee S, Zhang QZ, Carrasco LR, Le AD. Loss of Notch3 Signaling Enhances Osteogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Mandibular Torus. J Dent Res 2016; 96:347-354. [PMID: 27879421 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516680349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular torus (MT) is a common intraoral osseous outgrowth located on the lingual surface of the mandible. Histologic features include hyperplastic bone consisting of mature cortical and trabecular bone. Some theories on the etiology of MT have been postulated, such as genetic factors, masticatory hyperfunction, trauma, and continued growth, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human MT in the pathogenesis of bone outgrowth. We demonstrated that MT harbored a distinct subpopulation of MSCs, with enhanced osteogenic and decreased adipogenic differentiation capacities, as compared with their counterparts from normal jaw bone. The increased osteogenic differentiation of mandibular torus MSCs was associated with the suppression of Notch3 signaling and its downstream target genes, Jag1 and Hey1, and a reciprocal increase in the transcriptional activation of ATF4 and NFATc1 genes. Targeted knockdown of Notch3 expression by transient siRNA transfection promoted the expression of osteogenic transcription factors in normal jaw bone MSCs. Our data suggest that the loss of Notch3 signaling may contribute partly to bone outgrowth in MT, as mediated by enhanced MSC-driven osteogenic differentiation in the jaw bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Dou
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Park
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Department of Advanced General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Lee
- 3 Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Z Zhang
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L R Carrasco
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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112
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Lee CJ, Shim KS, Ma JY. Artemisia capillaris Alleviates Bone Loss by Stimulating Osteoblast Mineralization and Suppressing Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1675-1691. [PMID: 27852127 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia capillaris has been used to treat jaundice and relieve high liver-heat in traditional medicine. In this study, we found that the administration of a water extract from A. capillaris (WEAC) to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced bone loss model significantly prevents osteoporotic bone loss, increasing bone volume/trabecular volume by 22% and trabecular number by 24%, and decreasing trabecular separation by 29%. WEAC stimulated in vitro osteoblast mineralization from primary osteoblasts in association with increasing expression of osterix, nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1, and activator protein-1, as well as phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In contrast to the anabolic effect of WEAC, WEAC significantly suppressed in vitro osteoclast formation from bone marrow macrophages by inhibiting the RANKL signaling pathways and bone resorption by downregulating the expression of resorption markers. Therefore, this study demonstrated that WEAC has a beneficial effect on bone loss through the regulation of osteoblast mineralization, as well as osteoclast formation and bone resorption. These results suggest that A. capillaris may be a promising herbal candidate for therapeutic agents to treat or prevent osteoporotic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jo Lee
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Shuk Shim
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
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113
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Ruffenach G, Chabot S, Tanguay VF, Courboulin A, Boucherat O, Potus F, Meloche J, Pflieger A, Breuils-Bonnet S, Nadeau V, Paradis R, Tremblay E, Girerd B, Hautefort A, Montani D, Fadel E, Dorfmuller P, Humbert M, Perros F, Paulin R, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Role for Runt-related Transcription Factor 2 in Proliferative and Calcified Vascular Lesions in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:1273-1285. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2380oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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114
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Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix communications play important roles in both cell proliferation and differentiation. Gap junction proteins mediate signaling communication by exchanging small molecules and dramatically stimulating intracellular signaling pathways to determine cell fate. Vertebrates have 2 gap junction families: pannexins (Panxs) and connexins (Cxs). Unlike Cxs, the functions of Panxs are not fully understood. In skeletal formation, Panx3 and Cx43 are the most abundantly expressed gap junction proteins from each family. Panx3 is induced in the transient stage from the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoprogenitor cells. Panx3 regulates both chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation via the activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways through multiple channel activities: hemichannels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channels, and gap junctions. Moreover, Panx3 also inhibits osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and promotes cell cycle exit through the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the activation of p21. Panx3-knockout (KO) mice have more severe skeletal abnormalities than those of Cx43-KO mice. A phenotypic analysis of Panx3-KO mice indicates that Panx3 regulates the terminal differentiation of chondrocytes by promoting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13. Based on the generation of Panx3-/-; Cx43-/- mice, Panx3 is upstream of Cx43 in osteogenesis. Panx3 promotes Cx43 expression by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and osterix expression. Further, although Panx3 can function in 3 ways, Cx43 cannot function through the ER Ca2+ channel, only via the hemichannels and gap junction routes. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of Panx3 in skeletal formation and address the potential for new therapies in the treatment of diseases and pathologies associated with Panx3, such as osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- 1 Division of Operative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Yamada
- 2 Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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115
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Osterix represses adipogenesis by negatively regulating PPARγ transcriptional activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35655. [PMID: 27752121 PMCID: PMC5067693 DOI: 10.1038/srep35655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osterix is a novel bone-related transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation, and bone maturation. Because a reciprocal relationship exists between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, we hypothesized that Osterix might have a role in adipogenesis. Ablation of Osterix enhanced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas overexpression suppressed this process and inhibited the expression of adipogenic markers including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Further studies indicated that Osterix significantly decreased PPARγ-induced transcriptional activity. Using co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pull down analysis, we found that Osterix directly interacts with PPARγ. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ was responsible for this interaction, which was followed by repression of PPARγ-induced transcriptional activity, even in the presence of rosiglitazone. Taken together, we identified the Osterix has an important regulatory role on PPARγ activity, which contributed to the mechanism of adipogenesis.
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116
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Ruan YC, Yu MK, O'Laughlin M, Wise H, Chen D, Tian L, Shi D, Wang J, Chen S, Feng JQ, Chow DHK, Xie X, Zheng L, Huang L, Huang S, Leung K, Lu N, Zhao L, Li H, Zhao D, Guo X, Chan K, Witte F, Chan HC, Zheng Y, Qin L. Implant-derived magnesium induces local neuronal production of CGRP to improve bone-fracture healing in rats. Nat Med 2016; 22:1160-1169. [PMID: 27571347 PMCID: PMC5293535 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Orthopedic implants containing biodegradable magnesium have been used for fracture repair with considerable efficacy; however, the underlying mechanisms by which these implants improve fracture healing remain elusive. Here we show the formation of abundant new bone at peripheral cortical sites after intramedullary implantation of a pin containing ultrapure magnesium into the intact distal femur in rats. This response was accompanied by substantial increases of neuronal calcitonin gene-related polypeptide-α (CGRP) in both the peripheral cortex of the femur and the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Surgical removal of the periosteum, capsaicin denervation of sensory nerves or knockdown in vivo of the CGRP-receptor-encoding genes Calcrl or Ramp1 substantially reversed the magnesium-induced osteogenesis that we observed in this model. Overexpression of these genes, however, enhanced magnesium-induced osteogenesis. We further found that an elevation of extracellular magnesium induces magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1)-dependent and transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7)-dependent magnesium entry, as well as an increase in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the accumulation of terminal synaptic vesicles in isolated rat DRG neurons. In isolated rat periosteum-derived stem cells, CGRP induces CALCRL- and RAMP1-dependent activation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) and SP7 (also known as osterix), and thus enhances osteogenic differentiation of these stem cells. Furthermore, we have developed an innovative, magnesium-containing intramedullary nail that facilitates femur fracture repair in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously undefined role of magnesium in promoting CGRP-mediated osteogenic differentiation, which suggests the therapeutic potential of this ion in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Micheal O'Laughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Helen Wise
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Dufang Shi
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dick Ho Kiu Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Le Huang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kwoksui Leung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Na Lu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, USA
| | - Huafang Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian University Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kaiming Chan
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Frank Witte
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Translational Medicine Research &Development Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
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Onizuka S, Iwata T, Park S, Nakai K, Yamato M, Okano T, Izumi Y. ZBTB16 as a Downstream Target Gene of Osterix Regulates Osteoblastogenesis of Human Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2423-34. [PMID: 27335174 PMCID: PMC5094493 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) possess the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, and they can be utilized as a source for bone regenerative therapy. Osteoinductive pretreatment, which induces the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro, has been widely used for bone tissue engineering prior to cell transplantation. However, the molecular basis of osteoblastic differentiation induced by osteoinductive medium (OIM) is still unknown. Therefore, we used a next-generation sequencer to investigate the changes in gene expression during the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs. The hMSCs used in this study possessed both multipotency and self-renewal ability. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) was significantly increased during the osteoblastogenesis of hMSCs. ZBTB16 mRNA and protein expression was enhanced by culturing the hMSCs with OIM. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing of ZBTB16 decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP); the expression of osteogenic genes, such as osteocalcin (OCN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP), and the mineralized nodule formation induced by OIM. siRNA-mediated gene silencing of Osterix (Osx), which is known as an essential regulator of osteoblastic differentiation, markedly downregulated the expression of ZBTB16. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Osx associated with the ZBTB16 promoter region containing the GC-rich canonical Sp1 sequence, which is the specific Osx binding site. These findings suggest that ZBTB16 acts as a downstream transcriptional regulator of Osx and can be useful as a late marker of osteoblastic differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2423-2434, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Onizuka
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical Dental SciencesTokyo Medical Dental University1‐5‐45 YushimaBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8549Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and ScienceTokyo Women's Medical University8‐1 Kawada‐choShinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8666Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and ScienceTokyo Women's Medical University8‐1 Kawada‐choShinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8666Japan
| | - Sung‐Joon Park
- Human Genome CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo4‐6‐1 ShirokanedaiMinato‐kuTokyo108‐8639Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo4‐6‐1 ShirokanedaiMinato‐kuTokyo108‐8639Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and ScienceTokyo Women's Medical University8‐1 Kawada‐choShinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8666Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and ScienceTokyo Women's Medical University8‐1 Kawada‐choShinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8666Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical Dental SciencesTokyo Medical Dental University1‐5‐45 YushimaBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8549Japan
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118
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Ectopic osteogenic capacity of freshly isolated adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells supported with platelet-rich plasma: A simulation of intraoperative procedure. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:1750-1760. [PMID: 27624644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects represent a serious problem in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. Autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells in combination with biological factors and bone substitutes were previously proposed as alternative to bone grafting. By simulating an intraoperative procedure we examined osteogenic capacity of the combination of two autologous components, freshly isolated adipose-derived SVF cells, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), delivered on bone mineral matrix (BMM) carrier (SPB group) in mice ectopic bone forming model. Implantation of BMM only (B group) was a control. The presence of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in SVF was detected by immunocytochemical analysis. Expression of bone- and endothelial-related genes was compared between freshly isolated SVF and ADSCs obtained from SVF after in vitro cultivation. The implants were analyzed using expression analysis of bone-related genes at one, two, four and eight weeks and histochemical, immunohistochemical and histomorphometrical analyses at two and eight weeks after implantation. Freshly isolated adipose-derived SVF contained ADSCs and exhibited promising osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. At two and four weeks, significantly higher expression of bone-related genes was detected in SPB group compared to B group. The signs of osteogenic process were more pronounced in SPB than in B implants. By the end of experiment, percentage of infiltrated tissue and vascularization was significantly higher in SPB than in B implants. Adipose-derived SVF cells, PRP and BMM rapidly initiated osteogenesis what makes this combination promising candidate for treatment of bone defects.
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119
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Lu J, Qu S, Yao B, Xu Y, Jin Y, Shi K, Shui Y, Pan S, Chen L, Ma C. Osterix acetylation at K307 and K312 enhances its transcriptional activity and is required for osteoblast differentiation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:37471-37486. [PMID: 27250035 PMCID: PMC5122325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is an essential transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The precise molecular mechanisms of the regulation of Osx expression are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that in cells, both endogenous and exogenous Osx protein increased after treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors Trichostatin A and hydroxamic acid. Meanwhile, the results of immunoprecipitation indicated that Osx was an acetylated protein and that the CREB binding protein (CBP), and less efficiently p300, acetylated Osx. The interaction and colocalization of CBP and Osx were demonstrated by Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, respectively. In addition, K307 and K312 were identified as the acetylated sites of Osx. By contrast, HDAC4, a histone deacetylase (HDAC), was observed to interact and co-localize with Osx. HDAC4 was demonstrated to mediate the deacetylation of Osx. Moreover, we found that acetylation of Osx enhanced its stability, DNA binding ability and transcriptional activity. Finally, we demonstrated that acetylation of Osx was required for the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Taken together, our results provide evidence that CBP-mediated acetylation and HDAC4-mediated deacetylation have critical roles in the modification of Osx, and thus are important in osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Lu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Qu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Jin
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Shi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yifang Shui
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Changyan Ma
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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120
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation of Osteoblasts Mediates Staphylococcus Aureus Induced Bone Resorption and Osteoclastogenesis through Enhanced RANKL. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156708. [PMID: 27311019 PMCID: PMC4911171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections pose an immense threat to population health and constitute a great burden for the health care worldwide. Inter alia, S. aureus septic arthritis is a disease with high mortality and morbidity caused by destruction of the infected joints and systemic bone loss, osteoporosis. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune cell receptors recognizing a variety of microbial molecules and structures. S. aureus recognition via TLR2 initiates a signaling cascade resulting in production of various cytokines, but the mechanisms by which S. aureus causes rapid and excessive bone loss are still unclear. We, therefore, investigated how S. aureus regulates periosteal/endosteal osteoclast formation and bone resorption. S. aureus stimulation of neonatal mouse parietal bone induced ex vivo bone resorption and osteoclastic gene expression. This effect was associated with increased mRNA and protein expression of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) without significant change in osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression. Bone resorption induced by S. aureus was abolished by OPG. S. aureus increased the expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines and prostaglandins in the parietal bones but the stimulatory effect of S. aureus on bone resorption and Tnfsf11 mRNA expression was independent of these cytokines and prostaglandins. Stimulation of isolated periosteal osteoblasts with S. aureus also resulted in increased expression of Tnfsf11 mRNA, an effect lost in osteoblasts from Tlr2 knockout mice. S. aureus stimulated osteoclastogenesis in isolated periosteal cells without affecting RANKL-stimulated resorption. In contrast, S. aureus inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in bone marrow macrophages. These data show that S. aureus enhances bone resorption and periosteal osteoclast formation by increasing osteoblast RANKL production through TLR2. Our study indicates the importance of using different in vitro approaches for studies of how S. aureus regulates osteoclastogenesis to obtain better understanding of the complex mechanisms of S. aureus induced bone destruction in vivo.
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121
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Cellular Reprogramming Using Defined Factors and MicroRNAs. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7530942. [PMID: 27382371 PMCID: PMC4921148 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7530942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of human bodies, organs, and tissues contains numerous steps of cellular differentiation including an initial zygote, embryonic stem (ES) cells, three germ layers, and multiple expertized lineages of cells. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been recently developed using defined reprogramming factors such as Nanog, Klf5, Oct3/4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, and Myc. This outstanding innovation is largely changing life science and medicine. Methods of direct reprogramming of cells into myocytes, neurons, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts have been further developed using modified combination of factors such as N-myc, L-myc, Sox9, and microRNAs in defined cell/tissue culture conditions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are also emerging multipotent stem cells with particular microRNA expression signatures. It was shown that miRNA-720 had a role in cellular reprogramming through targeting the pluripotency factor Nanog and induction of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). This review reports histories, topics, and idea of cellular reprogramming.
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122
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Sharma T, Radosevich JA, Pachori G, Mandal CC. A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:25-40. [PMID: 26769216 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast microcalcification is a potential diagnostic indicator for non-palpable breast cancers. Microcalcification type I (calcium oxalate) is restricted to benign tissue, whereas type II (calcium hydroxyapatite) occurs both in benign as well as in malignant lesions. Microcalcification is a pathological complication of the mammary gland. Over the past few decades, much attention has been paid to exploit this property, which forms the basis for advances in diagnostic procedures and imaging techniques. The mechanism of its formation is still poorly understood. Hence, in this paper, we have attempted to address the molecular mechanism of microcalcification in breast cancer. The central theme of this communication is "how a subpopulation of heterogeneous breast tumor cells attains an osteoblast-like phenotype, and what activities drive the process of pathophysiological microcalcification, especially at the invasive or infiltrating front of breast tumors". The role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) along with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in manipulating this pathological process has been highlighted. Therefore, this review offers a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the development of microcalcification in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - James A Radosevich
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Geeta Pachori
- Department of Pathology, J.L.N Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305001, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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123
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Signaling pathways effecting crosstalk between cartilage and adjacent tissues: Seminars in cell and developmental biology: The biology and pathology of cartilage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:16-33. [PMID: 27180955 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, the mechanism responsible for the development of the long bones, is dependent on an extremely stringent coordination between the processes of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate, vascular expansion in the surrounding tissues, and osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium and the developing bone center. The synchronization of these processes occurring in adjacent tissues is regulated through vigorous crosstalk between chondrocytes, endothelial cells and osteoblast lineage cells. Our knowledge about the molecular constituents of these bidirectional communications is undoubtedly incomplete, but certainly some signaling pathways effective in cartilage have been recognized to play key roles in steering vascularization and osteogenesis in the perichondrial tissues. These include hypoxia-driven signaling pathways, governed by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are absolutely essential for the survival and functioning of chondrocytes in the avascular growth plate, at least in part by regulating the oxygenation of developing cartilage through the stimulation of angiogenesis in the surrounding tissues. A second coordinating signal emanating from cartilage and regulating developmental processes in the adjacent perichondrium is Indian Hedgehog (IHH). IHH, produced by pre-hypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate, induces the differentiation of adjacent perichondrial progenitor cells into osteoblasts, thereby harmonizing the site and time of bone formation with the developmental progression of chondrogenesis. Both signaling pathways represent vital mediators of the tightly organized conversion of avascular cartilage into vascularized and mineralized bone during endochondral ossification.
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124
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Gong Y, Lu J, Yu X, Yu Y. Expression of Sp7 in Satb2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells is regulated by microRNA-27a. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 417:7-16. [PMID: 27142530 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Satb2 is a special AT-rich binding transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to regulate the complex process of osteogenic differentiation. It remains unclear how miRNA expressions is changed in the Satb2-induced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). From the miRNA expression profile data collected by us from Satb2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse BMSCs, we found that miR-27a was significantly down-regulated relative to non-treated cells 7 days post induction. By in silico analysis, we identified Sp7 as a miR-27a targeting gene and verified the findings by Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assays. We also analyzed the function of miR-27a in osteogenic differentiation by transfection of exogenous miR-27a into BMSCs. Overexpression of miR-27a remarkably inhibited the expression of Sp7 and attenuated Satb2-induced osteogenic differentiation. Our results suggest that expression of Sp7 during the early stage of Satb2-induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs is regulated by miR-27a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
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125
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Hojo H, Ohba S, He X, Lai LP, McMahon AP. Sp7/Osterix Is Restricted to Bone-Forming Vertebrates where It Acts as a Dlx Co-factor in Osteoblast Specification. Dev Cell 2016; 37:238-53. [PMID: 27134141 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In extant species, bone formation is restricted to vertebrate species. Sp7/Osterix is a key transcriptional determinant of bone-secreting osteoblasts. We performed Sp7 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis identifying a large set of predicted osteoblast enhancers and validated a subset of these in cell culture and transgenic mouse assays. Sp family members bind GC-rich target sequences through their zinc finger domain. Several lines of evidence suggest that Sp7 acts differently, engaging osteoblast targets in Dlx-containing regulatory complexes bound to AT-rich motifs. Amino acid differences in the Sp7 zinc finger domain reduce Sp7's affinity for the Sp family consensus GC-box target; Dlx5 binding maps to this domain of Sp7. The data support a model in which Dlx recruitment of Sp7 to osteoblast enhancers underlies Sp7-directed osteoblast specification. Because an Sp7-like zinc finger variant is restricted to vertebrates, the emergence of an Sp7 member within the Sp family was likely closely coupled to the evolution of bone-forming vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xinjun He
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lick Pui Lai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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126
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Chen CL, Lee CC, Liu FL, Chen TC, Ahmed Ali AA, Chang DM, Huang HS. Design, synthesis and SARs of novel salicylanilides as potent inhibitors of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:70-84. [PMID: 27089213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting osteoclastogenesis is a promising therapeutic target for treating osteoclast-related diseases. Herein, we synthesized a series of modified salicylanilides and their corresponding 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione and 10-phenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepin-11(10H)-one derivatives, and investigated the effects of such compounds on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Among them, a salicylanilide derivative (A04) and its 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione derivative (B04) markedly suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and showed no significant cytotoxic effects at doses higher than that required to inhibit osteoclast formation. Both compounds reduced osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of A04 and B04 may operate through reducing the RANKL-induced nuclear translocation of NFATc1. Accordingly, we present the potent anti-osteoclastogenic compounds A04 and B04 as promising candidates for further optimization as anti-resorptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Chung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fei-Lan Liu
- Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ahmed Atef Ahmed Ali
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC; Taiwan International Graduate Program, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
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127
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Lietman SA. Induced pluripotent stem cells in cartilage repair. World J Orthop 2016; 7:149-155. [PMID: 27004161 PMCID: PMC4794532 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair techniques are challenging. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) theoretically provide an unlimited number of specialized cells which could be used in articular cartilage repair. However thus far chondrocytes from iPSCs have been created primarily by viral transfection and with the use of cocultured feeder cells. In addition chondrocytes derived from iPSCs have usually been formed in condensed cell bodies (resembling embryoid bodies) that then require dissolution with consequent substantial loss of cell viability and phenotype. All of these current techniques used to derive chondrocytes from iPSCs are problematic but solutions to these problems are on the horizon. These solutions will make iPSCs a viable alternative for articular cartilage repair in the near future.
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128
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Qin L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu G, Chen J, Ye W, Yang J, Huang Q. Computational Characterization of Osteoporosis Associated SNPs and Genes Identified by Genome-Wide Association Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150070. [PMID: 26930606 PMCID: PMC4773152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed many SNPs and genes associated with osteoporosis. However, influence of these SNPs and genes on the predisposition to osteoporosis is not fully understood. We aimed to identify osteoporosis GWASs-associated SNPs potentially influencing the binding affinity of transcription factors and miRNAs, and reveal enrichment signaling pathway and "hub" genes of osteoporosis GWAS-associated genes. METHODS We conducted multiple computational analyses to explore function and mechanisms of osteoporosis GWAS-associated SNPs and genes, including SNP conservation analysis and functional annotation (influence of SNPs on transcription factors and miRNA binding), gene ontology analysis, pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis. RESULTS Our results suggested that a number of SNPs potentially influence the binding affinity of transcription factors (NFATC2, MEF2C, SOX9, RUNX2, ESR2, FOXA1 and STAT3) and miRNAs. Osteoporosis GWASs-associated genes showed enrichment of Wnt signaling pathway, basal cell carcinoma and Hedgehog signaling pathway. Highly interconnected "hub" genes revealed by interaction network analysis are RUNX2, SP7, TNFRSF11B, LRP5, DKK1, ESR1 and SOST. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided the targets for further experimental assessment and further insight on osteoporosis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuyong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guiju Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Weiyuan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiancai Yang
- College of Computer Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- * E-mail:
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129
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Ishikawa M, Williams GL, Ikeuchi T, Sakai K, Fukumoto S, Yamada Y. Pannexin 3 and connexin 43 modulate skeletal development through their distinct functions and expression patterns. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1018-30. [PMID: 26759176 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 3 (Panx3) and connexin 43 (Cx43; also known as GJA1) are two major gap junction proteins expressed in osteoblasts. Here, we studied their functional relationships in skeletal formation by generating Panx3(-/-) and Panx3(-/-);Cx43(-/-) mice and comparing their skeletal phenotypes with Cx43(-/-) mice. Panx3(-/-) mice displayed defects in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, resulting in severe dwarfism and reduced bone density. The skeletal abnormalities of Panx3(-/-);Cx43(-/-) mice were similar to those in Panx3(-/-) mice. The gross appearance of newborn Cx43(-/-) skeletons showed no obvious abnormalities, except for less mineralization of the skull. In Panx3(-/-) mice, proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts increased and differentiation of these cells was inhibited. Panx3 promoted expression of osteogenic proteins such as ALP and Ocn (also known as ALPL and BGLAP, respectively), as well as Cx43, by regulating Osx (also known as SP7) expression. Panx3 was induced in the early differentiation stage and reduced during the maturation stage of osteoblasts, when Cx43 expression increased in order to promote mineralization. Furthermore, only Panx3 functioned as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) channel to promote differentiation, and it could rescue mineralization defects in Cx43(-/-) calvarial cells. Our findings reveal that Panx3 and Cx43 have distinct functions in skeletal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Operative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Geneva L Williams
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomoko Ikeuchi
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Sakai
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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130
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Wu J, Bao BH, Shen Q, Zhang YC, Jiang Q, Li JX. Novel heterocyclic ring-fused oleanolic acid derivatives as osteoclast inhibitors for osteoporosis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives were synthesized via modifications of the A-ring and C28-amides of OA, and their anti-bone resorption activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Bei-Hua Bao
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Qi Shen
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yu-Chao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Medical School of Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Jian-Xin Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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131
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Lee SI, Yu JS. NFATc Mediates Lipopolysaccharide and Nicotine-Induced Expression of iNOS and COX-2 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17135/jdhs.2015.15.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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132
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Mechanosensitive TRPM7 mediates shear stress and modulates osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells through Osterix pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16522. [PMID: 26558702 PMCID: PMC4642269 DOI: 10.1038/srep16522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironments that modulate fate commitments of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are composed of chemical and physical cues, but the latter ones are much less investigated. Here we demonstrate that intermittent fluid shear stress (IFSS), a potent and physiologically relevant mechanical stimulus, regulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs through Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7)-Osterix axis. Immunostaining showed the localization of TRPM7 near or at cell membrane upon IFSS, and calcium imaging analysis demonstrated the transient increase of cytosolic free calcium. Expressions of osteogenic marker genes including Osterix, but not Runx2, were upregulated after three-hour IFSS. Phosphorylation of p38 and Smad1/5 was promoted by IFSS as well. TRPM7 gene knockdown abolished the promotion of bone-related gene expressions and phosphorylation. We illustrate that TRPM7 is mechanosensitive to shear force of 1.2 Pa, which is much lower than 98 Pa pressure loading reported recently, and mediates distinct mechanotransduction pathways. Additionally, our results suggest the differential roles of TRPM7 in endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Together, this study elucidates the mechanotransduction in MSCs fate commitments and displays an efficient mechano-modulation for MSCs osteogenic differentiation. Such findings should be taken into consideration when designing relevant scaffolds and microfluidic devices for osteogenic induction in the future.
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133
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Regulation of transcriptional network system during bone and cartilage development. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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134
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Mandal CC, Das F, Ganapathy S, Harris SE, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) Activates NFATc1 Transcription Factor via an Autoregulatory Loop Involving Smad/Akt/Ca2+ Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1148-61. [PMID: 26472929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is controlled by dual actions of osteoclasts (OCs) and osteoblasts (OBs). The calcium-sensitive nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 transcription factor, as an OC signature gene, regulates differentiation of OCs downstream of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-stimulated osteoblast-coded factors. To analyze a functional link between BMP-2 and NFATc1, we analyzed bones from OB-specific BMP-2 knock-out mice for NFATc1 expression by immunohistochemical staining and found significant reduction in NFATc1 expression. This indicated a requirement of BMP-2 for NFATc1 expression in OBs. We showed that BMP-2, via the receptor-specific Smad pathway, regulates expression of NFATc1 in OBs. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling acting downstream of BMP-2 also drives NFATc1 expression and transcriptional activation. Under the basal condition, NFATc1 is phosphorylated. Activation of NFAT requires dephosphorylation by the calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. We examined the role of calcium in BMP-2-stimulated regulation of NFATc1 in osteoblasts. 1,2Bis(2aminophenoxy)ethaneN,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, an inhibitor of intracellular calcium abundance, blocked BMP-2-induced transcription of NFATc1. Interestingly, BMP-2 induced calcium release from intracellular stores and increased calcineurin phosphatase activity, resulting in NFATc1 nuclear translocation. Cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin upstream of NFATc1, blocked BMP-2-induced NFATc1 mRNA and protein expression. Expression of NFATc1 directly increased its transcription and VIVIT peptide, an inhibitor of NFATc1, suppressed BMP-2-stimulated NFATc1 transcription, confirming its autoregulation. Together, these data show a role of NFATc1 downstream of BMP-2 in mouse bone development and provide novel evidence for the presence of a cross-talk among Smad, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and Ca(2+) signaling for BMP-2-induced NFATc1 expression through an autoregulatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen E Harris
- Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Medicine, and From Veterans Affairs Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and
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135
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Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Morganti C, Lisignoli G, Zini N, Angelozzi M, Bonora M, Ferroni L, Pinton P, Zavan B, Piva R. Osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs: Specific occupancy of the mitochondrial DNA by NFATc1 transcription factor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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136
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Dai QS, Zhou HY, Wu ZH, Long JT, Shao N, Cheang TY, Wang SM. Osterix transcriptional factor is involved in the metastasis of human breast cancers. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1870-1874. [PMID: 26622767 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional factor Osterix is specifically expressed in bone tissues to regulate the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts. Recent studies have also identified the expression of Osterix in a number of cancer tissues, such as kidney and lung cancers. However, the association of Osterix with the metastasis of breast cancers has never been reported. The present study, for the first time, provides evidence supporting the involvement of Osterix in breast cancer metastasis. Western blotting was employed to investigate the expression of Osterix in a number of human breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic features. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed in MCF7 cells (low level of metastasis) and MDA-MB-361 cells (high level of metastasis). The expression of several metastasis-associated genes was analyzed by western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A firefly luciferase-based reporter gene assay was conducted in order to study whether Osterix regulated the promoter activities of the MMP2 and MMP9 genes, which play critical roles in cancer metastasis. The results showed that Osterix was highly expressed in the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-361 cells, but was not detectable in the MCF7 cells. The overexpression of Osterix in the MCF7 cells promoted the expression of VEGF, MMP9 and β-catenin, while downregulating the expression of E-cadherin. In addition, suppression of Osterix expression in the MDA-MB-361 cells reversed the alteration of VEGF, MMP9, β-catenin and E-cadherin expression. A reporter gene assay suggested that Osterix activated MMP2 and MMP9 promoter activity. In conclusion, Osterix is involved in the metastasis of human breast cancer and may be a target for the efficient treatment of human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Sheng Dai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang-Hong Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ting Long
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Nan Shao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tuck-Yun Cheang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Ming Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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137
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Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation. Differentiation 2015; 90:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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138
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Zanotti S, Canalis E. Activation of Nfatc2 in osteoblasts causes osteopenia. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1689-95. [PMID: 25573264 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (Nfat) c1 to c4 are transcription factors that play an undisputable role in osteoclastogenesis. However, Nfat function in osteoblastic cells is controversial. Constitutive activation of Nfatc1 and c2 in osteoblasts suppresses cell function, although the study of Nfat in vivo has yielded conflicting results. To establish the consequences of Nfatc2 activation in osteoblasts, we generated transgenic mice where a 3.6 kb fragment of the collagen type I α1 promoter directs expression of a constitutively active Nfatc2 mutant (Col3.6-Nfatc2). The skeletal phenotype of Col3.6-Nfatc2 mice of both sexes and of sex-matched littermate controls was investigated by microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry. Col3.6- Nfatc2 mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and appeared normal. Nfatc2 expression was confirmed in parietal bones from 1 and 3 month old transgenic mice. One month old Col3.6-Nfatc2 female mice exhibited cancellous bone compartment osteopenia secondary to a 30% reduction in bone formation. In contrast, cancellous femoral bone volume and bone formation were not altered in male transgenics, whereas osteoblast number was higher, suggesting incomplete osteoblast maturation. Indices of bone resorption were not affected in either sex. At 3 months of age, the skeletal phenotype evolved; and Col3.6-Nfatc2 male mice exhibited vertebral osteopenia, whereas femoral cancellous bone was not affected in either sex. Nfatc2 activation in osteoblasts had no impact on cortical bone structure. Nfatc2 activation inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation in bone marrow stromal cell cultures. In conclusion, Nfatc2 activation in osteoblasts inhibits bone formation and causes cancellous bone osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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139
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Abstract
Adding to its well-known roles in locomotion and calcium balance, the skeleton has recently been appreciated as a true endocrine organ. Bone remodeling, a highly dynamic process, requires synchronized activities and crosstalk between bone cells. Discovery and characterization of the Wnt/β catenin pathway in bone formation, FGF23 regulation of phosphate homeostasis and osteocalcin in energy and glucose homeostasis have reframed our view of the skeleton from simply a target tissue of the endocrine system to an endocrine tissue itself. This comprehensive review provides an overview of these complex pathways, their application to human bone disorders and implications for developing diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Gonciulea
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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140
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Yang S, Zhang K, Li F, Jiang J, Jia T, Yang SY. Biological responses of preosteoblasts to particulate and ion forms of Co-Cr alloy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3564-71. [PMID: 25966675 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the particulate and ion forms of a cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) alloy on the differentiation/activation of preosteoblasts. Mouse preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) were cultured in an osteoblast-induction medium in the presence of particulate and ion forms of a Co-Cr alloy, followed by cell proliferation and cytotoxicity evaluations. The maturation and function of osteoblasts were assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and related gene expressions. Both particulate and ion forms of the metals significantly reduced the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, cells challenged with high concentrations of particles and ions exhibited a marked cytotoxic effect and diminished expression of ALP. Real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data have suggested that cells with Co-Cr particles dramatically promoted over-expression of monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas Co(2+) ions treatment predominately up-regulated expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), and down-regulated expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Osterix (Osx). Overall, this study provides evidence that both Co-Cr alloy particles and metal ions interfered with the MC3T3-E1 cells for their growth, maturation, and functions. Further, Co-Cr particles exhibited stronger effects on inflammatory mediators, while metal ions showed more influence on inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and promotion of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuye Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, 67214.,Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Tanghong Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Shang-You Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, 67214
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141
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Lai CC, Chen WS, Chang DM, Tsao YP, Wu TH, Chou CT, Tsai CY. Increased serum fibroblast growth factor-23 and decreased bone turnover in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus under treatment with cyclosporine and steroid but not steroid only. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:601-10. [PMID: 25270396 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with increased age, prolonged disease, low body mass index (BMI), and overlap with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Elevated fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 in cyclosporine A (CsA) users with SLE are associated with decreased active vitamin D and osteocalcin. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to investigate the steroid and CsA effect on bone metabolism and serum FGF-23 in SLE patients. METHODS Seventy-two SLE patients and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals underwent blood tests for bone metabolic biomarkers and FGF-23, and lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for BMD. RESULTS Comparisons between patients and controls were made in premenopausal women/men younger than 50 years and postmenopausal women/men older than 50 years separately. SLE patients had more frequent low Z-score (≤-2.0, 8.5 vs. 0%), osteopenia (-2.5<T-score<-1.0, 52 vs. 50%), and osteoporosis (T-score≤-2.5, 12 vs. 0%), than the healthy age-compatible counterparts. BMD was significantly lower in patients with advanced age, longer disease duration, lower BMI, and overlap with RA (all p<0.05 by multiple linear regression analyses). Serum FGF-23 was significantly higher and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) lower in SLE patients treated with glucocorticoid and CsA than in those not taking both of them (p=0.027 and 0.002, respectively). The cumulative dose of glucocorticoid was inversely correlated with serum intact parathyroid hormone (r=-0.299, p=0.011), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (r=-0.581, p<0.001), and osteocalcin (r=-0.648, p<0.001). FGF-23 and the cumulative dose of CsA were positively correlated (r=0.38, p=0.001) and both were negatively correlated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (r=-0.266, p=0.016 and r=-0.55, p<0.001) and osteocalcin (r=-0.234, p=0.034 and r=-0.274, p=0.02). CONCLUSION SLE patients treated with glucocorticoid and CsA exhibited markedly decreased bone turnover. Those taking CsA had higher serum FGF-23 associated with suppression of 1,25(OH)2D3 and bone formation. Such high-risk patients necessitate regular screening of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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142
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Yu Y, Al-Mansoori L, Opas M. Optimized osteogenic differentiation protocol from R1 mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Differentiation 2015; 89:1-10. [PMID: 25613029 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a unique model that allows the study of molecular pathways underlying commitment and differentiation. One such lineage is osteoblasts, which are responsible for forming bone tissue in the body. There are many osteogenic differentiation protocols in the literature utilizing different soluble factors. The goal of the present study was to increase the efficacy of our osteogenic differentiation protocol from R1 cells. We have studied the effects of the addition of the following factors: dexamethasone, retinoic acid, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibitor, which have been reported to enhance osteogenesis. We found that among the 6 different protocols that were tested, the addition of retinoic acid with later addition of dexamethasone gives the most enrichment of osteogenic lineage cells. Thus, our findings provide valuable guidelines for culture condition to differentiate mouse R1 ESCs to osteoblastic cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Layla Al-Mansoori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada; Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Qatar, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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143
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Liu W, Zhang X. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin system in bone and other tissues (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3212-8. [PMID: 25572286 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system was identified in the late 1990s, ending the search for the specific factors expressed by osteoblasts and stromal cells in order to regulate osteoclastogenesis. The identification of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system was a breakthrough in bone biology; however, the system not only works as a dominant mediator in osteoclast activation, formation and survival, but also functions in other tissues, including the mammary glands, brain and lymph nodes. Evidence has indicated that the existence of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in these tissues suggests that it may have specific functions beyond those in bone. Disorders of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system are associated with certain human diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), bone tumors and certain bone metastatic tumors. Genetic studies have indicated that the RANKL/RANK/OPG system may be a key regulator in the formation of lymph nodes and in the autoimmune disease RA, which further suggests that the immune system may interact with the RANKL/RANK/OPG system. The present review aimed to provide an overview of the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in osteoclastogenesis, bone disease and tissues beyond bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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144
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Cheng SL, Behrmann A, Shao JS, Ramachandran B, Krchma K, Bello Arredondo Y, Kovacs A, Mead M, Maxson R, Towler DA. Targeted reduction of vascular Msx1 and Msx2 mitigates arteriosclerotic calcification and aortic stiffness in LDLR-deficient mice fed diabetogenic diets. Diabetes 2014; 63:4326-37. [PMID: 25056439 PMCID: PMC4237989 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When fed high-fat diets, male LDLR(-/-) mice develop obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and arteriosclerotic calcification. An osteogenic Msx-Wnt regulatory program is concomitantly upregulated in the vasculature. To better understand the mechanisms of diabetic arteriosclerosis, we generated SM22-Cre;Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) mice, assessing the impact of Msx1+Msx2 gene deletion in vascular myofibroblast and smooth muscle cells. Aortic Msx2 and Msx1 were decreased by 95% and 34% in SM22-Cre;Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) animals versus Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) controls, respectively. Aortic calcium was reduced by 31%, and pulse wave velocity, an index of stiffness, was decreased in SM22-Cre;Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) mice vs. controls. Fasting blood glucose and lipids did not differ, yet SM22-Cre;Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) siblings became more obese. Aortic adventitial myofibroblasts from SM22-Cre;Msx1(fl/fl);Msx2(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) mice exhibited reduced osteogenic gene expression and mineralizing potential with concomitant reduction in multiple Wnt genes. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Sca1, markers of aortic osteogenic progenitors, were also reduced, paralleling a 78% reduction in alkaline phosphatase (TNAP)-positive adventitial myofibroblasts. RNA interference revealed that although Msx1+Msx2 supports TNAP and Wnt7b expression, Msx1 selectively maintains Shh and Msx2 sustains Wnt2, Wnt5a, and Sca1 expression in aortic adventitial myofibroblast cultures. Thus, Msx1 and Msx2 support vascular mineralization by directing the osteogenic programming of aortic progenitors in diabetic arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Li Cheng
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | | | | | | | - Karen Krchma
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | | | | | - Megan Mead
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Robert Maxson
- Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dwight A Towler
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
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145
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are unique cells that degrade the bone matrix. These large multinucleated cells differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage upon stimulation by two essential cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). Activation of transcription factors such as microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), c-Fos, NF-κB, and nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) is required for sufficient osteoclast differentiation. In particular, NFATc1 plays the role of a master transcription regulator of osteoclast differentiation. To date, several mechanisms, including transcription, methylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate expression and activation of NFATc1. In this review, we have summarized the various mechanisms that control NFATc1 regulation during osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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146
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Toscani D, Bolzoni M, Accardi F, Aversa F, Giuliani N. The osteoblastic niche in the context of multiple myeloma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1335:45-62. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Toscani
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Marina Bolzoni
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Fabrizio Accardi
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Franco Aversa
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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147
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Artigas N, Ureña C, Rodríguez-Carballo E, Rosa JL, Ventura F. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-regulated interactions between Osterix and Runx2 are critical for the transcriptional osteogenic program. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27105-27117. [PMID: 25122769 PMCID: PMC4175347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors Runx2 and Osx (Osterix) are required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Runx2 expression occurs at early stages of osteochondroprogenitor determination, followed by Osx induction during osteoblast maturation. We demonstrate that coexpression of Osx and Runx2 leads to cooperative induction of expression of the osteogenic genes Col1a1, Fmod, and Ibsp. Functional interaction of Osx and Runx2 in the regulation of these promoters is mediated by enhancer regions with adjacent Sp1 and Runx2 DNA-binding sites. These enhancers allow formation of a cooperative transcriptional complex, mediated by the binding of Osx and Runx2 to their specific DNA promoter sequences and by the protein-protein interactions between them. We also identified the domains involved in the interaction between Osx and Runx2. These regions contain the amino acids in Osx and Runx2 known to be phosphorylated by p38 and ERK MAPKs. Inhibition of p38 and ERK kinase activities or mutation of their known phosphorylation sites in Osx or Runx2 strongly disrupts their physical interaction and cooperative transcriptional effects. Altogether, our results provide a molecular description of a mechanism for Osx and Runx2 transcriptional cooperation that is subject to further regulation by MAPK-activating signals during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Artigas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos Ureña
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez-Carballo
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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148
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Chen CL, Liu FL, Lee CC, Chen TC, Ahmed Ali AA, Sytwu HK, Chang DM, Huang HS. Modified salicylanilide and 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione derivatives as novel inhibitors of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8072-85. [PMID: 25200306 DOI: 10.1021/jm5007897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of osteoclast formation is a potential strategy to prevent inflammatory bone resorption and to treat bone diseases. In the present work, the purpose was to discover modified salicylanilides and 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione derivatives as potential antiosteoclastogenic agents. Their inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by TRAP stain assay. The most potent compounds, 1d and 5d, suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and TRAP activity dose-dependently. The cytotoxicity assay on RAW264.7 cells suggested that the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption by these compounds did not result from their cytotoxicity. Moreover, both compounds downregulated RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFATc1 in the nucleus, suppressed the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related marker genes during osteoclastogenesis, and prevented osteoclastic bone resorption but did not impair osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1. Therefore, these modified salicylanilides and 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-2,4(3H)-diones could be potential lead compounds for the development of a new class of antiresorptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan ROC
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149
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Yano H, Hamanaka R, Nakamura-Ota M, Adachi S, Zhang JJ, Matsuo N, Yoshioka H. Sp7/Osterix induces the mouse pro-α2(I) collagen gene (Col1a2) expression via the proximal promoter in osteoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:531-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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150
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Granéli C, Karlsson C, Brisby H, Lindahl A, Thomsen P. The effects of PPAR-γ inhibition on gene expression and the progression of induced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:262-74. [PMID: 24708348 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.910198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several cell types, such as osteoblasts and adipocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Although these two differentiation pathways are distinct from each other, cross-communication between cells of the two lineages exists both systemically and peripherally in the tissue. The transcription factor PPAR-γ, the main switch in adipogenic differentiation of MSCs, has previously been described to have a negative effect on osteogenic differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PPAR-γ inhibition on osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs, in vitro. Extracellular matrix analysis and quantification of osteogenic markers, revealed how these cells respond when the adipogenic differentiation pathway is blocked during induction of osteogenic differentiation. The inhibition leads to a significant increase in mineralization of the extracellular matrix, as well as an increased activity or up-regulated gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, the key enzyme involved in matrix mineralization. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated by microarray analysis, that PPAR-γ inhibition during osteogenic induction leads to a significant up-regulation of a number of genes related to both osteogenesis and adipogenesis such as c10orf10, leptin, GDF5 and KLF15. In conclusion, inhibition of PPAR-γ during induction of osteogenesis leads to increased osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Granéli
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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