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Watanabe J, Kaifuchi N, Kushida H, Matsumoto T, Fukutake M, Nishiyama M, Yamamoto M, Kono T. Intestinal, portal, and peripheral profiles of daikenchuto (TU-100)'s active ingredients after oral administration. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00165. [PMID: 26516578 PMCID: PMC4618637 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmaceutical grade Japanese traditional medicine, daikenchuto (TU-100), consisting of Japanese pepper, processed ginger, and ginseng, has been widely used for various intestinal disorders in Japan and now under development as a new therapeutic drug in the US. It is suggested that TU-100 ingredients exert pharmacological effects on intestines via two routes, from the luminal side before absorption and the peripheral blood stream after absorption. Therefore, in order to fully understand the pharmacological actions of TU-100, it is critically important to know the intraluminal amounts and forms of ingested TU-100 ingredients. In the present study, after administrating TU-100 to rats, the concentrations of TU-100 ingredients and their conjugates in the peripheral and portal blood and ileal contents were determined by LC-MS/MS. Next, TU-100 was administered to patients with ileostomy bags, but whose small intestines are diagnosed as healthy, and the ingredients/conjugates in the ileal effluent were analyzed. The results suggest that: (1) Pepper ingredients hydroxysanshools are rapidly absorbed and enter systemic circulation, (2) Ginseng ingredients ginsenosides are transported to the colon with the least absorption, (3) Ginger ingredients gingerols are absorbed and some conjugated in the small intestine and transported via the portal vein. While only a small amount of gingerols/gingerol conjugates enter systemic circulation, considerable amounts reappear in the small intestine. Thus, the effect of TU-100 on the intestines is believed to be a composite of multiple actions by multiple compounds supplied via multiple routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co.Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Kaifuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co.Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Miwako Fukutake
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co.Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai HospitalSapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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102
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Kono T, Shimada M, Yamamoto M, Kaneko A, Oomiya Y, Kubota K, Kase Y, Lee K, Uezono Y. Complementary and synergistic therapeutic effects of compounds found in Kampo medicine: analysis of daikenchuto. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:159. [PMID: 26300774 PMCID: PMC4523940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been used in Japan for more than 1500 years and traditional Japanese medicines (Kampo medicines) are now fully integrated into the modern healthcare system. In total, 148 Kampo formulae are officially approved as prescription drugs and covered by the national health insurance system in Japan. However, despite their long track record of clinical use, the multi-targeted, multi-component properties of Kampo medicines, which are fundamentally different from Western medicines, have made it difficult to create a suitable framework for conducting well-designed, large-scale clinical trials. In turn, this has led to misconceptions among western trained physicians concerning the paucity of scientific evidence for the beneficial effects of Kampo medicines. Fortunately, there has been a recent surge in scientifically robust data from basic and clinical studies for some of the Kampo medicines, e.g., daikenchuto (TU-100). Numerous basic and clinical studies on TU-100, including placebo-controlled double-blind studies for various gastrointestinal disorders, and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies, have been conducted or are in the process of being conducted in both Japan and the USA. Clinical studies suggest that TU-100 is beneficial for postoperative complications, especially ileus and abdominal bloating. ADME and basic studies indicate that the effect of TU-100 is a composite of numerous actions mediated by multiple compounds supplied via multiple routes. In addition to known mechanisms of action via enteric/sensory nerve stimulation, novel mechanisms via the TRPA1 channel and two pore domain potassium channels have recently been elucidated. TU-100 compounds target these channels with and without absorption, both before and after metabolic activation by enteric flora, with different timings and possibly with synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kono
- Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan ; Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan ; Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO. Ami, Japan
| | - Atushi Kaneko
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO. Ami, Japan
| | - Yuji Oomiya
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO. Ami, Japan
| | - Kunitsugu Kubota
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO. Ami, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO. Ami, Japan
| | - Keiko Lee
- Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, International Pharmaceutical Development Department, Tsumura & CO. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo, Japan
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103
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Zhang LL, Zhao L, Wang HY, Zhi RC, Shi BL, Xie N. Determination of Recognition Threshold and Just Noticeable Difference in the Sensory Perception of Pungency ofZanthoxylum bangeanum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1054037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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104
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Flegel C, Schöbel N, Altmüller J, Becker C, Tannapfel A, Hatt H, Gisselmann G. RNA-Seq Analysis of Human Trigeminal and Dorsal Root Ganglia with a Focus on Chemoreceptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128951. [PMID: 26070209 PMCID: PMC4466559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemosensory capacity of the somatosensory system relies on the appropriate expression of chemoreceptors, which detect chemical stimuli and transduce sensory information into cellular signals. Knowledge of the complete repertoire of the chemoreceptors expressed in human sensory ganglia is lacking. This study employed the next-generation sequencing technique (RNA-Seq) to conduct the first expression analysis of human trigeminal ganglia (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We analyzed the data with a focus on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels, which are (potentially) involved in chemosensation by somatosensory neurons in the human TG and DRG. For years, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been considered the main group of receptors for chemosensation in the trigeminal system. Interestingly, we could show that sensory ganglia also express a panel of different olfactory receptors (ORs) with putative chemosensory function. To characterize OR expression in more detail, we performed microarray, semi-quantitative RT-PCR experiments, and immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, we analyzed the expression data to identify further known or putative classes of chemoreceptors in the human TG and DRG. Our results give an overview of the major classes of chemoreceptors expressed in the human TG and DRG and provide the basis for a broader understanding of the reception of chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Flegel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Schöbel
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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105
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Kubota K, Ohtake N, Ohbuchi K, Mase A, Imamura S, Sudo Y, Miyano K, Yamamoto M, Kono T, Uezono Y. Hydroxy-α sanshool induces colonic motor activity in rat proximal colon: a possible involvement of KCNK9. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G579-90. [PMID: 25634809 PMCID: PMC4385894 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various colonic motor activities are thought to mediate propulsion and mixing/absorption of colonic content. The Japanese traditional medicine daikenchuto (TU-100), which is widely used for postoperative ileus in Japan, accelerates colonic emptying in healthy humans. Hydroxy-α sanshool (HAS), a readily absorbable active ingredient of TU-100 and a KCNK3/KCNK9/KCNK18 blocker as well as TRPV1/TRPA1 agonist, has been investigated for its effects on colonic motility. Motility was evaluated by intraluminal pressure and video imaging of rat proximal colons in an organ bath. Distribution of KCNKs was investigated by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Current and membrane potential were evaluated with use of recombinant KCNK3- or KCNK9-expressing Xenopus oocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Defecation frequency in rats was measured. HAS dose dependently induced strong propulsive "squeezing" motility, presumably as long-distance contraction (LDC). TRPV1/TRPA1 agonists induced different motility patterns. The effect of HAS was unaltered by TRPV1/TRPA1 antagonists and desensitization. Lidocaine (a nonselective KCNK blocker) and hydroxy-β sanshool (a geometrical isomer of HAS and KCNK3 blocker) also induced colonic motility as a rhythmic propagating ripple (RPR) and a LDC-like motion, respectively. HAS-induced "LDC," but not lidocaine-induced "RPR," was abrogated by a neuroleptic agent tetrodotoxin. KCNK3 and KCNK9 were located mainly in longitudinal smooth muscle cells and in neural cells in the myenteric plexus, respectively. Administration of HAS or TU-100 increased defecation frequency in normal and laparotomy rats. HAS may evoke strong LDC possibly via blockage of the neural KCNK9 channel in the colonic myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobuhiro Ohtake
- 1Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- 1Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan; ,2Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Akihito Mase
- 1Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Imamura
- 1Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Yuka Sudo
- 2Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kanako Miyano
- 2Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan;
| | | | - Toru Kono
- 3Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and ,4Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan;
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106
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Contraction of gut smooth muscle cells assessed by fluorescence imaging. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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107
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Feliciangeli S, Chatelain FC, Bichet D, Lesage F. The family of K2P channels: salient structural and functional properties. J Physiol 2015; 593:2587-603. [PMID: 25530075 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels participate in many biological functions, from ion homeostasis to generation and modulation of the electrical membrane potential. They are involved in a large variety of diseases. In the human genome, 15 genes code for K(+) channels with two pore domains (K2P ). These channels form dimers of pore-forming subunits that produce background conductances finely regulated by a range of natural and chemical effectors, including signalling lipids, temperature, pressure, pH, antidepressants and volatile anaesthetics. Since the cloning of TWIK1, the prototypical member of this family, a lot of work has been carried out on their structure and biology. These studies are still in progress, but data gathered so far show that K2P channels are central players in many processes, including ion homeostasis, hormone secretion, cell development and excitability. A growing number of studies underline their implication in physiopathological mechanisms, such as vascular and pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, nociception, neuroprotection and depression. This review gives a synthetic view of the most noticeable features of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Feliciangeli
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Frank C Chatelain
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Delphine Bichet
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
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108
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Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. Molecular mechanisms of temperature adaptation. J Physiol 2015; 593:3483-91. [PMID: 25433072 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.280446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal perception is a fundamental physiological process pertaining to the vast majority of organisms. In vertebrates, environmental temperature is detected by the primary afferents of the somatosensory neurons in the skin, which express a 'choir' of ion channels tuned to detect particular temperatures. Nearly two decades of research have revealed a number of receptor ion channels that mediate the perception of several temperature ranges, but most still remain molecularly orphaned. Yet even within this well-researched realm, most of our knowledge largely pertains to two closely related species of rodents, mice and rats. While these are standard biomedical research models, mice and rats provide a limited perspective to elucidate the general principles that drive somatosensory evolution. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanism of temperature adaptation in evolutionarily distant vertebrates and in organisms with acute thermal sensitivity. These studies have revealed the remarkable versatility of the somatosensory system and highlighted adaptations at the molecular level, which often include changes in biophysical properties of ion channels from the transient receptor potential family. Exploiting non-standard animal models has the potential to provide unexpected insights into general principles of thermosensation and thermoregulation, unachievable using the rodent model alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT , 06520, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT , 06520, USA.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT , 06520, USA
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109
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Mathie A, Veale EL. Two-pore domain potassium channels: potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:931-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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110
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Wilke BU, Lindner M, Greifenberg L, Albus A, Kronimus Y, Bünemann M, Leitner MG, Oliver D. Diacylglycerol mediates regulation of TASK potassium channels by Gq-coupled receptors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5540. [PMID: 25420509 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels TASK-1 (KCNK3) and TASK-3 (KCNK9) are important determinants of background K(+) conductance and membrane potential. TASK-1/3 activity is regulated by hormones and transmitters that act through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) signalling via G proteins of the Gαq/11 subclass. How the receptors inhibit channel activity has remained unclear. Here, we show that TASK-1 and -3 channels are gated by diacylglycerol (DAG). Receptor-initiated inhibition of TASK required the activity of phospholipase C, but neither depletion of the PLC substrate PI(4,5)P2 nor release of the downstream messengers IP3 and Ca(2+). Attenuation of cellular DAG transients by DAG kinase or lipase suppressed receptor-dependent inhibition, showing that the increase in cellular DAG-but not in downstream lipid metabolites-mediates channel inhibition. The findings identify DAG as the signal regulating TASK channels downstream of GPCRs and define a novel role for DAG that directly links cellular DAG dynamics to excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Lindner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Greifenberg
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Albus
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Kronimus
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oliver
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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111
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Enyedi P, Czirják G. Properties, regulation, pharmacology, and functions of the K₂p channel, TRESK. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:945-58. [PMID: 25366493 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel (TRESK) is the gene product of KCNK18, the last discovered leak potassium K2P channel gene. Under resting conditions, TRESK is constitutively phosphorylated at two regulatory regions. Protein kinase A (PKA) and microtubule affinity-regulating (MARK) kinases can be applied in experiments to phosphorylate these sites of TRESK expressed in Xenopus oocytes, respectively. Upon generation of a calcium signal, TRESK is dephosphorylated and thereby activated by calcineurin. In this process, the binding of calcineurin to the channel by non-catalytic interacting sites is essential. The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation regulatory process is modified by 14-3-3 proteins. Human, but not murine TRESK is also activated by protein kinase C. TRESK is expressed most abundantly in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia, and the channel modifies certain forms of nociceptive afferentation. In a large pedigree, a dominant negative mutant TRESK allele was found to co-segregate perfectly with migraine phenotype. While this genetic defect may be responsible only for a very small fraction of migraine cases, specific TRESK activation is expected to exert beneficial effect in common forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 259, 1444, Budapest, Hungary,
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112
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Oral somatosensory awareness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:469-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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113
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Czirják G, Enyedi P. The LQLP calcineurin docking site is a major determinant of the calcium-dependent activation of human TRESK background K+ channel. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29506-18. [PMID: 25202008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent activation of human TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel, K2P18.1) depends on direct targeting of calcineurin to the PQIIIS motif. In the present study we demonstrate that TRESK also contains another functionally relevant docking site for the phosphatase, the LQLP amino acid sequence. Combined mutations of the PQIIIS and LQLP motifs were required to eliminate the calcium-dependent regulation of the channel. In contrast to the alanine substitutions of PQIIIS, the mutation of LQLP to AQAP alone did not significantly change the amplitude of TRESK activation evoked by the substantial elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration. However, the AQAP mutation slowed down the response to high calcium. In addition, modest elevation of [Ca(2+)], which effectively regulated the wild type channel, failed to activate TRESK-AQAP. This indicates that the AQAP mutation diminished the sensitivity of TRESK to calcium. Even if PQIIIS was replaced by the PVIVIT sequence of high calcineurin binding affinity, the effect of the AQAP mutation was clearly detected in this TRESK-PVIVIT context. Substitution of the LQLP region with the corresponding fragment of NFAT transcription factor, perfectly matching the previously described LXVP calcineurin-binding consensus sequence, increased the calcium-sensitivity of TRESK-PVIVIT. Thus the enhancement of the affinity of TRESK for calcineurin by the incorporation of PVIVIT could not compensate for or prevent the effects of LQLP sequence modifications, suggesting that the two calcineurin-binding regions play distinct roles in the regulation. Our results indicate that the LQLP site is a fundamental determinant of the calcium-sensitivity of human TRESK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Czirják
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Enyedi
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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114
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Du X, Hao H, Gigout S, Huang D, Yang Y, Li L, Wang C, Sundt D, Jaffe DB, Zhang H, Gamper N. Control of somatic membrane potential in nociceptive neurons and its implications for peripheral nociceptive transmission. Pain 2014; 155:2306-22. [PMID: 25168672 PMCID: PMC4247381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory ganglia contain somata of afferent fibres conveying somatosensory inputs to the central nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that the somatic/perisomatic region of sensory neurons can influence peripheral sensory transmission. Control of resting membrane potential (Erest) is an important mechanism regulating excitability, but surprisingly little is known about how Erest is regulated in sensory neuron somata or how changes in somatic/perisomatic Erest affect peripheral sensory transmission. We first evaluated the influence of several major ion channels on Erest in cultured small-diameter, mostly capsaicin-sensitive (presumed nociceptive) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The strongest and most prevalent effect on Erest was achieved by modulating M channels, K2P and 4-aminopiridine-sensitive KV channels, while hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated, voltage-gated Na+, and T-type Ca2+ channels to a lesser extent also contributed to Erest. Second, we investigated how varying somatic/perisomatic membrane potential, by manipulating ion channels of sensory neurons within the DRG, affected peripheral nociceptive transmission in vivo. Acute focal application of M or KATP channel enhancers or a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel blocker to L5 DRG in vivo significantly alleviated pain induced by hind paw injection of bradykinin. Finally, we show with computational modelling how somatic/perisomatic hyperpolarization, in concert with the low-pass filtering properties of the t-junction within the DRG, can interfere with action potential propagation. Our study deciphers a complement of ion channels that sets the somatic Erest of nociceptive neurons and provides strong evidence for a robust filtering role of the somatic and perisomatic compartments of peripheral nociceptive neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Sylvain Gigout
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yuehui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Caixue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Danielle Sundt
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David B Jaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China; Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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115
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Kumar V, Kumar S, Singh B, Kumar N. Quantitative and structural analysis of amides and lignans in Zanthoxylum armatum by UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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116
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Guo Z, Liu P, Ren F, Cao YQ. Nonmigraine-associated TRESK K+ channel variant C110R does not increase the excitability of trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:568-79. [PMID: 24805079 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00267.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies suggest that dysfunction of ion channels and transporters may contribute to migraine pathophysiology. A migraine-associated frameshift mutation in the TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) channel results in nonfunctional channels. Moreover, mutant TRESK subunits exert a dominant-negative effect on whole cell TRESK currents and result in hyperexcitability of small-diameter trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, suggesting that mutant TRESK may increase the gain of the neuronal circuit underlying migraine headache. However, the nonmigraine-associated TRESK C110R variant exhibits the same effect on TRESK currents as the mutant subunits in Xenopus oocytes, suggesting that dysfunction of TRESK is not sufficient to cause migraine. Here, we confirmed that the C110R variant formed nonfunctional channels and exerted a dominant-negative effect on TRESK currents in HEK293T cells, similar to the migraine-associated mutant TRESK. To compare the functional consequences of TRESK mutations/variants in a more physiological setting, we expressed the mutant TRESK and the C110R variant in cultured mouse TG neurons and investigated their effects on background K+ currents and neuronal excitability. Both mutant TRESK and the C110R variant reduced the endogenous TRESK currents in TG neurons, but the effect of the C110R variant was significantly smaller. Importantly, only TG neurons expressing mutant TRESK subunits, but not those expressing the C110R variant, exhibited a significant increase in excitability. Thus only the migraine-associated TRESK mutation, but not the C110R variant, reduces the endogenous TRESK currents to a degree that affects TG excitability. Our results support a potential causal relationship between the frameshift TRESK mutation and migraine susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Guo
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ping Liu
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Fei Ren
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Schreiner BS, Lehmann R, Thiel U, Ziemba PM, Beltrán LR, Sherkheli MA, Jeanbourquin P, Hugi A, Werner M, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Direct action and modulating effect of (+)- and (−)-nicotine on ion channels expressed in trigeminal sensory neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 728:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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118
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Bader M, Stark TD, Dawid C, Lösch S, Hofmann T. All-trans-configuration in Zanthoxylum alkylamides swaps the tingling with a numbing sensation and diminishes salivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2479-88. [PMID: 24606317 DOI: 10.1021/jf500399w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The methanol soluble prepared from a supercritical fluid extract of Szechuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) was screened for its key tingling and numbing chemosensates by application of taste dilution analysis. Further separation of fractions perceived with the highest sensory impact, followed by LC-TOF-MS, LC-MS, and 1D/2D NMR experiments, led to the structure determination of the known alkylamides hydroxy-γ-sanshool (1), hydroxy-α-sanshool (2), hydroxy-β-sanshool (3), bungeanool (4), isobungeanool (5), and hydroxy-γ-isosanshool (6), as well as hydroxy-ε-sanshool (7), the structure of which has not yet been confirmed by NMR, and hydroxy-ζ-sanshool (8), which has not been previously reported in the literature. Psychophysical half-tongue experiments using filter paper rectangles (1 × 2 cm) as the vehicle revealed amides 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, showing at least one cis-configured double bond, elicited the well-known tingling and paresthetic orosensation above threshold levels of 3.5-8.3 nmol/cm(2). In contrast, the all-trans-configured amides 3 and 6 induced a numbing and anesthetic sensation above thresholds of 3.9 and 7.1 nmol/cm(2), respectively. Interestingly, the mono-cis-configured major amide 2 was found to induce massive salivation, whereas the all-trans-configuration of 3 did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bader
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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119
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Guo Z, Cao YQ. Over-expression of TRESK K(+) channels reduces the excitability of trigeminal ganglion nociceptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87029. [PMID: 24466320 PMCID: PMC3900698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) channel is abundantly expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion neurons and is one of the major background K+ channels in primary afferent neurons. Mutations in TRESK channels are associated with familial and sporadic migraine. In rats, both chronic nerve injury and inflammation alter the expression level of TRESK mRNA. Functional studies indicate that reduction of endogenous TRESK channel activity results in hyper-excitation of primary afferent neurons, suggesting that TRESK is a potential target for the development of new analgesics. However, whether and how enhancing TRESK channel activity would decrease the excitability of primary afferent neurons has not been directly tested. Here, we over-expressed TRESK subunits in cultured mouse TG neurons by lipofectamine-mediated transfection and investigated how this altered the membrane properties and the excitability of the small-diameter TG population. To account for the heterogeneity of neurons, we further divided small TG neurons into two groups, based on their ability to bind to fluorescently-labeled isolectin B (IB4). The transfected TG neurons showed a 2-fold increase in the level of TRESK proteins. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the fraction of lamotrigine-sensitive persistent K+ currents as well as the size of total background K+ currents. Consequently, both IB4-positive and IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits exhibited a lower input resistance and a 2-fold increase in the current threshold for action potential initiation. IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits also showed a significant reduction of the spike frequency in response to supra-threshold stimuli. Importantly, an increase in TRESK channel activity effectively inhibited capsaicin-evoked spikes in TG neurons. Taken together, our results suggest that potent and specific TRESK channel openers likely would reduce the excitability of primary afferent neurons and therefore are potential therapeutics for the treatment of migraine and other chronic pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Guo
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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121
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González C, Baez-Nieto D, Valencia I, Oyarzún I, Rojas P, Naranjo D, Latorre R. K(+) channels: function-structural overview. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2087-149. [PMID: 23723034 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels are particularly important in determining the shape and duration of the action potential, controlling the membrane potential, modulating hormone secretion, epithelial function and, in the case of those K(+) channels activated by Ca(2+), damping excitatory signals. The multiplicity of roles played by K(+) channels is only possible to their mammoth diversity that includes at present 70 K(+) channels encoding genes in mammals. Today, thanks to the use of cloning, mutagenesis, and the more recent structural studies using x-ray crystallography, we are in a unique position to understand the origins of the enormous diversity of this superfamily of ion channels, the roles they play in different cell types, and the relations that exist between structure and function. With the exception of two-pore K(+) channels that are dimers, voltage-dependent K(+) channels are tetrameric assemblies and share an extremely well conserved pore region, in which the ion-selectivity filter resides. In the present overview, we discuss in the function, localization, and the relations between function and structure of the five different subfamilies of K(+) channels: (a) inward rectifiers, Kir; (b) four transmembrane segments-2 pores, K2P; (c) voltage-gated, Kv; (d) the Slo family; and (e) Ca(2+)-activated SK family, SKCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Functional characterization of zebrafish K2P18.1 (TRESK) two-pore-domain K+ channels. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:291-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Du X, Gamper N. Potassium channels in peripheral pain pathways: expression, function and therapeutic potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:621-40. [PMID: 24396338 PMCID: PMC3849788 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical excitation of peripheral somatosensory nerves is a first step in generation of most pain signals in mammalian nervous system. Such excitation is controlled by an intricate set of ion channels that are coordinated to produce a degree of excitation that is proportional to the strength of the external stimulation. However, in many disease states this coordination is disrupted resulting in deregulated peripheral excitability which, in turn, may underpin pathological pain states (i.e. migraine, neuralgia, neuropathic and inflammatory pains). One of the major groups of ion channels that are essential for controlling neuronal excitability is potassium channel family and, hereby, the focus of this review is on the K+ channels in peripheral pain pathways. The aim of the review is threefold. First, we will discuss current evidence for the expression and functional role of various K+ channels in peripheral nociceptive fibres. Second, we will consider a hypothesis suggesting that reduced functional activity of K+ channels within peripheral nociceptive pathways is a general feature of many types of pain. Third, we will evaluate the perspectives of pharmacological enhancement of K+ channels in nociceptive pathways as a strategy for new analgesic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Nomura ECO, Rodrigues MRA, da Silva CF, Hamm LA, Nascimento AM, de Souza LM, Cipriani TR, Baggio CH, Werner MFDP. Antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract from the flowers of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:583-589. [PMID: 24051025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Brazil, Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, popularly known as "jambu", has been used by some communities from Amazon region to treat toothache. In this study we examined the antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from the flowers of Acmella oleracea (EEAO) in animal models of nociceptive (chemical and thermal) and neuropathic (partial sciatic nerve ligation) pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male mice were treated by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) with EEAO before the induction of nociceptive response by formalin, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde, thermal heat hyperalgesia (hot plate test) and mechanical allodynia (traumatic sciatic nerve injury). Acute toxicity and non-specific sedative effects were evaluated. RESULTS EEAO (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin- and also capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced orofacial nociception. Interestingly, EEAO at 100mg/kg (i.p.) also reversed capsaicin-induced heat hyperalgesia assessed as the latency to paw withdrawal in the hot plate test. Also in the hot plate test, paw withdrawal latency was increased by EEAO (100 mg/kg) and this response was only partially reversed by naloxone. Furthermore, EEAO (100 mg/kg) also reduced mechanical allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation for 3 h. The estimated LD50 value was 889.14 mg/kg and EEAO did not alter the locomotion of animals in the open-field test. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data show that EEAO produces prevalent antinociceptive effects and does not cause adverse effects. The presence of N-alkylamides, including spilanthol, suggests that the therapeutic effect of EEAO is related to its highest anesthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristine Ogata Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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125
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Beltrán LR, Dawid C, Beltrán M, Gisselmann G, Degenhardt K, Mathie K, Hofmann T, Hatt H. The pungent substances piperine, capsaicin, 6-gingerol and polygodial inhibit the human two-pore domain potassium channels TASK-1, TASK-3 and TRESK. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:141. [PMID: 24302912 PMCID: PMC3831292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the focus of trigeminal chemoperception has rested almost exclusively on TRP channels. However, two-pore domain (K2P) potassium channels have recently been identified as targets for substances associated with typical trigeminal sensations, such as numbing and tingling. In addition, they have been shown to be modulated by several TRP agonists. We investigated whether the pungent substances piperine, capsaicin, 6-gingerol and polygodial have an effect on human K2P channels. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of these pungent substances on both wild-type and mutant K2P channels by means of two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes. All four pungent substances were found to inhibit the basal activity of TASK-1 (K2P 3.1), TASK-3 (K2P 9.1), and TRESK (K2P 18.1) channels. This inhibitory effect was dose-dependent and, with the exception of polygodial on TASK-1, fully reversible. However, only piperine exhibited an IC50 similar to its reported EC50 on TRP channels. Finally, we observed for TASK-3 that mutating H98 to E markedly decreased the inhibition induced by piperine, capsaicin, and 6-gingerol, but not by polygodial. Our data contribute to the relatively sparse knowledge concerning the pharmacology of K2P channels and also raise the question of whether K2P channels could be involved in the pungency perception of piperine.
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126
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Manteniotis S, Lehmann R, Flegel C, Vogel F, Hofreuter A, Schreiner BSP, Altmüller J, Becker C, Schöbel N, Hatt H, Gisselmann G. Comprehensive RNA-Seq expression analysis of sensory ganglia with a focus on ion channels and GPCRs in Trigeminal ganglia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79523. [PMID: 24260241 PMCID: PMC3832644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific functions of sensory systems depend on the tissue-specific expression of genes that code for molecular sensor proteins that are necessary for stimulus detection and membrane signaling. Using the Next Generation Sequencing technique (RNA-Seq), we analyzed the complete transcriptome of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult mice. Focusing on genes with an expression level higher than 1 FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), we detected the expression of 12984 genes in the TG and 13195 in the DRG. To analyze the specific gene expression patterns of the peripheral neuronal tissues, we compared their gene expression profiles with that of the liver, brain, olfactory epithelium, and skeletal muscle. The transcriptome data of the TG and DRG were scanned for virtually all known G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as well as for ion channels. The expression profile was ranked with regard to the level and specificity for the TG. In total, we detected 106 non-olfactory GPCRs and 33 ion channels that had not been previously described as expressed in the TG. To validate the RNA-Seq data, in situ hybridization experiments were performed for several of the newly detected transcripts. To identify differences in expression profiles between the sensory ganglia, the RNA-Seq data of the TG and DRG were compared. Among the differentially expressed genes (> 1 FPKM), 65 and 117 were expressed at least 10-fold higher in the TG and DRG, respectively. Our transcriptome analysis allows a comprehensive overview of all ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in trigeminal ganglia and provides additional approaches for the investigation of trigeminal sensing as well as for the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of pain.
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Noriega-Navarro R, Lopez-Charcas O, Hernández-Enríquez B, Reyes-Gutiérrez PE, Martínez R, Landa A, Morán J, Gomora JC, Garcia-Valdes J. Novel TASK channels inhibitors derived from dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:28-36. [PMID: 24212057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TASK channels belong to the family of K(+) channels with 4 transmembrane segments and 2 pore domains (4TM/2P) per subunit. These channels have been related to apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), as well as cancer in other tissues. TASK current is regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters, anesthetics and divalent cations, which are not selective. Recently, there has been found some organic compounds that inhibit TASK current selectively. In order to find other modulators, we report here a group of five dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines (DPIs), four of them with putative anticancer activity, that were evaluated on TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed IC50 < 320 μM on TASK-1 and TASK-3, intermediate activity on TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimer, moderate effect over hslo and TREK-1 (500 μM), and practically not inhibition on Shaker-IR, herg and IRK2.1 potassium channels, when they were expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In rat CGN, 500 μM of these three compounds induced a decrement by >39% of the TASK-carried leak current. Finally, only compound 1 showed significant protection (∼36%) against apoptotic death of CGN induced by K(+) deprivation. These results suggest that DPI compounds could be potential candidates for designing new selective inhibitors of TASK channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Noriega-Navarro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - O Lopez-Charcas
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - B Hernández-Enríquez
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - P E Reyes-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - R Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - A Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Morán
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J C Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Garcia-Valdes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico.
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Lübbert M, Kyereme J, Schöbel N, Beltrán L, Wetzel CH, Hatt H. Transient receptor potential channels encode volatile chemicals sensed by rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77998. [PMID: 24205061 PMCID: PMC3804614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory afferents of the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia constantly transmit sensory information depicting the individual’s physical and chemical environment to higher brain regions. Beyond the typical trigeminal stimuli (e.g. irritants), environmental stimuli comprise a plethora of volatile chemicals with olfactory components (odorants). In spite of a complete loss of their sense of smell, anosmic patients may retain the ability to roughly discriminate between different volatile compounds. While the detailed mechanisms remain elusive, sensory structures belonging to the trigeminal system seem to be responsible for this phenomenon. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the activation of the trigeminal system by volatile chemicals, we investigated odorant-induced membrane potential changes in cultured rat trigeminal neurons induced by the odorants vanillin, heliotropyl acetone, helional, and geraniol. We observed the dose-dependent depolarization of trigeminal neurons upon application of these substances occurring in a stimulus-specific manner and could show that distinct neuronal populations respond to different odorants. Using specific antagonists, we found evidence that TRPA1, TRPM8, and/or TRPV1 contribute to the activation. In order to further test this hypothesis, we used recombinantly expressed rat and human variants of these channels to investigate whether they are indeed activated by the odorants tested. We additionally found that the odorants dose-dependently inhibit two-pore potassium channels TASK1 and TASK3 heterologously expressed In Xenopus laevis oocytes. We suggest that the capability of various odorants to activate different TRP channels and to inhibit potassium channels causes neuronal depolarization and activation of distinct subpopulations of trigeminal sensory neurons, forming the basis for a specific representation of volatile chemicals in the trigeminal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lübbert
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Kyereme
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Schöbel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Beltrán
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Horst Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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129
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Abstract
Szechuan pepper, a widely used ingredient in the cuisine of many Asian countries, is known for the tingling sensation it induces on the tongue and lips. While the molecular mechanism by which Szechuan pepper activates tactile afferent fibres has been clarified, the tingling sensation itself has been less studied, and it remains unclear which fibres are responsible. We investigated the somatosensory perception of tingling in humans to identify the characteristic temporal frequency and compare this to the established selectivity of tactile afferents. Szechuan pepper was applied to the lower lip of participants. Participants judged the frequency of the tingling sensation on the lips by comparing this with the frequencies of mechanical vibrations applied to their right index finger. The perceived frequency of the tingling was consistently at around 50 Hz, corresponding to the range of tactile RA1 afferent fibres. Furthermore, adaptation of the RA1 channel by prolonged mechanical vibration reliably reduced the tingling frequency induced by Szechuan pepper, confirming that the frequency-specific tactile channel is shared between Szechuan pepper and mechanical vibration. Combining information about molecular reactions at peripheral receptors with quantitative psychophysical measurement may provide a unique method for characterizing unusual experiences by decomposing them into identifiable minimal units of sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Hagura
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, , London WC1N 3AR, UK
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130
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Zameel Cader M. The molecular pathogenesis of migraine: new developments and opportunities. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:R39-44. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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131
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Liu P, Xiao Z, Ren F, Guo Z, Chen Z, Zhao H, Cao YQ. Functional analysis of a migraine-associated TRESK K+ channel mutation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12810-24. [PMID: 23904616 PMCID: PMC3728689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1237-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic and functional studies suggest that migraine may result from abnormal activities of ion channels and transporters. A frameshift mutation in the human TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) (TRESK) channel has been identified in migraine with aura patients in a large pedigree. In Xenopus oocytes, mutant TRESK subunits exert a dominant-negative effect on whole-cell TRESK currents. However, questions remain as to whether and how mutant TRESK subunits affect the membrane properties and the excitability of neurons in the migraine circuit. Here, we investigated the functional consequences of the mutant TRESK subunits in HEK293T cells and mouse trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. First, we found that mutant TRESK subunits exhibited dominant-negative effects not only on the size of the whole-cell TRESK currents, but also on the level of TRESK channels on the plasma membrane in HEK293T cells. This likely resulted from the heterodimerization of wild-type and mutant TRESK subunits. Next, we expressed mutant TRESK subunits in cultured TG neurons and observed a significant decrease in the lamotrigine-sensitive K(+) current, suggesting that the mutant TRESK subunits have a dominant-negative effect on currents through the endogenous TRESK channels. Current-clamp recordings showed that neurons expressing mutant TRESK subunits had a higher input resistance, a lower current threshold for action potential initiation, and a higher spike frequency in response to suprathreshold stimuli, indicating that the mutation resulted in hyperexcitability of TG neurons. Our results suggest a possible mechanism through which the TRESK mutation increases the susceptibility of migraine headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Zheman Xiao
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Fei Ren
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Zhaohua Guo
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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132
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Eugenol and carvacrol induce temporally desensitizing patterns of oral irritation and enhance innocuous warmth and noxious heat sensation on the tongue. Pain 2013; 154:2078-2087. [PMID: 23791894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol and carvacrol, from the spices clove and oregano, respectively, are agonists of TRPV3, which is implicated in transduction of warmth and possibly heat pain. We investigated the temporal dynamics of lingual irritation elicited by these agents, and their effects on innocuous warmth and heat pain, using a half-tongue method in human subjects. The irritant sensation elicited by both eugenol and carvacrol decreased across repeated applications at a 1-minute interstimulus interval (self-desensitization) which persisted for at least 10 minutes. Both agents also cross-desensitized capsaicin-evoked irritation. Eugenol and carvacrol significantly increased the magnitude of perceived innocuous warmth (44 °C) for >10 minutes, and briefly (<5 minutes) enhanced heat pain elicited by a 49 °C stimulus. Similar albeit weaker effects were observed when thermal stimuli were applied after the tongue had been desensitized by repeated application of eugenol or carvacrol, indicating that the effect is not due solely to summation of chemoirritant and thermal sensations. Neither chemical affected sensations of innocuous cool or cold pain. A separate group of subjects was asked to subdivide eugenol and carvacrol irritancy into subqualities, the most frequently reported being numbing and warmth, with brief burning, stinging/pricking, and tingle, confirming an earlier study. Eugenol, but not carvacrol, reduced detection of low-threshold mechanical stimuli. Eugenol and carvacrol enhancement of innocuous warmth may involve sensitization of thermal gating of TRPV3 expressed in peripheral warm fibers. The brief heat hyperalgesia following eugenol may involve a TRPV3-mediated enhancement of thermal gating of TRPV1 expressed in lingual polymodal nociceptors.
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133
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Callejo G, Giblin JP, Gasull X. Modulation of TRESK background K+ channel by membrane stretch. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64471. [PMID: 23691227 PMCID: PMC3655163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore domain K+ channel TRESK is expressed in dorsal root ganglion and trigeminal sensory neurons where it is a major contributor to background K+ current. TRESK acts as a break to prevent excessive sensory neuron activation and decreases in its expression or function have been involved in neuronal hyperexcitability after injury/inflammation, migraine or altered sensory perception (tingling, cooling and pungent burning sensations). All these effects have implicated this channel in nociception and mechanotransduction. To determine the role of TRESK in sensory transduction, we studied its sensitivity to changes in membrane tension (stretch) in heterologous systems, F-11 cells and trigeminal neurons. Laminar shear stress increased TRESK currents by 22–30%. An increase in membrane tension induced by cell swelling (hypotonic medium) produced a reversible elevation of TRESK currents (39.9%). In contrast, cell shrinkage (hypertonic solution) produced the opposite effect. Membrane crenators or cup-formers produced equivalent effects. In trigeminal sensory neurons, TRESK channels were mechanically stimulated by negative pressure, which led to a 1.51-fold increase in channel open probability. TRESK-like currents in trigeminal neurons were additively inhibited by arachidonic acid, acidic pH and hypertonic stimulation, conditions usually found after tissue inflammation. Our results show that TRESK is modulated by changes in cell membrane tension and/or cell volume. Several key players released during inflammation or tissue injury could modulate sensory neuron activation through small changes in membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Callejo
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan P. Giblin
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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134
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Tsunozaki M, Lennertz RC, Vilceanu D, Katta S, Stucky CL, Bautista DM. A 'toothache tree' alkylamide inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors to alleviate mechanical pain. J Physiol 2013; 591:3325-40. [PMID: 23652591 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.252106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional medicine, the 'toothache tree' and other plants of the Zanthoxylum genus have been used to treat inflammatory pain conditions, such as toothache and rheumatoid arthritis. Here we examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the analgesic properties of hydroxy-α-sanshool, the active alkylamide produced by Zanthoxylum plants. Consistent with its analgesic effects in humans, sanshool treatment in mice caused a selective attenuation of mechanical sensitivity under naïve and inflammatory conditions, with no effect on thermal sensitivity. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sanshool attenuates mechanical pain, we performed single fibre recordings, calcium imaging and whole-cell electrophysiology of cultured sensory neurons. We found that: (1) sanshool potently inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors that mediate both sharp acute pain and inflammatory pain; (2) sanshool inhibits action potential firing by blocking voltage-gated sodium currents in a subset of somatosensory neurons, which express a unique combination of voltage-gated sodium channels; and (3) heterologously expressed Nav1.7 is most strongly inhibited by sanshool as compared to other sodium channels expressed in sensory neurons. These results suggest that sanshool targets voltage-gated sodium channels on Aδ mechanosensory nociceptors to dampen excitability and thus induce 'fast pain' analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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135
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Abstract
The hairs of the skin not only function to prevent heat loss but also have important sensory functions. Recent work has now established that each hair of the skin is innervated by one or more of three types of mechanoreceptor ending. Each of these three mechanoreceptor types possesses distinct molecular features and detects distinctive information about skin touch, which is relayed to specific brain locations in a somatotopic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Lechner
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R. Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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136
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Roudaut Y, Lonigro A, Coste B, Hao J, Delmas P, Crest M. Touch sense: functional organization and molecular determinants of mechanosensitive receptors. Channels (Austin) 2013; 6:234-45. [PMID: 23146937 DOI: 10.4161/chan.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors are localized in the various layers of the skin where they detect a wide range of mechanical stimuli, including light brush, stretch, vibration and noxious pressure. This variety of stimuli is matched by a diverse array of specialized mechanoreceptors that respond to cutaneous deformation in a specific way and relay these stimuli to higher brain structures. Studies across mechanoreceptors and genetically tractable sensory nerve endings are beginning to uncover touch sensation mechanisms. Work in this field has provided researchers with a more thorough understanding of the circuit organization underlying the perception of touch. Novel ion channels have emerged as candidates for transduction molecules and properties of mechanically gated currents improved our understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation to tactile stimuli. This review highlights the progress made in characterizing functional properties of mechanoreceptors in hairy and glabrous skin and ion channels that detect mechanical inputs and shape mechanoreceptor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Roudaut
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
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137
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Ford KJ, Arroyo DA, Kay JN, Lloyd EE, Bryan RM, Sanes JR, Feller MB. A role for TREK1 in generating the slow afterhyperpolarization in developing starburst amacrine cells. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2250-9. [PMID: 23390312 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01085.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow afterhyperpolarizations (sAHPs) play an important role in establishing the firing pattern of neurons that in turn influence network activity. sAHPs are mediated by calcium-activated potassium channels. However, the molecular identity of these channels and the mechanism linking calcium entry to their activation are still unknown. Here we present several lines of evidence suggesting that the sAHPs in developing starburst amacrine cells (SACs) are mediated by two-pore potassium channels. First, we use whole cell and perforated patch voltage clamp recordings to characterize the sAHP conductance under different pharmacological conditions. We find that this conductance was calcium dependent, reversed at EK, blocked by barium, insensitive to apamin and TEA, and activated by arachidonic acid. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of calcium-activated phosphodiesterase reduced the sAHP. Second, we performed gene profiling on isolated SACs and found that they showed strong preferential expression of the two-pore channel gene kcnk2 that encodes TREK1. Third, we demonstrated that TREK1 knockout animals exhibited an altered frequency of retinal waves, a frequency that is set by the sAHPs in SACs. With these results, we propose a model in which depolarization-induced decreases in cAMP lead to disinhibition of the two-pore potassium channels and in which the kinetics of this biochemical pathway dictate the slow activation and deactivation of the sAHP conductance. Our model offers a novel pathway for the activation of a conductance that is physiologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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138
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Devkota KP, Wilson J, Henrich CJ, McMahon JB, Reilly KM, Beutler JA. Isobutylhydroxyamides from the pericarp of Nepalese Zanthoxylum armatum inhibit NF1-defective tumor cell line growth. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:59-63. [PMID: 23268719 PMCID: PMC3556213 DOI: 10.1021/np300696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-based bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation on Zanthoxylum armatum collected in Nepal led to the isolation of new timuramides A-D (1-4) and six known sanshools (5-10). The structures of all compounds were established by using modern spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with previously reported data. Most of the compounds inhibited growth of an Nf1- and p53-deficient mouse glioma cell line at noncytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P. Devkota
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Curtis J. Henrich
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Karlyne M. Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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139
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Targeting two-pore domain potassium channels - a promising strategy for treating T cell mediated autoimmunity. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:286-8. [PMID: 23353639 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium channels, such as TASK, are essential players in the regulation of the resting membrane potential. A recent publication in Experimental Neurology revealed that the pharmacological blockade of the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK1 improved clinical disease severity, the number of cellular infiltrates, as well as the degree of demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. This effect was driven by a reduction in the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and proliferation of T lymphocytes. Thus, functional activity of T lymphocytes was identified to be TASK1 dependent suggesting that this class of potassium channels may represent an interesting target for treating T cell-driven autoimmunity directed against the central nervous system.
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140
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Nilius B, Appendino G. Spices: the savory and beneficial science of pungency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:1-76. [PMID: 23605179 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spicy food does not only provide an important hedonic input in daily life, but has also been anedoctically associated to beneficial effects on our health. In this context, the discovery of chemesthetic trigeminal receptors and their spicy ligands has provided the mechanistic basis and the pharmacological means to investigate this enticing possibility. This review discusses in molecular terms the connection between the neurophysiology of pungent spices and the "systemic" effects associated to their trigeminality. It commences with a cultural and historical overview on the Western fascination for spices, and, after analysing in detail the mechanisms underlying the trigeminality of food, the main dietary players from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are introduced, also discussing the "alien" distribution of taste receptors outside the oro-pharingeal cavity. The modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by spices is next described, discussing how spicy sensations can be turned into hedonic pungency, and analyzing the mechanistic bases for the health benefits that have been associated to the consumption of spices. These include, in addition to a beneficial modulation of gastro-intestinal and cardio-vascular function, slimming, the optimization of skeletal muscle performance, the reduction of chronic inflammation, and the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We conclude by reviewing the role of electrophilic spice constituents on cancer prevention in the light of their action on pro-inflammatory and pro-cancerogenic nuclear factors like NFκB, and on their interaction with the electrophile sensor protein Keap1 and the ensuing Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Spicy compounds have a complex polypharmacology, and just like any other bioactive agent, show a balance of beneficial and bad actions. However, at least for moderate consumption, the balance seems definitely in favour of the positive side, suggesting that a spicy diet, a caveman-era technology, could be seriously considered in addition to caloric control and exercise as a measurement to prevent and control many chronic diseases associate to malnutrition from a Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Leuven, Belgium,
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141
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Igarashi Y, Aoki K, Nishimura H, Morishita I, Usui K. Total synthesis of hydroxy-α- and hydroxy-β-sanshool using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:1088-91. [PMID: 22863716 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the first total synthesis of hydroxyl-α- and hydroxyl-β-sanshool, which involves Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC). Hydroxy-α-sanshool (1) was synthesized by SMC of bromoalkyne 4 with boronate 3 followed by (Z)-selective reduction of the triple bond in the coupling product. Hydroxy-β-sanshool (2) was synthesized by regio- and (E)-selective conversion of 4 to iodoalkene 11 followed by SMC with 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Igarashi
- Kampo Formulations Development Center, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-mach, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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142
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Plant LD, Zuniga L, Araki D, Marks JD, Goldstein SAN. SUMOylation silences heterodimeric TASK potassium channels containing K2P1 subunits in cerebellar granule neurons. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra84. [PMID: 23169818 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The standing outward K(+) current (IKso) governs the response of cerebellar granule neurons to natural and medicinal stimuli including volatile anesthetics. We showed that SUMOylation silenced half of IKso at the surface of cerebellar granule neurons because the underlying channels were heterodimeric assemblies of K2P1, a subunit subject to SUMOylation, and the TASK (two-P domain, acid-sensitive K(+)) channel subunits K2P3 or K2P9. The heterodimeric channels comprised the acid-sensitive portion of IKso and mediated its response to halothane. We anticipate that SUMOylation also influences sensation and homeostatic mechanisms in mammals through TASK channels formed with K2P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh D Plant
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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143
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Aoki K, Igarashi Y, Nishimura H, Morishita I, Usui K. Application of iron carbonyl complexation to the selective total synthesis of sanshools. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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144
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The transient receptor potential channel TRPA1: from gene to pathophysiology. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:425-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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145
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Rahm AK, Gierten J, Kisselbach J, Staudacher I, Staudacher K, Schweizer PA, Becker R, Katus HA, Thomas D. PKC-dependent activation of human K(2P) 18.1 K(+) channels. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:764-73. [PMID: 22168364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Two-pore-domain K(+) channels (K(2P) ) mediate K(+) background currents that modulate the membrane potential of excitable cells. K(2P) 18.1 (TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel) provides hyperpolarizing background currents in neurons. Recently, a dominant-negative loss-of-function mutation in K(2P) 18.1 has been implicated in migraine, and activation of K(2P) 18.1 channels was proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Here we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying PKC-dependent activation of K(2P) 18.1 currents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human K(2P) 18.1 channels were heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and currents were recorded with the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. KEY RESULTS Stimulation of PKC using phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) activated the hK(2P) 18.1 current by 3.1-fold in a concentration-dependent fashion. The inactive analogue 4α-PMA had no effect on channel activity. The specific PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I, Ro-32-0432 and chelerythrine reduced PMA-induced channel activation indicating that PKC is involved in this effect of PMA. Selective activation of conventional PKC isoforms with thymeleatoxin (100 nM) did not reproduce K(2P) 18.1 channel activation. Current activation by PMA was not affected by pretreatment with CsA (calcineurin inhibitor) or KT 5720 (PKA inhibitor), ruling out a significant contribution of calcineurin or cross-talk with PKA to the PKC-dependent hK(2P) 18.1 activation. Finally, mutation of putative PKC phosphorylation sites did not prevent PMA-induced K(2P) 18.1 channel activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We demonstrated that activation of hK(2P) 18.1 (TRESK) by PMA is mediated by PKC stimulation. Hence, PKC-mediated activation of K(2P) 18.1 background currents may serve as a novel molecular target for migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Rahm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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146
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Boonen J, Bronselaer A, Nielandt J, Veryser L, De Tré G, De Spiegeleer B. Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:563-90. [PMID: 22659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE N-Alkylamides (NAAs) are a promising group of bioactive compounds, which are anticipated to act as important lead compounds for plant protection and biocidal products, functional food, cosmeceuticals and drugs in the next decennia. These molecules, currently found in more than 25 plant families and with a wide structural diversity, exert a variety of biological-pharmacological effects and are of high ethnopharmacological importance. However, information is scattered in literature, with different, often unstandardized, pharmacological methodologies being used. Therefore, a comprehensive NAA database (acronym: Alkamid) was constructed to collect the available structural and functional NAA data, linked to their occurrence in plants (family, tribe, species, genus). MATERIALS AND METHODS For loading information in the database, literature data was gathered over the period 1950-2010, by using several search engines. In order to represent the collected information about NAAs, the plants in which they occur and the functionalities for which they have been examined, a relational database is constructed and implemented on a MySQL back-end. RESULTS The database is supported by describing the NAA plant-, functional- and chemical-space. The chemical space includes a NAA classification, according to their fatty acid and amine structures. CONCLUSIONS The Alkamid database (publicly available on the website http://alkamid.ugent.be/) is not only a central information point, but can also function as a useful tool to prioritize the NAA choice in the evaluation of their functionality, to perform data mining leading to quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), functionality comparisons, clustering, plant biochemistry and taxonomic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Boonen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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147
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Gabriel L, Lvov A, Orthodoxou D, Rittenhouse AR, Kobertz WR, Melikian HE. The acid-sensitive, anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, is regulated by 14-3-3β-dependent, protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated endocytic trafficking. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32354-66. [PMID: 22846993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid-sensitive neuronal potassium leak channel, KCNK3, is vital for setting the resting membrane potential and is the primary target for volatile anesthetics. Recent reports demonstrate that KCNK3 activity is down-regulated by PKC; however, the mechanisms responsible for PKC-induced KCNK3 down-regulation are undefined. Here, we report that endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates KCNK3 activity. Phorbol esters and Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation acutely decreased both native and recombinant KCNK3 currents with concomitant KCNK3 surface losses in cerebellar granule neurons and cell lines. PKC-mediated KCNK3 internalization required the presence of both 14-3-3β and a novel potassium channel endocytic motif, because depleting either 14-3-3β protein levels or ablating the endocytic motif completely abrogated PKC-regulated KCNK3 trafficking. These results demonstrate that neuronal potassium leak channels are not static membrane residents but are subject to 14-3-3β-dependent regulated trafficking, providing a straightforward mechanism to modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity by Group I mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gabriel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, USA
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148
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Yu T, Shah BP, Hansen DR, Park-York M, Gilbertson TA. Activation of oral trigeminal neurons by fatty acids is dependent upon intracellular calcium. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:227-37. [PMID: 22644615 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemoreception of dietary fat in the oral cavity has largely been attributed to activation of the somatosensory system that conveys the textural properties of fat. However, the ability of fatty acids, which are believed to represent the proximate stimulus for fat taste, to stimulate rat trigeminal neurons has remained unexplored. Here, we found that several free fatty acids are capable of activating trigeminal neurons with different kinetics. Further, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), activates trigeminal neurons by increasing intracellular calcium concentration and generating depolarizing receptor potentials. Ion substitution and pharmacological approaches reveal that intracellular calcium store depletion is crucial for LA-induced signaling in a subset of trigeminal neurons. Using pseudorabies virus (PrV) as a live cell tracer, we identified a subset of lingual nerve-innervated trigeminal neurons that respond to different subsets of fatty acids. Quantitative real-time PCR of several transient receptor potential channel markers in individual neurons validated that PrV labeled a subset but not the entire population of lingual-innervated trigeminal neurons. We further confirmed that the LA-induced intracellular calcium rise is exclusively coming from the release of calcium stores from the endoplasmic reticulum in this subset of lingual nerve-innervated trigeminal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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149
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Gyekis JP, Dingman MA, Revitsky AR, Bryant BP, Vandenbergh DJ, Frank ME, Blizard DA. Gustatory, trigeminal, and olfactory aspects of nicotine intake in three mouse strains. Behav Genet 2012; 42:820-9. [PMID: 22618163 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of nicotine consumption in rodents often intend to investigate nicotine's post-absorptive effects, yet little is known about the pre-absorptive sensory experience of nicotine drinking, including gustatory, trigeminal, and olfactory influences. We conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to nicotine in males of 3 inbred mouse strains: C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and 129X1/SvJ by repeatedly pairing 150 μg/ml nicotine drinking with lithium chloride injections. Generalization to a variety of bitter, sour, sweet, salty, and irritant solutions and to nicotine odor was then examined. Nicotine CTA generalized to the bitter stimulus quinine hydrochloride and the chemosensory irritant spilanthol in all strains. It also showed strain specificity, generalizing to hydrogen peroxide (an activator of TRPA1) in C57BL/6J mice and to the olfactory cue of nicotine in DBA/2J mice. These behavioral assays demonstrate that the sensory properties of nicotine are complex and include multiple gustatory, irritant, and olfactory components. How these qualities combine at the level of perception remains to be assessed, but sensory factors clearly exert an important influence on nicotine ingestion and their contribution to net intake of nicotine should not be neglected in animal or human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Gyekis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 201 Research Building D, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Enyedi P, Braun G, Czirják G. TRESK: the lone ranger of two-pore domain potassium channels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 353:75-81. [PMID: 22115960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel, KCNK18) belongs to the two-pore domain (K2P) background (leak) potassium channel family. Unlike other K2P channels, TRESK is activated by the calcium signal in heterologous expression systems. The activation is mediated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin. TRESK is abundantly expressed in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. The active ingredient of Sichuan pepper, sanshool, has been suggested to evoke tingling paresthesia by inhibiting the channel in a mechanoreceptor subpopulation of sensory neurons. Recently, dominant-negative mutation of human TRESK was found to be linked to migraine with aura in a large pedigree. It is hoped that future TRESK agonists may prevent or ameliorate the debilitating symptoms of migraine. It will be interesting to see whether the calcineurin-activated K(+) channel maintains normal excitability in the cerebral cortex thereby arresting cortical spreading depression (CSD), or prevents migraine attack only in the trigeminovascular (TGVS) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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