101
|
Focal adhesion kinase function in neuronal development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
102
|
Abstract
TDP1 and TDP2 were discovered and named based on the fact they process 3'- and 5'-DNA ends by excising irreversible protein tyrosyl-DNA complexes involving topoisomerases I and II, respectively. Yet, both enzymes have an extended spectrum of activities. TDP1 not only excises trapped topoisomerases I (Top1 in the nucleus and Top1mt in mitochondria), but also repairs oxidative damage-induced 3'-phosphoglycolates and alkylation damage-induced DNA breaks, and excises chain terminating anticancer and antiviral nucleosides in the nucleus and mitochondria. The repair function of TDP2 is devoted to the excision of topoisomerase II- and potentially topoisomerases III-DNA adducts. TDP2 is also essential for the life cycle of picornaviruses (important human and bovine pathogens) as it unlinks VPg proteins from the 5'-end of the viral RNA genome. Moreover, TDP2 has been involved in signal transduction (under the former names of TTRAP or EAPII). The DNA repair partners of TDP1 include PARP1, XRCC1, ligase III and PNKP from the base excision repair (BER) pathway. By contrast, TDP2 repair functions are coordinated with Ku and ligase IV in the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ). This article summarizes and compares the biochemistry, functions, and post-translational regulation of TDP1 and TDP2, as well as the relevance of TDP1 and TDP2 as determinants of response to anticancer agents. We discuss the rationale for developing TDP inhibitors for combinations with topoisomerase inhibitors (topotecan, irinotecan, doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone) and DNA damaging agents (temozolomide, bleomycin, cytarabine, and ionizing radiation), and as novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shar-yin N Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
|
104
|
Katyal S, Lee Y, Nitiss KC, Downing SM, Li Y, Shimada M, Zhao J, Russell HR, Petrini JHJ, Nitiss JL, McKinnon PJ. Aberrant topoisomerase-1 DNA lesions are pathogenic in neurodegenerative genome instability syndromes. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:813-21. [PMID: 24793032 PMCID: PMC4074009 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is considered to be a prime factor in several spinocerebellar neurodegenerative diseases; however, the DNA lesions underpinning disease etiology are unknown. We observed the endogenous accumulation of pathogenic topoisomerase-1 (Top1)-DNA cleavage complexes (Top1ccs) in murine models of ataxia telangiectasia and spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy 1. We found that the defective DNA damage response factors in these two diseases cooperatively modulated Top1cc turnover in a non-epistatic and ATM kinase-independent manner. Furthermore, coincident neural inactivation of ATM and DNA single-strand break repair factors, including tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase-1 or XRCC1, resulted in increased Top1cc formation and excessive DNA damage and neurodevelopmental defects. Notably, direct Top1 poisoning to elevate Top1cc levels phenocopied the neuropathology of the mouse models described above. Our results identify a critical endogenous pathogenic lesion associated with neurodegenerative syndromes arising from DNA repair deficiency, indicating that genome integrity is important for preventing disease in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Katyal
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
- University of Manitoba, Dept of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
- GIRC, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Karin C. Nitiss
- Dept. of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois, 61107, USA
| | - Susanna M. Downing
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Jingfeng Zhao
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Helen R. Russell
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - John H. J. Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - John L. Nitiss
- Dept. of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois, 61107, USA
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Yang Y, McBride KM, Hensley S, Lu Y, Chedin F, Bedford MT. Arginine methylation facilitates the recruitment of TOP3B to chromatin to prevent R loop accumulation. Mol Cell 2014; 53:484-97. [PMID: 24507716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tudor domain-containing protein 3 (TDRD3) is a major methylarginine effector molecule that reads methyl-histone marks and facilitates gene transcription. However, the underlying mechanism by which TDRD3 functions as a transcriptional coactivator is unknown. We identified topoisomerase IIIB (TOP3B) as a component of the TDRD3 complex. TDRD3 serves as a molecular bridge between TOP3B and arginine-methylated histones. The TDRD3-TOP3B complex is recruited to the c-MYC gene promoter primarily by the H4R3me2a mark, and the complex promotes c-MYC gene expression. TOP3B relaxes negative supercoiled DNA and reduces transcription-generated R loops in vitro. TDRD3 knockdown in cells increases R loop formation at the c-MYC locus, and Tdrd3 null mice exhibit elevated R loop formation at this locus in B cells. Tdrd3 null mice show significantly increased c-Myc/Igh translocation, a process driven by R loop structures. By reducing negative supercoiling and resolving R loops, TOP3B promotes transcription, protects against DNA damage, and reduces the frequency of chromosomal translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Yang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kevin M McBride
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Sean Hensley
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Frederic Chedin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Gao R, Schellenberg MJ, Huang SYN, Abdelmalak M, Marchand C, Nitiss KC, Nitiss JL, Williams RS, Pommier Y. Proteolytic degradation of topoisomerase II (Top2) enables the processing of Top2·DNA and Top2·RNA covalent complexes by tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17960-9. [PMID: 24808172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic type II topoisomerases (Top2α and Top2β) are homodimeric enzymes; they are essential for altering DNA topology by the formation of normally transient double strand DNA cleavage. Anticancer drugs (etoposide, doxorubicin, and mitoxantrone) and also Top2 oxidation and DNA helical alterations cause potentially irreversible Top2·DNA cleavage complexes (Top2cc), leading to Top2-linked DNA breaks. Top2cc are the therapeutic mechanism for killing cancer cells. Yet Top2cc can also generate recombination, translocations, and apoptosis in normal cells. The Top2 protein-DNA covalent complexes are excised (in part) by tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2/TTRAP/EAP2/VPg unlinkase). In this study, we show that irreversible Top2cc induced in suicidal substrates are not processed by TDP2 unless they first undergo proteolytic processing or denaturation. We also demonstrate that TDP2 is most efficient when the DNA attached to the tyrosyl is in a single-stranded configuration and that TDP2 can efficiently remove a tyrosine linked to a single misincorporated ribonucleotide or to polyribonucleotides, which expands the TDP2 catalytic profile with RNA substrates. The 1.6-Å resolution crystal structure of TDP2 bound to a substrate bearing a 5'-ribonucleotide defines a mechanism through which RNA can be accommodated in the TDP2 active site, albeit in a strained conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Matthew J Schellenberg
- the Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and
| | - Shar-Yin N Huang
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Monica Abdelmalak
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christophe Marchand
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Karin C Nitiss
- the Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois 61107
| | - John L Nitiss
- the Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois 61107
| | - R Scott Williams
- the Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and
| | - Yves Pommier
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Suliman R, Ben-David E, Shifman S. Chromatin regulators, phenotypic robustness, and autism risk. Front Genet 2014; 5:81. [PMID: 24782891 PMCID: PMC3989700 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Though extensively characterized clinically, the causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain a mystery. ASD is known to have a strong genetic basis, but it is genetically very heterogeneous. Recent studies have estimated that de novo disruptive mutations in hundreds of genes may contribute to ASD. However, it is unclear how it is possible for mutations in so many different genes to contribute to ASD. Recent findings suggest that many of the mutations disrupt genes involved in transcription regulation that are expressed prenatally in the developing brain. De novo disruptive mutations are also more frequent in girls with ASD, despite the fact that ASD is more prevalent in boys. In this paper, we hypothesize that loss of robustness may contribute to ASD. Loss of phenotypic robustness may be caused by mutations that disrupt capacitors that operate in the developing brain. This may lead to the release of cryptic genetic variation that contributes to ASD. Reduced robustness is consistent with the observed variability in expressivity and incomplete penetrance. It is also consistent with the hypothesis that the development of the female brain is more robust, and it may explain the higher rate and severity of disruptive de novo mutations in girls with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reut Suliman
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Ben-David
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sagiv Shifman
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Kleijer KTE, Schmeisser MJ, Krueger DD, Boeckers TM, Scheiffele P, Bourgeron T, Brose N, Burbach JPH. Neurobiology of autism gene products: towards pathogenesis and drug targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1037-62. [PMID: 24419271 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The genetic heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is enormous, and the neurobiology of proteins encoded by genes associated with ASD is very diverse. Revealing the mechanisms on which different neurobiological pathways in ASD pathogenesis converge may lead to the identification of drug targets. OBJECTIVE The main objective is firstly to outline the main molecular networks and neuronal mechanisms in which ASD gene products participate and secondly to answer the question how these converge. Finally, we aim to pinpoint drug targets within these mechanisms. METHOD Literature review of the neurobiological properties of ASD gene products with a special focus on the developmental consequences of genetic defects and the possibility to reverse these by genetic or pharmacological interventions. RESULTS The regulation of activity-dependent protein synthesis appears central in the pathogenesis of ASD. Through sequential consequences for axodendritic function, neuronal disabilities arise expressed as behavioral abnormalities and autistic symptoms in ASD patients. Several known ASD gene products have their effect on this central process by affecting protein synthesis intrinsically, e.g., through enhancing the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction pathway or through impairing synaptic function in general. These are interrelated processes and can be targeted by compounds from various directions: inhibition of protein synthesis through Lovastatin, mTOR inhibition using rapamycin, or mGluR-related modulation of synaptic activity. CONCLUSIONS ASD gene products may all feed into a central process of translational control that is important for adequate glutamatergic regulation of dendritic properties. This process can be modulated by available compounds but may also be targeted by yet unexplored routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel T E Kleijer
- Department Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3984 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Fernández E, Rajan N, Bagni C. The FMRP regulon: from targets to disease convergence. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:191. [PMID: 24167470 PMCID: PMC3807044 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA metabolism. FMRP has been largely studied in the brain, where the absence of this protein leads to fragile X syndrome, the most frequent form of inherited intellectual disability. Since the identification of the FMRP gene in 1991, many studies have primarily focused on understanding the function/s of this protein. Hundreds of potential FMRP mRNA targets and several interacting proteins have been identified. Here, we report the identification of FMRP mRNA targets in the mammalian brain that support the key role of this protein during brain development and in regulating synaptic plasticity. We compared the genes from databases and genome-wide association studies with the brain FMRP transcriptome, and identified several FMRP mRNA targets associated with autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia, showing a potential common pathway/s for these apparently different disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Fernández
- Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Institut voor Biotechnologie Leuven, Belgium ; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
|
111
|
|
112
|
Stoll G, Pietiläinen OPH, Linder B, Suvisaari J, Brosi C, Hennah W, Leppä V, Torniainen M, Ripatti S, Ala-Mello S, Plöttner O, Rehnström K, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Varilo T, Tallila J, Kristiansson K, Isohanni M, Kaprio J, Eriksson JG, Raitakari OT, Lehtimäki T, Jarvelin MR, Salomaa V, Hurles M, Stefansson H, Peltonen L, Sullivan PF, Paunio T, Lönnqvist J, Daly MJ, Fischer U, Freimer NB, Palotie A. Deletion of TOP3β, a component of FMRP-containing mRNPs, contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1228-1237. [PMID: 23912948 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Implicating particular genes in the generation of complex brain and behavior phenotypes requires multiple lines of evidence. The rarity of most high-impact genetic variants typically precludes the possibility of accruing statistical evidence that they are associated with a given trait. We found that the enrichment of a rare chromosome 22q11.22 deletion in a recently expanded Northern Finnish sub-isolate enabled the detection of association between TOP3B and both schizophrenia and cognitive impairment. Biochemical analysis of TOP3β revealed that this topoisomerase was a component of cytosolic messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) and was catalytically active on RNA. The recruitment of TOP3β to mRNPs was independent of RNA cis-elements and was coupled to the co-recruitment of FMRP, the disease gene product in fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Our results indicate a previously unknown role for TOP3β in mRNA metabolism and suggest that it is involved in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Stoll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olli P H Pietiläinen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bastian Linder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cornelia Brosi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - William Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Leppä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Torniainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Ala-Mello
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oliver Plöttner
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Tallila
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Matti Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Vasa Central Hospital, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.,Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki/Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Departments of Genetics, Psychiatry and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|