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Blair JA, Palm R, Chang J, McGee H, Zhu X, Wang X, Casadesus G. Luteinizing hormone downregulation but not estrogen replacement improves ovariectomy-associated cognition and spine density loss independently of treatment onset timing. Horm Behav 2016; 78:60-6. [PMID: 26497249 PMCID: PMC4718885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in reproductive hormone levels are a well-known risk factor for the development of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in women. We and others have shown an important contribution of gonadotropins in this process. Lowering serum gonadotropin levels is able to rescue cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease and menopause models, but whether this is time-dependent and the exact mechanism through which gonadotropins regulate cognitive function is unknown. We show that pharmacologically lowering serum levels of luteinizing hormone lead to cognitive improvement immediately after ovariectomy and with a 4month interval after ovariectomy, when the benefits of 17β-estradiol are known to disappear in rodents. Importantly, we show that these improvements are associated with spine density changes at both time points. These findings suggest a role of luteinizing hormone in learning and memory and neuroplasticity processes as well as provide an alternative therapeutic strategy of menopause associated cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Blair
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Russell Palm
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jaewon Chang
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Henry McGee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States.
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102
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Gender Differences in the Neurobiology of Anxiety: Focus on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5026713. [PMID: 26885403 PMCID: PMC4738969 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5026713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the literature reports a higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women, the majority of basic research has focused on male rodents, thus resulting in a lack of knowledge on the neurobiology of anxiety in females. Bridging this gap is crucial for the design of effective translational interventions in women. One of the key brain mechanisms likely to regulate anxious behavior is adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). This review paper aims to discuss the evidence on the differences between male and female rodents with regard to anxiety-related behavior and physiology, with a special focus on AHN. The differences between male and female physiologies are greatly influenced by hormonal differences. Gonadal hormones and their fluctuations during the estrous cycle have often been identified as agents responsible for sexual dimorphism in behavior and AHN. During sexual maturity, hormone levels fluctuate cyclically in females more than in males, increasing the stress response and the susceptibility to anxiety. It is therefore of great importance that future research investigates anxiety and other neurophysiological aspects in the female model, so that results can be more accurately applicable to the female population.
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103
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Spritzer MD, Curtis MG, DeLoach JP, Maher J, Shulman LM. Sexual interactions with unfamiliar females reduce hippocampal neurogenesis among adult male rats. Neuroscience 2016; 318:143-56. [PMID: 26794592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that sexual interactions prior to cell proliferation cause an increase in neurogenesis in adult male rats. Because adult neurogenesis is critical for some forms of memory, we hypothesized that sexually induced changes in neurogenesis may be involved in mate recognition. Sexually naive adult male rats were either exposed repeatedly to the same sexual partner (familiar group) or to a series of novel sexual partners (unfamiliar group), while control males never engaged in sexual interactions. Ovariectomized female rats were induced into estrus every four days. Males were given two injections of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (200mg/kg) to label proliferating cells, and the first sexual interactions occurred three days later. Males in the familiar and unfamiliar groups engaged in four, 30-min sexual interactions at four-day intervals, and brain tissue was collected the day after the last sexual interaction. Immunohistochemistry followed by microscopy was used to quantify BrdU-labeled cells. Sexual interactions with unfamiliar females caused a significant reduction in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus compared to males that interacted with familiar females and compared to the control group. The familiar group showed no difference in neurogenesis compared to the control group. Males in the familiar group engaged in significantly more sexual behavior (ejaculations and intromissions) than did males in the unfamiliar group, suggesting that level of sexual activity may influence neurogenesis levels. In a second experiment, we tested whether this effect was unique to sexual interactions by replicating the entire procedure using anestrus females. We found that interactions with unfamiliar anestrus females reduced neurogenesis relative to the other groups, but this effect was not statistically significant. In combination, these results indicate that interactions with unfamiliar females reduce adult neurogenesis and the effect is stronger for sexual interactions than for social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Spritzer
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
| | - M G Curtis
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
| | - J P DeLoach
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
| | - J Maher
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
| | - L M Shulman
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
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104
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Torner L. Actions of Prolactin in the Brain: From Physiological Adaptations to Stress and Neurogenesis to Psychopathology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:25. [PMID: 27065946 PMCID: PMC4811943 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is one of the most versatile hormones known. It is considered an adaptive hormone due to the key roles it plays in the modulation of the stress response and during pregnancy and lactation. Within the brain, PRL acts as a neuropeptide to promote physiological responses related to reproduction, stress adaptation, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. The action of PRL on the nervous system contributes to the wide array of changes that occur in the female brain during pregnancy and result in the attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Together, all these changes promote behavioral and physiological adaptations of the new mother to enable reproductive success. Brain adaptations driven by PRL are also important for the regulation of maternal emotionality and well-being. PRL also affects the male brain during the stress response, but its effects have been less studied. PRL regulates neurogenesis both in the subventricular zone and in the hippocampus. Therefore, alterations in the PRL system due to stress or exposure to substances that reduce neurogenesis or other conditions, could contribute to maladaptive responses and pathological behavioral outcomes. Here, we review the PRL system and the role it plays in the modulation of stress response and emotion regulation. We discuss the effects of PRL on neurogenesis and neuroprotection, the putative neuronal mechanisms underlying these effects, and their contribution to the onset of psychopathological states such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Torner
- Neuroendocrinología, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luz Torner,
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105
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Brummelte S, Galea LAM. Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav 2016; 77:153-66. [PMID: 26319224 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Pregnancy and postpartum are associated with dramatic alterations in steroid and peptide hormones which alter the mothers' hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes. Dysregulations in these endocrine axes are related to mood disorders and as such it should not come as a major surprise that pregnancy and the postpartum period can have profound effects on maternal mood. Indeed, pregnancy and postpartum are associated with an increased risk for developing depressive symptoms in women. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Maternal attachment, sensitivity and parenting style are essential for a healthy maturation of an infant's social, cognitive and behavioral skills and depressed mothers often display less attachment, sensitivity and more harsh or disrupted parenting behaviors, which may contribute to reports of adverse child outcomes in children of depressed mothers. Here we review, in honor of the "father of motherhood", Jay Rosenblatt, the literature on postnatal depression in the mother and its effect on mother-infant interactions. We will cover clinical and pre-clinical findings highlighting putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying postpartum depression and how they relate to maternal behaviors and infant outcome. We also review animal models that investigate the neurobiology of maternal mood and disrupted maternal care. In particular, we discuss the implications of endogenous and exogenous manipulations of glucocorticoids on maternal care and mood. Lastly we discuss interventions during gestation and postpartum that may improve maternal symptoms and behavior and thus may alter developmental outcome of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Dept. of Psychology, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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106
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Pan Y, Liu Y, Lieberwirth C, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Species differences in behavior and cell proliferation/survival in the adult brains of female meadow and prairie voles. Neuroscience 2015; 315:259-70. [PMID: 26708743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtine rodents display diverse patterns of social organization and behaviors, and thus provide a useful model for studying the effects of the social environment on physiology and behavior. The current study compared the species differences and the effects of oxytocin (OT) on anxiety-like, social affiliation, and social recognition behaviors in female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Furthermore, cell proliferation and survival in the brains of adult female meadow and prairie voles were compared. We found that female meadow voles displayed a higher level of anxiety-like behavior but lower levels of social affiliation and social recognition compared to female prairie voles. In addition, meadow voles showed lower levels of cell proliferation (measured by Ki67 staining) and cell survival (measured by BrdU staining) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and amygdala (AMY), but not the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG), than prairie voles. Interestingly, the numbers of new cells in the VMH and AMY, but not DG, also correlated with anxiety-like, social affiliation, and social recognition behaviors in a brain region-specific manner. Finally, central OT treatment (200 ng/kg, icv) did not lead to changes in behavior or cell proliferation/survival in the brain. Together, these data indicate a potential role of cell proliferation/survival in selected brain areas on different behaviors between vole species with distinct life strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
| | - C Lieberwirth
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA; Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, 84058, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA.
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107
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Oboti L, Ibarra-Soria X, Pérez-Gómez A, Schmid A, Pyrski M, Paschek N, Kircher S, Logan DW, Leinders-Zufall T, Zufall F, Chamero P. Pregnancy and estrogen enhance neural progenitor-cell proliferation in the vomeronasal sensory epithelium. BMC Biol 2015; 13:104. [PMID: 26621367 PMCID: PMC4665882 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hormonal state during the estrus cycle or pregnancy produces alterations on female olfactory perception that are accompanied by specific maternal behaviors, but it is unclear how sex hormones act on the olfactory system to enable these sensory changes. Results Herein, we show that the production of neuronal progenitors is stimulated in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) epithelium of female mice during a late phase of pregnancy. Using a wide range of molecular markers that cover the whole VNO cell maturation process in combination with Ca2+ imaging in early postmitotic neurons, we show that newly generated VNO cells adopt morphological and functional properties of mature sensory neurons. A fraction of these newly generated cells project their axons to the olfactory forebrain, extend dendrites that contact the VNO lumen, and can detect peptides and urinary proteins shown to contain pheromone activity. High-throughput RNA-sequencing reveals concomitant differences in gene expression in the VNO transcriptomes of pregnant females. These include relative increases in expression of 20 vomeronasal receptors, of which 17 belong to the V1R subfamily, and may therefore be considered as candidate receptors for mediating maternal behaviors. We identify the expression of several hormone receptors in the VNO of which estrogen receptor α (Esr1) is directly localized to neural progenitors. Administration of sustained high levels of estrogen, but not progesterone, is sufficient to stimulate vomeronasal progenitor cell proliferation in the VNO epithelium. Conclusions Peripheral olfactory neurogenesis driven by estrogen may contribute to modulate sensory perception and adaptive VNO-dependent behaviors during pregnancy and early motherhood. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0211-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Oboti
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany. .,Present address: Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, 20010, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Anabel Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Pyrski
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Paschek
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Kircher
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA.
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Zufall
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Pablo Chamero
- Department of Physiology, and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421, Homburg, Germany. .,Present address: Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Reproduction & des Comportments, UMR 7247 INRA-CNRS-Université François Rabelais, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
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108
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Blair JA, Bhatta S, McGee H, Casadesus G. Luteinizing hormone: Evidence for direct action in the CNS. Horm Behav 2015; 76:57-62. [PMID: 26172857 PMCID: PMC4741372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Hormonal dysfunction due to aging, especially during menopause, plays a substantial role in cognitive decline as well as the progression and development of neurodegenerative diseases. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis has long been implicated in changes in behavior and neuronal morphology. Most notably, estrogens have proven beneficial in the healthy brain through a host of different mechanisms. Recently, luteinizing hormone (LH) has emerged as a candidate for further investigation for its role in the CNS. The basis of this is that both LH and the LH receptor are expressed in the brain, and serum levels of LH correlate with cognitive deficits and Alzheimer's disease (AD) incidence. The study of LH in cognition and AD primarily focuses on evaluating the effects of downregulation of this peptide. This literature has shown that decreasing peripheral LH, through a variety of pharmacological interventions, reduces cognitive deficits in ovariectomy and AD models. However, few studies have researched the direct actions of LH on neurons and glial cells. Here we summarize the role of luteinizing hormone in modulating cognition, and we propose a mechanism that underlies a role for brain LH in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Blair
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sabina Bhatta
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Henry McGee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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109
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The endocrine dyscrasia that accompanies menopause and andropause induces aberrant cell cycle signaling that triggers re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, neurodysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive disease. Horm Behav 2015; 76:63-80. [PMID: 26188949 PMCID: PMC4807861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Sex hormones are physiological factors that promote neurogenesis during embryonic and fetal development. During childhood and adulthood these hormones support the maintenance of brain structure and function via neurogenesis and the formation of dendritic spines, axons and synapses required for the capture, processing and retrieval of information (memories). Not surprisingly, changes in these reproductive hormones that occur with menopause and during andropause are strongly correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In this connection, much evidence now indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical, neuropathological and cognitive changes observed with disease progression. Intriguingly, a recent animal study has demonstrated that induction of adult neurogenesis results in the loss of previously encoded memories while decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation during infancy mitigated forgetting. Here we review the biochemical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that alterations in sex hormone signaling associated with menopause and andropause drive the aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into an abortive cell cycle that leads to neurite retraction, neuron dysfunction and neuron death. When the reproductive axis is in balance, gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH), and its fetal homolog, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), promote pluripotent human and totipotent murine embryonic stem cell and neuron proliferation. However, strong evidence supports menopausal/andropausal elevations in the LH:sex steroid ratio as driving aberrant mitotic events. These include the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor; amyloid-β precursor protein processing towards the production of mitogenic Aβ; and the activation of Cdk5, a key regulator of cell cycle progression and tau phosphorylation (a cardinal feature of both neurogenesis and neurodegeneration). Cognitive and biochemical studies confirm the negative consequences of a high LH:sex steroid ratio on dendritic spine density and human cognitive performance. Prospective epidemiological and clinical evidence in humans supports the premise that rebalancing the ratio of circulating gonadotropins:sex steroids reduces the incidence of AD. Together, these data support endocrine dyscrasia and the subsequent loss of cell cycle control as an important etiological event in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Richard L Bowen
- OTB Research, 217 Calhoun St, Unit 1, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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110
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Ehrhardt A, Wang B, Leung MJ, Schrader JW. Absence of M-Ras modulates social behavior in mice. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:68. [PMID: 26490652 PMCID: PMC4618870 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms that determine social behavior are poorly understood. Pheromones play a critical role in social recognition in most animals, including mice, but how these are converted into behavioral responses is largely unknown. Here, we report that the absence of the small GTPase M-Ras affects social behavior in mice. Results In their interactions with other males, Mras−/− males exhibited high levels of territorial aggression and social investigations, and increased fear-related behavior. They also showed increased mating behavior with females. Curiously, increased aggression and mating behaviors were only observed when Mras−/− males were paired with Mras−/− partners, but were significantly reduced when paired with wild-type (WT) mice. Since mice use pheromonal cues to identify other individuals, we explored the possibility that pheromone detection may be altered in Mras−/− mice. Unlike WT mice, Mras−/− did not show a preference for exploring unfamiliar urinary pheromones or unfamiliar isogenic mice. Although this could indicate that vomeronasal function and/or olfactory learning may be compromised in Mras−/− mice, these observations were not fully consistent with the differential behavioral responses to WT and Mras−/− interaction partners by Mras−/− males. In addition, induction of c-fos upon pheromone exposure or in response to mating was similar in WT and Mras−/− mice, as was the ex vivo expansion of neural progenitors with EGF. This indicated that acute pheromone detection and processing was likely intact. However, urinary metabolite profiles differed between Mras−/− and WT males. Conclusions The changes in behaviors displayed by Mras−/− mice are likely due to a complex combination of factors that may include an inherent predisposition to increased aggression and sexual behavior, and the production of distinct pheromones that could override the preference for unfamiliar social odors. Olfactory and/or social learning processes may thus be compromised in Mras−/− mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0209-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ehrhardt
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Bin Wang
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Marie J Leung
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - John W Schrader
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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111
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Koyama S, Soini HA, Wager-Miller J, Alley WR, Pizzo MJ, Rodda C, Alberts J, Crystal JD, Lai C, Foley J, Novotny MV. Cross-generational impact of a male murine pheromone 2-sec-butyl-4,5- dihydrothiazole in female mice. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2015.1074. [PMID: 26136453 PMCID: PMC4528559 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of the activity of mammalian pheromones is that endocrine and behavioural effects are limited to the exposed individuals. Here, we demonstrate that the nasal exposure of female mice to a male murine pheromone stimulates expansion of mammary glands, leading to prolonged nursing of pups. Subsequent behavioural testing of the pups from pheromone-exposed dams exhibited enhanced learning. Sialic acid components in the milk are known to be involved in brain development. We hypothesized that the offspring might have received more of this key nutrient that promotes brain development. The mRNA for polysialyltransferase, which produces polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules related to brain development,was increased in the brain of offspring of pheromone-exposed dams at post-natal day 10, while it was not different at embryonic stages, indicating possible differential brain development during early post-natal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Helena A. Soini
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James Wager-Miller
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Pizzo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cathleen Rodda
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jeffrey Alberts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathon D. Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cary Lai
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John Foley
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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112
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Hoffman E, Pickavance L, Thippeswamy T, Beynon RJ, Hurst JL. The male sex pheromone darcin stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and cell proliferation in the subventricular zone in female mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:106. [PMID: 25972792 PMCID: PMC4413791 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of newly generated neurons persists throughout life in the mammalian olfactory bulb and hippocampus, regions involved in olfactory and spatial learning. Social cues can be potent stimuli for increasing adult neurogenesis; for example, odors from dominant but not subordinate male mice increase neurogenesis in both brain regions of adult females. However, little is known about the role of neurogenesis in social recognition or the assessment of potential mates. Dominant male mice scent-mark territories using urine that contains a number of pheromones including darcin (MUP20), a male-specific major urinary protein that stimulates rapid learned attraction to the spatial location and individual odor signature of the scent owner. Here we investigate whether exposure to darcin stimulates neurogenesis in the female brain. Hippocampal neurons and cellular proliferation in the lateral ventricles that supply neurons to the olfactory bulbs increased in females exposed for 7 days to male urine containing at least 0.5 μg/μl darcin. Darcin was effective whether presented alone or in the context of male urine, but other information in male urine appeared to modulate the proliferative response. When exposed to urine from wild male mice, hippocampal proliferation increased only if urine was from the same individual over 7 days, suggesting that consistency of individual scent signatures is important. While 7 days exposure to male scent initiated the first stages of increased neurogenesis, this caused no immediate increase in female attraction to the scent or in the strength or robustness of spatial learning in short-term conditioned place preference tests. The reliable and consistent stimulation of neurogenesis by a pheromone important in rapid social learning suggests that this may provide an excellent model to explore the relationship between the integration of new neurons and plasticity in spatial and olfactory learning in a socially-relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hoffman
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston, UK
| | - Lucy Pickavance
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - Jane L Hurst
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston, UK
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113
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Sackmann-Sala L, Guidotti JE, Goffin V. Minireview: prolactin regulation of adult stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:667-81. [PMID: 25793405 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem/progenitor cells are found in many tissues, where their primary role is to maintain homeostasis. Recent studies have evaluated the regulation of adult stem/progenitor cells by prolactin in various target tissues or cell types, including the mammary gland, the prostate, the brain, the bone marrow, the hair follicle, and colon cancer cells. Depending on the tissue, prolactin can either maintain stem cell quiescence or, in contrast, promote stem/progenitor cell expansion and push their progeny towards differentiation. In many instances, whether these effects are direct or involve paracrine regulators remains debated. This minireview aims to overview the current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Sackmann-Sala
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Inserm Unité1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Team Prolactin/Growth Hormone Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
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114
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Griffiths PR, Brennan PA. Roles for learning in mammalian chemosensory responses. Horm Behav 2015; 68:91-102. [PMID: 25200200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Chemosignals and Reproduction". A rich variety of chemosignals have been identified that influence mammalian behaviour, including peptides, proteins and volatiles. Many of these elicit innate effects acting either as pheromones within species or allelochemicals between species. However, even innate pheromonal responses in mammals are not as hard-wired as the original definition of the term would suggest. Many, if not most mammalian pheromonal responses are only elicited in certain behavioural or physiological contexts. Furthermore, certain pheromones are themselves rewarding and act as unconditioned stimuli to link non-pheromonal stimuli to the pheromonal response, via associative learning. The medial amygdala, has emerged as a potential site for this convergence by which learned chemosensory input is able to gain control over innately-driven output circuits. The medial amygdala is also an important site for associating social chemosensory information that enables recognition of conspecifics and heterospecifics by association of their complex chemosensory signatures both within and across olfactory chemosensory systems. Learning can also influence pheromonal responses more directly to adapt them to changing physiological and behavioural context. Neuromodulators such as noradrenaline and oxytocin can plasticise neural circuits to gate transmission of chemosensory information. More recent evidence points to a role for neurogenesis in this adaptation, both at the peripheral level of the sensory neurons and via the incorporation of new neurons into existing olfactory bulb circuits. The emerging picture is of integrated and flexible responses to chemosignals that adapt them to the environmental and physiological context in which they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter A Brennan
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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115
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Baum MJ, Cherry JA. Processing by the main olfactory system of chemosignals that facilitate mammalian reproduction. Horm Behav 2015; 68:53-64. [PMID: 24929017 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Chemosignals and Reproduction". Most mammalian species possess two parallel circuits that process olfactory information. One of these circuits, the accessory system, originates with sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). This system has long been known to detect non-volatile pheromonal odorants from conspecifics that influence numerous aspects of social communication, including sexual attraction and mating as well as the release of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. A second circuit, the main olfactory system, originates with sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). This system detects a wide range of non-pheromonal odors relevant to survival (e.g., food and predator odors). Over the past decade evidence has accrued showing that the main olfactory system also detects a range of volatile odorants that function as pheromones to facilitate mate recognition and activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal neuroendocrine axis. We review early studies as well as the new literature supporting the view that the main olfactory system processes a variety of different pheromonal cues that facilitate mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Baum
- Departments of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - James A Cherry
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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116
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Association between changes in reproductive activity and D-glucose metabolism in the tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Sci Rep 2014; 4:7489. [PMID: 25502224 PMCID: PMC4265777 DOI: 10.1038/srep07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an important life process in insects; however, few studies have attempted to demonstrate the association between reproductive activity and energy metabolism. To address this problem, we focused on the reproductive changes in Bactrocera dorsalis males. We analyzed B. dorsalis male gene expression profiles during mating (DM), 3 h after mating (A3HM) and 12 h after mating (A12HM). Gene annotation and pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes show that galactose metabolism and the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway activities were significantly higher in A12HM group. Moreover, the maltase D gene was the most strongly up-regulated gene. The D-glucose levels were significantly higher in A12HM group. Maltase D expression level was significantly higher in males reared with sucrose. Body weights of the males reared with D-glucose and sucrose were significantly higher than those of the males reared with yeast extract. We observed more mated males from the groups fed sucrose and D-glucose than from those fed yeast extract. The D-glucose levels in individual males were highest at 18:00 h, when flies exhibit the most active mating behavior. This study shows that the maltase D gene and D-glucose are the critical gene and substrate, respectively, in male B. dorsalis mating process.
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117
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Abstract
Enhancement of adult neurogenesis in female mice was previously demonstrated through exposure to soiled bedding from males, although the identity of relevant chemosignals has remained unknown. The farnesenes and SBT (2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole) are male murine pheromones that dominant males secrete at higher levels. Previous studies have shown that they induce oestrus in female mice. We have recently shown that these pheromones strongly increase cell proliferation in the SVZ (subventricular zone) of adult female mice. In addition, we found that a female murine pheromone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, facilitates similar changes in males. 2,5-dimethylpyrazine is a female pheromone that is secreted when females are housed in large groups and it was originally found to suppress oestrus in females. We found that it does not have suppressive effect on the cell proliferation in the SVZ of females. Similarly, male murine pheromones, SBT and the farnesenes, do not show a suppressive effect on the cell proliferation in the SVZ of males. Our results demonstrated that pheromonal communication between males and females has strong stimulatory effect on both the reproductive physiology and brain cell proliferation, but intrasex pheromonal exchanges do not reduce progenitor proliferation in these brain regions.
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118
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Asaba A, Hattori T, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Sexual attractiveness of male chemicals and vocalizations in mice. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:231. [PMID: 25140125 PMCID: PMC4122165 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Male-female interaction is important for finding a suitable mating partner and for ensuring reproductive success. Male sexual signals such as pheromones transmit information and social and sexual status to females, and exert powerful effects on the mate preference and reproductive biology of females. Likewise, male vocalizations are attractive to females and enhance reproductive function in many animals. Interestingly, females' preference for male pheromones and vocalizations is associated with their genetic background, to avoid inbreeding. Moreover, based on acoustic cues, olfactory signals have significant effects on mate choice in mice, suggesting mate choice involves multisensory integration. In this review, we synopsize the effects of both olfactory and auditory cues on female behavior and neuroendocrine functions. We also discuss how these male signals are integrated and processed in the brain to regulate behavior and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Asaba
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hattori
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University Kanagawa, Japan
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119
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The interplay between reproductive social stimuli and adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:497657. [PMID: 25140258 PMCID: PMC4130132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/497657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a striking form of structural plasticity that adapts the brain to the changing world. Accordingly, new neuron production is involved in cognitive functions, such as memory, learning, and pattern separation. Recent data in rodents indicate a close link between adult neurogenesis and reproductive social behavior. This provides a key to unravel the functional meaning of adult neurogenesis in biological relevant contexts and, in parallel, opens new perspectives to explore the way the brain is processing social stimuli. In this paper we will summarize some of the major achievements on cues and mechanisms modulating adult neurogenesis during social behaviors related to reproduction and possible role/s played by olfactory newborn neurons in this context. We will point out that newborn interneurons in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) represent a privileged cellular target for social stimuli that elicit reproductive behaviors and that such cues modulate adult neurogenesis at two different levels increasing both proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the germinative regions and integration of newborn neurons into functional circuits. This dual mechanism provides fresh neurons that can be involved in critical activities for the individual fitness, that is, the processing of social stimuli driving the parental behavior and partner recognition.
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120
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Walton JC, Aubrecht TG, Weil ZM, Leuner B, Nelson RJ. Photoperiodic regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2674-9. [PMID: 24893623 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiodic organisms monitor environmental day length to engage in seasonally appropriate adaptions in physiology and behavior. Among these adaptations are changes in brain volume and neurogenesis, which have been well described in multiple species of birds, yet few studies have described such changes in the brains of adult mammals. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are an excellent species in which to investigate the effects of day length on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as males, in addition to having reduced hippocampal volume in short days (SD) with concomitant impairments in hippocampus-mediated behaviors, have photoperiod-dependent changes in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We performed the current experiment to assess the effects of photoperiod on hippocampal neurogenesis longitudinally, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine at multiple time points across 10 weeks of SD exposure. Compared with counterparts held in long day (LD) lengths, across the first 8 weeks of SD exposure hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced. However, at 10 weeks in SD lengths neurogenic levels in the hippocampus were elevated above those levels in mice held in LD lengths. The current findings are consistent with the natural photoperiodic cycle of hippocampal function in male white-footed mice, and may help to inform research on photoperiodic plasticity in neurogenesis and provide insight into how the complex interplay among the environment, genes and adaptive responses to changing day lengths affects brain structure, function and behavior at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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121
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Paez-Gonzalez P, Asrican B, Rodriguez E, Kuo CT. Identification of distinct ChAT⁺ neurons and activity-dependent control of postnatal SVZ neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:934-42. [PMID: 24880216 PMCID: PMC4122286 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal/adult SVZ neurogenesis is believed to be primarily controlled by neural stem cell (NSC)-intrinsic mechanisms, interacting with extracellular/niche-driven cues. Although behavioral paradigms and disease states have suggested possibilities for higher-level inputs, it is currently unknown if neural activity patterns from discrete circuits can directly regulate SVZ neurogenesis. We have identified a previously undescribed population of ChAT+ neurons residing within the rodent SVZ neurogenic niche. These neurons showed morphological and functional differences from neighboring striatal counterparts, and released acetylcholine locally in activity-dependent fashion. Optogenetic inhibition and stimulation of subependymal ChAT+ neurons in vivo showed that they are necessary and sufficient to control neurogenic proliferation. Furthermore, whole-cell recordings and biochemical experiments revealed direct SVZ NSC responses to local acetylcholine release, synergizing with FGF receptor activation to increase neuroblast production. These results uncovered an unknown gateway connecting SVZ neurogenesis to neuronal activity-dependent control, and possibilities for modulating neuroregenerative capacities in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Brent Asrican
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Erica Rodriguez
- 1] Neurobiology Graduate Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Chay T Kuo
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Neurobiology Graduate Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [3] Brumley Neonatal Perinatal Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [4] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [5] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [6] Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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122
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Sakamoto M, Kageyama R, Imayoshi I. The functional significance of newly born neurons integrated into olfactory bulb circuits. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:121. [PMID: 24904263 PMCID: PMC4033306 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is the first central processing center for olfactory information connecting with higher areas in the brain, and this neuronal circuitry mediates a variety of odor-evoked behavioral responses. In the adult mammalian brain, continuous neurogenesis occurs in two restricted regions, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. New neurons born in the SVZ migrate through the rostral migratory stream and are integrated into the neuronal circuits of the OB throughout life. The significance of this continuous supply of new neurons in the OB has been implicated in plasticity and memory regulation. Two decades of huge investigation in adult neurogenesis revealed the biological importance of integration of new neurons into the olfactory circuits. In this review, we highlight the recent findings about the physiological functions of newly generated neurons in rodent OB circuits and then discuss the contribution of neurogenesis in the brain function. Finally, we introduce cutting edge technologies to monitor and manipulate the activity of new neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sakamoto
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Kyoto, Japan
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123
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Oboti L, Peretto P. How neurogenesis finds its place in a hardwired sensory system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:102. [PMID: 24847202 PMCID: PMC4023038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
So far most studies on adult neurogenesis aimed to unravel mechanisms and molecules regulating the integration of newly generated neurons in the mature brain parenchyma. The exceedingly abundant amount of results that followed, rather than being beneficial in the perspective of brain repair, provided a clear evidence that adult neurogenesis constitutes a necessary feature to the correct functioning of the hosting brain regions. In particular, the rodent olfactory system represents a privileged model to study how neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis interact with sensory functions. Until recently, the vomeronasal system (VNS) has been commonly described as being specialized in the detection of innate chemosignals. Accordingly, its circuitry has been considered necessarily stable, if not hard-wired, in order to allow stereotyped behavioral responses. However, both first and second order projections of the rodent VNS continuously change their synaptic connectivity due to ongoing postnatal and adult neurogenesis. How the functional integrity of a neuronal circuit is maintained while newborn neurons are continuously added—or lost—is a fundamental question for both basic and applied neuroscience. The VNS is proposed as an alternative model to answer such question. Hereby the underlying motivations will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Oboti
- Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience Research Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino Orbassano, Italy
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124
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Lindsey BW, Tropepe V. Changes in the social environment induce neurogenic plasticity predominantly in niches residing in sensory structures of the zebrafish brain independently of cortisol levels. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1053-77. [PMID: 24753454 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The social environment is known to modulate adult neurogenesis. Studies in mammals and birds have shown a strong correlation between social isolation and decreases in neurogenesis, whereas time spent in an enriched environment has been shown to restore these deficits and enhance neurogenesis. These data suggest that there exists a common adaptive response among neurogenic niches to each extreme of the social environment. We sought to further test this hypothesis in zebrafish, a social species with distinct neurogenic niches within primary sensory structures and telencephalic nuclei of the brain. By examining stages of adult neurogenesis, including the proliferating stem/progenitor population, their surviving cohort, and the resulting newly differentiated neuronal population, we show that niches residing in sensory structures are most sensitive to changes in the social context, and that social isolation or novelty are both capable of decreasing the number of proliferating cells while increasing the number of newborn neurons within a single niche. Contrary to observations in rodents, we demonstrate that social novelty, a form of enrichment, does not consistently rescue deficits in cell proliferation following social isolation, and that cortisol levels do not negatively regulate changes in adult neurogenesis, but are correlated with the social context. We propose that enhancement or suppression of adult neurogenesis in the zebrafish brain under different social contexts depends largely on the type of niche (sensory or telencephalic), experience from the preceding social environment, and occurs independently of changes in cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lindsey
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
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125
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Peragine D, Simpson J, Mooney S, Lovern M, Holmes M. Social regulation of adult neurogenesis in a eusocial mammal. Neuroscience 2014; 268:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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126
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Butti E, Cusimano M, Bacigaluppi M, Martino G. Neurogenic and non-neurogenic functions of endogenous neural stem cells. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:92. [PMID: 24808821 PMCID: PMC4010760 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a lifelong process that occurs in two main neurogenic niches of the brain, namely in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. In the 1960s, studies on adult neurogenesis have been hampered by the lack of established phenotypic markers. The precise tracing of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) was therefore, not properly feasible. After the (partial) identification of those markers, it was the lack of specific tools that hindered a proper experimental elimination and tracing of those cells to demonstrate their terminal fate and commitment. Nowadays, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs as well as genetic tracing/ablation procedures have moved the field forward and increased our understanding of neurogenesis processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Newly formed NPC progeny from the SVZ can replace granule cells in the olfactory bulbs of rodents, thus contributing to orchestrate sophisticated odor behavior. SGZ-derived new granule cells, instead, integrate within the DG where they play an essential role in memory functions. Furthermore, converging evidence claim that endogenous NPCs not only exert neurogenic functions, but might also have non-neurogenic homeostatic functions by the release of different types of neuroprotective molecules. Remarkably, these non-neurogenic homeostatic functions seem to be necessary, both in healthy and diseased conditions, for example for preventing or limiting tissue damage. In this review, we will discuss the neurogenic and the non-neurogenic functions of adult NPCs both in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Butti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Melania Cusimano
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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127
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Li M, Tian S, Yeung CKL, Meng X, Tang Q, Niu L, Wang X, Jin L, Ma J, Long K, Zhou C, Cao Y, Zhu L, Bai L, Tang G, Gu Y, Jiang A, Li X, Li R. Whole-genome sequencing of Berkshire (European native pig) provides insights into its origin and domestication. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4678. [PMID: 24728479 PMCID: PMC3985078 DOI: 10.1038/srep04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated organisms have experienced strong selective pressures directed at genes or genomic regions controlling traits of biological, agricultural or medical importance. The genome of native and domesticated pigs provide a unique opportunity for tracing the history of domestication and identifying signatures of artificial selection. Here we used whole-genome sequencing to explore the genetic relationships among the European native pig Berkshire and breeds that are distributed worldwide, and to identify genomic footprints left by selection during the domestication of Berkshire. Numerous nonsynonymous SNPs-containing genes fall into olfactory-related categories, which are part of a rapidly evolving superfamily in the mammalian genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian pigs rather than between domestic and wild pigs. Admixture analysis exhibited higher portion of Chinese genetic material for the Berkshire pigs, which is consistent with the historical record regarding its origin. Selective sweep analyses revealed strong signatures of selection affecting genomic regions that harbor genes underlying economic traits such as disease resistance, pork yield, fertility, tameness and body length. These discoveries confirmed the history of origin of Berkshire pig by genome-wide analysis and illustrate how domestication has shaped the patterns of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Li
- 1] Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China [2] Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China [3]
| | - Shilin Tian
- 1] Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China [2]
| | - Carol K L Yeung
- 1] Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China [2]
| | - Xuehong Meng
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Niu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Jin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Keren Long
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaowei Zhou
- 1] Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China [2] Department of Animal Science, Southwest University at Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinchuan Cao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Bai
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiren Gu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, People's Republic of China
| | - An'an Jiang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqiang Li
- 1] Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China [2] Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Pan Y, Li M, Lieberwirth C, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Social defeat and subsequent isolation housing affect behavior as well as cell proliferation and cell survival in the brains of male greater long-tailed hamsters. Neuroscience 2014; 265:226-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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129
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Tzeng WY, Chen LH, Cherng CG, Tsai YN, Yu L. Sex differences and the modulating effects of gonadal hormones on basal and the stressor-decreased newly proliferative cells and neuroblasts in dentate gyrus. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:24-37. [PMID: 24636498 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess sex differences and the modulating effects of gonad intactness and the estrous phase on basal and the stressor-decreased cell proliferation and early differentiation in Balb/C mouse dentate gyrus (DG). Besides, we compared the stress-reversing effects exerted by the presence of male and female Balb/C mouse odors in stressed male and female mouse DG in this regard. Female mice had lower baselines in the number of newly proliferated cells and neuroblasts than male mice. Although the stressor induced decreases in the number of newly proliferative cells and neuroblasts in both male and female DG, an obvious decrease in neuronal lineage commitment was observed in female DG. Moreover, ovariectomy induced decreases in baselines in the number of proliferative cells and neuroblasts but did not affect the stressor-induced decrease in neuronal lineage commitment in female DG. Interestingly, pro-estrous mice exhibited the stressor-decreased neuronal lineage commitment, while estrous and diestrous mice did not display such a decrease. Furthermore, orchidectomy did not affect basal or the stressor-decreased newly proliferative cells or neuroblasts in male DG. Finally, male odors were less effective than female odors in abolishing the stressor-decreased neuronal lineage commitment in female mice, while male and female odors were comparable in reversing the stressor-decreased newly proliferated cells and neuroblasts in male mice. The protective effects of mouse odors' company in the stressed male mouse DG were associated with local BDNF and NGF replenishment. Taken together, sexual differences in baselines in the number of newly proliferative cells, neuroblasts, and the sensitivity to stress-altered neuronal lineage commitment in the DG could be, in part, due to gonadal hormone differences between the two sexes. Mouse odors may reverse stressor-decreased newly proliferative cells and neuroblasts in male, but not in female, mouse DG by restoring BDNF and NGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chianfang G Cherng
- Department of Health Psychology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ni Tsai
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.
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130
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Liu Y, Lieberwirth C, Jia X, Curtis JT, Meredith M, Wang ZX. Chemosensory cues affect amygdaloid neurogenesis and alter behaviors in the socially monogamous prairie vole. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1632-41. [PMID: 24641515 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of pheromonal exposure on adult neurogenesis and revealed the role of the olfactory pathways on adult neurogenesis and behavior in the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Subjects were injected with a cell proliferation marker [5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)] and then exposed to their own soiled bedding or bedding soiled by a same- or opposite-sex conspecific. Exposure to opposite-sex bedding increased BrdU labeling in the amygdala (AMY), but not the dentate gyrus (DG), of female, but not male, voles, indicating a sex-, stimulus-, and brain region-specific effect. The removal of the main olfactory bulbs or lesioning of the vomeronasal organ (VNOX) in females reduced BrdU labeling in the AMY and DG, and inhibited the male bedding-induced BrdU labeling in the AMY, revealing the importance of an intact olfactory pathway for amygdaloid neurogenesis. VNOX increased anxiety-like behavior and altered social preference, but it did not affect social recognition memory in female voles. VNOX also reduced the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells that co-expressed the neuronal marker TuJ1 in the AMY, but not the DG. Together, our data indicate the importance of the olfactory pathway in mediating brain plasticity in the limbic system as well as its role in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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131
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Brus M, Meurisse M, Keller M, Lévy F. Interactions with the young down-regulate adult olfactory neurogenesis and enhance the maturation of olfactory neuroblasts in sheep mothers. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:53. [PMID: 24600367 PMCID: PMC3927075 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously added in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the olfactory bulb of mammalian brain. While numerous environmental factors controlling survival of newborn neurons have been extensively studied, regulation by social interactions is less documented. We addressed this question by investigating the influence of parturition and interactions with the young on neurogenesis in sheep mothers. Using Bromodeoxyuridine, a marker of cell division, in combination with markers of neuronal maturation, the percentage of neuroblasts and new mature neurons in the olfactory bulb and the DG was compared between groups of parturient ewes which could interact or not with their lamb, and virgins. In addition, a morphological analysis was performed by measuring the dendritic arbor of neuroblasts in both structures. We showed that the postpartum period was associated with a decrease in olfactory and hippocampal adult neurogenesis. In the olfactory bulb, the suppressive effect on neuroblasts was dependent on interactions with the young whereas in the DG the decrease in new mature neurons was associated with parturition. In addition, dendritic length and number of nodes of neuroblasts were significantly enhanced by interactions with the lamb in the olfactory bulb but not in the DG. Because interactions with the young involved learning of the olfactory signature of the lamb, we hypothesize that this learning is associated with a down-regulation in olfactory neurogenesis and an enhancement of olfactory neuroblast maturation. Our assumption is that fewer new neurons decrease cell competition in the olfactory bulb and enhance maturation of those new neurons selected to participate in the learning of the young odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïna Brus
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
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132
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Ruan L, Lau BWM, Wang J, Huang L, Zhuge Q, Wang B, Jin K, So KF. Neurogenesis in neurological and psychiatric diseases and brain injury: from bench to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:116-37. [PMID: 24384539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers who have uncovered the presence of stem cells in an adult's central nervous system have not only challenged the dogma that new neurons cannot be generated during adulthood, but also shed light on the etiology and disease mechanisms underlying many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders pose enormous burdens at both personal and societal levels. Although medications for these disorders are widely used, the treatment mechanisms underlying the illnesses remain largely elusive. In the past decade, an increasing amount of evidence indicate that adult neurogenesis (i.e. generating new CNS neurons during adulthood) may be involved in the pathology of different CNS disorders, and thus neurogenesis may be a potential target area for treatments. Although new neurons were shown to be a major player in mediating treatment efficacy of neurological and psychotropic drugs on cognitive functions, it is still debatable if the altered production of new neurons can cause the disorders. This review hence seeks to discuss pre and current clinical studies that demonstrate the functional impact adult neurogenesis have on neurological and psychiatric illnesses while examining the related underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Lijie Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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133
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Genomic analyses identify distinct patterns of selection in domesticated pigs and Tibetan wild boars. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1431-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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134
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Petrulis A. Chemosignals and hormones in the neural control of mammalian sexual behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:255-67. [PMID: 23911848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Males and females of most mammalian species depend on chemosignals to find, attract and evaluate mates and, in most cases, these appetitive sexual behaviors are strongly modulated by activational and organizational effects of sex steroids. The neural circuit underlying chemosensory-mediated pre- and peri-copulatory behavior involves the medial amygdala (MA), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), each area being subdivided into interconnected chemoreceptive and hormone-sensitive zones. For males, MA-BNST connections mediate chemoinvestigation whereas the MA-MPOA pathway regulates copulatory initiation. For females, MA-MPOA/BNST connections also control aspects of precopulatory behavior whereas MA-VMH projections control both precopulatory and copulatory behavior. Significant gaps in understanding remain, including the role of VMH in male behavior and MPOA in female appetitive behavior, the function of cortical amygdala, the underlying chemical architecture of this circuit and sex differences in hormonal and neurochemical regulation of precopulatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras Petrulis
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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135
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Hyperprolactinemia impairs object recognition without altering spatial learning in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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136
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Activation of ERK1/2 is required for normal response of isosexual social interactions in male rats. Brain Res 2013; 1538:51-60. [PMID: 24001592 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in heterosexual interactions among rats. Very few studies, however, have focused its role in isosexual social interactions. We studied the male rat's isosexual social interactional behavior using (i) the three-chambered social interaction box and (ii) phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) to localize the brain regions that are activated during isosexual behavior. When faced with the social target side of the box versus the inanimate side, all rats preferred the social target side. Within 10min, isosexual social interactions induced a rapid increase in pERK1/2 expression in the brain, especially the main olfactory epithelial (MOE)-related brain regions. After ZnSO4-induced olfactory deprivation, rats showed no preference for either the social target or inanimate side, with a concomitant decrease in pERK1/2 expression in MOE-related brain regions. Additionally, to determine the role of pERK1/2 in isosexual social interactional behavior, rats were injected intraperitoneally with SL327 (30mg/kg, a MAPK kinase inhibitor). Although SL327 dramatically down-regulated expression of brain pERK1/2, experimental animals also spent significantly more time in the social target side. These results indicate that (i) A brief interacting with a male partner induced rapidly phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the rat's brain. (ii) Destroy the function of MOE abolished the rats' isosexual social interactional behavior. (iii) Suppressed the phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the rats' brain disrupt their normal social behaviour.
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137
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Yamaguchi M, Manabe H, Murata K, Mori K. Reorganization of neuronal circuits of the central olfactory system during postprandial sleep. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:132. [PMID: 23966911 PMCID: PMC3743305 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic changes in neuronal circuits often occur in association with specific behavioral states. In this review, we focus on an emerging view that neuronal circuits in the olfactory system are reorganized along the wake-sleep cycle. Olfaction is crucial to sustaining the animals' life, and odor-guided behaviors have to be newly acquired or updated to successfully cope with a changing odor world. It is therefore likely that neuronal circuits in the olfactory system are highly plastic and undergo repeated reorganization in daily life. A remarkably plastic feature of the olfactory system is that newly generated neurons are continually integrated into neuronal circuits of the olfactory bulb (OB) throughout life. New neurons in the OB undergo an extensive selection process, during which many are eliminated by apoptosis for the fine tuning of neuronal circuits. The life and death decision of new neurons occurs extensively during a short time window of sleep after food consumption (postprandial sleep), a typical daily olfactory behavior. We review recent studies that explain how olfactory information is transferred between the OB and the olfactory cortex (OC) along the course of the wake-sleep cycle. Olfactory sensory input is effectively transferred from the OB to the OC during waking, while synchronized top-down inputs from the OC to the OB are promoted during the slow-wave sleep. We discuss possible neuronal circuit mechanisms for the selection of new neurons in the OB, which involves the encoding of olfactory sensory inputs and memory trace formation during waking and internally generated activities in the OC and OB during subsequent sleep. The plastic changes in the OB and OC are well coordinated along the course of olfactory behavior during wakefulness and postbehavioral rest and sleep. We therefore propose that the olfactory system provides an excellent model in which to understand behavioral state-dependent plastic mechanisms of the neuronal circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST Tokyo, Japan
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138
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Koyama S, Soini HA, Foley J, Novotny MV, Lai C. Stimulation of cell proliferation in the subventricular zone by synthetic murine pheromones. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:101. [PMID: 23964214 PMCID: PMC3734356 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in female mice is known to be enhanced by exposure to soiled bedding from males, although the identity of the relevant chemosignals has remained unknown. Here we show that the previously recognized male murine pheromones, the farnesenes and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT), strongly increase cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult female mice, but not younger female mice. In addition, we found that a unique female murine pheromone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, facilitates similar changes in males. SBT stimulated cell proliferation in the SVZ of only adult females and not in young adult or pre- and post-puberty females. Our study suggests that pheromonal communication between males and females is enhancing reproductive success by controlling the estrous cycle and by promoting cell proliferation in a reciprocal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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139
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Cheng MF. Hypothalamic neurogenesis in the adult brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:167-78. [PMID: 23684668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult-born new neurons are continuously added to the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb to serve aspects of learning and perceptual functions. Recent evidence establishes a third neurogenic niche in the ventral hypothalamic parenchyma surrounding the third ventricle that ensures the plasticity of specific brain circuits to stabilize physiological functions such as the energy-balance regulatory system. Hypothalamic lesion studies have demonstrated that regions associated with reproduction-related functions are also capable of recruiting newborn neurons to restore physiological functions and courtship behavior. Induced by lesion or other stimulation, elevated neurotrophic factors trigger neurogenic cascades that contribute to remodeling of certain neural circuits to meet specific transient functions. This insight raises the possibility that event-specific changes, such as increased GnRH, may be mediated by courtship-sensitive neurotrophic factors. We will discuss the potentially integral and ubiquitous roles of neurogenesis in physiological and biological phenomena, roles that await future experimental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA.
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140
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141
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Konefal S, Elliot M, Crespi B. The adaptive significance of adult neurogenesis: an integrative approach. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:21. [PMID: 23882188 PMCID: PMC3712125 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is predominantly restricted to two brain regions, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb (OB), suggesting that these two brain regions uniquely share functions that mediate its adaptive significance. Benefits of adult neurogenesis across these two regions appear to converge on increased neuronal and structural plasticity that subserves coding of novel, complex, and fine-grained information, usually with contextual components that include spatial positioning. By contrast, costs of adult neurogenesis appear to center on potential for dysregulation resulting in higher risk of brain cancer or psychological dysfunctions, but such costs have yet to be quantified directly. The three main hypotheses for the proximate functions and adaptive significance of adult neurogenesis, pattern separation, memory consolidation, and olfactory spatial, are not mutually exclusive and can be reconciled into a simple general model amenable to targeted experimental and comparative tests. Comparative analysis of brain region sizes across two major social-ecological groups of primates, gregarious (mainly diurnal haplorhines, visually-oriented, and in large social groups) and solitary (mainly noctural, territorial, and highly reliant on olfaction, as in most rodents) suggest that solitary species, but not gregarious species, show positive associations of population densities and home range sizes with sizes of both the hippocampus and OB, implicating their functions in social-territorial systems mediated by olfactory cues. Integrated analyses of the adaptive significance of adult neurogenesis will benefit from experimental studies motivated and structured by ecologically and socially relevant selective contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Konefal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General HospitalMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mick Elliot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
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142
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Wu JH, Han YT, Yu JY, Wang TW. Pheromones from males of different familiarity exert divergent effects on adult neurogenesis in the female accessory olfactory bulb. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:632-45. [PMID: 23696538 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pheromones from urine of unfamiliar conspecific male animals can reinitiate a female's estrus cycle to cause pregnancy block through the vomeronasal organ (VNO)-accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)-hypothalamic pathway. This phenomenon is called the Bruce effect. Pheromones from the mate of the female, however, do not trigger re-entrance of the estrus cycle because an olfactory memory toward its mate is formed. The activity of the VNO-AOB-hypothalamic pathway is negatively modulated by GABAergic granule cells in the AOB. Since these cells are constantly replenished by neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle throughout adulthood and adult neurogenesis is required for mate recognition and fertility, we tested the hypothesis that pheromones from familiar and unfamiliar males may have different effects on adult AOB neurogenesis in female mice. When female mice were exposed to bedding used by a male or lived with one, cell proliferation and neuroblast production in the SVZ were increased. Furthermore, survival of newly generated cells in the AOB was enhanced. This survival effect was transient and mediated by norepinephrine. Interestingly, male bedding-induced newborn cell survival in the AOB but not cell proliferation in the SVZ was attenuated when females were subjected to bedding from an unfamiliar male. Our results indicate that male pheromones from familiar and unfamiliar males exert different effects on neurogenesis in the adult female AOB. Given that adult neurogenesis is required for reproductive behaviors, these divergent pheromonal effects may provide a mechanism for the Bruce effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 632-645, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Han Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
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143
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Maruska KP, Carpenter RE, Fernald RD. Characterization of cell proliferation throughout the brain of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni and its regulation by social status. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3471-91. [PMID: 22431175 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
New cells are added in the brains of all adult vertebrates, but fishes have some of the greatest potential for neurogenesis and gliogenesis among all taxa, partly due to their indeterminate growth. Little is known, however, about how social interactions influence cell proliferation in the brain of these fishes that comprise the largest group of vertebrates. We used 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify and localize proliferation zones in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon that were primarily associated with ventricular surfaces in the brain of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Cell migration was evident in some regions by 1 day post injection, and many newborn cells coexpressed the neuronal marker HuC/D at 30 days, suggesting they had differentiated into neurons. To test the hypothesis that social status and perception of an opportunity to rise in rank influenced cell proliferation, we compared numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in multiple brain nuclei among fish of different social status. Socially suppressed subordinate males had the lowest numbers of proliferating cells in all brain regions examined, but males that were given an opportunity to rise in status had higher cell proliferation rates within 1 day, suggesting rapid upregulation of brain mitotic activity associated with this social transition. Furthermore, socially isolated dominant males had similar numbers of BrdU-labeled cells compared with dominant males that were housed in a socially rich environment, suggesting that isolation has little effect on proliferation and that reduced proliferation in subordinates is a result of the social subordination. These results suggest that A. burtoni will be a useful model to analyze the mechanisms of socially induced neurogenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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144
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DeCarolis NA, Mechanic M, Petrik D, Carlton A, Ables JL, Malhotra S, Bachoo R, Götz M, Lagace DC, Eisch AJ. In vivo contribution of nestin- and GLAST-lineage cells to adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2013; 23:708-19. [PMID: 23554226 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia-like cells (RGCs) are the hypothesized source of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the current model of hippocampal neurogenesis does not fully incorporate the in vivo heterogeneity of RGCs. In order to better understand the contribution of different RGC subtypes to adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we employed widely used transgenic lines (Nestin-CreER(T2) and GLAST::CreER(T2) mice) to explore how RGCs contribute to neurogenesis under basal conditions and after stimulation and depletion of neural progenitor cells. We first used these inducible fate-tracking transgenic lines to define the similarities and differences in the contribution of nestin- and GLAST-lineage cells to basal long-term hippocampal neurogenesis. We then explored the ability of nestin- and GLAST-lineage RGCs to contribute to neurogenesis after experimental manipulations that either ablate neurogenesis (i.c.v. application of the anti-mitotic AraC, cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside) or stimulate neurogenesis (wheel running). Interestingly, in both ablation and stimulation experiments, labeled RGCs in GLAST::CreER(T2) mice appear to contribute to neurogenesis, whereas RGCs in Nestin-CreER(T2) mice do not. Finally, using NestinGFP reporter mice, we expanded on previous research by showing that not all RGCs in the adult dentate gyrus subgranular zone express nestin, and therefore RGCs are antigenically heterogeneous. These findings are important for the field, as they allow appropriately conservative interpretation of existing and future data that emerge from these inducible transgenic lines. These findings also raise important questions about the differences between transgenic driver lines, the heterogeneity of RGCs, and the potential differences in progenitor cell behavior between transgenic lines. As these findings highlight the possible differences in the contribution of cells to long-term neurogenesis in vivo, they indicate that the current models of hippocampal neurogenesis should be modified to include RGC lineage heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A DeCarolis
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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145
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Mak GK, Antle MC, Dyck RH, Weiss S. Bi-parental care contributes to sexually dimorphic neural cell genesis in the adult mammalian brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62701. [PMID: 23650527 PMCID: PMC3641101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life events can modulate brain development to produce persistent physiological and behavioural phenotypes that are transmissible across generations. However, whether neural precursor cells are altered by early life events, to produce persistent and transmissible behavioural changes, is unknown. Here, we show that bi-parental care, in early life, increases neural cell genesis in the adult rodent brain in a sexually dimorphic manner. Bi-parentally raised male mice display enhanced adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis, which improves hippocampal neurogenesis-dependent learning and memory. Female mice display enhanced adult white matter oligodendrocyte production, which increases proficiency in bilateral motor coordination and preference for social investigation. Surprisingly, single parent-raised male and female offspring, whose fathers and mothers received bi-parental care, respectively, display a similar enhancement in adult neural cell genesis and phenotypic behaviour. Therefore, neural plasticity and behavioural effects due to bi-parental care persist throughout life and are transmitted to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria K. Mak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael C. Antle
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard H. Dyck
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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146
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Li T, Wang W, Pan YW, Xu L, Xia Z. A hydroxylated metabolite of flame-retardant PBDE-47 decreases the survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of primary cultured adult neural stem cells and interferes with signaling of ERK5 MAP kinase and neurotrophin 3. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:111-24. [PMID: 23564643 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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147
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Pubertally born neurons and glia are functionally integrated into limbic and hypothalamic circuits of the male Syrian hamster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4792-7. [PMID: 23460698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219443110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During puberty, the brain goes through extensive remodeling, involving the addition of new neurons and glia to brain regions beyond the canonical neurogenic regions (i.e., dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb), including limbic and hypothalamic cell groups associated with sex-typical behavior. Whether these pubertally born cells become functionally integrated into neural circuits remains unknown. To address this question, we gave male Syrian hamsters daily injections of the cell birthdate marker bromodeoxyuridine throughout puberty (postnatal day 28-49). Half of the animals were housed in enriched environments with access to a running wheel to determine whether enrichment increased the survival of pubertally born cells compared with the control environment. At 4 wk after the last BrdU injection, animals were allowed to interact with a receptive female and were then killed 1 h later. Triple-label immunofluorescence for BrdU, the mature neuron marker neuronal nuclear antigen, and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that a proportion of pubertally born cells in the medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and medial amygdala differentiate into either mature neurons or astrocytes. Double-label immunofluorescence for BrdU and the protein Fos revealed that a subset of pubertally born cells in these regions is activated during sociosexual behavior, indicative of their functional incorporation into neural circuits. Enrichment affected the survival and activation of pubertally born cells in a brain region-specific manner. These results demonstrate that pubertally born cells located outside of the traditional neurogenic regions differentiate into neurons and glia and become functionally incorporated into neural circuits that subserve sex-typical behaviors.
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148
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Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K, Shang P. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. Int J Biol Macromol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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149
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Wang W, Pan YW, Wietecha T, Zou J, Abel GM, Kuo CT, Xia Z. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) mediates prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and olfactory bulb. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2623-31. [PMID: 23223235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.401091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and olfactory bulb (OB) mediates several reproductive behaviors including mating/pregnancy, dominant male pheromone preference in females, and paternal recognition of offspring. However, downstream signaling mechanisms underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis are completely unknown. We report here for the first time that prolactin activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a MAP kinase that is specifically expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. Knockdown of ERK5 by retroviral infection of shRNA attenuates prolactin-stimulated neurogenesis in SVZ-derived adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNPCs). Inducible erk5 deletion in adult neural stem cells of transgenic mice inhibits neurogenesis in the SVZ and OB following prolactin infusion or mating/pregnancy. These results identify ERK5 as a novel and critical signaling mechanism underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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150
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Cell proliferation pattern in adult zebrafish forebrain is sexually dimorphic. Neuroscience 2012; 226:367-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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