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Bas-Hoogendam JM, Blackford JU, Brühl AB, Blair KS, van der Wee NJ, Westenberg PM. Neurobiological candidate endophenotypes of social anxiety disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:362-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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102
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Eggum-Wilkens ND, Reichenberg RE, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL. Components of Effortful Control and Their Relations to Children's Shyness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 40:544-554. [PMID: 27840463 DOI: 10.1177/0165025415597792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Relations between children's (N = 213) mother-reported effortful control components (attention focusing, attention shifting, inhibitory control at 42 months; activational control at 72 months) and mother-reported shyness trajectories across 42, 54, 72, and 84 months of age were examined. In growth models, shyness decreased. Inhibitory control and attention shifting predicted higher levels and lower levels of shyness at 42 months (the intercept), respectively. Inhibitory control negatively, and attention shifting positively, predicted the shyness slope. Children with higher inhibitory control had relatively more rapid decreases in shyness. Children with higher attention shifting had relatively slower decreases in shyness. Activational control was negatively correlated with the shyness intercept. Effortful control components should be examined separately, rather than in combination, in relation to shyness in the future. If results are replicated, it may suggest that fostering attention shifting and activational control development may help prevent, or maintain low levels of, shyness during childhood.
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103
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Spence SH, Rapee RM. The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behav Res Ther 2016; 86:50-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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104
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Pergamin-Hight L, Pine DS, Fox NA, Bar-Haim Y. Attention bias modification for youth with social anxiety disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:1317-1325. [PMID: 27435286 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention bias modification treatment (ABMT) targets threat-related attention biases in anxiety disorders. Most clinical trials of ABMT have focused on adults or small samples of youth. The current randomized controlled trial (RCT) examines ABMT efficacy in youth with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and tests possible moderators of treatment outcomes. METHOD Sixty-seven youth with SAD were randomly assigned to ABMT or attention control training (ACT) conditions. Anxiety severity was measured at baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. ClinicalTrials.gov name and identifier: Attention bias modification treatment for children with social anxiety, NCT01397032; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS Both ABMT and ACT induced significant reductions in clinician and self-rated social anxiety (ps < .001). An additional reduction was observed at the 3-month follow-up in clinician-rated anxiety symptoms (p = .03). Moderation effects were nonsignificant for the clinician-rated anxiety outcome, but age moderated self-reported anxiety. Older but not younger children, showed significant reduction in anxiety following ABMT relative to ACT (p < .001). Individual differences in attention control also moderated ABMT's effect on self-reported anxiety (p = .05). Children rated by their parents as lower on attention control benefited more from ABMT than those rated higher on attention control. Baseline attention bias did not moderate anxiety (p = .17). CONCLUSIONS Despite significant reductions in social anxiety, no specific evidence for ABMT was found relative to a control condition. Age and attention control moderated ABMT effects on self-reported SAD symptoms, with clinical effects for older relative to younger children and for those with lower attention control. These results highlight the need to consider developmental influences in the implementation of ABMT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Pergamin-Hight
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Daniel S Pine
- The Emotion and Development Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- The Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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105
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Taber-Thomas BC, Morales S, Hillary FG, Pérez-Edgar KE. ALTERED TOPOGRAPHY OF INTRINSIC FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN CHILDHOOD RISK FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:995-1004. [PMID: 27093074 PMCID: PMC5071108 DOI: 10.1002/da.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme shyness in childhood arising from behavioral inhibition (BI) is among the strongest risk factors for developing social anxiety. Although no imaging studies of intrinsic brain networks in children with BI have been reported, adults with a history of BI exhibit altered functioning of frontolimbic circuits and enhanced processing of salient, personally relevant information. BI in childhood may be marked by increased coupling of salience (insula) and default (ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC]) network hubs. METHODS We tested this potential relation in 42 children ages 9-12, oversampled for high BI. Participants provided resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. A novel topographical pattern analysis of salience network intrinsic functional connectivity was conducted, and the impact of salience-default coupling on the relation between BI and social anxiety symptoms was assessed via moderation analysis. RESULTS Children with high BI exhibit altered salience network topography, marked by reduced insula connectivity to dorsal anterior cingulate and increased insula connectivity to vmPFC. Whole-brain analyses revealed increased connectivity of salience, executive, and sensory networks with default network hubs in children higher in BI. Finally, the relation between insula-ventromedial prefrontal connectivity and social anxiety symptoms was strongest among the children highest in BI. CONCLUSIONS BI is associated with an increase in connectivity to default network hubs that may bias processing toward personally relevant information during development. These altered patterns of connectivity point to potential biomarkers of the neural profile of risk for anxiety in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Taber-Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,Correspondence should be addressed to BTT (; 814-867-2321): Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 267 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16803-3106
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Frank G. Hillary
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,Department of Neurology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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106
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Morales S, Fu X, Pérez-Edgar KE. A developmental neuroscience perspective on affect-biased attention. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 21:26-41. [PMID: 27606972 PMCID: PMC5067218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest regarding the impact of affect-biased attention on psychopathology. However, most of the research to date lacks a developmental approach. In the present review, we examine the role affect-biased attention plays in shaping socioemotional trajectories within a developmental neuroscience framework. We propose that affect-biased attention, particularly if stable and entrenched, acts as a developmental tether that helps sustain early socioemotional and behavioral profiles over time, placing some individuals on maladaptive developmental trajectories. Although most of the evidence is found in the anxiety literature, we suggest that these relations may operate across multiple domains of interest, including positive affect, externalizing behaviors, drug use, and eating behaviors. We also review the general mechanisms and neural correlates of affect-biased attention, as well as the current evidence for the co-development of attention and affect. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose a model that may help us better understand the nuances of affect-biased attention across development. The model may serve as a strong foundation for ongoing attempts to identify neurocognitive mechanisms and intervene with individuals at risk. Finally, we discuss open issues for future research that may help bridge existing gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Morales
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Xiaoxue Fu
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Koraly E Pérez-Edgar
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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107
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Tang A, Santesso DL, Segalowitz SJ, Schulkin J, Schmidt LA. Distinguishing shyness and sociability in adults: An event-related electrocortical-neuroendocrine study. Biol Psychol 2016; 119:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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108
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Pentz MA, Riggs NR, Warren CM. Improving substance use prevention efforts with executive function training. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163 Suppl 1:S54-9. [PMID: 27306732 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function (EF) includes emotional regulation, planning and decision-making, and behavioral impulse control. Improving youth substance use (SU) prevention by targeting EF poses challenges including determining whether specific sub-domains of EF are more associated with SU than others, whether EF is related to some types of SU more than others, and whether EF programs might be enhanced by inclusion of mindfulness training. METHODS Data were drawn from two studies from the Pathways to Health project: a randomized controlled trial of 4th-6th graders and a cross-sectional pilot study of the relationship of EF to specific types of SU in a sample of 7th graders. Survey measures included assessment of the EF subdomains of inhibitory control (IC), emotional control, working memory, organization/planning, lifetime SU (tobacco and alcohol use), and mindfulness. Analyses included multivariate and multiple group path analysis. RESULTS Results suggested that the EF sub-domain of IC was the strongest and most consistent predictor of SU, particularly cigarette and e-cigarette use, though emotional control was predictive of alcohol use among late-elementary school students. In the 7th grade sample, IC was predictive of alcohol, cigarette, and e-cigarette use only among students in the low 75% of mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the present studies suggest that improvements in SU prevention efforts may result from increased curricular emphasis on IC and its application to multiple substance use prevention, and systematically integrating mindfulness with EF skills training. Future research should examine whether EF-SU relationships vary across patterns of SU and types of measures used to assess EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Pentz
- The Institute for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research (IPR), Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA.
| | - Nathaniel R Riggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, USA
| | - Christopher M Warren
- The Institute for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research (IPR), Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
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109
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Thai N, Taber-Thomas BC, Pérez-Edgar KE. Neural correlates of attention biases, behavioral inhibition, and social anxiety in children: An ERP study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:200-10. [PMID: 27061248 PMCID: PMC4912890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a biologically-based temperament characterized by vigilance toward threat. Over time, many children with BI increasingly fear social circumstances and display maladaptive social behavior. BI is also one of the strongest individual risk factors for developing social anxiety disorder. Although research has established a link between BI and anxiety, its causal mechanism remains unclear. Attention biases may underlie this relation. The current study examined neural markers of the BI-attention-anxiety link in children ages 9-12 years (N=99, Mean=9.97, SD=0.97). ERP measures were collected as children completed an attention-bias (dot-probe) task with neutral and angry faces. P2 and N2 amplitudes were associated with social anxiety and attention bias, respectively. Specifically, augmented P2 was related to decreased symptoms of social anxiety and moderated the relation between BI and social anxiety, suggesting that increasing attention mobilization may serve as a compensatory mechanism that attenuates social anxiety in individuals with high BI. The BI by N2 interaction found that larger N2 related to threat avoidance with increasing levels of BI, consistent with over-controlled socio-emotional functioning. Lastly, children without BI (BN) showed an augmented P1 to probes replacing angry faces, suggesting maintenance of attentional resources in threat-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thai
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Bradley C Taber-Thomas
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Koraly E Pérez-Edgar
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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110
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Structural Vestiges of Early Fearful Temperament in the Adult Brain. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:91-2. [PMID: 26802774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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111
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Sylvester CM, Barch DM, Harms MP, Belden AC, Oakberg TJ, Gold AL, White LK, Benson BE, Troller-Renfree S, Degnan KA, Henderson HA, Luby JL, Fox NA, Pine DS. Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition Predicts Cortical Thickness in Adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:122-9.e1. [PMID: 26802779 PMCID: PMC4724382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral inhibition (BI) during early childhood predicts risk for anxiety disorders and altered cognitive control in adolescence. Although BI has been linked to variation in brain function through adulthood, few studies have examined relations between early childhood BI and adult brain structure. METHOD The relation between early childhood BI and cortical thickness in adulthood was examined in a cohort of individuals followed since early childhood (N = 53, mean age 20.5 years). Analyses tested whether anxiety and/or cognitive control during adolescence moderated relations between BI and cortical thickness. Cognitive control was measured with the Eriksen Flanker Task. Initial analyses examined cortical thickness in regions of interest previously implicated in BI, anxiety disorders, and cognitive control: dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), anterior insula (aI), and subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC); and volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus. Exploratory analyses examined relations across the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS BI during early childhood related to thinner dACC in adulthood. Neither anxiety nor cognitive control moderated this relation. A stronger congruency effect on the Eriksen Flanker Task during adolescence independently related to thinner dACC in adulthood. Higher anxiety during adolescence related to thicker cortex in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in adulthood among those with low BI as children. CONCLUSION Temperament in early childhood and the interaction between temperament and later anxiety relate to adult brain structure. These results are consistent with prior work associating BI and anxiety with functional brain variability in the dACC and VLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea L. Gold
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lauren K. White
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brenda E. Benson
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | - Joan L. Luby
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | | | - Daniel S. Pine
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
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112
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Distinguishing shyness and sociability in children: An event-related potential study. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 142:291-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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113
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Shadur JM, Lejuez CW. Adolescent Substance Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: Emotion Regulation Deficits as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:354-363. [PMID: 26889402 PMCID: PMC4753079 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rates of substance use and comorbid psychopathology peak during adolescence, highlighting the need to identify transdiagnostic risk processes that cut across conditions and elucidate early embedded risk factors for comorbidity across development. The current review highlights emotion regulation deficits as a core transdiagnostic risk factor underlying the development of substance use, addiction, and comorbid psychopathology in adolescence. We present the dual systems model of neurological development to highlight adolescence as a critical period of increased risk for emotion regulation difficulties, corresponding risk behaviors, and psychopathology. We describe malfunction in the neurobiological regulation system underlying the relationship between emotion regulation and risk for addiction and comorbidity. We pull from two established developmental theories including both the externalizing pathway and the internalizing pathway to substance use disorders, which together highlight how early embedded risk in the form of emotion regulation deficits can explain mechanisms underlying the development of addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Shadur
- Department of Psychology, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland at College Park, 2103 Cole Field House, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland at College Park, 2103 Cole Field House, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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114
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Fu X, Taber-Thomas BC, Pérez-Edgar K. Frontolimbic functioning during threat-related attention: Relations to early behavioral inhibition and anxiety in children. Biol Psychol 2015; 122:98-109. [PMID: 26325222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Children with behavioral inhibition (BI), a temperament characterized by biologically-based hyper-vigilance to novelty, display threat-related attention biases (AB) that shape developmental trajectories of risk for anxiety. Here we explore the relations between BI, neural function, and anxiety. Fifty-six 9-12-year-olds (23 behaviorally inhibited) performed the dot-probe task while undergoing fMRI. AB scores were not associated with BI group or parent-rated anxiety symptoms. Trials requiring attention orienting away from threat engaged an executive and threat-attention network (dlPFC, vlPFC, mPFC, and amygdala). Within that network, behaviorally inhibited children showed greater activation in the right dlPFC. Heightened dlPFC activation related to increased anxiety, and BI levels accounted for the direct relation between dlPFC activation and anxiety. Behaviorally inhibited children may engage the executive attention system during threat-related processing as a compensatory mechanism. We provide preliminary evidence that the link between PFC functioning and anxiety might be attributed to early-emerging temperamental vulnerabilities present before the emergence of clinical anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fu
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Bradley C Taber-Thomas
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Koraly Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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115
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Penela EC, Walker OL, Degnan KA, Fox NA, Henderson HA. Early Behavioral Inhibition and Emotion Regulation: Pathways Toward Social Competence in Middle Childhood. Child Dev 2015; 86:1227-1240. [PMID: 26014351 PMCID: PMC4659766 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined emotion regulation (ER) as a mediator in the relation between early behavioral inhibition (BI) and later social competence (N = 257), and whether this mediation varied depending on BI levels. Maternal report and observational measures were used to assess BI (ages 2 and 3). Children's ER strategies (age 5) and social competence with an unfamiliar peer (age 7) were measured using observational measures. Results showed that BI predicted less engaged ER strategies during a disappointment task, and engaged ER predicted higher social competence. Engaged ER mediated the effect of BI on social competence, but only for highly inhibited children. Findings elucidate developmental trajectories of risk and resilience, and suggest targeting regulatory strategies in early prevention efforts with highly inhibited children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L. Walker
- University of Maryland, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology
| | - Kathryn A. Degnan
- University of Maryland, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- University of Maryland, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology
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116
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Troller-Renfree SV, Barker TV, Pine DS, Fox NA. Cognitive functioning in socially anxious adults: insights from the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. Front Psychol 2015; 6:764. [PMID: 26106346 PMCID: PMC4458576 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that individuals with social anxiety manifest unique patterns of cognition with less efficient fluid cognition and unperturbed crystallized cognition; however, empirical support for these ideas remains inconclusive. The heterogeneity of past findings may reflect unreliability in cognitive assessments or the influence of confounding variables. The present study examined the relations among social anxiety and performance on the reliable, newly established NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. Results indicate that high socially anxious adults performed as well as low anxious participants on all measures of fluid cognition. However, high socially anxious adults demonstrated enhanced crystallized cognitive abilities relative to a low socially anxious comparison group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya V Troller-Renfree
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park , MD, USA
| | - Tyson V Barker
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park , MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda , MD, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park , MD, USA
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117
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Clauss JA, Avery SN, Blackford JU. The nature of individual differences in inhibited temperament and risk for psychiatric disease: A review and meta-analysis. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:23-45. [PMID: 25784645 PMCID: PMC4516130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
What makes us different from one another? Why does one person jump out of airplanes for fun while another prefers to stay home and read? Why are some babies born with a predisposition to become anxious? Questions about individual differences in temperament have engaged the minds of scientists, psychologists, and philosophers for centuries. Recent technological advances in neuroimaging and genetics provide an unprecedented opportunity to answer these questions. Here we review the literature on the neurobiology of one of the most basic individual differences-the tendency to approach or avoid novelty. This trait, called inhibited temperament, is innate, heritable, and observed across species. Importantly, inhibited temperament also confers risk for psychiatric disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of inhibited temperament, including neuroimaging and genetic studies in human and non-human primates. We conducted a meta-analysis of neuroimaging findings in inhibited humans that points to alterations in a fronto-limbic-basal ganglia circuit; these findings provide the basis of a model of inhibited temperament neurocircuitry. Lesion and neuroimaging studies in non-human primate models of inhibited temperament highlight roles for the amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Genetic studies highlight a role for genes that regulate neurotransmitter function, such as the serotonin transporter polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR), as well as genes that regulate stress response, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Together these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the genetic and neural substrates of this most basic of temperament traits. Future studies using novel imaging methods and genetic approaches promise to expand upon these biological bases of inhibited temperament and inform our understanding of risk for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clauss
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - S N Avery
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - J U Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States.
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118
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Okon-Singer H, Hendler T, Pessoa L, Shackman AJ. The neurobiology of emotion-cognition interactions: fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25774129 PMCID: PMC4344113 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of powerful new tools for assaying the brain and a remarkable acceleration of research focused on the interplay of emotion and cognition. This work has begun to yield new insights into fundamental questions about the nature of the mind and important clues about the origins of mental illness. In particular, this research demonstrates that stress, anxiety, and other kinds of emotion can profoundly influence key elements of cognition, including selective attention, working memory, and cognitive control. Often, this influence persists beyond the duration of transient emotional challenges, partially reflecting the slower molecular dynamics of catecholamine and hormonal neurochemistry. In turn, circuits involved in attention, executive control, and working memory contribute to the regulation of emotion. The distinction between the 'emotional' and the 'cognitive' brain is fuzzy and context-dependent. Indeed, there is compelling evidence that brain territories and psychological processes commonly associated with cognition, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and working memory, play a central role in emotion. Furthermore, putatively emotional and cognitive regions influence one another via a complex web of connections in ways that jointly contribute to adaptive and maladaptive behavior. This work demonstrates that emotion and cognition are deeply interwoven in the fabric of the brain, suggesting that widely held beliefs about the key constituents of 'the emotional brain' and 'the cognitive brain' are fundamentally flawed. We conclude by outlining several strategies for enhancing future research. Developing a deeper understanding of the emotional-cognitive brain is important, not just for understanding the mind but also for elucidating the root causes of its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute of Advanced Imaging, and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivIsrael
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
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Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Warren Z. Intervention in the context of development: pathways toward new treatments. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:225-37. [PMID: 25182180 PMCID: PMC4262912 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders vary substantially in age of onset but are best understood within the context of neurodevelopment. Here, we review opportunities for intervention at critical points in developmental trajectories. We begin by discussing potential opportunities to prevent neuropsychiatric disorders. Once symptoms begin to emerge, a number of interventions have been studied either before a diagnosis can be made or shortly after diagnosis. Although some of these interventions are helpful, few are based upon an understanding of pathophysiology, and most ameliorate rather than resolve symptoms. As such, in the next portion of the review, we turn our discussion to genetic syndromes that are rare phenocopies of common diagnoses such as autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia. Cellular or animal models of these syndromes point to specific regulatory or signaling pathways. As examples, findings from the mouse models of Fragile X and Rett syndromes point to potential treatments now being tested in randomized clinical trials. Paralleling oncology, we can hope that our treatments will move from nonspecific, like chemotherapies thrown at a wide range of tumor types, to specific, like the protein kinase inhibitors that target molecularly defined tumors. Some of these targeted treatments later show benefit for a broader, yet specific, array of cancers. We can hope that medications developed within rare neurodevelopmental syndromes will similarly help subgroups of patients with disruptions in overlapping signaling pathways. The insights gleaned from treatment development in rare phenocopy syndromes may also teach us how to test treatments based upon emerging common genetic or environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Warren
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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