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Nangalia J, Grinfeld J, Green AR. Pathogenesis of Myeloproliferative Disorders. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:101-26. [PMID: 27193452 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a set of chronic hematopoietic neoplasms with overlapping clinical and molecular features. Recent years have witnessed considerable advances in our understanding of their pathogenetic basis. Due to their protracted clinical course, the evolution to advanced hematological malignancies, and the accessibility of neoplastic tissue, the study of MPNs has provided a window into the earliest stages of tumorigenesis. With the discovery of mutations in CALR, the majority of MPN patients now bear an identifiable marker of clonal disease; however, the mechanism by which mutated CALR perturbs megakaryopoiesis is currently unresolved. We are beginning to understand better the role of JAK2(V617F) homozygosity, the function of comutations in epigenetic regulators and spliceosome components, and how these mutations cooperate with JAK2(V617F) to modulate MPN phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nangalia
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Grinfeld
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
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102
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Vandeven N, Nghiem P. Rationale for immune-based therapies in Merkel polyomavirus-positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:907-21. [PMID: 27381685 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but often deadly skin cancer that is typically caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Polyomavirus T-antigen oncoproteins are persistently expressed in virus-positive MCCs (˜80% of cases), while remarkably high numbers of tumor-associated neoantigens are detected in virus-negative MCCs, suggesting that both MCC subsets may be immunogenic. Here we review mechanisms by which these immunogenic tumors evade multiple levels of host immunity. Additionally, we summarize the exciting potential of diverse immune-based approaches to treat MCC. In particular, agents blocking the PD-1 axis have yielded strikingly high response rates in MCC as compared with other solid tumors, highlighting the potential for immune-mediated treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Vandeven
- Department of Medicine (Pathology & Dermatology), University of Washington, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine (Pathology & Dermatology), University of Washington, USA
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103
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CD47 overexpression is associated with decreased neutrophil apoptosis/phagocytosis and poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28632731 PMCID: PMC5537491 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients often exhibit neutrophilia, which has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms that lead to neutrophilia have not been fully established. CD47 is an antiphagocytic molecule that promotes neutrophil recruitment. Methods: Blood was collected from 50 treatment-naive patients with advanced NSCLC and from 25 healthy subjects. The frequency of CD66b+ cells and the expression of CD47 were determined by flow cytometry. Neutrophil apoptosis was determined by 7-amino-actinomycin D/Annexin V-APC staining. Phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species production after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment was quantified by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. Pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines were quantified using a cytometric bead array assay. Results: The percentage of circulating neutrophils was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P<0.001). Patient-derived neutrophils had a higher oxidative potential than those of controls (P=0.0286). The number of neutrophils in late apoptosis/necrosis was lower in patients than in controls (P=0.0317). Caspase 3/7 activation was also lower in patients than in controls (P=0.0079). CD47 expression in whole-blood samples and in the neutrophil fraction was higher in NSCLC patients than in controls (P=0.0408 and P<0.001). Patient-derived neutrophils were phagocytosed at a lower rate than those of controls (P=0.0445). CD47 expression in neutrophils negatively correlated with their ingestion by macrophages (P=0.0039). High CD47 expression was associated with a lower overall survival. Conclusions: Increased CD47 expression on the surface of neutrophils was associated with a delay in neutrophil apoptosis and with an impairment in their phagocytic clearance by macrophages, suggesting that CD47 overexpression may be one of the underlying mechanisms leading to neutrophilia in NSCLC patients.
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104
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Métayer LE, Vilalta A, Burke GAA, Brown GC. Anti-CD47 antibodies induce phagocytosis of live, malignant B cells by macrophages via the Fc domain, resulting in cell death by phagoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60892-60903. [PMID: 28977832 PMCID: PMC5617392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When expressed on the surface of cells, CD47 inhibits phagocytosis of these cells by phagocytes. Most human cancers overexpress CD47, and antibodies to CD47 have shown a remarkable ability to clear a range of cancers in animal models. However, the mechanism by which these antibodies cause cancer cell death is unclear. We find that CD47 is expressed on the surface of three B-cell lines from human malignancies: 697 (pre-B-ALL lymphoblasts), Ramos and DG-75 (both mature B-cells, Burkitt’s lymphoma), and anti-CD47 antibodies greatly increase the phagocytosis of all three cell line by macrophages. In the presence of macrophages, the antibodies cause clearance of the lymphoblasts within hours, but in the absence of macrophages, the antibodies have no effect on lymphoblast viability. Macrophages engulf viable lymphoblasts containing mitochondria with a normal membrane potential, but following engulfment the mitochondrial membrane potential is lost indicating a loss of viability. Inhibition of phagocytosis protects lymphoblasts from death indicating that phagocytosis is required for anti-CD47 mediated cell death. Blocking either the antibody Fc domain or Fc receptors inhibits antibody-induced phagocytosis. Antibodies against cell surface markers CD10 or CD19 also induced Fc-domain-dependent phagocytosis, but at a lower level commensurate with expression. Thus, phagoptosis may contribute to the efficacy of a number of therapeutic antibodies used in cancer therapy, as well as potentially endogenous antibodies. We conclude that anti-CD47 antibodies induce phagocytosis by binding CD47 on lymphoblast and Fc receptors on macrophages, resulting in cell death by phagocytosis, i.e. phagoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Métayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Amos Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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105
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Abstract
The necrotic core has long been a hallmark of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Although apoptotic cells are cleared quickly in almost all other tissue beds, their removal appears to be significantly impaired in the diseased blood vessel. Emerging evidence indicates that this phenomenon is caused by a defect in efferocytosis, the process by which apoptotic tissue is recognized for engulfment by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Genetic and experimental data suggest that efferocytosis is impaired during atherogenesis caused by dysregulation of so-called eat me ligands, which govern the edibility of cells undergoing programmed cell death. The following is a summary of recent data indicating that efferocytosis is a major unappreciated driver of lesion expansion but also a reversible defect that can potentially be targeted as a means to prevent plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kojima
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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106
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Kollmann K, Warsch W, Gonzalez-Arias C, Nice FL, Avezov E, Milburn J, Li J, Dimitropoulou D, Biddie S, Wang M, Poynton E, Colzani M, Tijssen MR, Anand S, McDermott U, Huntly B, Green T. A novel signalling screen demonstrates that CALR mutations activate essential MAPK signalling and facilitate megakaryocyte differentiation. Leukemia 2017; 31:934-944. [PMID: 27740635 PMCID: PMC5383931 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients lacking JAK2 mutations harbour somatic CALR mutations that are thought to activate cytokine signalling although the mechanism is unclear. To identify kinases important for survival of CALR-mutant cells, we developed a novel strategy (KISMET) that utilizes the full range of kinase selectivity data available from each inhibitor and thus takes advantage of off-target noise that limits conventional small-interfering RNA or inhibitor screens. KISMET successfully identified known essential kinases in haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cell lines and identified the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as required for growth of the CALR-mutated MARIMO cells. Expression of mutant CALR in murine or human haematopoietic cell lines was accompanied by myeloproliferative leukemia protein (MPL)-dependent activation of MAPK signalling, and MPN patients with CALR mutations showed increased MAPK activity in CD34 cells, platelets and megakaryocytes. Although CALR mutations resulted in protein instability and proteosomal degradation, mutant CALR was able to enhance megakaryopoiesis and pro-platelet production from human CD34+ progenitors. These data link aberrant MAPK activation to the MPN phenotype and identify it as a potential therapeutic target in CALR-mutant positive MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kollmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Warsch
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Gonzalez-Arias
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F L Nice
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Avezov
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Milburn
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Dimitropoulou
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Biddie
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Wang
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Poynton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Colzani
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - M R Tijssen
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Anand
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - U McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - B Huntly
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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107
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Zent CS, Elliott MR. Maxed out macs: physiologic cell clearance as a function of macrophage phagocytic capacity. FEBS J 2017; 284:1021-1039. [PMID: 27863012 PMCID: PMC5378628 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic clearance of host cells is important for eliminating dying cells and for the therapeutic clearance of antibody-targeted cells. As ubiquitous, motile and highly phagocytic immune cells, macrophages are principal players in the phagocytic removal of host cells throughout the body. In recent years, great strides have been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that control the recognition and phagocytosis of cells by macrophages. However, much less is known about the physical and metabolic constraints that govern the amount of cellular material macrophages can ingest and how these limitations affect the overall efficiency of host cell clearance in health and disease. In this review we will discuss, in the contexts of apoptotic cells and antibody-targeted malignant cells, how physical and metabolic factors associated with the internalization of host cells are relayed to the phagocytic machinery and how these signals can impact the overall efficiency of cell clearance. We also discuss how this information can be leveraged to increase cell clearance for beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Zent
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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108
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Caputo M, Balzerano A, Arisi I, D’Onofrio M, Brandi R, Bongiorni S, Brancorsini S, Frontini M, Proietti-De-Santis L. CSB ablation induced apoptosis is mediated by increased endoplasmic reticulum stress response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172399. [PMID: 28253359 PMCID: PMC5333825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair protein Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) has been recently identified as a promising anticancer target. Suppression, by antisense technology, of this protein causes devastating effects on tumor cells viability, through a massive induction of apoptosis, while being non-toxic to non-transformed cells. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying the pro-apoptotic effects observed after CSB ablation, global gene expression patterns were determined, to identify genes that were significantly differentially regulated as a function of CSB expression. Our findings revealed that response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and response to unfolded proteins were ranked top amongst the cellular processes affected by CSB suppression. The major components of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis pathway, including pro-apoptotic factors downstream of the ATF3-CHOP cascade, were dramatically up-regulated. Altogether our findings add new pieces to the understanding of CSB mechanisms of action and to the molecular basis of CS syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Caputo
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging—Department of Ecology and Biology—University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessio Balzerano
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging—Department of Ecology and Biology—University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- Genomics Facility, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara D’Onofrio
- Genomics Facility, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Brandi
- Genomics Facility, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bongiorni
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging—Department of Ecology and Biology—University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Brancorsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine—Section of Terni, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging—Department of Ecology and Biology—University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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109
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Liu X, Kwon H, Li Z, Fu YX. Is CD47 an innate immune checkpoint for tumor evasion? J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:12. [PMID: 28077173 PMCID: PMC5225552 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) (also known as integrin-associated protein) is a ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that plays a critical role in self-recognition. Various solid and hematologic cancers exploit CD47 expression in order to evade immunological eradication, and its overexpression is clinically correlated with poor prognoses. One essential mechanism behind CD47-mediated immune evasion is that it can interact with signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα) expressed on myeloid cells, causing phosphorylation of the SIRPα cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs and recruitment of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases to ultimately result in delivering an anti-phagocytic-"don't eat me"-signal. Given its essential role as a negative checkpoint for innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity, CD47-SIRPα axis has been explored as a new target for cancer immunotherapy and its disruption has demonstrated great therapeutic promise. Indeed, CD47 blocking antibodies have been found to decrease primary tumor size and/or metastasis in various pre-clinical models. In this review, we highlight the various functions of CD47, discuss anti-tumor responses generated by both the innate and adaptive immune systems as a consequence of administering anti-CD47 blocking antibody, and finally elaborate on the clinical potential of CD47 blockade. We argue that CD47 is a checkpoint molecule for both innate and adaptive immunity for tumor evasion and is thus a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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110
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Hou X, Yang C, Zhang L, Hu T, Sun D, Cao H, Yang F, Guo G, Gong C, Zhang X, Tong A, Li R, Zheng Y. Killing colon cancer cells through PCD pathways by a novel hyaluronic acid-modified shell-core nanoparticle loaded with RIP3 in combination with chloroquine. Biomaterials 2017; 124:195-210. [PMID: 28199887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to extensive apoptosis defects and multidrug resistance, there is great interest regarding non-apoptotic programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, such as lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death (LM-PCD), necroptosis and autophagy. Because there is an intricate effector network among these PCD pathways, it is expected that they may act synergistically in cancer therapy. In this study, chloroquine (CQ) was found to significantly upregulate receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) expression, and RIP3 were involved in CQ-related autophagy. Overexpressed-eGFP-RIP3 co-localized with the selective autophagy receptor p62. mRIP3 overexpression in combination with CQ markedly increased the inhibition rate relative to that observed in the CQ-treatment group. Several experiments, including Hoechst staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release assay, Annexin V/PI staining and immunoblotting of proteins included in PCD pathways, verified that mRIP3 overexpression in combination with CQ induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and necroptosis of cancer cells, leading to cancer cell death. For tumor-targeted delivery, hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified, lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded with mRIP3-pDNA were prepared and characterized using a particle sizer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and TEM. The nanoparticles exhibited ideal biocompatibility and good tumor-targeting efficiency, and the tumor inhibition rate of HA-Lip-PEI-mRIP3-PLGA-NPs + CQ was 80.2% in the CT26 mouse model. In this study, we attempted to treat tumors by inducing several alternative PCD pathways to shed light on the combination therapy of alternative PCD inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Chengli Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6#, Xuefu Xi Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, PR China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Hua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 30#, Shuangqing Road, Haidian Dist, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17#, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
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111
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García-Ramos JC, Gutiérrez AG, Vázquez-Aguirre A, Toledano-Magaña Y, Alonso-Sáenz AL, Gómez-Vidales V, Flores-Alamo M, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is induced by Cu(II) antineoplastic compounds (Casiopeínas ®) in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells after short exposure times. Biometals 2016; 30:43-58. [PMID: 27988860 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The family of Copper(II) coordination compounds Casiopeínas® (Cas) has shown antiproliferative activity in several tumour lines by oxidative cellular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction that lead to cell death through apoptotic pathways. The goal of this work is looking for the functional mechanism of CasIIgly, CasIIIia and CasIIIEa in neuroblastoma metastatic cell line SK-N-SH, a paediatric extra-cranial tumour which is refractory to several anti-carcinogenic agents. All Cas have shown higher antiproliferative activity than cisplatin (IC50 = 123 μM) with IC50 values of 18, 22 and 63 µM for CasIIgly, CasIIIEa and CasIIIia, respectively. At low concentrations and early times (4 h), these compounds cause a disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). Concomitantly, an important depletion of intracellular glutathione and an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide and radical superoxide were observed. On the other side, the lower cytotoxic effect of Casiopeínas on cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50CasIIgly = 1720 µM, IC50 CasIIIEa = 3860 µM and IC50 CasIIIia = 4700 µM) show the selectivity of these compounds over the tumour cells compared with the non-transformed cells. Chemically, glutathione (GSH) interacts with Casiopeínas® through the coordination of sulphur atom to the metal centre, process which facilitates the electron transfer to get Cu(I), GSSG and the posterior production of ROS. Additionally, the molecular structure of CasIIIia as nitrate is reported. These results have shown that the anticarcinogenic activity of Casiopeínas® on neuroblastoma SK-N-SH is through mitochondrial apoptosis due to the enhanced pro-oxidant environment promoted by the presence of the coordination copper compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica Medicinal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Vázquez-Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica Medicinal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Alonso-Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica Medicinal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Virginia Gómez-Vidales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica Medicinal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica Medicinal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Z.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Ascierto PA, Agarwala S, Botti G, Cesano A, Ciliberto G, Davies MA, Demaria S, Dummer R, Eggermont AM, Ferrone S, Fu YX, Gajewski TF, Garbe C, Huber V, Khleif S, Krauthammer M, Lo RS, Masucci G, Palmieri G, Postow M, Puzanov I, Silk A, Spranger S, Stroncek DF, Tarhini A, Taube JM, Testori A, Wang E, Wargo JA, Yee C, Zarour H, Zitvogel L, Fox BA, Mozzillo N, Marincola FM, Thurin M. Future perspectives in melanoma research : Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge". Napoli, December 1st-4th 2015. J Transl Med 2016; 14:313. [PMID: 27846884 PMCID: PMC5111349 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sixth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, Italy, December 1st-4th, 2015. The four sessions at this meeting were focused on: (1) molecular and immune advances; (2) combination therapies; (3) news in immunotherapy; and 4) tumor microenvironment and biomarkers. Recent advances in tumor biology and immunology has led to the development of new targeted and immunotherapeutic agents that prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Immunotherapies in particular have emerged as highly successful approaches to treat patients with cancer including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer, and Hodgkin's disease. Specifically, many clinical successes have been using checkpoint receptor blockade, including T cell inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1. Despite demonstrated successes, responses to immunotherapy interventions occur only in a minority of patients. Attempts are being made to improve responses to immunotherapy by developing biomarkers. Optimizing biomarkers for immunotherapy could help properly select patients for treatment and help to monitor response, progression and resistance that are critical challenges for the immuno-oncology (IO) field. Importantly, biomarkers could help to design rational combination therapies. In addition, biomarkers may help to define mechanism of action of different agents, dose selection and to sequence drug combinations. However, biomarkers and assays development to guide cancer immunotherapy is highly challenging for several reasons: (i) multiplicity of immunotherapy agents with different mechanisms of action including immunotherapies that target activating and inhibitory T cell receptors (e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1, etc.); adoptive T cell therapies that include tissue infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and T cell receptor (TCR) modified T cells; (ii) tumor heterogeneity including changes in antigenic profiles over time and location in individual patient; and (iii) a variety of immune-suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including T regulatory cells (Treg), myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and immunosuppressive cytokines. In addition, complex interaction of tumor-immune system further increases the level of difficulties in the process of biomarkers development and their validation for clinical use. Recent clinical trial results have highlighted the potential for combination therapies that include immunomodulating agents such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4. Agents targeting other immune inhibitory (e.g., Tim-3) or immune stimulating (e.g., CD137) receptors on T cells and other approaches such as adoptive cell transfer are tested for clinical efficacy in melanoma as well. These agents are also being tested in combination with targeted therapies to improve upon shorter-term responses thus far seen with targeted therapy. Various locoregional interventions that demonstrate promising results in treatment of advanced melanoma are also integrated with immunotherapy agents and the combinations with cytotoxic chemotherapy and inhibitors of angiogenesis are changing the evolving landscape of therapeutic options and are being evaluated to prevent or delay resistance and to further improve survival rates for melanoma patients' population. This meeting's specific focus was on advances in immunotherapy and combination therapy for melanoma. The importance of understanding of melanoma genomic background for development of novel therapies and biomarkers for clinical application to predict the treatment response was an integral part of the meeting. The overall emphasis on biomarkers supports novel concepts toward integrating biomarkers into personalized-medicine approach for treatment of patients with melanoma across the entire spectrum of disease stage. Translation of the knowledge gained from the biology of tumor microenvironment across different tumors represents a bridge to impact on prognosis and response to therapy in melanoma. We also discussed the requirements for pre-analytical and analytical as well as clinical validation process as applied to biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. The concept of the fit-for-purpose marker validation has been introduced to address the challenges and strategies for analytical and clinical validation design for specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Ascierto
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sanjiv Agarwala
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, St. Luke’s University Hospital and Temple University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Gerardo Botti
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael A. Davies
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yang Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Immunology and Cancer Program, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermato Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Huber
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Samir Khleif
- Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | | | - Roger S. Lo
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Postow
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Ann Silk
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | - David F. Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Janis M. Taube
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University SOM, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Genomic Medicine and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Cassian Yee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hassane Zarour
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, U1015 INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Nicola Mozzillo
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
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113
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A rapid, automated surface protein profiling of single circulating exosomes in human blood. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36502. [PMID: 27819324 PMCID: PMC5098148 DOI: 10.1038/srep36502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating exosomes provide a promising approach to assess novel and dynamic biomarkers in human disease, due to their stability, accessibility and representation of molecules from source cells. However, this potential has been stymied by lack of approaches for molecular profiling of individual exosomes, which have a diameter of 30–150 nm. Here we report a rapid analysis approach to evaluate heterogeneous surface protein expression in single circulating exosomes from human blood. Our studies show a differential CD47 expression in blood-derived individual circulating exosomes that is correlated with breast cancer status, demonstrating a great potential of individual exosome profiles in biomarker discovery. The sensitive and high throughput platform of single exosome analysis can also be applied to characterizing exosomes derived from other patient fluids.
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114
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Gardner JA, Peterson JD, Turner SA, Soares BL, Lancor CR, Dos Santos LL, Kaur P, Ornstein DL, Tsongalis GJ, de Abreu FB. Detection of CALR Mutation in Clonal and Nonclonal Hematologic Diseases Using Fragment Analysis and Next-Generation Sequencing. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:448-55. [PMID: 27686171 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe three methods used to screen for frameshift mutations in exon 9 of the CALR gene. METHODS Genomic DNA from 47 patients was extracted from peripheral blood and bone marrow using the EZ1 DNA Blood Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and quantified by the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA). After clinical history, cytogenetics, and molecular tests, patients were diagnosed with either clonal or nonclonal hematologic diseases. CALR screening was primarily performed using fragment analysis polymerase chain reaction, then next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Among the 18 patients diagnosed with clonal diseases, one had acute myeloid leukemia (positive for trisomy 8), and 17 had myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and polycythemia vera (PV). Patients with CML were positive for the BCR-ABL1 fusion. Ten patients were positive for JAK2 (PMF, n = 1; ET, n = 2; PV, n = 7), and three were CALR positive (ET, n = 1; PMF, n = 2). Patients diagnosed with a nonclonal disease were negative for JAK2, BCR-ABL, and CALR mutations. CONCLUSIONS Screening for CALR mutations is essential in BCR-ABL-negative MPNs since it not only provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information but also identifies potential treatment targets. Since this study describes the importance of screening for known and novel biomarkers, we described in detail three methods that could be easily integrated into a clinical laboratory.
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MESH Headings
- Calreticulin/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Janus Kinase 2/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Mutation
- Polycythemia Vera/diagnosis
- Polycythemia Vera/genetics
- Primary Myelofibrosis/diagnosis
- Primary Myelofibrosis/genetics
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/diagnosis
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli-Anne Gardner
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Jason D Peterson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Scott A Turner
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Barbara L Soares
- Universidade Federal De Sao Joao Del Rei, Divinopolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Courtney R Lancor
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Prabhjot Kaur
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Deborah L Ornstein
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH,
| | - Francine B de Abreu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
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115
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Nomani L, Bodo J, Zhao X, Durkin L, Loghavi S, Hsi ED. CAL2 Immunohistochemical Staining Accurately Identifies CALR Mutations in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:431-8. [PMID: 27686170 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in CALR (calreticulin) have been discovered in 50% to 80% of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) and MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia protein) wild-type patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPNs). We evaluate the performance of a monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemical detection of CALR mutations. METHODS A computerized archival search was performed for cases of non-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) MPNs with available CALR and JAK2 V617F mutational analysis data. Bone marrow biopsy specimens were stained with monoclonal antibody CAL2, and the percentage of stained megakaryocytes was calculated. In select cases, double immunofluorescence staining was done with CAL2 and each of the following: CD61, myeloperoxidase, CD34, and glycophorin A. RESULTS We studied 38 bone marrow biopsy specimens of non-CML MPNs (primary myelofibrosis, n = 21; essential thrombocythemia, n = 15; and n = 2 post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis) from 31 patients. All eight bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with mutant CALR showed strong cytoplasmic staining of the megakaryocytes (83.5%; range, 50%-98%; median, 87%) with the CAL2 antibody. Double immunofluorescence staining of the small mononuclear cells seen in CALR mutant cases revealed them to be myeloid blasts. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemistry in routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens for mutated CALR is feasible and accurately identifies mutated cases, including rare cases with additional driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Nomani
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Juraj Bodo
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaoxian Zhao
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lisa Durkin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eric D Hsi
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
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116
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Boerma M, Freeman ML. Radiation Biology: Targeting CD47 in Cancer Growth Inhibition and Normal Tissue Protection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 96:245-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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117
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In-silico insights on the prognostic potential of immune cell infiltration patterns in the breast lobular epithelium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33322. [PMID: 27659691 PMCID: PMC5034260 DOI: 10.1038/srep33322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattered inflammatory cells are commonly observed in mammary gland tissue, most likely in response to normal cell turnover by proliferation and apoptosis, or as part of immunosurveillance. In contrast, lymphocytic lobulitis (LLO) is a recurrent inflammation pattern, characterized by lymphoid cells infiltrating lobular structures, that has been associated with increased familial breast cancer risk and immune responses to clinically manifest cancer. The mechanisms and pathogenic implications related to the inflammatory microenvironment in breast tissue are still poorly understood. Currently, the definition of inflammation is mainly descriptive, not allowing a clear distinction of LLO from physiological immunological responses and its role in oncogenesis remains unclear. To gain insights into the prognostic potential of inflammation, we developed an agent-based model of immune and epithelial cell interactions in breast lobular epithelium. Physiological parameters were calibrated from breast tissue samples of women who underwent reduction mammoplasty due to orthopedic or cosmetic reasons. The model allowed to investigate the impact of menstrual cycle length and hormone status on inflammatory responses to cell turnover in the breast tissue. Our findings suggested that the immunological context, defined by the immune cell density, functional orientation and spatial distribution, contains prognostic information previously not captured by conventional diagnostic approaches.
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118
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Zhou P, Tan YZ, Wang HJ, Li T, He T, Yu Y, Zhang J, Zhang D. Cytoprotective effect of autophagy on phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:165-176. [PMID: 27658567 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of the apoptotic cells by phagocytes plays pivotal roles in maintenance of tissue homeostasis, promotion of immunological tolerance and anti-inflammatory response. Recent studies show that autophagy is involved in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells. However, contribution of autophagy to phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells by macrophages is not clearly defined. Here, we assessed cytoprotective effect of autophagy on clearance of the apoptotic cells. Apoptosis of murine splenic lymphocytes and human T-cell leukemia cells was induced with cyclophosphamide. After engulfment of the apoptotic cells, expression of Belin-1 and LC3 in macrophages was upregulated, the number of MDC-positive vesicles, LC3-positive autophagosomes and autophagic ultrastructures increased significantly. Autophagosome was fused with phagosome containing fragments of the nuclei or other debris of the apoptotic cells to form amphisome. Some cells in macrophages phagocytosing the apoptotic cells became apoptotic. After autophagy of macrophages was inhibited with 3-MA, viability and survival of macrophages reduced, phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells by macrophages deceased significantly. These results demonstrate that autophagy plays an important role in promoting clearance of the apoptotic cells by protecting macrophages from apoptosis during phagocytosis as well as degrading the contents of phagosomes via amphisome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Jie Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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119
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Mohme M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K. Circulating and disseminated tumour cells - mechanisms of immune surveillance and escape. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:155-167. [PMID: 27644321 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic spread of tumour cells is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Understanding the mechanisms of tumour-cell dissemination has, therefore, become an important focus for cancer research. In patients with cancer, disseminated cancer cells are often detectable in the peripheral blood as circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and in the bone marrow or lymph nodes as disseminated tumour cells (DTCs). The identification and characterization of CTCs and DTCs has yielded important insights into the mechanisms of metastasis, resulting in a better understanding of the molecular alterations and profiles underlying drug resistance. Given the expanding role of immunotherapies in the treatment of cancer, interactions between tumour cells and immune cells are the subject of intense research. Theoretically, cancer cells that exit the primary tumour site - leaving the protection of the typically immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment - will be more vulnerable to attack by immune effector cells; thus, the survival of tumour cells after dissemination might be the 'Achilles' heel' of metastatic progression. In this Review, we discuss findings relating to the interactions of CTCs and DTCs with the immune system, in the context of cancer immuno-editing, evasion from immune surveillance, and formation of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Mohme
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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120
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Liu Q, Wen W, Tang L, Qin CJ, Lin Y, Zhang HL, Wu H, Ashton C, Wu HP, Ding J, Dong W, Yu LX, Yang W, Huang DD, Wu MC, Wang HY, Yan HX. Inhibition of SIRPα in dendritic cells potentiates potent antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1183850. [PMID: 27757296 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1183850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their central function in tumor immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) can respond to inhibitory signals and become tolerogenic, curtailing T cell responses in vivo. Here, we provide the evidence for an inhibitory function of signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α in DC survival and activation. In tumors from human liver cancer patients, infiltrative DCs expressed elevated levels of SIRPα, which is correlated with the induction of immune tolerance within the tumors. Silencing of SIRPα resulted in a significant increase in the longevity of antigen-pulsed DCs in the draining lymph nodes. In addition, SIRPα controls the activation and output of DCs. Silencing of DC-expressed SIRPα induced spontaneous and enhanced production of IL12 and costimulatory molecules, resulting in more potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, including the eradication of previously established solid tumors. SIRPα exerted such effects, at least in part, via the association and sequestration of p85 subunit of PI3K. Thus, SIRPα is a critical regulator of DC lifespan and activity, and its inhibition might improve the clinical efficacy of DC-based tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Naval Medical Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Jie Qin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Lu Zhang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Han Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Charles Ashton
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Ping Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ding
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Le-Xing Yu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Huang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - He-Xin Yan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, P.R. China
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Sun H, Xu J, Huang M, Huang Q, Sun R, Xiao W, Sun C. CD200R, a co-inhibitory receptor on immune cells, predicts the prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunol Lett 2016; 178:105-13. [PMID: 27562325 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory CD200:CD200 receptor axis is essential in preventing inflammatory responses during early microbial infection. It was reported in several tumor models that CD200 expression is closely associated to tumor progression and the blockade of this pathway may restore anti-tumor responses. Our study for the first time investigates the role of CD200:CD200R axis in relation to tumor progression and prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. CD200 and CD200R protein expressions were evaluated by immunostaining on liver tissue specimens and we found higher expressions of CD200 and CD200R in HCC patients comparing to healthy controls. CD200 expresses in peritumoral, peritumoral stroma and intratumoral regions of HCC while CD200R predominantly expresses in peritumoral stroma. Furthermore, protein intensity of CD200R is positively associated to the diameter of tumor and alpha-fetoprotein level, in addition, patients with higher pathological grade and absence of tumor capsule exhibit higher CD200R expression. CD200R predominantly expresses on infiltrating macrophages and may associate with liver injury. Moreover, both overall and recurrence-free survival rates are significantly lower in patients with high CD200R expression comparing to those with low CD200R expression. Our findings suggest a promising role of CD200R as a prognostic marker in predicting elevated recurrence and reduced survival, and a potential therapeutic target in treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Abstract
The phagocytic clearance of dying cells in a tissue is a highly orchestrated series of intercellular events coordinated by a complex signaling network. Recent data from genetic, biochemical, and live-imaging approaches have greatly enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of cell clearance and how the process is orchestrated at the cellular and tissue levels. We discuss how networks regulating apoptotic cell clearance are integrated to enable a rapid, efficient, and high-capacity clearance system within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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123
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CD47-blocking antibodies restore phagocytosis and prevent atherosclerosis. Nature 2016; 536:86-90. [PMID: 27437576 PMCID: PMC4980260 DOI: 10.1038/nature18935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the disease process that underlies heart attack and stroke. Advanced lesions at risk of rupture are characterized by the pathological accumulation of diseased vascular cells and apoptotic cellular debris. Why these cells are not cleared remains unknown. Here we show that atherogenesis is associated with upregulation of CD47, a key anti-phagocytic molecule that is known to render malignant cells resistant to programmed cell removal, or 'efferocytosis'. We find that administration of CD47-blocking antibodies reverses this defect in efferocytosis, normalizes the clearance of diseased vascular tissue, and ameliorates atherosclerosis in multiple mouse models. Mechanistic studies implicate the pro-atherosclerotic factor TNF-α as a fundamental driver of impaired programmed cell removal, explaining why this process is compromised in vascular disease. Similar to recent observations in cancer, impaired efferocytosis appears to play a pathogenic role in cardiovascular disease, but is not a fixed defect and may represent a novel therapeutic target.
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124
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Terenzi A, Pirker C, Keppler BK, Berger W. Anticancer metal drugs and immunogenic cell death. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 165:71-79. [PMID: 27350082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics, but also innovative precision anticancer compounds, are commonly perceived to target primarily the cancer cell compartment. However, recently it was discovered that some of these compounds can also exert immunomodulatory activities which might be exploited to synergistically enhance their anticancer effects. One specific phenomenon of the interplay between chemotherapy and the anticancer immune response is the so-called "immunogenic cell death" (ICD). ICD was discovered based on a vaccination effect exerted by cancer cells dying from pretreatment with certain chemotherapeutics, termed ICD inducers, in syngeneic transplantation mouse models. Interestingly, only a minority of drugs is able to trigger ICD without a clear-cut relation to chemical structures or their primary modes-of-action. Nevertheless, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are clearly linked to ICD. With regard to metal drugs, oxaliplatin but not cisplatin is considered a bona fide ICD inducer. Taken into account that several experimental metal compounds are efficient ROS and ER stress mediators, presence of potent ICD inducers within the plethora of novel metal complexes seems feasible and has occasionally been reported. In the light of recent successes in cancer immunotherapy, here we review existing literature regarding anticancer metal drugs and ICD induction. We recommend a more profound investigation of the immunogenic features of experimental anticancer metal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Terenzi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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125
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Daitoku S, Takenaka K, Yamauchi T, Yurino A, Jinnouchi F, Nunomura T, Eto T, Kamimura T, Higuchi M, Harada N, Saito N, Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, Akashi K. Calreticulin mutation does not contribute to disease progression in essential thrombocythemia by inhibiting phagocytosis. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:817-825.e3. [PMID: 27185380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations of calreticulin (CALR) have been observed in many cases of essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis that harbor non-mutated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). CALR mainly localizes within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, but a small fraction of the total CALR pool is distributed over the cell surface. Cell surface CALR is known to transduce prophagocytic "eat me" signals to macrophages and acts as one of the important regulators for macrophage engulfment. In this study, we attempted to clarify whether mutant CALR may affect the threshold for macrophage engulfment and play an integral role in the pathogenesis of CALR-mutated ET. First, we compared the surface expression levels of CALR on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and mature blood cells in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and found that the surface expression of mutant CALR did not change. Next, we compared the threshold for macrophage phagocytosis of each HSPC fraction and mature blood cells and found no significant change in the efficiency of macrophage engulfment. Our data suggest that CALR mutation does not affect sensitivity to phagocytosis by macrophages. Finally, we analyzed the phosphorylation statuses of molecules downstream of JAK2 at each HSPC level in patients with ET and found that CALR mutations activated the JAK-STAT pathway in a manner similar to that associated with JAK2 mutations. These results indicate that mutant CALR causes myeloproliferation because of the activation of JAK-STAT pathway and not by the inhibition of phagocytosis, which is similar to the myeloproliferation caused by JAK2 V617F mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Daitoku
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayano Yurino
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Jinnouchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Nunomura
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Higuchi
- Department of Hematology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Saito
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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126
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Divergent modulation of normal and neoplastic stem cells by thrombospondin-1 and CD47 signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:184-194. [PMID: 27163531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 is a secreted matricellular protein that regulates the differentiation and function of many cell types. Thrombospondin-1 is not required for embryonic development, but studies using lineage-committed adult stem cells have identified positive and negative effects of thrombospondin-1 on stem cell differentiation and self-renewal and identified several thrombospondin-1 receptors that mediate these responses. Genetic studies in mice reveal a broad inhibitory role of thrombospondin-1 mediated by its receptor CD47. Cells and tissues lacking thrombospondin-1 or CD47 exhibit an increased capacity for self-renewal associated with increased expression of the stem cell transcription factors c-Myc, Sox2, Klf4, and Oct4. Thrombospondin-1 inhibits expression of these transcription factors in a CD47-dependent manner. However, this regulation differs in some neoplastic cells. Tumor initiating/cancer stem cells express high levels of CD47, but in contrast to nontransformed stem cells CD47 signaling supports cancer stem cells. Suppression of CD47 expression in cancer stem cells or ligation of CD47 by function blocking antibodies or thrombospondin-1 results in loss of self-renewal. Therefore, the therapeutic CD47 antagonists that are in clinical development for stimulating innate anti-tumor immunity may also inhibit tumor growth by suppressing cancer stem cells. These and other therapeutic modulators of thrombospondin-1 and CD47 signaling may also have applications in regenerative medicine to enhance the function of normal stem cells.
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127
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Zhang M, Hutter G, Kahn SA, Azad TD, Gholamin S, Xu CY, Liu J, Achrol AS, Richard C, Sommerkamp P, Schoen MK, McCracken MN, Majeti R, Weissman I, Mitra SS, Cheshier SH. Anti-CD47 Treatment Stimulates Phagocytosis of Glioblastoma by M1 and M2 Polarized Macrophages and Promotes M1 Polarized Macrophages In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153550. [PMID: 27092773 PMCID: PMC4836698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent an important cellular subset within the glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) microenvironment and are a potential therapeutic target. TAMs display a continuum of different polarization states between antitumorigenic M1 and protumorigenic M2 phenotypes, with a lower M1/M2 ratio correlating with worse prognosis. Here, we investigated the effect of macrophage polarization on anti-CD47 antibody-mediated phagocytosis of human glioblastoma cells in vitro, as well as the effect of anti-CD47 on the distribution of M1 versus M2 macrophages within human glioblastoma cells grown in mouse xenografts. Bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages and peripheral blood-derived human macrophages were polarized in vitro toward M1 or M2 phenotypes and verified by flow cytometry. Primary human glioblastoma cell lines were offered as targets to mouse and human M1 or M2 polarized macrophages in vitro. The addition of an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody led to enhanced tumor-cell phagocytosis by mouse and human M1 and M2 macrophages. In both cases, the anti-CD47-induced phagocytosis by M1 was more prominent than that for M2. Dissected tumors from human glioblastoma xenografted within NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice and treated with anti-CD47 showed a significant increase of M1 macrophages within the tumor. These data show that anti-CD47 treatment leads to enhanced tumor cell phagocytosis by both M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes with a higher phagocytosis rate by M1 macrophages. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that anti-CD47 treatment alone can shift the phenotype of macrophages toward the M1 subtype in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Suzana A. Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tej D. Azad
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Y. Xu
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Achal S. Achrol
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chase Richard
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pia Sommerkamp
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kenneth Schoen
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa N. McCracken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ravi Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha S. Mitra
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHC); (SSM)
| | - Samuel H. Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHC); (SSM)
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128
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Durable antitumor responses to CD47 blockade require adaptive immune stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2646-54. [PMID: 27091975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604268113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antitumor antibodies treat cancer by mobilizing both innate and adaptive immunity. CD47 is an antiphagocytic ligand exploited by tumor cells to blunt antibody effector functions by transmitting an inhibitory signal through its receptor signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα). Interference with the CD47-SIRPα interaction synergizes with tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies to eliminate human tumor xenografts by enhancing macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), but synergy between CD47 blockade and ADCP has yet to be demonstrated in immunocompetent hosts. Here, we show that CD47 blockade alone or in combination with a tumor-specific antibody fails to generate antitumor immunity against syngeneic B16F10 tumors in mice. Durable tumor immunity required programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade in combination with an antitumor antibody, with incorporation of CD47 antagonism substantially improving response rates. Our results highlight an underappreciated contribution of the adaptive immune system to anti-CD47 adjuvant therapy and suggest that targeting both innate and adaptive immune checkpoints can potentiate the vaccinal effect of antitumor antibody therapy.
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129
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Identification of tumorigenic cells and therapeutic targets in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4464-9. [PMID: 27035983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600007113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a type of pancreatic cancer with limited therapeutic options. Consequently, most patients with advanced disease die from tumor progression. Current evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells is responsible for tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence, and targeting these tumor-initiating cells is necessary to eradicate tumors. However, tumor-initiating cells and the biological processes that promote pathogenesis remain largely uncharacterized in PanNETs. Here we profile primary and metastatic tumors from an index patient and demonstrate that MET proto-oncogene activation is important for tumor growth in PanNET xenograft models. We identify a highly tumorigenic cell population within several independent surgically acquired PanNETs characterized by increased cell-surface protein CD90 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase A1 (ALDHA1) activity, and provide in vitro and in vivo evidence for their stem-like properties. We performed proteomic profiling of 332 antigens in two cell lines and four primary tumors, and showed that CD47, a cell-surface protein that acts as a "don't eat me" signal co-opted by cancers to evade innate immune surveillance, is ubiquitously expressed. Moreover, CD47 coexpresses with MET and is enriched in CD90(hi)cells. Furthermore, blocking CD47 signaling promotes engulfment of tumor cells by macrophages in vitro and inhibits xenograft tumor growth, prevents metastases, and prolongs survival in vivo.
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130
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131
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Kroemer G, Senovilla L, Galluzzi L, André F, Zitvogel L. Natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance in breast cancer. Nat Med 2016; 21:1128-38. [PMID: 26444637 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunosurveillance theory postulates that tumors evolve and progress in an uncontrolled fashion only when anticancer immune responses fail. Natural immunosurveillance clearly influences human breast cancer (BC) progression because the prognosis of BC patients is dictated by the density, composition and activity of the tumor immune infiltrate at diagnosis. Moreover, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic regimens commonly employed for the treatment of BC affect the tumor immune infiltrate, and accumulating data suggest that the clinical efficacy of these treatments is largely determined by T cell-dependent tumor-specific immune responses. In addition, the mechanism of action of targeted anticancer therapeutics, such as the erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2)-targeting agent trastuzumab, involves the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In this Review, we discuss these findings as well as preliminary evidence indicating that immunotherapy constitutes a promising option for the treatment of BC. Moreover, we point out that the successful implementation of immunotherapy to BC management requires the optimization of current immunotherapeutic regimens and the identification of immunological biomarkers that enable improved risk stratification and the design of personalized, dynamic treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 507 (CICBT 507), Villejuif, France
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132
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Immunosurveillance and immunotherapy of tumors by innate immune cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:52-8. [PMID: 26686774 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells in tumor surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid cells represent the two main subsets of innate immune cells possessing efficient but quite different tumor suppressive abilities. Here, we describe the germline-encoded NK cell receptors that play a role in suppressing tumor development and describe briefly the cellular pathways leading to the upregulation of their ligands in tumor cells. We also describe mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells by macrophages and a recently characterized mechanism dedicated to sensing cytosolic DNA that is implicated in antitumor immune responses.
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133
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HIF-1 regulates CD47 expression in breast cancer cells to promote evasion of phagocytosis and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6215-23. [PMID: 26512116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520032112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of CD47 has been reported to enable cancer cells to evade phagocytosis by macrophages and to promote the cancer stem cell phenotype, but the molecular mechanisms regulating CD47 expression have not been determined. Here we report that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) directly activates transcription of the CD47 gene in hypoxic breast cancer cells. Knockdown of HIF activity or CD47 expression increased the phagocytosis of breast cancer cells by bone marrow-derived macrophages. CD47 expression was increased in mammosphere cultures, which are enriched for cancer stem cells, and CD47 deficiency led to cancer stem cell depletion. Analysis of datasets derived from thousands of patients with breast cancer revealed that CD47 expression was correlated with HIF target gene expression and with patient mortality. Thus, CD47 expression contributes to the lethal breast cancer phenotype that is mediated by HIF-1.
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134
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Ghosh S, Ghosh A, Krishna M. Role of ATM in bystander signaling between human monocytes and lung adenocarcinoma cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 794:39-45. [PMID: 26653982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The response of a cell or tissue to ionizing radiation is mediated by direct damage to cellular components and indirect damage mediated by radiolysis of water. Radiation affects both irradiated cells and the surrounding cells and tissues. The radiation-induced bystander effect is defined by the presence of biological effects in cells that were not themselves in the field of irradiation. To establish the contribution of the bystander effect in the survival of the neighboring cells, lung carcinoma A549 cells were exposed to gamma-irradiation, 2Gy. The medium from the irradiated cells was transferred to non-irradiated A549 cells. Irradiated A549 cells as well as non-irradiated A549 cells cultured in the presence of medium from irradiated cells showed decrease in survival and increase in γ-H2AX and p-ATM foci, indicating a bystander effect. Bystander signaling was also observed between different cell types. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated and gamma-irradiated U937 (human monocyte) cells induced a bystander response in non-irradiated A549 (lung carcinoma) cells as shown by decreased survival and increased γ-H2AX and p-ATM foci. Non-stimulated and/or irradiated U937 cells did not induce such effects in non-irradiated A549 cells. Since ATM protein was activated in irradiated cells as well as bystander cells, it was of interest to understand its role in bystander effect. Suppression of ATM with siRNA in A549 cells completely inhibited bystander effect in bystander A549 cells. On the other hand suppression of ATM with siRNA in PMA stimulated U937 cells caused only a partial inhibition of bystander effect in bystander A549 cells. These results indicate that apart from ATM, some additional factor may be involved in bystander effect between different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Ghosh
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Anu Ghosh
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Malini Krishna
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
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135
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Weissman I. Evolution of normal and neoplastic tissue stem cells: progress after Robert Hooke. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140364. [PMID: 26416675 PMCID: PMC4633993 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of stem cells coincides with the transition from single-celled organisms to metazoans. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation. Each tissue is maintained by self-renewing tissue-specific stem cells. The accumulation of mutations that lead to preleukaemia are in the blood-forming stem cell, while the transition to leukaemia stem cells occurs in the clone at a progenitor stage. All leukaemia and cancer cells escape being removed by scavenger macrophages by expressing the 'don't eat me' signal CD47. Blocking antibodies to CD47 are therapeutics for all cancers, and are currently being tested in clinical trials in the US and UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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136
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Stem cells are units of natural selection for tissue formation, for germline development, and in cancer development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505464112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is obvious that natural selection operates at the level of individuals and collections of individuals. Nearly two decades ago we showed that in multi-individual colonies of protochordate colonial tunicates sharing a blood circulation, there exists an exchange of somatic stem cells and germline stem cells, resulting in somatic chimeras and stem cell competitions for gonadal niches. Stem cells are unlike other cells in the body in that they alone self-renew, so that they form clones that are perpetuated for the life of the organism. Stem cell competitions have allowed the emergence of competitive somatic and germline stem cell clones. Highly successful germline stem cells usually outcompete less successful competitors both in the gonads of the genotype partner from which they arise and in the gonads of the natural parabiotic partners. Therefore, natural selection also operates at the level of germline stem cell clones. In the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri the formation of natural parabionts is prevented by a single-locus highly polymorphic histocompatibility gene called Botryllus histocompatibility factor. This limits germline stem cell predation to kin, as the locus has hundreds of alleles. We show that in mice germline stem cells compete for gonad niches, and in mice and humans, blood-forming stem cells also compete for bone marrow niches. We show that the clonal progression from blood-forming stem cells to acute leukemias by successive genetic and epigenetic events in blood stem cells also involves competition and selection between clones and propose that this is a general theme in cancer.
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137
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Liu J, Wang L, Zhao F, Tseng S, Narayanan C, Shura L, Willingham S, Howard M, Prohaska S, Volkmer J, Chao M, Weissman IL, Majeti R. Pre-Clinical Development of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Potential. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137345. [PMID: 26390038 PMCID: PMC4577081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a widely expressed cell surface protein that functions as a regulator of phagocytosis mediated by cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. CD47 serves as the ligand for a receptor on these innate immune cells, SIRP-alpha, which in turn delivers an inhibitory signal for phagocytosis. We previously found increased expression of CD47 on primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells, and demonstrated that blocking monoclonal antibodies directed against CD47 enabled the phagocytosis and elimination of AML, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), and many solid tumors in xenograft models. Here, we report the development of a humanized anti-CD47 antibody with potent efficacy and favorable toxicokinetic properties as a candidate therapeutic. A novel monoclonal anti-human CD47 antibody, 5F9, was generated, and antibody humanization was carried out by grafting its complementarity determining regions (CDRs) onto a human IgG4 format. The resulting humanized 5F9 antibody (Hu5F9-G4) bound monomeric human CD47 with an 8 nM affinity. Hu5F9-G4 induced potent macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of primary human AML cells in vitro and completely eradicated human AML in vivo, leading to long-term disease-free survival of patient-derived xenografts. Moreover, Hu5F9-G4 synergized with rituximab to eliminate NHL engraftment and cure xenografted mice. Finally, toxicokinetic studies in non-human primates showed that Hu5F9-G4 could be safely administered intravenously at doses able to achieve potentially therapeutic serum levels. Thus, Hu5F9-G4 is actively being developed for and has been entered into clinical trials in patients with AML and solid tumors (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02216409).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD47 Antigen/immunology
- Female
- Haplorhini
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Feifei Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Serena Tseng
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Cyndhavi Narayanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Shura
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen Willingham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Howard
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Prohaska
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jens Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Chao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ILW); (RM)
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ILW); (RM)
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138
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Toda S, Nishi C, Yanagihashi Y, Segawa K, Nagata S. Clearance of Apoptotic Cells and Pyrenocytes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 114:267-95. [PMID: 26431571 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are engulfed and digested by macrophages to maintain homeostasis in animals. If dead cells are not engulfed swiftly, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular components that activate the immune system. Apoptotic cells are efficiently cleared due to phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the cell surface that acts as an "eat me" signal. PtdSer is exposed through the activation of phospholipid scramblase and the inactivation of phospholipid flippase, which are both caspase-mediated events. Macrophages express a variety of molecules to recognize PtdSer, and use a sophisticated mechanism to engulf apoptotic cells. In red blood cells, the nucleus is lost when it is extruded as a pyrenocyte during definitive erythropoiesis. These pyrenocytes (nuclei surrounded by plasma membrane) also expose PtdSer on their surface and are efficiently engulfed by macrophages in a PtdSer-dependent manner. Macrophages transfer the engulfed apoptotic cell or pyrenocyte into lysosomes, where the components of the dead cell or pyrenocyte are degraded. If lysosomes cannot digest the DNA from apoptotic cells or pyrenocytes, the undigested DNA accumulates in the lysosome and activates macrophages to produce type I interferon (IFN) via a STING-dependent pathway; in embryos, this causes severe anemia. Here, we discuss how macrophages clear apoptotic cells and pyrenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Toda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yanagihashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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139
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CD47 blockade triggers T cell-mediated destruction of immunogenic tumors. Nat Med 2015; 21:1209-15. [PMID: 26322579 PMCID: PMC4598283 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells mediated by CD47-specific blocking antibodies has been proposed to be the major effector mechanism in xenograft models. Here, using syngeneic immunocompetent mouse tumor models, we reveal that the therapeutic effects of CD47 blockade depend on dendritic cell but not macrophage cross-priming of T cell responses. The therapeutic effects of anti-CD47 antibody therapy were abrogated in T cell-deficient mice. In addition, the antitumor effects of CD47 blockade required expression of the cytosolic DNA sensor STING, but neither MyD88 nor TRIF, in CD11c+ cells, suggesting that cytosolic sensing of DNA from tumor cells is enhanced by anti-CD47 treatment, further bridging the innate and adaptive responses. Notably, the timing of administration of standard chemotherapy markedly impacted the induction of antitumor T cell responses by CD47 blockade. Together, our findings indicate that CD47 blockade drives T cell-mediated elimination of immunogenic tumors.
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140
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Allon I, Vered H, Hirshberg A. Programmed cell removal biomarkers calreticulin and CD47 implicated in oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2015; 21:894-8. [PMID: 26234497 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of the programmed cell removal markers, calreticulin (CRT) and CD47, known to be involved in various autoimmune diseases, in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP), and to investigate the association with clinical behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsies of 78 patients with OLP were included. The clinical data were collected from patients' charts. The expression of CRT and CD47 was immunomorphometrically analyzed in the epithelial (CRTep, CD47ep) and inflammatory cells (CRTinf, CD47inf), and the results were correlated with the clinical presentation. RESULTS The epithelial and inflammatory cells expressed CRT (2.83 ± 6.62 and 5.13 ± 3.72) and CD47 (7.92 ± 4.6 and 10.7 ± 7.16). The expressions of CD47ep and CD47inf were associated (R = 0.64, P < 0.0005) with one another. The expressions of CRTinf and CD47ep were higher in atrophic erosive forms (A/ELP) than in the keratotic form of patients with OLP (6.46 ± 0.76 and 9.38 ± 0.87 vs 4.2 ± 0.61 and 6.84 ± 0.91, respectively, P = 0.002 and P = 0.021). The expression of CRTep was associated with more localized lesions (P < 0.009) and more abundant in males (P = 0.049), and the expression of CRTinf was associated with the presence of skin lesions and symptoms (P < 0.034 and P = 0.047, respectively). Only in A/ELP patients, the expression of CRTep was associated with high expression of CD47ep (R = 0.6, P = 0.004), where both CD47ep and CD47inf were associated with lower age of the patients (R = -0.48, P = 0.03 and R = -0.54, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of expression of CRT and CD47 in OLP suggests a general programmed cell removal response in OLP. Symptomatic patients may benefit from CRT/CD47 targeted therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Allon
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Hirshberg
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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141
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McCracken MN, Cha AC, Weissman IL. Molecular Pathways: Activating T Cells after Cancer Cell Phagocytosis from Blockade of CD47 "Don't Eat Me" Signals. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3597-601. [PMID: 26116271 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances with immunotherapy agents for the treatment of cancer have provided remarkable, and in some cases, curative results. Our laboratory has identified CD47 as an important "don't eat me" signal expressed on malignant cells. Blockade of the CD47:SIRP-α axis between tumor cells and innate immune cells (monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) increases tumor cell phagocytosis in both solid tumors (including, but not limited to, bladder, breast, colon, lung, and pancreatic) and hematologic malignancies. These phagocytic innate cells are also professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), providing a link from innate to adaptive antitumor immunity. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that APCs present antigens from phagocytosed tumor cells, causing T-cell activation. Therefore, agents that block the CD47:SIRP-α engagement are attractive therapeutic targets as a monotherapy or in combination with additional immune-modulating agents for activating antitumor T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N McCracken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Adriel C Cha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
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142
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Baccelli I, Stenzinger A, Vogel V, Pfitzner BM, Klein C, Wallwiener M, Scharpff M, Saini M, Holland-Letz T, Sinn HP, Schneeweiss A, Denkert C, Weichert W, Trumpp A. Co-expression of MET and CD47 is a novel prognosticator for survival of luminal breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8147-60. [PMID: 25230070 PMCID: PMC4226673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although luminal-type primary breast cancer can be efficiently treated, development of metastatic disease remains a significant clinical problem. We have previously shown that luminal-type circulating tumor cells (CTCs) co-expressing the tyrosine-kinase MET and CD47, a ligand involved in cancer cell evasion from macrophage scavenging, are able to initiate metastasis in xenografts. Here, we investigated the clinical relevance of MET-CD47 co-expression in 255 hormone receptor positive breast tumors by immunohistochemistry and found a 10.3-year mean overall-survival difference between MET-CD47 double-positive and double-negative patients (p<0.001). MET-CD47 co-expression defined a novel independent prognosticator for overall-survival by multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model: HR: 4.1, p<0.002) and CD47 expression alone or in combination with MET was strongly associated with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of metastatic patient blood revealed consistent presence of MET+CD47+ CTCs (range 0.8 – 33.3% of CTCs) and their frequency was associated with increased metastatic spread. Finally, primary uncultured CTCs with high MET+CD47+ content showed an enhanced capacity to initiate metastasis in mice. Detection and targeting of MET and CD47 may thus provide a rational basis for risk stratification and treatment of patients with luminal-type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Baccelli
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Divison of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Vogel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Divison of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berit Maria Pfitzner
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Divison of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Scharpff
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Saini
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Divison of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Holland-Letz
- Department of Biostatistics, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld TP4, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Divison of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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143
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Cioffi M, Trabulo S, Hidalgo M, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Sainz B, Heeschen C. Inhibition of CD47 Effectively Targets Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells via Dual Mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2325-37. [PMID: 25717063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer of the exocrine pancreas with unmet medical need and is strongly promoted by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The presence of TAMs is associated with poor clinical outcome, and their overall role, therefore, appears to be protumorigenic. The "don't eat me" signal CD47 on cancer cells communicates to the signal regulatory protein-α on macrophages and prevents their phagocytosis. Thus, inhibition of CD47 may offer a new opportunity to turn TAMs against PDAC cells, including cancer stem cells (CSC), as the exclusively tumorigenic population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied in vitro and in vivo the effects of CD47 inhibition on CSCs using a large set of primary pancreatic cancer (stem) cells as well as xenografts of primary human PDAC tissue. RESULTS CD47 was highly expressed on CSCs, but not on other nonmalignant cells in the pancreas. Targeting CD47 efficiently enhanced phagocytosis of a representative set of primary human pancreatic cancer (stem) cells and, even more intriguingly, also directly induced their apoptosis in the absence of macrophages during long-term inhibition of CD47. In patient-derived xenograft models, CD47 targeting alone did not result in relevant slowing of tumor growth, but the addition of gemcitabine or Abraxane resulted in sustained tumor regression and prevention of disease relapse long after discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with efficient in vivo targeting of CSCs, and strongly suggest that CD47 inhibition could be a novel adjuvant treatment strategy for PDAC independent of underlying and highly variable driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cioffi
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Trabulo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, A CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Research Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eithne Costello
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Greenhalf
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. Koc University School of Medicine, Instanbul, Turkey
| | - Joerg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, A CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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144
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Zhang X, Zhou M, Chao H, Lu X, Cen L. [CALR gene mutation detection and clinical observation of 150 essential thrombocythemia patients]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:378-82. [PMID: 26031522 PMCID: PMC7342596 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of CARL gene mutations and the mutation types in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and to compare the patients clinical characteristics of CALR mutation with JAK2 V617F, MPL W515K mutation patients and triple negative group. METHODS The mutations of CALR gene at extron 9 and MPL W515K in 150 ET patients were detected by PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing of genomic DNA, the JAK2 V617F mutation by using allele specific PCR. RESULTS (1)The CALR mutations were found in 38 patients (25.3%) of 150 ET patients. A total of 4 types of CALR mutations were identified (type Ic.1092_1143del52bp, n=17; type II c.1154_1155insTTGTC, n=16; type III c.1094_1139del46bp, n=4; type IV c.1103_1136del34bp, n=1). (2)The incidence of JAK2 V617F and MPL W515K was 61.3% (92/150) and 2.7% (4/150), respectively. The frequency of CALR mutation was 70.4% (38/54) in 54 ET patients without JAK2 V617F and MPL W515K mutations. The co-occurrence of any two kinds of gene mutations was not detected. (3)The hemoglobin level and leukocyte counts of patients with CARL mutations were significantly lower than that in patients with JAK2 V617F mutations (P<0.05). The median age of patients with CALR mutation was significantly higher than that of triple negative patients (59 years vs 29.5 years, P<0.01). Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 147 patients, and there were 4 abnormal karyotype cases. CALR mutation incidence was significantly higher in abnormal karyotype cases than that in normal ones (75% vs 24.5%, P=0.019). CONCLUSION The incidence of CALR mutations is high in ET patients without JAK2 V617F and MPL W515K mutations, and is associated with abnormal karyotype. CARL-mutated cases showed a significantly lower leucocyte and hemoglobin levels compared with JAK2 V617F mutated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Hongying Chao
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xuzhang Lu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ling Cen
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
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Sano H, Ohki K, Park MJ, Shiba N, Hara Y, Sotomatsu M, Tomizawa D, Taga T, Kiyokawa N, Tawa A, Horibe K, Adachi S, Hayashi Y. CSF3R and CALR mutations in paediatric myeloid disorders and the association of CSF3R mutations with translocations, including t(8; 21). Br J Haematol 2015; 170:391-7. [PMID: 25858548 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) and calreticulin (CALR) genes have been reported in a proportion of adults with myeloproliferative disease. However, little is known about CSF3R or CALR mutations in paediatric myeloid disorders. We analysed CSF3R exons 14 and 17, and CALR exon 9, using direct sequencing in samples of paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML; n = 521), juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML; n = 40), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 20) and essential thrombocythaemia (ET; n = 21). CSF3R mutations were found in 10 (1.2%) of 521 patients with AML; two in exon 14 (both missense mutations resulting in p.T618I) and eight in exon 17 (three frameshift mutations: p.S715X, p.Q774R, and p.S783Q; and five novel missense mutations: p.Q754K, p.R769H, p.L777F, p.T781I, and S795R). All of the patients with mutations in CSF3R exon 17 had chromosomal translocations, including four with t(8;21). At the time of reporting, seven of these ten patients are alive; three have died, due to side effects of chemotherapy. No CSF3R mutations were found in cases of MDS, JMML or ET. The only mutation found in the CALR gene was a frameshift (p.L367 fs) in one ET patient. We discuss the potential impact of these findings for the leukaemogenesis and clinical features of paediatric myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sano
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohki
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Myoung-Ja Park
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Norio Shiba
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Sotomatsu
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomizawa
- Division of Leukaemia and Lymphoma, Children's Cancer Centre, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Taga
- Department of Paediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kiyokawa
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Research National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Tawa
- Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Centre, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Souichi Adachi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Centre, Shibukawa, Japan
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146
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Abstract
The analysis of protein phosphorylation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provides a powerful tool for studying the cell signaling activities that mediate HSC fate decisions, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis. The first part of this chapter describes a method of intracellular staining for phosphorylated proteins in conjunction with membrane staining for multiple hematopoietic cell-surface markers, and subsequent flow cytometric analysis of protein phosphorylation levels [indicated by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of specific fluorochromed phospho-antibodies] in primitive hematopoietic cells. The second part describes a method for assessing the frequency of apoptosis in HSCs using extracellular staining with recombinant Annexin V and 7-Amino-Actinomycin (7-AAD). Both parts involve an initial magnetic enrichment of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow. Because of the intracellular detection required for the HSC signaling assay, this assay also includes cell fixation and permeabilization. Gating strategies for assessing MFI and the frequency of Annexin V(+) apoptotic cells in a complex population are also described along with representative examples.
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147
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Jinushi M. Immune regulation of therapy-resistant niches: emerging targets for improving anticancer drug responses. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:737-45. [PMID: 24756203 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has unveiled a critical role for immunological parameters in predicting tumor prognosis and clinical responses to anticancer therapeutics. On the other hand, responsiveness to anticancer drugs greatly modifies the repertoires, phenotypes, and immunogenicity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, serving as a critical factor to regulate tumorigenic activities and the emergence of therapy-resistant phenotypes. Tumor-associated immune functions are influenced by distinct or overlapping sets of therapeutic modalities, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or molecular-targeted therapy, and various anticancer modalities have unique properties to influence the mode of cross-talk between tumor cells and immune cells in tumor microenvironments. Thus, it is critical to understand precise molecular machineries whereby each anticancer strategy has a distinct or overlapping role in regulating the dynamism of reciprocal communication between tumor and immune cells in tumor microenvironments. Such an understanding will open new therapeutic opportunities by harnessing the immune system to overcome resistance to conventional anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Research Center for Infection-associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan,
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148
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Schwamb B, Pick R, Fernández SBM, Völp K, Heering J, Dötsch V, Bösser S, Jung J, Beinoraviciute-Kellner R, Wesely J, Zörnig I, Hammerschmidt M, Nowak M, Penzel R, Zatloukal K, Joos S, Rieker RJ, Agaimy A, Söder S, Reid-Lombardo KM, Kendrick ML, Bardsley MR, Hayashi Y, Asuzu DT, Syed SA, Ordog T, Zörnig M. FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1318-29. [PMID: 25716227 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to escape apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer-initiating cells and a key factor of resistance to oncolytic therapy. Here, we identify FAM96A as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved apoptosome-activating protein and investigate its potential pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor function in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Interaction between FAM96A and apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1) was identified in yeast two-hybrid screen and further studied by deletion mutants, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Effects of FAM96A overexpression and knock-down on apoptosis sensitivity were examined in cancer cells and zebrafish embryos. Expression of FAM96A in GISTs and histogenetically related cells including interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), "fibroblast-like cells" (FLCs) and ICC stem cells (ICC-SCs) was investigated by Northern blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Tumorigenicity of GIST cells and transformed murine ICC-SCs stably transduced to re-express FAM96A was studied by xeno- and allografting into immunocompromised mice. FAM96A was found to bind APAF1 and to enhance the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. FAM96A protein or mRNA was dramatically reduced or lost in 106 of 108 GIST samples representing three independent patient cohorts. Whereas ICCs, ICC-SCs and FLCs, the presumed normal counterparts of GIST, were found to robustly express FAM96A protein and mRNA, FAM96A expression was much reduced in tumorigenic ICC-SCs. Re-expression of FAM96A in GIST cells and transformed ICC-SCs increased apoptosis sensitivity and diminished tumorigenicity. Our data suggest FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor that is lost during GIST tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schwamb
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Beatriz Mateus Fernández
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kirsten Völp
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Bösser
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rasa Beinoraviciute-Kellner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josephine Wesely
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inka Zörnig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Nowak
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, Graz, a-8036, Austria
| | - Stefan Joos
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ (B060), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Rieker
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Söder
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael R Bardsley
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - David T Asuzu
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sabriya A Syed
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
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149
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Macrophages eat cancer cells using their own calreticulin as a guide: roles of TLR and Btk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2145-50. [PMID: 25646432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424907112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated programmed cell removal (PrCR) is an important mechanism of eliminating diseased and damaged cells before programmed cell death. The induction of PrCR by eat-me signals on tumor cells is countered by don't-eat-me signals such as CD47, which binds macrophage signal-regulatory protein α to inhibit phagocytosis. Blockade of CD47 on tumor cells leads to phagocytosis by macrophages. Here we demonstrate that the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways in macrophages synergizes with blocking CD47 on tumor cells to enhance PrCR. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) mediates TLR signaling in macrophages. Calreticulin, previously shown to be an eat-me signal on cancer cells, is activated in macrophages for secretion and cell-surface exposure by TLR and Btk to target cancer cells for phagocytosis, even if the cancer cells themselves do not express calreticulin.
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150
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A long non-coding RNA links calreticulin-mediated immunogenic cell removal to RB1 transcription. Oncogene 2015; 34:5046-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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