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Jia M, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yu P, Sun Y, Song Y, Zhao L. Nitidine chloride suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell-like properties in glioblastoma by regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3113-3128. [PMID: 33788424 PMCID: PMC8085923 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and common intracranial malignant tumor, and the prognosis is still poor after various treatments. Based on the poor prognosis of glioma, new drugs that suppress the rapid progression and aggressive growth of glioma are urgently needed. It has been reported that nitidine chloride (NC) can inhibit tumor growth and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and EMT is associated with cancer stem cell properties. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of NC on the EMT process and stem cell‐like properties in glioma cells. The results showed that the migration and invasion abilities in U87 and LN18 glioma cells were significantly increased after the induction of EMT and these effects were inhibited by NC in a concentration‐dependent manner. NC treatment decreased the expression of EMT markers in glioma cells and self‐renewal capacity of glioma stem‐like cells. We demonstrated that these effects of NC were achieved via JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that NC inhibits the EMT process and glioma stem‐like properties via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that NC may be a potential anti‐glioma drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingxue Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyue Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanke Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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102
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Zhou L, Jiang Z, Gu J, Gu W, Han S. B7-H3 and digestive system cancers. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system cancers (DSC) are the most common cancers worldwide and often associated with poor prognosis because of their characteristics of invasive and metastatic. Thus, it is particularly necessary to find novel molecular targets for early diagnosis, as well as targeted treatment of DSC. B7-H3, which was previously referred to as a modulatory ligand that regulate T-cell-mediated immune reaction, is a B7-family member of co-stimulatory biomolecules, and in recent years it was found that its concentration was remarkably up modulated in serum, as well as tissues of DSC patients. Numerous studies have documented that B7-H3 has a vital function in the DSC. Herein, we summarize the current literature on diagnosis and prognosis potential of B7-H3 in DSC including those of the esophagus, gastric, liver, pancreas, and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhou
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Henan Honliv Hospital, Changyuan
| | - Wenhui Gu
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou
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103
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Leggett SE, Hruska AM, Guo M, Wong IY. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the cytoskeleton in bioengineered systems. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:32. [PMID: 33691719 PMCID: PMC7945251 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is intrinsically linked to alterations of the intracellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. After EMT, cells acquire an elongated morphology with front/back polarity, which can be attributed to actin-driven protrusion formation as well as the gain of vimentin expression. Consequently, cells can deform and remodel the surrounding matrix in order to facilitate local invasion. In this review, we highlight recent bioengineering approaches to elucidate EMT and functional changes in the cytoskeleton. First, we review transitions between multicellular clusters and dispersed individuals on planar surfaces, which often exhibit coordinated behaviors driven by leader cells and EMT. Second, we consider the functional role of vimentin, which can be probed at subcellular length scales and within confined spaces. Third, we discuss the role of topographical patterning and EMT via a contact guidance like mechanism. Finally, we address how multicellular clusters disorganize and disseminate in 3D matrix. These new technologies enable controlled physical microenvironments and higher-resolution spatiotemporal measurements of EMT at the single cell level. In closing, we consider future directions for the field and outstanding questions regarding EMT and the cytoskeleton for human cancer progression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Leggett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, William St, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alex M Hruska
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, and Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, 184 Hope St Box D, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, and Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, 184 Hope St Box D, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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104
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Gavin C, Geerts N, Cavanagh B, Haynes M, Reynolds CP, Loessner D, Ewald AJ, Piskareva O. Neuroblastoma Invasion Strategies Are Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:736. [PMID: 33578855 PMCID: PMC7916632 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a paediatric malignancy of the developing sympathetic nervous system. About half of the patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and a survival rate of less than 50%. Our understanding of the cellular processes promoting neuroblastoma metastases will be facilitated by the development of appropriate experimental models. In this study, we aimed to explore the invasion of neuroblastoma cells and organoids from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) grown embedded in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels by time-lapse microscopy and quantitative image analysis. We found that the ECM composition influenced the growth, viability and local invasion of organoids. The ECM compositions induced distinct cell behaviours, with Matrigel being the preferred substratum for local organoid invasion. Organoid invasion was cell line- and PDX-dependent. We identified six distinct phenotypes in PDX-derived organoids. In contrast, NB cell lines were more phenotypically restricted in their invasion strategies, as organoids isolated from cell line-derived xenografts displayed a broader range of phenotypes compared to clonal cell line clusters. The addition of FBS and bFGF induced more aggressive cell behaviour and a broader range of phenotypes. In contrast, the repression of the prognostic neuroblastoma marker, MYCN, resulted in less aggressive cell behaviour. The combination of PDX organoids, real-time imaging and the novel 3D culture assays developed herein will enable rapid progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control neuroblastoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Gavin
- Cancer Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (C.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Nele Geerts
- Cancer Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (C.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
| | - Meagan Haynes
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.H.); (A.J.E.)
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA;
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.H.); (A.J.E.)
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Program, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Olga Piskareva
- Cancer Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (C.G.); (N.G.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin D12 8MGH, Ireland
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105
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Shi Y, Norberg E, Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H. Mutant p53 as a Regulator and Target of Autophagy. Front Oncol 2021; 10:607149. [PMID: 33614491 PMCID: PMC7886977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.607149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most notoriously altered genes in human cancer is the tumor-suppressor TP53, which is mutated with high frequency in more cancers than any other tumor suppressor gene. Beyond the loss of wild-type p53 functions, mutations in the TP53 gene often lead to the expression of full-length proteins with new malignant properties. Among the defined oncogenic functions of mutant p53 is its effect on cell metabolism and autophagy. Due to the importance of autophagy as a stress adaptive response, it is frequently dysfunctional in human cancers. However, the role of p53 is enigmatic in autophagy regulation. While the complex action of the wild-type p53 on autophagy has extensively been described in literature, in this review, we focus on the conceivable role of distinct mutant p53 proteins in regulating different autophagic pathways and further discuss the available evidence suggesting a possible autophagy stimulatory role of mutant p53. Moreover, we describe the involvement of different autophagic pathways in targeting and degrading mutant p53 proteins, exploring the potential strategies of targeting mutant p53 in cancer by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Norberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang HY, Liu YN, Wu SG, Hsu CL, Chang TH, Tsai MF, Lin YT, Shih JY. MiR-200c-3p suppression is associated with development of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer via a mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Cancer Biomark 2021; 28:351-363. [PMID: 32417760 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-191119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EGFR-mutant lung cancer inevitably develops resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in TKI therapy response and resistance. METHODS We performed a miRNA PCR array analysis and used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to identify potential miRNAs related to EGFR TKIs resistance. We then correlated miRNA expression in 70 surgical and 50 malignant pleural effusion specimens with patient outcomes in those with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Molecular manipulation was performed in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells to assess the effect of miR-200c-3p on cell migratory ability and EGFR-TKI sensitivity. RESULTS We identified miR-200c-3p and miR-203a-3p as potential EGFR TKI resistance regulators via their modulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MiR-200c-3p and miR-203a-3p were down-regulated in EGFR TKI-resistant cell lines. Progression-free survival (PFS) with EGFR-TKI treatment of patients with high miR-200c-3p expression, but not miR-203a-3p, in the specimens was significantly longer than that of patients with low expression. MiR-200c-3p overexpression inhibited the EMT process in EGFR TKI resistance cell lines and promoted cell death. MiR-200c-3p silencing in EGFR TKI sensitive cell lines increased drug resistance. CONCLUSION MiR-200c-3p plays a role in sensitivity to EGFR TKIs via modulating EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Thoracic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Nan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Gin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hua Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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107
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Wang K, Fan HY, Pang X, Zhang M, Yu XH, Wu JS, Chen BJ, Jiang J, Liang XH, Tang YL. Dll4/Notch1 signalling pathway is required in collective invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:1011-1022. [PMID: 33469672 PMCID: PMC7859997 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression of δ‑like ligand 4 (Dll4) is reportedly related to the invasion, metastasis, and clinical prognosis of various malignant tumours. Our previous study revealed that collective cell invasion was a common pattern in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). However, the roles of the Dll4/Notch1 signalling pathway in the collective invasion of SACC remain unclear. The present study revealed that Dll4 expression was higher at the invasive front of SACC, and that this upregulation was associated with solid tumour type, high TNM grade, and high rates of metastasis and recurrence. Furthermore, the expression levels of Notch1 and Dll4 were positively correlated at the invasive front, and a three‑dimensional (3D) culture model revealed that leader cells showed high expression of Dll4, while follower cells showed high expression of Notch1. Moreover, silencing of Dll4 expression using small interfering RNA reduced the migration, invasion, and collective invasion of SACC cells, and these abilities were rescued by Notch1 overexpression. Finally, SACC collective invasion was increased via the Dll4/Notch1 signalling pathway in experiments that involved a stiff 3D gel, hypoxia and co‑culture with human endothelial cells. These findings indicated that the Dll4/Notch1 signalling pathway may be involved in the collective invasion of SACC, which may help to provide possible targets for the treatment of SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Yang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xing Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Abdul Pari AA, Singhal M, Augustin HG. Emerging paradigms in metastasis research. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20190218. [PMID: 33601416 PMCID: PMC7754674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, therapy of metastatic disease has essentially been limited to using strategies that were identified and established to shrink primary tumors. The limited efficacy of such treatments on overall patient survival stems from diverging intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of a primary tumor and metastases originating therefrom. To develop better therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic disease, there is an urgent need to shift the paradigm in preclinical metastasis research by conceptualizing metastatic dissemination, colonization, and growth as spatiotemporally dynamic processes and identifying rate-limiting vulnerabilities of the metastatic cascade. Clinically, while metastatic colonization remains the most attractive therapeutic avenue, comprehensive understanding of earlier steps may unravel novel metastasis-restricting therapies for presurgical neoadjuvant application. Moving beyond a primary tumor-centric view, this review adopts a holistic approach to understanding the spatial and temporal progression of metastasis. After reviewing recent developments in metastasis research, we highlight some of the grand challenges and propose a framework to expedite mechanism-based discovery research feeding the translational pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashik Ahmed Abdul Pari
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahak Singhal
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Peyre L, Meyer M, Hofman P, Roux J. TRAIL receptor-induced features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition increase tumour phenotypic heterogeneity: potential cell survival mechanisms. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:91-101. [PMID: 33257838 PMCID: PMC7782794 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuing efforts to exploit the death receptor agonists, such as the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), for cancer therapy, have largely been impaired by the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signalling pathways leading to drug resistance. Cell migration, invasion, differentiation, immune evasion and anoikis resistance are plastic processes sharing features of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that have been shown to give cancer cells the ability to escape cell death upon cytotoxic treatments. EMT has recently been suggested to drive a heterogeneous cellular environment that appears favourable for tumour progression. Recent studies have highlighted a link between EMT and cell sensitivity to TRAIL, whereas others have highlighted their effects on the induction of EMT. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms by which death signals can elicit an increase in response heterogeneity in the metastasis context, and to evaluate the impact of these processes on cell responses to cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Peyre
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Mickael Meyer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Jérémie Roux
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France.
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Afshari A, Janfeshan S, Yaghobi R, Roozbeh J, Azarpira N. Covid-19 pathogenesis in prostatic cancer and TMPRSS2-ERG regulatory genetic pathway. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 88:104669. [PMID: 33301988 PMCID: PMC7720011 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of Coronaviridae family have been the source of respiratory illnesses. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that produced a severe lung disease in afflicted patients in China and other countries was the reason for the incredible attention paid toward this viral infection. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on TMPRSS2 activity for entrance and subsequent infection of the host cells and TMPRSS2 is a host cell molecule that is important for the spread of viruses such as coronaviruses. Different factors can increase the risk of prostate cancer, including older age, a family history of the disease. Androgen receptor (AR) initiates a transcriptional cascade which plays a serious role in both normal and malignant prostate tissues. TMPRSS2 protein is highly expressed in prostate secretory epithelial cells, and its expression is dependent on androgen signals. One of the molecular signs of prostate cancer is TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. In TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancers different patterns of changed gene expression can be detected. The possible molecular relation between fusion positive prostate cancer patients and the increased risk of lethal respiratory viral infections especially SARS-CoV-2 can candidate TMPRSS2 as an attractive drug target. The studies show that some molecules such as nicotinamide, PARP1, ETS and IL-1R can be studied deeper in order to control SARS-CoV-2 infection especially in prostate cancer patients. This review attempts to investigate the possible relation between the gene expression pattern that is produced through TMPRSS2-ERG fusion positive prostate cancer and the possible influence of these fluctuations on the pathogenesis and development of viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Janfeshan
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Buocikova V, Rios-Mondragon I, Pilalis E, Chatziioannou A, Miklikova S, Mego M, Pajuste K, Rucins M, Yamani NE, Longhin EM, Sobolev A, Freixanet M, Puntes V, Plotniece A, Dusinska M, Cimpan MR, Gabelova A, Smolkova B. Epigenetics in Breast Cancer Therapy-New Strategies and Future Nanomedicine Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3622. [PMID: 33287297 PMCID: PMC7761669 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has been recognized as a critical factor contributing to the development of resistance against standard chemotherapy and to breast cancer progression via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Although the efficacy of the first-generation epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) in solid tumor management has been disappointing, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that epigenome modulation, in synergy with other therapeutic approaches, could play an important role in cancer treatment, reversing acquired therapy resistance. However, the epigenetic therapy of solid malignancies is not straightforward. The emergence of nanotechnologies applied to medicine has brought new opportunities to advance the targeted delivery of epi-drugs while improving their stability and solubility, and minimizing off-target effects. Furthermore, the omics technologies, as powerful molecular epidemiology screening tools, enable new diagnostic and prognostic epigenetic biomarker identification, allowing for patient stratification and tailored management. In combination with new-generation epi-drugs, nanomedicine can help to overcome low therapeutic efficacy in treatment-resistant tumors. This review provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials focusing on combination therapies employing epi-drugs for breast cancer treatment and summarizes the latest nano-based targeted delivery approaches for epi-drugs. Moreover, it highlights the current limitations and obstacles associated with applying these experimental strategies in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verona Buocikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.B.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ivan Rios-Mondragon
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (I.R.-M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Eleftherios Pilalis
- e-NIOS Applications Private Company, Alexandrou Pantou 25, 17671 Kallithea, Greece; (E.P.); (A.C.)
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- e-NIOS Applications Private Company, Alexandrou Pantou 25, 17671 Kallithea, Greece; (E.P.); (A.C.)
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.B.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.P.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.P.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.P.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Muriel Freixanet
- Vall d Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Vall d Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
- Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.P.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (I.R.-M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.B.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.B.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
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112
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He L, Yu A, Deng L, Zhang H. Eradicating the Roots: Advanced Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2009-2021. [PMID: 32183663 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200317132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the existence of breast cancer-initiating cells, which drives the original tumorigenicity, local invasion and migration propensity of breast cancer. These cells, termed as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), possess properties including self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and proliferative potential, and are believed to play important roles in the intrinsic drug resistance of breast cancer. One of the reasons why BCBCs cause difficulties in breast cancer treating is that BCBCs can control both genetic and non-genetic elements to keep their niches safe and sound, which allows BCSCs for constant self-renewal and differentiation. Therapeutic strategies designed to target BCSCs may ultimately result in effective interventions for the treatment of breast cancer. Novel strategies including nanomedicine, oncolytic virus therapy, immunotherapy and induced differentiation therapy are emerging and proved to be efficient in anti-BCSCs therapy. In this review, we summarized breast tumor biology and the current challenges of breast cancer therapies, focused on breast cancer stem cells, and introduced promising therapeutic strategies targeting BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anran Yu
- The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 12246, United States
| | - Li Deng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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113
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Yu W, Lu QY, Sharma S, Ly C, Di Carlo D, Rowat AC, LeClaire M, Kim D, Chow C, Gimzewski JK, Rao J. Single Cell Mechanotype and Associated Molecular Changes in Urothelial Cell Transformation and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601376. [PMID: 33330495 PMCID: PMC7711308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell mechanotype changes are newly recognized cancer phenotypic events, whereas metastatic cancer cells show decreased cell stiffness and increased deformability relative to normal cells. To further examine how cell mechanotype changes in early stages of cancer transformation and progression, an in vitro multi-step human urothelial cell carcinogenic model was used to measure cellular Young's modulus, deformability, and transit time using single-cell atomic force microscopy, microfluidic-based deformability cytometry, and quantitative deformability cytometry, respectively. Measurable cell mechanotype changes of stiffness, deformability, and cell transit time occur early in the transformation process. As cells progress from normal, to preinvasive, to invasive cells, Young's modulus of stiffness decreases and deformability increases gradually. These changes were confirmed in three-dimensional cultured microtumor masses and urine exfoliated cells directly from patients. Using gene screening and proteomics approaches, we found that the main molecular pathway implicated in cell mechanotype changes appears to be epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chau Ly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael LeClaire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Chow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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114
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Lin CC, Liao TT, Yang MH. Immune Adaptation of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells and Their Interaction With the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:588542. [PMID: 33312953 PMCID: PMC7708331 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.588542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Emerging evidence has shown that CRC stem cells (CRCSCs) play a significant role in metastatic dissemination and tumor recurrence. However, strategies for targeting CRCSCs are limited because CRCSCs are resistant to therapeutic interventions and because the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides a supportive niche. Moreover, growing evidence highlights the critical role of CRCSCs in immune adaptation and modulation of the TME. CRCSCs escape immune surveillance by avoiding recognition by the innate immune system and shaping the TME through exosomes, cytokines, and chemokines to generate an immunosuppressive niche that facilitates cancer progression. In this review, we summarize studies investigating the immunomodulatory properties of CRCSCs and their underlying mechanisms in order to improve the efficacy of treatment strategies against advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Tsen Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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115
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Lone IN, Sengez B, Hamiche A, Dimitrov S, Alotaibi H. The Role of Histone Variants in the Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112499. [PMID: 33213091 PMCID: PMC7698467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process activated during early embryogenesis, which continues to shape tissues and organs later on. It is also hijacked by tumor cells during metastasis. The regulation of EMT has been the focus of many research groups culminating in the last few years and resulting in an elaborate transcriptional network buildup. However, the implication of epigenetic factors in the control of EMT is still in its infancy. Recent discoveries pointed out that histone variants, which are key epigenetic players, appear to be involved in EMT control. This review summarizes the available data on histone variants' function in EMT that would contribute to a better understanding of EMT itself and EMT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Nisar Lone
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Burcu Sengez
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-299-4100 (ext. 5071)
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116
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Zeng T, Tang Z, Liang L, Suo D, Li L, Li J, Yuan Y, Guan XY, Li Y. PDSS2-Del2, a new variant of PDSS2, promotes tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via activating NF-κB. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3184-3197. [PMID: 33064899 PMCID: PMC7718950 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Our previous study identified a novel alternative splicing variant of prenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2) in HCC characterized by a deletion of exon 2, named PDSS2‐Del2, which is devoid of the tumor‐suppressive function of full‐length PDSS2 (PDSS2‐FL). To better understand the clinical significance of PDSS2‐Del2, we performed a BaseScope™ assay on an HCC tissue microarray and found that positive staining for PDSS2‐Del2 predicted a worse overall survival in patients with HCC (P = 0.02). PDSS2‐Del2 levels correlated significantly with microvessel counts in HCC tumor tissues. Importantly, PDSS2‐Del2 overexpression functionally promoted HCC metastasis, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo migration assays. In vivo assays also demonstrated that PDSS2‐Del2 increased angiogenesis in xenografts. Furthermore, we discovered that elevated PDSS2‐Del2 expression in HCC tumor cells decreased fumarate levels and activated the canonical nuclear factor‐κB pathway. The epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and WNT/β‐catenin signaling pathways were also activated by overexpression. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a fumaric acid ester, effectively reduced the metastasis induced by PDSS2‐Del2 as observed with in vivo spleen‐liver metastasis animal experiments. DMF is a prescribed oral therapy for multiple sclerosis and it might be a potential treatment for metastasis of patients with HCC. Early clinical trials are needed to validate its potential in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daqin Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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117
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Kyriakopoulou K, Riti E, Piperigkou Z, Koutroumanou Sarri K, Bassiony H, Franchi M, Karamanos NK. ΕGFR/ERβ-Mediated Cell Morphology and Invasion Capacity Are Associated with Matrix Culture Substrates in Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2256. [PMID: 33050027 PMCID: PMC7601637 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer accounts for almost one in four cancer diagnoses in women. Studies in breast cancer patients have identified several molecular markers, indicators of aggressiveness, which help toward more individual therapeutic approaches. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is associated with increased metastatic potential and worst survival rates. Specifically, abnormal EGFR activation leads to altered matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) expression and, hence, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, resulting in induced migration and invasion. The use of matrix substrates for cell culture gives the opportunity to mimic the natural growth conditions of the cells and their microenvironment, as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of EGFR inhibition, estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and different matrix substrates [type I collagen and fibronectin (FN)] on the functional properties, expression of MMPs and cell morphology of ERβ-positive TNBC cells and shERβ ones. Our results highlight EGFR as a crucial regulator of the expression and activity levels of MMPs, while ERβ emerges as a mediator of MMP7 and MT1-MMP expression. In addition, the EGFR/ERβ axis impacts the adhesion and invasion potential of breast cancer cells on collagen type I. Images obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) from cultures on the different matrix substrates revealed novel observations regarding various structures of breast cancer cells (filopodia, extravesicles, tunneling nanotubes, etc.). Moreover, the significant contribution of EGFR and ERβ in the morphological characteristics of these cells is also demonstrated, hence highlighting the possibility of dual pharmacological targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kyriakopoulou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (E.R.); (Z.P.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Eirini Riti
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (E.R.); (Z.P.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (E.R.); (Z.P.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Konstantina Koutroumanou Sarri
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (E.R.); (Z.P.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Heba Bassiony
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (E.R.); (Z.P.); (K.K.S.)
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118
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Qin S, Jiang J, Lu Y, Nice EC, Huang C, Zhang J, He W. Emerging role of tumor cell plasticity in modifying therapeutic response. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:228. [PMID: 33028808 PMCID: PMC7541492 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer therapy is a major barrier to cancer management. Conventional views have proposed that acquisition of resistance may result from genetic mutations. However, accumulating evidence implicates a key role of non-mutational resistance mechanisms underlying drug tolerance, the latter of which is the focus that will be discussed here. Such non-mutational processes are largely driven by tumor cell plasticity, which renders tumor cells insusceptible to the drug-targeted pathway, thereby facilitating the tumor cell survival and growth. The concept of tumor cell plasticity highlights the significance of re-activation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, acquisition properties of cancer stem cells, and trans-differentiation potential during drug exposure. From observations in various cancers, this concept provides an opportunity for investigating the nature of anticancer drug resistance. Over the years, our understanding of the emerging role of phenotype switching in modifying therapeutic response has considerably increased. This expanded knowledge of tumor cell plasticity contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies or combination therapy regimens using available anticancer drugs, which are likely to improve patient outcomes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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119
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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120
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Eldeiry LS, Lin HT. Treatment of medullary thyroid cancer with bone metastases with denosumab: A review and case illustration. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecr.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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121
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Silvestri S, Porcellato I, Mechelli L, Menchetti L, Iussich S, De Maria R, Sforna M, Bongiovanni L, Brachelente C. E-Cadherin Expression in Canine Melanocytic Tumors: Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Survival Analysis. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:608-619. [PMID: 32578507 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820934385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell adhesion, has a pivotal role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process through which neoplastic epithelial cells develop an invasive phenotype. In human cutaneous melanomas, decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with shorter survival and increased Breslow thickness, whereas in the dog its role is poorly understood. Tumor thickness and modified Clark level were recently proposed as useful features to assess canine melanocytic tumors, but no studies investigated their association with E-cadherin expression. We performed immunohistochemistry on 77 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary canine melanocytic tumors. A 3-tier and a 2-tier classification system for assessing E-cadherin expression were tested, with the latter being more informative for the assessment of canine melanocytic tumors. E-cadherin expression was lower in cutaneous melanomas than melanocytomas, as well as in amelanotic tumors compared to pigmented tumors. In amelanotic melanomas, absent E-cadherin expression was associated with an unfavorable outcome, suggesting a potential use of this marker in defining the prognosis of amelanotic melanomas. E-cadherin expression was lower in tumors with greater tumor thickness and modified Clark level ≥IV, suggesting its possible utility in identifying the most invasive tumors. The expression of E-cadherin in oral melanomas was heterogeneous, but was associated with pigmentation and clinical outcome; thus, E-cadherin evaluation could be advantageous to detect the most aggressive neoplasms. However, cutaneous melanomas without E-cadherin expression frequently had a favorable clinical outcome. Hence, its importance as prognostic factor should be carefully considered depending on the tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Bongiovanni
- 90051University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Present address: Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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122
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Casey L, Singh N. Metastases to the ovary arising from endometrial, cervical and fallopian tube cancer: recent advances. Histopathology 2020; 76:37-51. [PMID: 31846521 DOI: 10.1111/his.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of genomic studies has enabled assessment of the clonality of synchronous tumours involving the ovary and other sites in the female genital tract in a definitive way. This has led to the abandonment of conventional approaches to primary site assignment, and the recognition that most such synchronous neoplasms are clonally related single tumours with metastatic spread, rather than independent primary tumours. These discoveries have implications for diagnostic practice, analogous to the gradual change over the last few decades in our approach to mucinous neoplasms of the ovary metastatic from the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we first examine the routes of metastasis to the ovary, and then discuss the diagnostic and clinical implications of concurrent ovarian carcinomas arising in combination with endometrial, endocervical and tubal carcinomas. It is proposed that cases of primary low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinoma with a secondary unilateral ovarian tumour, both with indolent characteristics, may be classified as 'FIGO stage IIIA-simulating independent primary tumours', with a comment that conservative management would be appropriate. It should be recognised that human papillomavirus-associated endocervical adenocarcinomas may result in synchronous or metachronous ovarian metastases that appear to be unrelated to the primary tumour, and that these may be managed conservatively in the absence of other sites of disease. In cases of tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma, tubal intraepithelial or contralateral adnexal involvement should count as a pelvic disease site for staging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casey
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Naveena Singh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Blizard Institute of Core Pathology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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123
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Lin B, Li Y, Wang T, Qiu Y, Chen Z, Zhao K, Lu N. CRMP2 is a therapeutic target that suppresses the aggressiveness of breast cancer cells by stabilizing RECK. Oncogene 2020; 39:6024-6040. [PMID: 32778769 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is characterized by high mortality and limited therapeutic target. During tumor metastasis, cytoskeletal reorganization is one of the key steps in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is a cytosolic phosphoprotein that plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Previous researches have reported that altered CRMP2 expression is associated with breast cancer progression, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that CRMP2 expression is reduced in various subtypes of breast cancers and negatively correlated with lymphatic metastasis. Overexpression of CRMP2 significantly inhibits invasion and stemness in breast cancer cells, while downregulation of CRMP2 promotes cell invasion, which is not required for tubulin polymerization. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that CRMP2 interacts with RECK, prevents RECK degradation, which, in turn, blocks NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, we find that phosphorylation of CRMP2 at T514 and S522 remarkably abolishes its functions to bind with RECK and to inhibit cell invasion. Pharmacologic rescue of CRMP2 expression suppressed breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo and stimulated a synergetic effect with FN-1501 that induces CRMP2 dephosphorylation. Collectively, this study highlights the potential of CRMP2 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer metastasis and reveals a distinct mechanism of CRMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiepeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Tang Y, Durand S, Dalle S, Caramel J. EMT-Inducing Transcription Factors, Drivers of Melanoma Phenotype Switching, and Resistance to Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2154. [PMID: 32759677 PMCID: PMC7465730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors, extensively described for their role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT-TFs) in epithelial cells, also display essential functions in the melanocyte lineage. Recent evidence has shown specific expression patterns and functions of these EMT-TFs in neural crest-derived melanoma compared to carcinoma. Herein, we present an update of the specific roles of EMT-TFs in melanocyte differentiation and melanoma progression. As major regulators of phenotype switching between differentiated/proliferative and neural crest stem cell-like/invasive states, these factors appear as major drivers of intra-tumor heterogeneity and resistance to treatment in melanoma, which opens new avenues in terms of therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Tang
- Cancer Cell Plasticity in Melanoma Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (Y.T.); (S.D.); (S.D.)
| | - Simon Durand
- Cancer Cell Plasticity in Melanoma Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (Y.T.); (S.D.); (S.D.)
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Cancer Cell Plasticity in Melanoma Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (Y.T.); (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Dermatology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Julie Caramel
- Cancer Cell Plasticity in Melanoma Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (Y.T.); (S.D.); (S.D.)
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125
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Sereno M, Videira M, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Brito MA. miRNAs in Health and Disease: A Focus on the Breast Cancer Metastatic Cascade towards the Brain. Cells 2020; 9:E1790. [PMID: 32731349 PMCID: PMC7463742 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mainly act by binding to target genes to regulate their expression. Due to the multitude of genes regulated by miRNAs they have been subject of extensive research in the past few years. This state-of-the-art review summarizes the current knowledge about miRNAs and illustrates their role as powerful regulators of physiological processes. Moreover, it highlights their aberrant expression in disease, including specific cancer types and the differential hosting-metastases preferences that influence several steps of tumorigenesis. Considering the incidence of breast cancer and that the metastatic disease is presently the major cause of death in women, emphasis is put in the role of miRNAs in breast cancer and in the regulation of the different steps of the metastatic cascade. Furthermore, we depict their involvement in the cascade of events underlying breast cancer brain metastasis formation and development. Collectively, this review shall contribute to a better understanding of the uniqueness of the biologic roles of miRNAs in these processes, to the awareness of miRNAs as new and reliable biomarkers and/or of therapeutic targets, which can change the landscape of a poor prognosis and low survival rates condition of advanced breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sereno
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Mafalda Videira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania, Str. Liviu Rebreanu 86, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania, Str. Liviu Rebreanu 86, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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126
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Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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127
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Konrad L, Dietze R, Riaz MA, Scheiner-Bobis G, Behnke J, Horné F, Hoerscher A, Reising C, Meinhold-Heerlein I. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Endometriosis-When Does It Happen? J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1915. [PMID: 32570986 PMCID: PMC7357060 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process of cell remodeling characterized by the gradual loss of the epithelial phenotype and progressive gain of a mesenchymal phenotype. EMT is not an all-or-nothing process, but instead a transition of epithelial to mesenchymal cells with intermediate cell states. Recently, EMT was described in endometriosis, and many EMT-specific pathways like Twist, Snail, Slug, Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/2), E/N-cadherin, keratins, and claudins are involved. However, as pointed out in this review, a comparison of the eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis yielded only subtle changes of these EMT markers. Furthermore, only very few alterations in cell-cell contacts could be found but without changes in the epithelial phenotype. This suggests only a partial EMT which is not a prerequisite for the detachment of endometrial cells and, thus, not critical for the first step(s) in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In contrast, the majority of changes in the EMT-related marker expression were found in the ectopic endometrium, especially in the three endometriotic entities, ovarian, peritoneal, and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), compared with the eutopic endometrium. In this review, we examine the most important EMT pathways described in endometriosis and propose that partial EMT might result from the interaction of endometrial implants with their surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Konrad
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Raimund Dietze
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Muhammad A. Riaz
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute for Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Judith Behnke
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatalogy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Fabian Horné
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Alena Hoerscher
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Christoph Reising
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
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128
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Majc B, Sever T, Zarić M, Breznik B, Turk B, Lah TT. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as the driver of changing carcinoma and glioblastoma microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118782. [PMID: 32554164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential molecular and cellular process that is part of normal embryogenesis and wound healing, and also has a ubiquitous role in various types of carcinoma and glioblastoma. EMT is activated and regulated by specific microenvironmental endogenous triggers and a complex network of signalling pathways. These mostly include epigenetic events that affect protein translation-controlling factors and proteases, altogether orchestrated by the switching on and off of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes in cancer cells. The hallmark of cancer-linked EMT is that the process is incomplete, as it is opposed by the reverse process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, which results in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype that shows notable cell plasticity. This is a characteristic of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and it is of the utmost importance in their niche microenvironment, where it governs CSC migratory and invasive properties, thereby creating metastatic CSCs. These cells have high resistance to therapeutic treatments, in particular in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Sever
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Josef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Josef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Josef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Ulitsa, 19с1, Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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129
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Cardner M, Meyer-Schaller N, Christofori G, Beerenwinkel N. Inferring signalling dynamics by integrating interventional with observational data. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:i577-i585. [PMID: 31510686 PMCID: PMC6612850 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation In order to infer a cell signalling network, we generally need interventional data from perturbation experiments. If the perturbation experiments are time-resolved, then signal progression through the network can be inferred. However, such designs are infeasible for large signalling networks, where it is more common to have steady-state perturbation data on the one hand, and a non-interventional time series on the other. Such was the design in a recent experiment investigating the coordination of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in murine mammary gland cells. We aimed to infer the underlying signalling network of transcription factors and microRNAs coordinating EMT, as well as the signal progression during EMT. Results In the context of nested effects models, we developed a method for integrating perturbation data with a non-interventional time series. We applied the model to RNA sequencing data obtained from an EMT experiment. Part of the network inferred from RNA interference was validated experimentally using luciferase reporter assays. Our model extension is formulated as an integer linear programme, which can be solved efficiently using heuristic algorithms. This extension allowed us to infer the signal progression through the network during an EMT time course, and thereby assess when each regulator is necessary for EMT to advance. Availability and implementation R package at https://github.com/cbg-ethz/timeseriesNEM. The RNA sequencing data and microscopy images can be explored through a Shiny app at https://emt.bsse.ethz.ch. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cardner
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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130
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Li Q, Liu J, Jiang Z, Liu Q. CSCO breast cancer guideline: precise, economical and oriental. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1410-1412. [PMID: 32548693 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jieqiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zefei Jiang
- The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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131
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Pancreatic Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAF): Under-Explored Target for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051347. [PMID: 32466266 PMCID: PMC7281461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The pancreatic cancer phenotype is primarily a consequence of oncogenes disturbing the resident pancreas parenchymal cell repair program. Many solid tumor types including pancreatic cancer have severe tumor fibrosis called desmoplasia. Desmoplastic stroma is coopted by the tumor as a support structure and CAFs aid in tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. This stroma is caused by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which lay down extensive connective tissue in and around the tumor cells. CAFs represent a heterogeneous population of cells that produce various paracrine molecules such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and platelet derived growth factors (PDGFs) that aid tumor growth, local invasion, and development of metastases. The hard, fibrotic shell of desmoplasia serves as a barrier to the infiltration of both chemo- and immunotherapy drugs and host immune cells to the tumor. Although there have been recent improvements in chemotherapy and surgical techniques for management of pancreatic cancer, the majority of patients will die from this disease. Therefore, new treatment strategies are clearly needed. CAFs represent an under-explored potential therapeutic target. This paper discusses what we know about the role of CAFs in pancreatic cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastases. Additionally, we present different strategies that are being and could be explored as anti-CAF treatments for pancreatic cancer.
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132
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Nakayama J, Makinoshima H. Zebrafish-Based Screening Models for the Identification of Anti-Metastatic Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E2407. [PMID: 32455810 PMCID: PMC7287578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a leading contributor to the morbidity of cancer patients, occurs through a multi-step process: invasion, intravasation, extravasation, colonization, and metastatic tumor formation. Each process is not only promoted by cancer cells themselves but is also affected by their microenvironment. Given this complexity, drug discovery for anti-metastatic drugs must consider the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironments. The zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate animal model for in vivo high-throughput screening studies with physiological relevance to humans. This review covers the zebrafish model used to identify anti-metastatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Nakayama
- Shonai Regional Industry Promotion Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 975-0052, Japan;
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 975-0052, Japan;
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research, and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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133
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Liao TT, Lin CC, Jiang JK, Yang SH, Teng HW, Yang MH. Harnessing stemness and PD-L1 expression by AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein 3B in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6095-6112. [PMID: 32483441 PMCID: PMC7255042 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be responsible for the tumor initiation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have also indicated the importance of CSCs in escaping immune surveillance. However, the coordinated epigenetic control of the stem cell signature and the key molecule(s) involved in immunosurveillance of colorectal CSCs (CRCSCs) are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of a histone modifier, AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein 3B (ARID3B), in CRC. Methods: CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) with knockout of ARID3B induced by CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo were used. Molecular/cellular biology assays were performed. Clinical data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as from our cohort (Taipei Veterans General Hospital), were analyzed. Results: ARID3B was crucial for the growth of CRC, and ARID3B promoted the stem-like features of CRC. Mechanistically, ARID3B activated Notch target genes, intestinal stem cell (ISC) genes, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) through the recruitment of lysine-specific demethylase 4C (KDM4C) to modulate the chromatin configuration for transcriptional activation. Clinical sample analyses showed that the coexpression of ARID3B and the Notch target HES1 correlated with a worse outcome and that ARID3B and PD-L1 were highly expressed in the consensus molecular subtype 4 of CRC. Pharmacological inhibition of KDM4 activity reversed the ARID3B-induced signature. Conclusion: We reveal a noncanonical Notch pathway for activating Notch target genes, ISC genes, and PD-L1 in CRC. This finding explains the immune escape of CRCSCs and indicates a potential group that may benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Epigenetic drugs for reversing stem-like features of CRC should also be investigated.
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134
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Lavin DP, Tiwari VK. Unresolved Complexity in the Gene Regulatory Network Underlying EMT. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554. [PMID: 32477926 PMCID: PMC7235173 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process whereby a polarized epithelial cell ceases to maintain cell-cell contacts, loses expression of characteristic epithelial cell markers, and acquires mesenchymal cell markers and properties such as motility, contractile ability, and invasiveness. A complex process that occurs during development and many disease states, EMT involves a plethora of transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways. Whilst great advances have been made in both our understanding of the progressive cell-fate changes during EMT and the gene regulatory networks that drive this process, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Epigenetic modifications are dynamic, chromatin modifying enzymes are vast and varied, transcription factors are pleiotropic, and signaling pathways are multifaceted and rarely act alone. Therefore, it is of great importance that we decipher and understand each intricate step of the process and how these players at different levels crosstalk with each other to successfully orchestrate EMT. A delicate balance and fine-tuned cooperation of gene regulatory mechanisms is required for EMT to occur successfully, and until we resolve the unknowns in this network, we cannot hope to develop effective therapies against diseases that involve aberrant EMT such as cancer. In this review, we focus on data that challenge these unknown entities underlying EMT, starting with EMT stimuli followed by intracellular signaling through to epigenetic mechanisms and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay K. Tiwari
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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135
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Peñate X, Praena-Fernández JM, Romero Pareja P, Enguix-Riego MDV, Payán-Bravo L, Vieites B, Gomez-Izquierdo L, Jaen Olasolo J, Rivin del Campo E, Reyes JC, Chávez S, Lopez Guerra JL. Overexpression of Canonical Prefoldin Associates with the Risk of Mortality and Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041052. [PMID: 32344577 PMCID: PMC7225921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical prefoldin is a protein cochaperone composed of six different subunits (PFDN1 to 6). PFDN1 overexpression promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increases the growth of xenograft lung cancer (LC) cell lines. We investigated whether this putative involvement of canonical PFDN in LC translates into the clinic. First, the mRNA expression of 518 non-small cell LC (NSCLC) cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was evaluated. Patients with PFDN1 overexpression had lower overall survival (OS; 45 vs. 86 months; p = 0.034). We then assessed the impact of PFDN expression on outcome in 58 NSCLC patients with available tumor tissue samples. PFDN1, 3, and 5 overexpression were found in 38% (n = 22), 53% (n = 31), and 41% (n = 24) of tumor samples. PFDN1, 3, and 5 overexpression were significantly associated with lower OS, lower disease-free survival (DFS), and lower distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) for PFDN1 and 3 with a trend for PFDN5. In multivariate analysis, PFDN5 retained significance for OS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.56; p = 0.007) and PFDN1 for DFS (HR 2.53; p = 0.010) and marginally for DMFS (HR 2.32; p = 0.053). Our results indicate that protein response markers, such as PFDN1, 3, and 5, may complement mRNA signatures and be useful for determining the most appropriate therapy for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Peñate
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (X.P.); (L.P.-B.)
| | | | - Pedro Romero Pareja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.R.P.); (M.d.V.E.-R.)
| | - María del Valle Enguix-Riego
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.R.P.); (M.d.V.E.-R.)
| | - Laura Payán-Bravo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (X.P.); (L.P.-B.)
| | - Begoña Vieites
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.V.); (L.G.-I.)
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Izquierdo
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.V.); (L.G.-I.)
| | - Javier Jaen Olasolo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Eleonor Rivin del Campo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tenon University Hospital, Sorbonne University, 4 Rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France;
| | - Jose Carlos Reyes
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain;
| | - Sebastián Chávez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (X.P.); (L.P.-B.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.L.G.); Tel.: +34-95-501-2105 (S.C. & J.L.L.G.); Fax: +34-95-501-2111 (S.C. & J.L.L.G.)
| | - Jose Luis Lopez Guerra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (P.R.P.); (M.d.V.E.-R.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.L.G.); Tel.: +34-95-501-2105 (S.C. & J.L.L.G.); Fax: +34-95-501-2111 (S.C. & J.L.L.G.)
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136
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Bhatia S, Wang P, Toh A, Thompson EW. New Insights Into the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity and EMT in Driving Cancer Progression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:71. [PMID: 32391381 PMCID: PMC7190792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells demonstrate substantial plasticity in their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) can be characterized into dynamic intermediate states and can be orchestrated by many factors, either intercellularly via epigenetic reprograming, or extracellularly via growth factors, inflammation and/or hypoxia generated by the tumor stromal microenvironment. EMP has the capability to alter phenotype and produce heterogeneity, and thus by changing the whole cancer landscape can attenuate oncogenic signaling networks, invoke anti-apoptotic features, defend against chemotherapeutics and reprogram angiogenic and immune recognition functions. We discuss here the role of phenotypic plasticity in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis and provide an update of the modalities utilized for the molecular characterization of the EMT states and attributes of cellular behavior, including cellular metabolism, in the context of EMP. We also summarize recent findings in dynamic EMP studies that provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of EMP flux in cancer and propose therapeutic strategies to impede the metastatic outgrowth of phenotypically heterogeneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Bhatia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Toh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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137
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Yang J, Antin P, Berx G, Blanpain C, Brabletz T, Bronner M, Campbell K, Cano A, Casanova J, Christofori G, Dedhar S, Derynck R, Ford HL, Fuxe J, García de Herreros A, Goodall GJ, Hadjantonakis AK, Huang RYJ, Kalcheim C, Kalluri R, Kang Y, Khew-Goodall Y, Levine H, Liu J, Longmore GD, Mani SA, Massagué J, Mayor R, McClay D, Mostov KE, Newgreen DF, Nieto MA, Puisieux A, Runyan R, Savagner P, Stanger B, Stemmler MP, Takahashi Y, Takeichi M, Theveneau E, Thiery JP, Thompson EW, Weinberg RA, Williams ED, Xing J, Zhou BP, Sheng G. Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:341-352. [PMID: 32300252 PMCID: PMC7250738 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1131] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) encompasses dynamic changes in cellular organization from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes, which leads to functional changes in cell migration and invasion. EMT occurs in a diverse range of physiological and pathological conditions and is driven by a conserved set of inducing signals, transcriptional regulators and downstream effectors. With over 5,700 publications indexed by Web of Science in 2019 alone, research on EMT is expanding rapidly. This growing interest warrants the need for a consensus among researchers when referring to and undertaking research on EMT. This Consensus Statement, mediated by ‘the EMT International Association’ (TEMTIA), is the outcome of a 2-year-long discussion among EMT researchers and aims to both clarify the nomenclature and provide definitions and guidelines for EMT research in future publications. We trust that these guidelines will help to reduce misunderstanding and misinterpretation of research data generated in various experimental models and to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration to identify and address key open questions in this research field. While recognizing the importance of maintaining diversity in experimental approaches and conceptual frameworks, we emphasize that lasting contributions of EMT research to increasing our understanding of developmental processes and combatting cancer and other diseases depend on the adoption of a unified terminology to describe EMT. In this Consensus Statement, the authors (on behalf of the EMT International Association) propose guidelines to define epithelial–mesenchymal transition, its phenotypic plasticity and the associated multiple intermediate epithelial–mesenchymal cell states. Clarification of nomenclature and definitions will help reduce misinterpretation of research data generated in different experimental model systems and promote cross-disciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Parker Antin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Lab, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kyra Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology/Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rik Derynck
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonas Fuxe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM) and Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruby Y J Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for medical Research Israel-Canada and the Safra Center for Neurosciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Herbert Levine
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Medicine (Oncology) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, ICCE Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David McClay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry/Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH) Avda Ramon y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d´Alacant, Spain
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Runyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pierre Savagner
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ben Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erik W Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, MIT Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jianhua Xing
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology and UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and UK Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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138
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Li K, Tang M, Tong S, Wang C, Sun Q, Lv M, Sun X, Wang T, Jin S. BRAFi induced demethylation of miR-152-5p regulates phenotype switching by targeting TXNIP in cutaneous melanoma. Apoptosis 2020; 25:179-191. [PMID: 32056038 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma using BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) eventually leads to drug resistance and selects for highly metastatic tumor cells. We compared the most differentially dysregulated miRNA expression profiles of vemurafenib-resistant and highly-metastatic melanoma cell lines obtained from GEO DataSets. We discovered miR-152-5p was a potential regulator mediating melanoma drug resistance and metastasis. Functionally, knockdown of miR-152-5p significantly compromised the metastatic ability of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells and overexpression of miR-152-5p promoted the formation of slow-cycling phenotype. Furthermore, we explored the cause of how and why miR-152-5p affected metastasis in depth. Mechanistically, miR-152-5p targeted TXNIP which affected metastasis and BRAFi altered the methylation status of MIR152 promoter. Our study highlights the crucial role of miR-152-5p on melanoma metastasis after BRAFi treatment and holds significant implying that discontinuous dosing strategy may improve the benefit of advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhu Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingrui Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Tong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenchao Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengzhu Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Shifeng Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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139
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Drápela S, Bouchal J, Jolly MK, Culig Z, Souček K. ZEB1: A Critical Regulator of Cell Plasticity, DNA Damage Response, and Therapy Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:36. [PMID: 32266287 PMCID: PMC7096573 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant way in which conventional chemotherapy kills rapidly proliferating cancer cells is the induction of DNA damage. However, chemoresistance remains the main obstacle to therapy effectivity. An increasing number of studies suggest that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a critical process affecting the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a prime element of a network of transcription factors controlling EMT and has been identified as an important molecule in the regulation of DNA damage, cancer cell differentiation, and metastasis. Recent studies have considered upregulation of ZEB1 as a potential modulator of chemoresistance. It has been hypothesized that cancer cells undergoing EMT acquire unique properties that resemble those of cancer stem cells (CSCs). These stem-like cells manifest enhanced DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair capacity, self-renewal, or chemoresistance. In contrast, functional experiments have shown that ZEB1 induces chemoresistance regardless of whether other EMT-related changes occur. ZEB1 has also been identified as an important regulator of DDR by the formation of a ZEB1/p300/PCAF complex and direct interaction with ATM kinase, which has been linked to radioresistance. Moreover, ATM can directly phosphorylate ZEB1 and enhance its stability. Downregulation of ZEB1 has also been shown to reduce the abundance of CHK1, an effector kinase of DDR activated by ATR, and to induce its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. In this perspective, we focus on the role of ZEB1 in the regulation of DDR and describe the mechanisms of ZEB1-dependent chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Drápela
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Zoran Culig
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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140
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Qin Y, Shembrey C, Smith J, Paquet-Fifield S, Behrenbruch C, Beyit LM, Thomson BNJ, Heriot AG, Cao Y, Hollande F. Laminin 521 enhances self-renewal via STAT3 activation and promotes tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:161-169. [PMID: 32105676 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of basement membrane proteins contributes to tumor progression towards the metastatic stage. One of these proteins, laminin 521 (LN521), sustains embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, but its putative role in cancer is poorly described. In the present study we found that LN521 promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) cell self-renewal and invasion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenously-produced laminin alpha 5, as well as treatment with neutralizing antibodies against integrin α3β1 and α6β1, were able to reverse the effect of LN521 on self-renewal. Exposure of CRC cells to LN521 enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, and incubation with STAT3 inhibitors Napabucasin and Stattic was sufficient to block the LN521-driven self-renewal increase. Robust expression of laminin alpha 5 was detected in 7/10 liver metastases tissue sections collected from CRC patients as well as in mouse liver metastasis xenografts, in most cases within areas expressing metastasis cancer stem cell markers such as c-KIT and CD44v6. Finally, retrospective analysis of multiple CRC datasets highlighted the significant association between high LN521 mRNA expression and poor clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Collectively our results indicate that high Laminin 521 expression is a frequent feature of metastatic dissemination in CRC and that it promotes cell invasion and self-renewal, the latter through engagement of integrin isoforms and activation of STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Corina Behrenbruch
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Laura M Beyit
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin N J Thomson
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia.
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141
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Mitschke J, Burk UC, Reinheckel T. The role of proteases in epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transitions in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:431-444. [PMID: 31482486 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changing the characteristics of cells from epithelial states to mesenchymal properties is a key process involved in developmental and physiological processes as well as in many diseases with cancer as the most prominent example. Nowadays, a great deal of work and literature concerns the understanding of the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in terms of its molecular regulation and its implications for cancer. Similar statements can certainly be made regarding the investigation of the more than 500 proteases typically encoded by a mammalian genome. Specifically, the impact of proteases on tumor biology has been a long-standing topic of interest. However, although EMT actively regulates expression of many proteases and proteolytic enzymes are clearly involved in survival, division, differentiation, and movements of cells, information on the diverse roles of proteases in EMT has been rarely compiled. Here we aim to conceptually connect the scientific areas of "EMT" and "protease" research by describing how several important classes of proteolytic enzymes are regulated by EMT and how they are involved in initiation and execution of the EMT program. To do so, we briefly introduce the evolving key features of EMT and its regulation followed by discussion of protease involvement in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mitschke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Burk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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142
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Lin L, Li Y, Liu M, Li Q, Liu Q, Li R. The Interleukin-33/ST2 axis promotes glioma mesenchymal transition, stemness and TMZ resistance via JNK activation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1685-1703. [PMID: 32003751 PMCID: PMC7053587 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is an important member of the IL-1 family which has pleiotropic activities in innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, some researchers have focused on the function of cellular immunity in the development of tumor. The biological role of IL-33 in glioma is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that glioma cells and tissues expressed higher levels of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 compared to normal brain. Clinically, IL-33 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with glioma. Administration of human IL-33 enhanced cell migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness. Anti-ST2 blocked these effects of IL-33 on tumor. Mechanistically, IL-33 activated JNK signaling pathway via ST2 and increased the expression of key transcription factors that controlled the process of EMT and stemness. Moreover, IL-33 prevented temozolomide induced tumor apoptosis. Anti-ST2 or knockdown IL-33 increased the sensitivity of tumor to temozolomide. Thus, targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis may offer an opportunity to the treatment of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China.,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
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143
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Abad E, Graifer D, Lyakhovich A. DNA damage response and resistance of cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:106-117. [PMID: 31968219 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model defines tumors as hierarchically organized entities, containing a small population of tumorigenic CSC, or tumour-initiating cells, placed at the apex of this hierarchy. These cells may share common qualities with chemo- and radio-resistant cancer cells and contribute to self-renewal activities resulting in tumour formation, maintenance, growth and metastasis. Yet, it remains obscure what self-defense mechanisms are utilized by these cells against the chemotherapeutic drugs or radiotherapy. Recently, attention has been focused on the pivotal role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumorigenesis. In line with this note, an increased DDR that prevents CSC and chemoresistant cells from genotoxic pressure of chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation may be responsible for cancer metastasis. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge concerning the role of DDR in CSC and resistant cancer cells and describe the existing opportunities of re-sensitizing such cells to modulate therapeutic treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etna Abad
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Vall D'Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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144
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Zhang R, Liu J, Zhang W, Hua L, Qian LT, Zhou SB. EphA5 knockdown enhances the invasion and migration ability of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:20. [PMID: 31956298 PMCID: PMC6958788 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor A5 (EphA5) has been found to be overexpressed in some malignant tumors and is associated with disease prognosis. However, the role of EphA5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not clear. Methods In the present study, we measured the expression of EphA5 in ESCC tissues and cell lines including KYSE150 and KYSE450 cells. siRNA transfection was used to interfere with EphA5 expression in ESCC cell lines. Cell viability, colony formation, scratch and invasion assays were performed to explore the roles of EphA5 in ESCC cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate whether EphA5 could affect the cell apoptosis and cycle. The biomarkers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and molecules associated with Wnt/β‑catenin signaling were also measured by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results The protein and mRNA expression of EphA5 were significantly higher in fresh ESCC tissues and cell lines compared with normal control groups and human normal esophageal epithelial cells (HEEC). The cell viability assay and colony formation assay revealed that EphA5 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of KYSE150 and KYSE450 cells in vitro. The invasion and migration of ESCC cells were accelerated after EphA5 knockdown. The expression of EMT biomarkers was altered in ESCC cells transfected with siRNA targeting EphA5. Moreover, EphA5 downregulation enhanced the protein levels of β‑catenin and p-GSK-3βSer9, which play a key role in the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Conclusions EphA5 knockdown promotes the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,enhances invasion and migration ability via epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating Wnt/β‑catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Shan Dong University, Jinan, 250000 Shandong People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, Qing Pu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- 2Department of Oncology, Qing Pu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 3Department of Pathology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- 4Department of Provincial Clinical College, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ting Qian
- 5Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001 People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Bing Zhou
- 6Department of Radiation Oncology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu 225400 People's Republic of China
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145
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Circulating Tumor Cells, the Precursors of Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:11-34. [PMID: 32304077 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells offer an unprecedented window into the metastatic cascade, and to some extent can be considered as intermediates in the process of metastasis. They exhibit dynamic oscillations in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity and provide important opportunities for prognosis, therapy response monitoring, and targeting of metastatic disease. In this manuscript, we review the involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in the early steps of metastasis and what we have learned about its contribution to genomic instability and genetic diversity, tumor progression and therapeutic responses using cell culture, mouse models and circulating tumor cells enriched from patients.
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146
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Zhao Z, Bo Z, Gong W, Guo Y. Inhibitor of Differentiation 1 (Id1) in Cancer and Cancer Therapy. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:995-1005. [PMID: 32410828 PMCID: PMC7211148 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins are regulators of cell cycle and cell differentiation. Of all Id family proteins, Id1 is mostly linked to tumorigenesis, cellular senescence as well as cell proliferation and survival. Id1 is a stem cell-like gene more than a classical oncogene. Id1 is overexpressed in numerous types of cancers and exerts its promotion effect to these tumors through different pathways. Briefly, Id1 was found significantly correlated with EMT-related proteins, K-Ras signaling, EGFR signaling, BMP signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, WNT and SHH signaling, c-Myc signaling, STAT3 signaling, RK1/2 MAPK/Egr1 pathway and TGF-β pathway, etc. Id1 has potent effect on facilitating tumorous angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, high expression of Id1 plays a facilitating role in the development of drug resistance, including chemoresistance, radiation resistance and resistance to drugs targeting angiogenesis. However, controversial results were also obtained. Overall, Id1 represent a promising target of anti-tumor therapeutics based on its potent promotion effect to cancer. Numerous drugs were found exerting their anti-tumor function through Id1-related signaling pathways, such as fucoidan, berberine, tetramethylpyrazine, crizotinib, cannabidiol and vinblastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bo
- The Second Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weiyi Gong
- The Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
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147
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Baldacchino S, Grech G. Somatic copy number aberrations in metastatic patients: The promise of liquid biopsies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:302-310. [PMID: 31891778 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The metastatic process involves measurable cellular changes that confer migratory potential, proliferative advantage and the ability to colonise a distinct microenvironment. Accumulation of aberrations and clonal evolution add complexity to patient management and the assessment of the therapeutic sensitivity profile of malignancies. Liquid biopsy presents a repeatable and minimally invasive assessment tool to detect early metastasis, characterise tumour phenotype and detect minimal residual disease. The promise of liquid biopsies is to inform patient management and therapeutic decisions in a timely manner. Clinical translation requires robust methodologies with high sensitivity and tumour specificity. This can be achieved through technological advances but also through novel biologically informed approaches that harness existing knowledge on tumorigenesis. Here we present a review of copy number variations as potential biomarkers for early detection of metastatic potential and outline a biomarker validation process in the context of liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Baldacchino
- Applied Biotech Ltd, Cambridge, UK; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Malta.
| | - Godfrey Grech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
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148
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Up-regulated fibronectin in 3D culture facilitates spreading of triple negative breast cancer cells on 2D through integrin β-5 and Src. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19950. [PMID: 31882647 PMCID: PMC6934487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using MDA-MB-231 cells as a model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its metastatic sub-cell lines that preferentially metastasize to lung, bone or brain, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of fibronectin (FN) are increased in MDA-MB-231 cells and its lung metastatic derivative, when cultivated in three-dimensional (3D) suspension cultures. The increase of FN expression in 3D was dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) because it was prevented by treatment of cells with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38MAPK. The up-regulated FN was converted into fibrils, and it enhanced cell spreading when cells cultured in 3D were transferred to two-dimensional (2D) culture. The arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides and siRNAs targeting of integrin β-5 inhibited spreading of cells regardless of the presence of FN on 2D culture dishes. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated Src were found to be increased in 3D and the treatment of cells with SU6656, an inhibitor of Src, decreased the rate of cell spreading on FN. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that increased cellular FN in 3D suspension culture facilitates cancer cell attachment and spreading via integrin β-5 and Src, suggesting that the increased FN promotes initial attachment of cancer cells to secondary organs after circulation during metastasis.
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149
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Velázquez-Quesada I, Vásquez-Bochm LX, Pérez-Tapia SM. Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells: A Methodological Perspective. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:389-397. [PMID: 30147014 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666180821155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) constitute a subpopulation at the top of the tumor cell hierarchy that contributes to tumor heterogeneity and is uniquely capable of seeding new tumors. Because of their biological properties, CSCs have been pointed out as therapeutic targets for the development of new therapies against breast cancer. The identification of drugs that selectively target breast CSCs requires a clear understanding of their biological functions and the experimental methods to evaluate such hallmarks. Herein, we review the methods to study breast CSCs properties and discuss their value in the preclinical evaluation of CSC-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Inés Velázquez-Quesada
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigacion en Bioprocesos, ENCB, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luz X Vásquez-Bochm
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigacion en Bioprocesos, ENCB, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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150
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Kiełbus M, Czapiński J, Kałafut J, Woś J, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. Genetically Engineered Lung Cancer Cells for Analyzing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2019; 8:E1644. [PMID: 31847480 PMCID: PMC6953058 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell plasticity, defined as the ability to undergo phenotypical transformation in a reversible manner, is a physiological process that also exerts important roles in disease progression. Two forms of cellular plasticity are epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its inverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These processes have been correlated to the poor outcome of different types of neoplasias as well as drug resistance development. Since EMT/MET are transitional processes, we generated and validated a reporter cell line. Specifically, a far-red fluorescent protein was knocked-in in-frame with the mesenchymal gene marker VIMENTIN (VIM) in H2170 lung cancer cells. The vimentin reporter cells (VRCs) are a reliable model for studying EMT and MET showing cellular plasticity upon a series of stimulations. These cells are a robust platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms of these processes, and for drug discovery in vitro and in vivo in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Justyna Woś
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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