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Chowaniec H, Ślubowska A, Mroczek M, Borowczyk M, Braszka M, Dworacki G, Dobosz P, Wichtowski M. New hopes for the breast cancer treatment: perspectives on the oncolytic virus therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375433. [PMID: 38576614 PMCID: PMC10991781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has emerged as a promising frontier in cancer treatment, especially for solid tumours. While immunotherapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells have demonstrated impressive results, their limitations in inducing complete tumour regression have spurred researchers to explore new approaches targeting tumours resistant to current immunotherapies. OVs, both natural and genetically engineered, selectively replicate within cancer cells, inducing their lysis while sparing normal tissues. Recent advancements in clinical research and genetic engineering have enabled the development of targeted viruses that modify the tumour microenvironment, triggering anti-tumour immune responses and exhibiting synergistic effects with other cancer therapies. Several OVs have been studied for breast cancer treatment, including adenovirus, protoparvovirus, vaccinia virus, reovirus, and herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). These viruses have been modified or engineered to enhance their tumour-selective replication, reduce toxicity, and improve oncolytic properties.Newer generations of OVs, such as Oncoviron and Delta-24-RGD adenovirus, exhibit heightened replication selectivity and enhanced anticancer effects, particularly in breast cancer models. Clinical trials have explored the efficacy and safety of various OVs in treating different cancers, including melanoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, head and neck cancer, and gynecologic malignancies. Notably, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Oncorine have. been approved for advanced melanoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, respectively. However, adverse effects have been reported in some cases, including flu-like symptoms and rare instances of severe complications such as fistula formation. Although no OV has been approved specifically for breast cancer treatment, ongoing preclinical clinical trials focus on four groups of viruses. While mild adverse effects like low-grade fever and nausea have been observed, the effectiveness of OV monotherapy in breast cancer remains insufficient. Combination strategies integrating OVs with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy, show promise in improving therapeutic outcomes. Oncolytic virus therapy holds substantial potential in breast cancer treatment, demonstrating safety in trials. Multi-approach strategies combining OVs with conventional therapies exhibit more promising therapeutic effects than monotherapy, signalling a hopeful future for OV-based breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Chowaniec
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Antonina Ślubowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mroczek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Univeristy of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martyna Borowczyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Braszka
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Dworacki
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Chair of Patomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paula Dobosz
- University Centre of Cancer Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wichtowski
- Surgical Oncology Clinic, Institute of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Natarelli N, Aleman SJ, Mark IM, Tran JT, Kwak S, Botto E, Aflatooni S, Diaz MJ, Lipner SR. A Review of Current and Pipeline Drugs for Treatment of Melanoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:214. [PMID: 38399429 PMCID: PMC10892880 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Standard treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Combining these modalities often yields better responses. Surgery is suitable for localized cases, sometimes involving lymph node dissection and biopsy, to assess the spread of the disease. Radiation therapy may be sometimes used as a standalone treatment or following surgical excision. Systemic chemotherapy, while having low response rates, is utilized as part of combination treatments or when other methods fail. The development of resistance to systemic chemotherapies and associated side effects have prompted further research and clinical trials for novel approaches. In the case of advanced-stage melanoma, a comprehensive approach may be necessary, incorporating targeted therapies and immunotherapies that demonstrate significant antitumor activity. Targeted therapies, including inhibitors targeting BRAF, MEK, c-KIT, and NRAS, are designed to block the specific molecules responsible for tumor growth. These therapies show promise, particularly in patients with corresponding mutations. Combination therapy, including BRAF and MEK inhibitors, has been evidenced to improve progression-free survival; however, concerns about resistance and cutaneous toxicities highlight the need for close monitoring. Immunotherapies, leveraging tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and CAR T cells, enhance immune responses. Lifileucel, an FDA-approved tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, has demonstrated improved response rates in advanced-stage melanoma. Ongoing trials continue to explore the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy for advanced melanoma. Checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 have enhanced outcomes. Emerging IL-2 therapies boost dendritic cells, enhancing anticancer immunity. Oncolytic virus therapy, approved for advanced melanoma, augments treatment efficacy in combination approaches. While immunotherapy has significantly advanced melanoma treatment, its success varies, prompting research into new drugs and factors influencing outcomes. This review provides insights into current melanoma treatments and recent therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Natarelli
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Sarah J. Aleman
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Isabella M. Mark
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jasmine T. Tran
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sean Kwak
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elizabeth Botto
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Shaliz Aflatooni
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Michael J. Diaz
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shari R. Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10021, USA
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Balakrishnan P, Sathish S, Saravanan S. HIV-Encoded Gene Therapy as Anti-cancer Therapeutics: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e53431. [PMID: 38435173 PMCID: PMC10909071 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been interest in using viruses as cancer treatments. Oncolytic virology was founded by scientists who noticed that viruses might preferentially lyse cancer cells over healthy ones. Oncolytic virotherapy has similar obstacles as other treatment approaches, gaining entry into the specific tumour cell, encountering antiviral immune responses, off-target infection and many other unfavourable circumstances in the tumour microenvironment, and a lack of unique therapeutic and predictive biomarkers. However, oncolytic viruses have emerged as the main players in the biological treatment for cancer with the use of vectors such as human adenoviruses in oncolytic virotherapy. Recent large-scale research has shown that other viruses, such as the measles virus and the herpes simplex virus (HSV), may potentially be viable options for cancer treatment. The FDA has cleared T-VEC, an HSV-based oncolytic virus, for use in biological cancer treatment after its successful completion of human clinical trials. Furthermore, the measles virus vaccine strain has shown remarkable outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical testing. The use of such modified viruses in biological cancer treatment holds promise for groundbreaking discoveries in the field of cancer research because of their therapeutic effectiveness, fewer side effects, and safety. Several other newer approaches have been used in recent years. HIV-encoded proteins are also hypothesized to promote mitochondrial homeostasis causing bystander-induced apoptosis. We provide an overview of the most recent developments in the clinical use of oncolytic virus-based biological cancer treatment in this study. This evaluation also assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the viral candidates and provides insight into their potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Sankar Sathish
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Inoue K, Ito H, Iwai M, Tanaka M, Mori Y, Todo T. Neoadjuvant use of oncolytic herpes virus G47Δ prevents local recurrence after insufficient resection in tongue cancer models. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:72-85. [PMID: 37583387 PMCID: PMC10423690 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete resection of tongue cancer is often difficult. We investigate the usefulness of administering G47Δ (teserpaturev), a triple-mutated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, prior to resection. G47Δ exhibits good cytopathic effects and replication capabilities in all head and neck cancer cell lines tested. In an orthotopic SCCVII tongue cancer model of C3H/He mice, an intratumoral inoculation with G47Δ significantly prolongs the survival. Further, mice with orthotopic tongue cancer received neoadjuvant G47Δ (or mock) therapy with or without "hemilateral" resection, the maximum extent avoiding surgical deaths. Neoadjuvant G47Δ and resection led to 10/10 survival (120 days), whereas the survivals for G47Δ alone and resection alone were 6/10 and 5/10, respectively: all control animals died by day 11. Furthermore, 100% survival was achieved with neoadjuvant G47Δ therapy even when the resection area was narrowed to "partial," providing insufficient resection margins, whereas hemilateral resection alone caused death by local recurrence in half of the animals. G47Δ therapy caused increased number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ cells, increased F4/80+ cells within the residual tongues, and increased expression of immune-related genes in and around the tumor. These results imply that neoadjuvant use of G47Δ is useful for preventing local recurrence after tongue cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Project Division of Oncolytic Virus Development, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Maruyama Y, Sakurai A, Noda S, Fujiwara Y, Okura N, Takagi T, Asano J, Honda F. Regulatory Issues: PMDA - Review of Sakigake Designation Products: Oncolytic Virus Therapy with Delytact Injection (Teserpaturev) for Malignant Glioma. Oncologist 2023:7077240. [PMID: 36917020 PMCID: PMC10400161 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In June 2021, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare approved Delytact Injection as a regenerative medical product for oncolytic virus therapy. The active substance of Delytact Injection is teserpaturev, a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus type 1 (strain F) in which the α47 gene and both copies of the γ34.5 gene have been deleted and the infected cell protein 6 (ICP6) gene has been inactivated by the insertion of the lacZ gene from Escherichia coli. Delytact Injection, when intratumorally administered to patients with malignant glioma, is expected to exert the following effects: (1) the mutant virus selectively replicates in tumor cells and destroys the infected cells through the replication process, exerting a cytocidal effect, and (2) the administration leads to induction of tumor-responsive T cells, which activates antitumor immunity and thus prolongs the survival of patients with malignant glioma. A Japanese phase II study (Study GD01) was conducted in patients with glioblastoma who had residual or recurrent tumors after radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide. In Study GD01, however, stable disease continued for an extended period in some patients with glioblastoma. Hence, Delytact Injection is expected to be effective to a certain level. In line with this, Delytact Injection has been approved as an option for the treatment of malignant glioma, with one of the 3 approval conditions including conducting a use-results comparison survey and resubmission of the marketing authorization application within the granted time period of 7 years, under the conditional and time-limited approval scheme described in Article 23-26 of Act on Securing Quality, Efficacy and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maruyama
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Center for Product Evaluation, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Noda
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Office of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Okura
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Asano
- Biostatistics Group, Center for Product Evaluation, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Futaba Honda
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION To overcome the challenge of treating malignant brain tumors, oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent an innovative therapeutic approach, featuring unique mechanisms of action. The recent conditional approval of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus G47Δ as a therapeutic for malignant brain tumors marked a significant milestone in the long history of OV development in neuro-oncology. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the results of recently completed and active clinical studies that investigate the safety and efficacy of different OV types in patients with malignant gliomas. The changing landscape of the OV trial design includes expansion of subjects to newly diagnosed tumors and pediatric populations. A variety of delivery methods and new routes of administration are vigorously tested to optimize tumor infection and overall efficacy. New therapeutic strategies such as combination with immunotherapies are proposed that take advantage of the characteristics of OV therapy as an immunotherapy. Preclinical studies of OV have been active and aim to translate new OV strategies to the clinic. EXPERT OPINION For the next decade, clinical trials and preclinical and translational research will continue to drive the development of innovative OV treatments for malignant gliomas and benefit patients and define new OV biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Fudaba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Yu JL, Jang SRJ, Liu KY. Exploring the Interactions of Oncolytic Viral Therapy and Immunotherapy of Anti-CTLA-4 for Malignant Melanoma Mice Model. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030507. [PMID: 36766849 PMCID: PMC9914370 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic ability to direct target and lyse tumor cells makes oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) a promising approach to treating cancer. Despite its therapeutic potential to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, it also has immunosuppressive effects. The efficacy of OVTs as monotherapies can be enhanced by appropriate adjuvant therapy such as anti-CTLA-4. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to explore the interactions of combined therapy of oncolytic viruses and a checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4. The model incorporates both the susceptible and infected tumor populations, natural killer cell population, virus population, tumor-specific immune populations, virus-specific immune populations, tumor suppressive cytokine IFN-g, and the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4. In particular, we distinguish the tumor-specific immune abilities of CD8+ T, NK cells, and CD4+ T cells and describe the destructive ability of cytokine on tumor cells as well as the inhibitory capacity of CTLA-4 on various components. Our model is validated through the experimental results. We also investigate various dosing strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Our study reveals that tumor killing rate by cytokines, cytokine decay rate, and tumor growth rate play important roles on both the OVT monotherapy and the combination therapy. Moreover, parameters related to CD8+ T cell killing have a large impact on treatment outcomes with OVT alone, whereas parameters associated with IFN-g strongly influence treatment responses for the combined therapy. We also found that virus killing by NK cells may halt the desired spread of OVs and enhance the probability of tumor escape during the treatment. Our study reveals that it is the activation of host anti-tumor immune system responses rather than its direct destruction of the tumor cells plays a major biological function of the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ling Yu
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophia R.-J. Jang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kwei-Yan Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 53053, Taiwan
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Chen C, Wang Z, Ding Y, Qin Y. Manipulating T-cell metabolism to enhance immunotherapy in solid tumor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1090429. [PMID: 36618408 PMCID: PMC9812959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1090429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is not only essential for tumor cells to sustain their rapid growth and proliferation, but also crucial to maintain T cell fitness and robust immunity. Dysregulated metabolism has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, which provides survival advantages for tumor cells under stress conditions. Also, emerging evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming impacts the activation, differentiation, function, and exhaustion of T cells. Normal stimulation of resting T cells promotes the conversion of catabolic and oxidative metabolism to aerobic glycolysis in effector T cells, and subsequently back to oxidative metabolism in memory T cells. These metabolic transitions profoundly affect the trajectories of T-cell differentiation and fate. However, these metabolic events of T cells could be dysregulated by their interplays with tumor or the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, metabolic competition in the tumor ecosystem is a new mechanism resulting in strong suppression of effector T cells. It is appreciated that targeting metabolic reprogramming is a promising way to disrupt the hypermetabolic state of tumor cells and enhance the capacity of immune cells to obtain nutrients. Furthermore, immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, have significantly refashioned the clinical management of solid tumors, they are not sufficiently effective for all patients. Understanding how immunotherapy affects T cell metabolism provides a bright avenue to better modulate T cell anti-tumor response. In this review, we provide an overview of the cellular metabolism of tumor and T cells, provide evidence on their dynamic interaction, highlight how metabolic reprogramming of tumor and T cells regulate the anti-tumor responses, describe T cell metabolic patterns in the context of ICI, ACT, and OV, and propose hypothetical combination strategies to favor potent T cell functionality.
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Yamada T, Tateishi R, Iwai M, Tanaka M, Ijichi H, Sano M, Koike K, Todo T. Overcoming resistance of stroma-rich pancreatic cancer with focal adhesion kinase inhibitor combined with G47Δ and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 28:31-43. [PMID: 36619294 PMCID: PMC9801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease known for its dense tumor stroma. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitor (FAKi), a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reduces the tumor stroma. G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, destroys tumor cells selectively and induces antitumor immune responses. This study evaluates the efficacy of FAKi and G47Δ in PDAC models in combination with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors. G47Δ was effective in human PDAC cell lines in vitro and in subcutaneous as well as orthotopic tumor models. Transgenic mouse-derived #146 cells were used to generate subcutaneous PDAC tumors with rich stroma in immunocompetent mice. In this #146 tumor model, the efficacy of FAKi was synergistically augmented when combined with G47Δ, which reflected not only a decreased stromal content but also a significant shifting of the tumor microenvironment toward immune stimulation. In transgenic autochthonous PKF mice, a rare model that develops stroma-rich PDAC with a 100% penetrance and resembles human PDAC in various aspects, the prolongation of survival compared with FAKi alone was achieved only when FAKi was combined with G47Δ and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The FAKi combination therapy may be useful to overcome the treatment resistance of stroma-rich PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Yamada
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Sano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Corresponding author Tomoki Todo, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Nisar M, Paracha RZ, Adil S, Qureshi SN, Janjua HA. An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875188. [PMID: 35686109 PMCID: PMC9171400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Adil
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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West EJ, Scott KJ, Tidswell E, Bendjama K, Stojkowitz N, Lusky M, Kurzawa M, Prasad R, Toogood G, Ralph C, Anthoney DA, Melcher AA, Collinson FJ, Samson A. Intravenous Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy Results in a Differential Immune Response between Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2181. [PMID: 35565310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been extensively studied as an immunotherapeutic agent against a variety of cancers with some successes. Immunotherapeutic strategies, such as OVs, aim to transform an immunologically ‘cold’ tumour microenvironment into a more favourable inflammatory ‘hot’ tumour. However, it is evident that not all patients have a favourable response to treatment. Furthermore, reliable biomarkers able to predict a patient’s response to therapy have not yet been elucidated. We show evidence of a distinct immunologically exhausted profile in patients who do not respond to OV, which may pave the way for the development of predictive biomarkers leading to a more personalised approach to cancer treatment using combination therapies. Abstract Pexa-Vec is an engineered Wyeth-strain vaccinia oncolytic virus (OV), which has been tested extensively in clinical trials, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxic T cell infiltration into tumours following treatment. Favourable immune consequences to Pexa-Vec include the induction of an interferon (IFN) response, followed by inflammatory cytokine/chemokine secretion. This promotes tumour immune infiltration, innate and adaptive immune cell activation and T cell priming, culminating in targeted tumour cell killing, i.e., an immunologically ‘cold’ tumour microenvironment is transformed into a ‘hot’ tumour. However, as with all immunotherapies, not all patients respond in a uniformly favourable manner. Our study herein, shows a differential immune response by patients to intravenous Pexa-Vec therapy, whereby some patients responded to the virus in a typical and expected manner, demonstrating a significant IFN induction and subsequent peripheral immune activation. However, other patients experienced a markedly subdued immune response and appeared to exhibit an exhausted phenotype at baseline, characterised by higher baseline immune checkpoint expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) levels. This differential baseline immunological profile accurately predicted the subsequent response to Pexa-Vec and may, therefore, enable the development of predictive biomarkers for Pexa-Vec and OV therapies more widely. If confirmed in larger clinical trials, these immunological biomarkers may enable a personalised approach, whereby patients with an exhausted baseline immune profile are treated with immune checkpoint blockade, with the aim of reversing immune exhaustion, prior to or alongside OV therapy.
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Yoshikawa S, Taniguchi K, Sawamura H, Ikeda Y, Tsuji A, Matsuda S. Encouraging probiotics for the prevention and treatment of immune-related adverse events in novel immunotherapies against malignant glioma. Explor Target Antitumor Ther 2022; 3:817-827. [PMID: 36654824 PMCID: PMC9834274 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the malignant tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), glioma is the most challenging tumor to the public society, which accounts for the majority of intracranial malignant tumors with impaired brain function. In general, conventional therapies are still unable to provide an effective cure. However, novel immunotherapies have changed the treatment scene giving patients a greater potential to attain long term survival, improved quality of life. Having shown favorable results in solid tumors, those therapies are now at a cancer research hotspot, which could even shrink the growth of glioma cells without causing severe complications. However, it is important to recognize that the therapy may be occasionally associated with noteworthy adverse action called immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) which have emerged as a potential limitation of the therapy. Multiple classes of mediators have been developed to enhance the ability of immune system to target malignant tumors including glioma but may also be associated with the IRAEs. In addition, it is probable that it would take long time after the therapy to exhibit severe immune-related disorders. Gut microbiota could play an integral role in optimal immune development and/or appropriate function for the cancer therapy, which is a vital component of the multidirectional communication between immune system, brain, and gut, also known as gut-brain-immune axis. Here, we show the potential effects of the gut-brain-immune axis based on an "engram theory" for the innovative treatment of IRAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kurumi Taniguchi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Sawamura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan,Correspondence: Satoru Matsuda, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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13
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Yajima S, Sugawara K, Iwai M, Tanaka M, Seto Y, Todo T. Efficacy and safety of a third-generation oncolytic herpes virus G47Δ in models of human esophageal carcinoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 23:402-411. [PMID: 34853811 PMCID: PMC8605086 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options are limited for esophageal carcinoma (EC). G47Δ, a triple-mutated, conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), exhibits enhanced killing of tumor cells with high safety features. Here, we studied the efficacy of G47Δ using preclinical models of human EC. In vitro, G47Δ showed efficient cytopathic effects and replication capabilities in all eight human esophageal cancer cell lines tested. In athymic mice harboring subcutaneous tumors of human EC (KYSE180, TE8, and OE19), two intratumoral injections with G47Δ significantly inhibited the tumor growth. To mimic the clinical treatment situations, we established an orthotopic EC model using luciferase-expressing TE8 cells (TE8-luc). An intratumoral injection with G47Δ markedly inhibited the growth of orthotopic TE8-luc tumors in athymic mice. Furthermore, we evaluated the safety of applying G47Δ to the esophagus in mice. A/J mice inoculated intraesophageally or administered orally with G47Δ (107 plaque-forming units [pfu]) survived for more than 2 months without remarkable symptoms, whereas the majority with wild-type HSV-1 (106 pfu) deteriorated within 10 days. PCR analyses showed that the G47Δ DNA was confined to the esophagus after intraesophageal inoculation and was not detected in major organs after oral administration. Our results provide a rationale for the clinical use of G47Δ for treating EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoh Yajima
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sugawara
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Uchihashi T, Nakahara H, Fukuhara H, Iwai M, Ito H, Sugauchi A, Tanaka M, Kogo M, Todo T. Oncolytic herpes virus G47Δ injected into tongue cancer swiftly traffics in lymphatics and suppresses metastasis. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:388-398. [PMID: 34553027 PMCID: PMC8430046 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) largely depends on the control of lymph node metastases. We evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), in mouse tongue cancer models. Intratumoral injection with G47Δ prolonged the survival in all orthotopic models investigated. In both athymic and immunocompetent models, G47Δ injected into the tongue cancer swiftly traffics to the draining cervical lymph nodes and suppresses lymph node metastases. In the immunocompetent KLN205-MUC1 model, in which the metastatic cascade that tongue cancer patients commonly experience is reproduced, intratumoral G47Δ injection even immediately prior to a tumor resection prolonged survival. Cervical lymph nodes 18 h after G47Δ treatment showed the presence of G47Δ infection and an increase in CD69-positive cells, indicating an immediate activation of T cells. Furthermore, G47Δ injected directly into enlarged metastatic lymph nodes significantly prolonged the survival at an advanced stage. Whereas intratumorally injected oncolytic HSV-1 does not readily circulate in the blood stream, G47Δ is shown to traffic in the lymphatics swiftly. The use of G47Δ can lead to entirely new treatment strategies for tongue cancer and other OSCC at all clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Uchihashi
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinari Sugauchi
- The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Sugawara K, Iwai M, Ito H, Tanaka M, Seto Y, Todo T. Oncolytic herpes virus G47Δ works synergistically with CTLA-4 inhibition via dynamic intratumoral immune modulation. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:129-142. [PMID: 34514094 PMCID: PMC8413837 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy can increase the immunogenicity of tumors and remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, leading to an increased antitumor response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors using various syngeneic murine subcutaneous tumor models. Intratumoral inoculations with G47Δ and systemic anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody administration caused an enhanced antitumor activity when combined and worked synergistically. Conversely, the efficacy of G47Δ in combination with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody was equivalent to that of the anti-PD-1 antibody alone in all murine models examined. The combination of intratumoral G47Δ and systemic anti-CTLA-4 antibody was shown to recruit effector T cells into the tumor efficiently while decreasing regulatory T cells. Furthermore, a wide range of gene signatures related to inflammation, lymphoid lineage, and T cell activation was highly upregulated with the combination therapy, suggesting the conversion of immune-insusceptible tumors to immune susceptible. The therapeutic effect proved tumor specific and long lasting. Immune cell subset depletion studies demonstrated that CD4+ T cells were required for synergistic curative activity. The results depict the dynamics of immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment and provide a clinical rationale for using G47Δ with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sugawara
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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16
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He L, Yu A, Deng L, Zhang H. Eradicating the Roots: Advanced Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2009-2021. [PMID: 32183663 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200317132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the existence of breast cancer-initiating cells, which drives the original tumorigenicity, local invasion and migration propensity of breast cancer. These cells, termed as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), possess properties including self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and proliferative potential, and are believed to play important roles in the intrinsic drug resistance of breast cancer. One of the reasons why BCBCs cause difficulties in breast cancer treating is that BCBCs can control both genetic and non-genetic elements to keep their niches safe and sound, which allows BCSCs for constant self-renewal and differentiation. Therapeutic strategies designed to target BCSCs may ultimately result in effective interventions for the treatment of breast cancer. Novel strategies including nanomedicine, oncolytic virus therapy, immunotherapy and induced differentiation therapy are emerging and proved to be efficient in anti-BCSCs therapy. In this review, we summarized breast tumor biology and the current challenges of breast cancer therapies, focused on breast cancer stem cells, and introduced promising therapeutic strategies targeting BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anran Yu
- The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 12246, United States
| | - Li Deng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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17
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Sugawara K, Iwai M, Yajima S, Tanaka M, Yanagihara K, Seto Y, Todo T. Efficacy of a Third-Generation Oncolytic Herpes Virus G47Δ in Advanced Stage Models of Human Gastric Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 17:205-215. [PMID: 32346610 PMCID: PMC7178322 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer, especially scirrhous gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination, remains refractory to conventional therapies. G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, is an attractive novel therapeutic agent for solid cancer. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of G47Δ for human gastric cancer. In vitro, G47Δ showed good cytopathic effects and replication capabilities in nine human gastric cancer cell lines tested. In vivo, intratumoral inoculations with G47Δ (2 × 105 or 1 × 106 plaque-forming units [PFU]) significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumors (MKN45, MKN74, and 44As3). To evaluate the efficacy of G47Δ for advanced-stage models of gastric cancer, we generated an orthotopic tumor model and peritoneal dissemination models of human scirrhous gastric cancer (MKN45-luc and 44As3Luc), which have features mimicking intractable scirrhous cancer patients. G47Δ (1 × 106 PFU) was constantly efficacious whether administered intratumorally or intraperitoneally in the clinically relevant models. Notably, G47Δ injected intraperitoneally readily distributed to, and selectively replicated in, disseminated tumors. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses of tumor-infiltrating cells in subcutaneous tumors revealed that intratumoral G47Δ injections markedly decreased M2 macrophages while increasing M1 macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. These findings indicate the usefulness of G47Δ for treating human gastric cancer, including scirrhous gastric cancer and the ones in advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sugawara
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shoh Yajima
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) represents a new class of therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of OVTs have been evaluated in nonclinical/clinical phase trials. Various genetically modified viruses have been developed as oncolytic agents, and the first approval of an OVT for clinical use was issued by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015. In this context, more and more clinical development of OVTs is anticipated in the future. This article provides a risk assessment of OVT based on the safety data obtained from all clinical trials to date using a publicly available database. The most common adverse events (AEs) observed in clinical trials have been infection-related symptoms such as fatigue, chills, fever, and nausea; few serious AEs have been observed, regardless of the kind of virus or transfected genes. In vivo systemic infusion of OVTs demonstrated a high percentage of AEs, but most AEs were manageable using common drugs. This paper describes OVTs' specific safety/toxicity profiles and encourages the performance of further clinical trials of OVTs to address the most serious challenges anticipated in the development of OVTs as a new class of drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Tokyo
| | - Hiroyo Karube
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Tokyo
| | - Atsushi Aruga
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Joint Graduate School of Tokyo Women's Medical University and Waseda University, Tokyo
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19
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Awano M, Fujiyuki T, Shoji K, Amagai Y, Murakami Y, Furukawa Y, Sato H, Yoneda M, Kai C. Measles virus selectively blind to signaling lymphocyte activity molecule has oncolytic efficacy against nectin-4-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1647-1652. [PMID: 27561180 PMCID: PMC5132336 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most intractable cancers and has a devastating prognosis; over the past three decades the 5-year survival rate has been <10%. Therefore, development of a novel anticancer treatment for pancreatic cancer is a matter of urgency. We previously developed an oncolytic recombinant measles virus (MV), rMV-SLAMblind, that had lost the ability to bind to its principal receptor, signaling lymphocyte activity molecule (SLAM), but which selectively infected and efficiently killed nectin-4-expressing breast and lung cancer cells. In this study, we analyzed the antitumor effect of this virus against pancreatic cancer. Nectin-4 was expressed on the surface of 4/16 tested pancreatic cancer cell lines, which were efficiently infected and killed by rMV-SLAMblind in vitro. The intratumoral inoculation of rMV-SLAMblind suppressed the growth of KLM1 and Capan-2 cells xenografted in SCID mice. The sequence analysis of MV isolated from the tumor revealed that the designed mutation in the H protein of rMV-SLAMblind had been stably maintained for 47 days after the last inoculation. These results suggest that rMV-SLAMblind is a promising candidate for the novel treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Awano
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Fujiyuki
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Koichiro Shoji
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Amagai
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Clinical Genome ResearchThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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