101
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Kajtazi NI, Nahrir S, Al Shakweer W, Al Ghamdi J, Al Fakeeh A, Al Hameed M. Malignant idiopathic intracranial hypertension revealed a hidden primary spinal leptomeningeal medulloblastoma. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e243506. [PMID: 34321265 PMCID: PMC8319973 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently the cause of raised intracranial pressure remains unresolved and rarely is related to spinal tumours, moreover less to spinal medulloblastoma without primary brain focus. An 18-year-old woman had a 3-month history of headache and impaired vision. Neurological examination revealed bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsies with bilateral papilloedema of grade III. No focal brain or spine lesion was found on imaging. Consecutive lumbar punctures showed high opening pressure and subsequent increasing protein level. Meningeal biopsy was negative. At one point, she developed an increasing headache, vomiting and back pain. Spine MRI showed diffuse nodular leptomeningeal enhancement with the largest nodule at T6-T7. Malignant cells were detected in cerebrospinal fluid. She underwent laminectomy with excisional biopsy, and pathology showed medulloblastoma WHO grade IV. She was treated with chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation and made a good recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Izet Kajtazi
- Department of Neurology, National Neurosciences Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahpar Nahrir
- Department of Neurology, King Saud Medical Complex, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Al Shakweer
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Administration Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juman Al Ghamdi
- Medical Imaging Administration, Intervention Neuroradiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al Fakeeh
- Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Al Hameed
- Department of Neurology, National Neurosciences Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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102
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Singh N. Role of mammalian long non-coding RNAs in normal and neuro oncological disorders. Genomics 2021; 113:3250-3273. [PMID: 34302945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed at lower levels than protein-coding genes but have a crucial role in gene regulation. LncRNA is distinct, they are being transcribed using RNA polymerase II, and their functionality depends on subcellular localization. Depending on their niche, they specifically interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins and modify chromatin function, regulate transcription at various stages, forms nuclear condensation bodies and nucleolar organization. lncRNAs may also change the stability and translation of cytoplasmic mRNAs and hamper signaling pathways. Thus, lncRNAs affect the physio-pathological states and lead to the development of various disorders, immune responses, and cancer. To date, ~40% of lncRNAs have been reported in the nervous system (NS) and are involved in the early development/differentiation of the NS to synaptogenesis. LncRNA expression patterns in the most common adult and pediatric tumor suggest them as potential biomarkers and provide a rationale for targeting them pharmaceutically. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of lncRNA synthesis, localization, and functions in transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and other forms of gene regulation, methods of lncRNA identification, and their potential therapeutic applications in neuro oncological disorders as explained by molecular mechanisms in other malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Centre for Advance Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 003, India.
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103
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Guo D, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Liao S, Hu J, Du F, Xu G, Liu Y, Cai KQ, Cheung M, Wainwright BJ, Lu QR, Zhao Y, Yang ZJ. Tumor cells generate astrocyte-like cells that contribute to SHH-driven medulloblastoma relapse. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212465. [PMID: 34254999 PMCID: PMC8282281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, play a critical role in supporting the progression of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Through lineage tracing analyses and single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that astrocytes are predominantly derived from the transdifferentiation of tumor cells in relapsed MB (but not in primary MB), although MB cells are generally believed to be neuronal-lineage committed. Such transdifferentiation of MB cells relies on Sox9, a transcription factor critical for gliogenesis. Our studies further reveal that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate the transdifferentiation of MB cells by inducing the phosphorylation of Sox9. Pharmacological inhibition of BMP signaling represses MB cell transdifferentiation into astrocytes and suppresses tumor relapse. Our studies establish the distinct cellular sources of astrocytes in primary and relapsed MB and provide an avenue to prevent and treat MB relapse by targeting tumor cell transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duancheng Guo
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA.,Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gang Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
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104
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Martirosian V, Deshpande K, Zhou H, Shen K, Smith K, Northcott P, Lin M, Stepanosyan V, Das D, Remsik J, Isakov D, Boire A, De Feyter H, Hurth K, Li S, Wiemels J, Nakamura B, Shao L, Danilov C, Chen T, Neman J. Medulloblastoma uses GABA transaminase to survive in the cerebrospinal fluid microenvironment and promote leptomeningeal dissemination. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109302. [PMID: 34192534 PMCID: PMC8848833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor arising in the cerebellum. Although abnormal GABAergic receptor activation has been described in MB, studies have not yet elucidated the contribution of receptor-independent GABA metabolism to MB pathogenesis. We find primary MB tumors globally display decreased expression of GABA transaminase (ABAT), the protein responsible for GABA metabolism, compared with normal cerebellum. However, less aggressive WNT and SHH subtypes express higher ABAT levels compared with metastatic G3 and G4 tumors. We show that elevated ABAT expression results in increased GABA catabolism, decreased tumor cell proliferation, and induction of metabolic and histone characteristics mirroring GABAergic neurons. Our studies suggest ABAT expression fluctuates depending on metabolite changes in the tumor microenvironment, with nutrient-poor conditions upregulating ABAT expression. We find metastatic MB cells require ABAT to maintain viability in the metabolite-scarce cerebrospinal fluid by using GABA as an energy source substitute, thereby facilitating leptomeningeal metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahan Martirosian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Krutika Deshpande
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kyle Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vazgen Stepanosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Diganta Das
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jan Remsik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Danielle Isakov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adrienne Boire
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Henk De Feyter
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kyle Hurth
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shaobo Li
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Joseph Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brooke Nakamura
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ling Shao
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Camelia Danilov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Thomas Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Josh Neman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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105
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Shrestha S, Morcavallo A, Gorrini C, Chesler L. Biological Role of MYCN in Medulloblastoma: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges Ahead. Front Oncol 2021; 11:694320. [PMID: 34195095 PMCID: PMC8236857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.694320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive and dysregulated expression of the transcription factor MYCN has a central role in the pathogenesis of the paediatric brain tumour medulloblastoma, with an increased expression of this oncogene correlating with a worse prognosis. Consequently, the genomic and functional alterations of MYCN represent a major therapeutic target to attenuate tumour growth in medulloblastoma. This review will provide a comprehensive synopsis of the biological role of MYCN and its family components, their interaction with distinct signalling pathways, and the implications of this network in medulloblastoma development. We will then summarise the current toolbox for targeting MYCN and highlight novel therapeutic avenues that have the potential to results in better-tailored clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Shrestha
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Alaide Morcavallo
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Gorrini
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), and The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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106
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Paul MR, Zage PE. Overview and recent advances in the targeting of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:957-974. [PMID: 34047251 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1932472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Medulloblastoma, an embryonal small round blue cell tumor primarily arising in the posterior fossa, is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system in children and requires intensive multi-modality therapy for cure. Overall 5-year survival is approximately 75% in children with primary disease, but outcomes for relapsed disease are very poor. Recent advances have identified molecular subgroups with excellent prognosis, with 5-year overall survival rates >90%, and subgroups with very poor prognosis with overall survival rates <50%. Molecular subtyping has allowed for more sophisticated risk stratification of patients, but new treatments for the highest risk patients have not yet improved outcomes. Targeting cancer stem cells may improve outcomes, and several candidate targets and novel drugs are under investigation.Areas covered: We discuss medulloblastoma epidemiology, biology, treatment modalities, risk stratification, and molecular subgroup analysis, links between subgroup and developmental biology, cancer stem cell biology in medulloblastoma including previously described cancer stem cell markers and proposed targeted treatments in the current literature.Expert opinion: The understanding of cancer stem cells in medulloblastoma will advance therapies targeting the most treatment-resistant cells within the tumor and therefore reduce the incidence of treatment refractory and relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter E Zage
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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107
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Elghetany MT, Ho JM, Shi-Qi LH, Karthik S, Su JMF, Lin Q, Du Y, Shen J, Chow WY, Lau CC, Adesina A, Major A, Erdreich-Epstein A, Hui KM, Li XN, Teo WY. Maximizing the potential of aggressive mouse tumor models in preclinical drug testing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11580. [PMID: 34079014 PMCID: PMC8172610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is an aggressive embryonal brain tumor among infants and young children. Two challenges exist for preclinical testing in ATRT. First, genetically quiet, ATRT is a difficult tumor to target molecularly. Tumor cells need to divide to propagate tumor growth—intercepting the common crossroads in cell cycle progression is a feasible strategy. KIF11 is needed for bipolar spindle formation in metaphase. We identified KIF11 as a universal target of all ATRT-molecular-subtypes. Ispinesib, a KIF11-inhibitor, effectively inhibited tumor proliferation in all seven cell lines. A second challenge—a major challenge in preclinical drug testing in-vivo among aggressive tumor models, is the narrow therapeutic window to administer drugs within the limited murine lifespan. Our most aggressive ATRT tumor model was lethal in all mice within ~ 1 month of tumor implantation. Such short-surviving mouse models are difficult to employ for preclinical drug testing due to the narrow time window to administer drugs. To overcome this time restriction, we developed a clinical staging system which allowed physically-fit mice to continue treatment, in contrast to the conventional method of fixed drug-dose-duration regimen in preclinical testing which will not be feasible in such short-surviving mouse models. We validated this approach in a second embryonal brain tumor, medulloblastoma. This is a clinically relevant, cost-efficient approach in preclinical testing for cancer and non-cancer disease phenotypes. Widely used preclinical mouse models are not the most accurate and lack the aggressive tumor spectrum found within a single tumor type. Mice bearing the most aggressive tumor spectrum progress rapidly in the limited murine life-span, resulting in a narrow therapeutic window to administer drugs, and are thus difficult to employ in preclinical testing. Our approach overcomes this challenge. We discovered ispinesib is efficacious against two embryonal brain tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarek Elghetany
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jia-Min Ho
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lois Hew Shi-Qi
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sekar Karthik
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack M F Su
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Lin
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - YuChen Du
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianhe Shen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wing-Yuk Chow
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching C Lau
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Connecticut Children's Medical Center, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kam-Man Hui
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wan-Yee Teo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore, Singapore. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. .,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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108
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Riedemann J, Figaji A, Davidson A, Stannard C, Pillay K, Kilborn T, Parkes J. Sequential improvement in paediatric medulloblastoma outcomes in a low-and-middle-income country setting over three decades. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/sajo.v5i0.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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109
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Habibi Z, Hajizadeh M, Nozarian Z, Safavi M, Monajemzadeh M, Meybodi KT, Nejat F, Vasei M. Cytomegalovirus DNA in non-glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors of infants. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:1581-1586. [PMID: 33409619 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CMV antigens have been detected in some brain tumors specially glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). As brain tumors in the first years of life are among the most aggressive neoplasms with poor prognosis, novel therapeutic options like targeted therapy against virus antigens are demanded. Infantile central nervous system tumors, other than GBM, have not been so far studied for CMV. To our best knowledge, this is the first study in which the presence of CMV-DNA, as a potential viral target for therapy, in non-GBM infantile brain tumors has been investigated. METHODS The paraffin blocks of non-GBM brain neoplasms of 36 infants (age < 24 months) who were operated on between 2006 and 2016 were examined for CMV-DNA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Paraffin blocks of CMV infected lung tissue were used as positive control. Extraction and amplification of β2 microglobulin gene from each tumor tissue were carried as positive internal control. We also assayed 25 paraffin blocks of meningomyelocele for CMV DNA as negative tissue controls. RESULTS Histopathological diagnoses consisted of 13 glial/neuroglial tumors (36.1%), 8 ependymomas (22.2%), 7 medulloblastomas (19.4%), 3 choroid plexus tumors (8.3%), 2 atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (5.6%), 2 embryonal CNS tumors (5.6%), and 1 germ cell tumor (2.8%). We could not detect CMV DNA in all samples examined. CONCLUSION Although CMV may be associated with GBM, no role could be proposed for this virus in development of non-GBM infantile brain tumors. Further investigations on larger series of brain tumors should be conducted to confirm or rule out our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hajizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Nozarian
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moeinadin Safavi
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Monajemzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vasei
- Cell-based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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110
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Selvadurai HJ, Luis E, Desai K, Lan X, Vladoiu MC, Whitley O, Galvin C, Vanner RJ, Lee L, Whetstone H, Kushida M, Nowakowski T, Diamandis P, Hawkins C, Bader G, Kriegstein A, Taylor MD, Dirks PB. Medulloblastoma Arises from the Persistence of a Rare and Transient Sox2 + Granule Neuron Precursor. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107511. [PMID: 32294450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a neoplasm linked to dysregulated cerebellar development. Previously, we demonstrated that the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) subgroup grows hierarchically, with Sox2+ cells at the apex of tumor progression and relapse. To test whether this mechanism is rooted in a normal developmental process, we studied the role of Sox2 in cerebellar development. We find that the external germinal layer (EGL) is derived from embryonic Sox2+ precursors and that the EGL maintains a rare fraction of Sox2+ cells during the first postnatal week. Through lineage tracing and single-cell analysis, we demonstrate that these Sox2+ cells are within the Atoh1+ lineage, contribute extensively to adult granule neurons, and resemble Sox2+ tumor cells. Critically, constitutive activation of the SHH pathway leads to their aberrant persistence in the EGL and rapid tumor onset. We propose that failure to eliminate this rare but potent developmental population is the tumor initiation mechanism in SHH-subgroup MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden J Selvadurai
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Erika Luis
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kinjal Desai
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Lan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Owen Whitley
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5T 1W1, Canada
| | - Ciaran Galvin
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Robert J Vanner
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lilian Lee
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michelle Kushida
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tomasz Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Division of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Division of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gary Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5T 1W1, Canada
| | - Arnold Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Katsushima K, Lee B, Kunhiraman H, Zhong C, Murad R, Yin J, Liu B, Garancher A, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Monforte HL, Stapleton S, Vibhakar R, Bettegowda C, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Jallo G, Raabe E, Eberhart CG, Perera RJ. The long noncoding RNA lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in Group 3 medulloblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:572-585. [PMID: 33844835 PMCID: PMC8041340 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive brain tumor that predominantly affects children. Recent high-throughput sequencing studies suggest that the noncoding RNA genome, in particular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), contributes to MB subgrouping. Here we report the identification of a novel lncRNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, as a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in Group 3 MBs. METHODS Publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 175 MB patients were interrogated to identify lncRNAs that differentiate between MB subgroups. After characterizing a subset of differentially expressed lncRNAs in vitro and in vivo, lnc-HLX-2-7 was deleted by CRISPR/Cas9 in the MB cell line. Intracranial injected tumors were further characterized by bulk and single-cell RNA-seq. RESULTS Lnc-HLX-2-7 is highly upregulated in Group 3 MB cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and primary MBs compared with other MB subgroups as assessed by quantitative real-time, RNA-seq, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. Depletion of lnc-HLX-2-7 significantly reduced cell proliferation and 3D colony formation and induced apoptosis. Lnc-HLX-2-7-deleted cells injected into mouse cerebellums produced smaller tumors than those derived from parental cells. Pathway analysis revealed that lnc-HLX-2-7 modulated oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sirtuin signaling pathways. The MYC oncogene regulated lnc-HLX-2-7, and the small-molecule bromodomain and extraterminal domain family‒bromodomain 4 inhibitor Jun Qi 1 (JQ1) reduced lnc-HLX-2-7 expression. CONCLUSIONS Lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in MB and represents a promising novel molecular marker and a potential therapeutic target in Group 3 MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Katsushima
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Petersburg, Florida
| | - Bongyong Lee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Petersburg, Florida
| | - Haritha Kunhiraman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Petersburg, Florida
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- University of Kansas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Rabi Murad
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jun Yin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ben Liu
- University of Kansas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lawrence, Kansas
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - George Jallo
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Petersburg, Florida
| | - Eric Raabe
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Petersburg, Florida
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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112
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Baroni LV, Sampor C, Gonzalez A, Lubieniecki F, Lamas G, Rugilo C, Bartels U, Heled A, Smith KS, Northcott PA, Bouffet E, Alderete D, Ramaswamy V. Bridging the treatment gap in infant medulloblastoma: molecularly informed outcomes of a globally feasible regimen. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1873-1881. [PMID: 32413139 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant medulloblastoma represents an enormous challenge in neuro-oncology, due to their simultaneous high-risk of recurrence and high risk of severe neurodevelopmental sequelae with craniospinal irradiation. Currently infant medulloblastoma are treated with intensified protocols, either comprising intraventricular methotrexate or autologous transplant, both of which carry significant morbidity and are not feasible in the majority of the world. We sought to evaluate the molecular predictors of outcome in a cohort of infants homogeneously treated with induction chemotherapy, focal radiation and maintenance chemotherapy. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, 29 young children treated with a craniospinal irradiation sparing strategy from Hospital Garrahan in Buenos Aires were profiled using Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC arrays, and correlated with survival. RESULTS Twenty-nine children (range, 0.3-4.6 y) were identified, comprising 17 sonic hedgehog (SHH), 10 Group 3/4, and 2 non-medulloblastomas. Progression-free survival (PFS) across the entire cohort was 0.704 (95% CI: 0.551-0.899). Analysis by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding revealed 3 predominant groups, SHHβ, SHHγ, and Group 3. Survival by subtype was highly prognostic with SHHγ having an excellent 5-year PFS of 100% (95% CI: 0.633-1) and SHHβ having a PFS of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42-1). Group 3 had a PFS of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.25-1). Assessment of neurocognitive outcome was performed in 11 patients; the majority of survivors fell within the low average to mild intellectual disability, with a median IQ of 73.5. CONCLUSIONS We report a globally feasible and effective strategy avoiding craniospinal radiation in the treatment of infant medulloblastoma, including a robust molecular correlation along with neurocognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena V Baroni
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Service of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sampor
- Service of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gonzalez
- Service of Interdisciplinary Clinic, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Lamas
- Service of Pathology, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rugilo
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ute Bartels
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayala Heled
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Tumor Research Division, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Tumor Research Division, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Alderete
- Service of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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113
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Hupfer A, Brichkina A, Adhikary T, Lauth M. The mammalian Hedgehog pathway is modulated by ANP32 proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 553:78-84. [PMID: 33761414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Transcriptional profiling has so far delineated four major MB subgroups of which one is driven by uncontrolled Hedgehog (Hh) signaling (SHH-MB). This pathway is amenable to drug targeting, yet clinically approved compounds exclusively target the transmembrane component Smoothened (SMO). Unfortunately, drug resistance against SMO inhibitors is encountered frequently, making the identification of novel Hh pathway components mandatory, which could serve as novel drug targets in the future. Here, we have used MB as a tool to delineate novel modulators of Hh signaling and have identified the Acidic Nuclear Phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32) family of proteins as novel regulators. The expression of all three family members (ANP32A, ANP32B, ANP32E) is increased in Hh-induced MB and their expression level is negatively associated with overall survival in SHH-MB patients. Mechanistically, we could find that ANP32 proteins function as positive modulators of mammalian Hh signaling upstream of GLI transcription factors. These findings add hitherto unknown regulators to the mammalian Hh signaling cascade and might spur future translational efforts to combat Hh-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hupfer
- Philipps University Marburg, Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Clinics of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Germany
| | - Anna Brichkina
- Philipps University Marburg, Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Clinics of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Philipps University Marburg, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Germany
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Philipps University Marburg, Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Clinics of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Germany.
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114
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to give an update on histopathological, molecular and clinical features of central nervous system (CNS) 'embryonal' tumors. RECENT FINDINGS The taxonomy of previously called 'CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor' (CNS PNET) has been deeply modified since the discovery of specific molecular profiles for each various sub-entity of these rare, mainly pediatric, tumors. The term 'embryonal tumors' now refers to medulloblastomas, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) and other rare entities, defined by their specific histopathological features together with expression-based or methylation-based profiling; specific gene mutations or fusions characterize some tumor types. In addition, the compilation of large series of molecular data has allowed to dissecting several of these tumor types in molecular subgroups, increasing the number of tumor entities, and leading to an amazingly complex nosology of rare-to-extremely rare malignancies. This rarity precludes from having strong evidence-based therapeutic recommendations, although international efforts are conducted to define the best treatment strategies. SUMMARY Embryonal tumors now correspond to molecularly well defined entities, which deserve further international collaborations to specify their biology and the appropriate burden of treatment, in order to minimize the long-term side-effects of treatment of these overall rare and severe diseases of childhood.
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115
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Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:iv1-iv96. [PMID: 33123732 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 369.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States (US) and represents the entire US population. This report contains the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors (malignant and non-malignant) and supersedes all previous CBTRUS reports in terms of completeness and accuracy. All rates (incidence and mortality) are age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population and presented per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 23.79 (Malignant AAAIR=7.08, non-Malignant AAAIR=16.71). This rate was higher in females compared to males (26.31 versus 21.09), Blacks compared to Whites (23.88 versus 23.83), and non-Hispanics compared to Hispanics (24.23 versus 21.48). The most commonly occurring malignant brain and other CNS tumor was glioblastoma (14.5% of all tumors), and the most common non-malignant tumor was meningioma (38.3% of all tumors). Glioblastoma was more common in males, and meningioma was more common in females. In children and adolescents (age 0-19 years), the incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 6.14. An estimated 83,830 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in the US in 2020 (24,970 malignant and 58,860 non-malignant). There were 81,246 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2013 and 2017. This represents an average annual mortality rate of 4.42. The 5-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 23.5% and for a non-malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 82.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T Ostrom
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nirav Patil
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Health System, Research and Education Institute
| | - Gino Cioffi
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin Waite
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carol Kruchko
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Health System, Research and Education Institute
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116
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Li Y, Nonaka M, Kanemura Y, Kodama Y, Mano M, Asai A. A case of medulloblastoma in a patient with fetal ventricular enlargement. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:977-982. [PMID: 32556458 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the second-most common malignant tumor in children. Medulloblastoma has been categorized into four distinct molecular subgroups: WNT, sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, and group 4. We report on a male child with medulloblastoma, in whom an enlarged ventricle was diagnosed in utero. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cyst formation in the cerebellar hemisphere initially, with tumor growth being indicated later. Tumor resection was performed when the boy was 12 months old. The histological findings showed extensive nodularity. Further genetic analysis revealed the tumor to be SHH type. This is the first description of a medulloblastoma observed from the fetal stage. Our findings in this case indicate that cyst formation may be the pre-neoplastic lesion of SHH-subtype medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kodama
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Pathology Network, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mano
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Asai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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117
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Abstract
The DEAD-box helicase family member DDX3X (DBX, DDX3) functions in nearly all stages of RNA metabolism and participates in the progression of many diseases, including virus infection, inflammation, intellectual disabilities and cancer. Over two decades, many studies have gradually unveiled the role of DDX3X in tumorigenesis and tumour progression. In fact, DDX3X possesses numerous functions in cancer biology and is closely related to many well-known molecules. In this review, we describe the function of DDX3X in RNA metabolism, cellular stress response, innate immune response, metabolic stress response in pancreatic β cells and embryo development. Then, we focused on the role of DDX3X in cancer biology and systematically demonstrated its functions in various aspects of tumorigenesis and development. To provide a more intuitive understanding of the role of DDX3X in cancer, we summarized its functions and specific mechanisms in various types of cancer and presented its involvement in cancer-related signalling pathways.
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118
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Roper SJ, Linke F, Scotting PJ, Coyle B. 3D spheroid models of paediatric SHH medulloblastoma mimic tumour biology, drug response and metastatic dissemination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4259. [PMID: 33608621 PMCID: PMC7895940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, requires simple yet realistic in vitro models. In this study, we optimised a robust, reliable, three-dimensional (3D) culture method for medulloblastoma able to recapitulate the spatial conformation, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that exist in vivo and in patient tumours. We show that, when grown under the same stem cell enriching conditions, SHH subgroup medulloblastoma cell lines established tight, highly reproducible 3D spheroids that could be maintained for weeks in culture and formed pathophysiological oxygen gradients. 3D spheroid culture also increased resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drugs compared to 2D monolayer culture. We exemplify how this model can enhance in vitro therapeutic screening approaches through dual-inhibitor studies and continual monitoring of drug response. Next, we investigated the initial stages of metastatic dissemination using brain-specific hyaluronan hydrogel matrices. RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of cell cycle genes and upregulation of cell movement genes and key fibronectin interactions in migrating cells. Analyses of these upregulated genes in patients showed that their expression correlated with early relapse and overall poor prognosis. Our 3D spheroid model is a significant improvement over current in vitro techniques, providing the medulloblastoma research community with a well-characterised and functionally relevant culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Roper
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Franziska Linke
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul J Scotting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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119
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Medulloblastoma drugs in development: Current leads, trials and drawbacks. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113268. [PMID: 33636537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Current treatment for MB includes surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite significant progress in its management, a portion of children relapse and tumor recurrence carries a poor prognosis. Based on their molecular and clinical characteristics, MB patients are clinically classified into four groups: Wnt, Hh, Group 3, and Group 4. With our increased understanding of relevant molecular pathways disrupted in MB, the development of targeted therapies for MB has also increased. Targeted drugs have shown unique privileges over traditional cytotoxic therapies in balancing efficacy and toxicity, with many of them approved and widely used clinically. The aim of this review is to present the recent progress on targeted chemotherapies for the treatment of all classes of MB.
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120
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Wang X, Xu D, Pei X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Li Y. CircSKA3 Modulates FOXM1 to Facilitate Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion While Confine Apoptosis in Medulloblastoma via miR-383-5p. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 12:13415-13426. [PMID: 33408514 PMCID: PMC7779290 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s272753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor during childhood. Circular RNA (circSKA3) was identified to function as an oncogene in MB. However, the mechanism of circSKA3 in MB remains unclear. Methods The levels of circSKA3, microRNA-383-5p (miR-383-5p), and forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) in MB tissues were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The cell viability and apoptotic rate were assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The protein levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), C-Caspase3, and FOXM1 were detected via Western blot assay. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The migration and invasion abilities were monitored by Transwell assay. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was constructed to verify the interactions between miR-383-5p and circSKA3 or FOXM1. The mice model experiment was carried out to validate the effects of circSKA3 in vivo. Results The levels of circSKA3 and FOXM1 were significantly elevated, while the level of miR-383-5p was notably declined in MB tissues. CircSKA3 was validated to sponge miR-383-5p, and FOXM1 was a candidate target of miR-383-5p. CircSKA3 silencing impeded cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoted apoptosis by targeting miR-383-5p in vitro and retarded xenograft tumor growth in vivo. miR-383-5p suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but promoted apoptosis in MB cells by regulating FOXM1. CircSKA3 depletion decreased FOXM1 expression via miR-383-5p in MB cells. Conclusion CircSKA3 augmented MB progression partly through miR-383-5p/FOXM1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Pei
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxing Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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121
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Development of a prognostic model based on an immunogenomic landscape analysis of medulloblastoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227393. [PMID: 33345275 PMCID: PMC7791544 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common central nervous system tumors in children. At present, the vital role of immune abnormalities has been proved in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the immune mechanism in MB is still poorly understood. In the present study, 51 differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) and 226 survival associated immune-related genes (Sur-IRGs) were screened by an integrated analysis of multi-array. Moreover, the potential pathways were enriched by functional analysis, such as ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’, ‘Ras signaling pathway’, ‘PI3K-Akt signaling pathway’ and ‘pathways in cancer’. Furthermore, 10 core IRGs were identified from DE-IRGs and Sur-IRGs. And the potential regulatory mechanisms of core IRGs were also explored. Additionally, a new prognostic model, including 7 genes (HDGF, CSK, PNOC, S100A13, RORB, FPR1, and ICAM2) based on IRGs, was established by multivariable COX analysis. In summary, our study revealed the underlying immune mechanism of MB. Moreover, we developed a prognostic model associated with clinical characteristics and could reflect the infiltration of immune cells.
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122
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CSF1R inhibition depletes tumor-associated macrophages and attenuates tumor progression in a mouse sonic Hedgehog-Medulloblastoma model. Oncogene 2021; 40:396-407. [PMID: 33159168 PMCID: PMC7855734 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment of tumors can play a critical role in promoting or inhibiting tumor progression depending on the context. We present evidence that tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) can promote tumor progression in the sonic hedgehog subgroup of medulloblastoma (SHH-MB). By combining longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) and immune profiling of a sporadic mouse model of SHH-MB, we found the density of TAMs is higher in the ~50% of tumors that progress to lethal disease. Furthermore, reducing regulatory T cells or eliminating B and T cells in Rag1 mutants does not alter SHH-MB tumor progression. As TAMs are a dominant immune component in tumors and are normally dependent on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), we treated mice with a CSF1R inhibitor, PLX5622. Significantly, PLX5622 reduces a subset of TAMs, prolongs mouse survival, and reduces the volume of most tumors within 4 weeks of treatment. Moreover, concomitant with a reduction in TAMs the percentage of infiltrating cytotoxic T cells is increased, indicating a change in the tumor environment. Our studies in an immunocompetent preclinical mouse model demonstrate TAMs can have a functional role in promoting SHH-MB progression. Thus, CSF1R inhibition could have therapeutic potential for a subset of SHH-MB patients.
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123
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Brown NP, Vergara AM, Whelan AB, Guerra P, Bolger TA. Medulloblastoma-associated mutations in the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X/DED1 cause specific defects in translation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100296. [PMID: 33460649 PMCID: PMC7949108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric brain cancer, and sequencing studies identified frequent mutations in DDX3X, a DEAD-box RNA helicase primarily implicated in translation. Forty-two different sites were identified, suggesting that the functional effects of the mutations are complex. To investigate how these mutations are affecting DDX3X cellular function, we constructed a full set of equivalent mutant alleles in DED1, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog of DDX3X, and characterized their effects in vivo and in vitro. Most of the medulloblastoma-associated mutants in DDX3X/DED1 (ded1-mam) showed substantial growth defects, indicating that functional effects are conserved in yeast. Further, while translation was affected in some mutants, translation defects affecting bulk mRNA were neither consistent nor correlated with the growth phenotypes. Likewise, increased formation of stress granules in ded1-mam mutants was common but did not correspond to the severity of the mutants' growth defects. In contrast, defects in translating mRNAs containing secondary structure in their 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) were found in almost all ded1-mam mutants and correlated well with growth phenotypes. We thus conclude that these specific translation defects, rather than generalized effects on translation, are responsible for the observed cellular phenotypes and likely contribute to DDX3X-mutant medulloblastoma. Examination of ATPase activity and RNA binding of recombinant mutant proteins also did not reveal a consistent defect, indicating that the translation defects are derived from multiple enzymatic deficiencies. This work suggests that future studies into medulloblastoma pathology should focus on this specific translation defect, while taking into account the wide spectrum of DDX3X mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette P Brown
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashley M Vergara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alisha B Whelan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paolo Guerra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Timothy A Bolger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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124
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Miele E, Po A, Mastronuzzi A, Carai A, Besharat ZM, Pediconi N, Abballe L, Catanzaro G, Sabato C, De Smaele E, Canettieri G, Di Marcotullio L, Vacca A, Mai A, Levrero M, Pfister SM, Kool M, Giangaspero F, Locatelli F, Ferretti E. Downregulation of miR-326 and its host gene β-arrestin1 induces pro-survival activity of E2F1 and promotes medulloblastoma growth. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:523-542. [PMID: 32920979 PMCID: PMC7858128 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent mortality rates of medulloblastoma (MB) and severe side effects of the current therapies require the definition of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor progression. Using cultured MB cancer stem cells and xenograft tumors generated in mice, we show that low expression of miR-326 and its host gene β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) promotes tumor growth enhancing the E2F1 pro-survival function. Our models revealed that miR-326 and ARRB1 are controlled by a bivalent domain, since the H3K27me3 repressive mark is found at their regulatory region together with the activation-associated H3K4me3 mark. High levels of EZH2, a feature of MB, are responsible for the presence of H3K27me3. Ectopic expression of miR-326 and ARRB1 provides hints into how their low levels regulate E2F1 activity. MiR-326 targets E2F1 mRNA, thereby reducing its protein levels; ARRB1, triggering E2F1 acetylation, reverses its function into pro-apoptotic activity. Similar to miR-326 and ARRB1 overexpression, we also show that EZH2 inhibition restores miR-326/ARRB1 expression, limiting E2F1 pro-proliferative activity. Our results reveal a new regulatory molecular axis critical for MB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Natalia Pediconi
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Abballe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sabato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm 1052 CNRS 5286 Mixte CLB, Université de Lyon 1 (UCBL1), France.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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125
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Tran HN, Singh HP, Guo W, Cambier L, Riggan L, Shackleford GM, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Erdreich-Epstein A, Qi DL, Cobrinik D. Reciprocal Induction of MDM2 and MYCN in Neural and Neuroendocrine Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:563156. [PMID: 33425720 PMCID: PMC7793692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.563156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC family oncoproteins MYC, MYCN, and MYCL are deregulated in diverse cancers and via diverse mechanisms. Recent studies established a novel form of MYCN regulation in MYCN-overexpressing retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma cells in which the MDM2 oncoprotein promotes MYCN translation and MYCN-dependent proliferation via a p53-independent mechanism. However, it is unclear if MDM2 also promotes expression of other MYC family members and has similar effects in other cancers. Conversely, MYCN has been shown to induce MDM2 expression in neuroblastoma cells, yet it is unclear if MYC shares this ability, if MYC family proteins upregulate MDM2 in other malignancies, and if this regulation occurs during tumorigenesis as well as in cancer cell lines. Here, we report that intrinsically high MDM2 expression is required for high-level expression of MYCN, but not for expression of MYC, in retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, and medulloblastoma cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of MYC as well as MYCN induced high-level MDM2 expression and gave rise to rapidly proliferating and MDM2-dependent cone-precursor-derived masses in a cultured retinoblastoma genesis model. These findings reveal a highly specific collaboration between the MDM2 and MYCN oncoproteins and demonstrate the origin of their oncogenic positive feedback circuit within a normal neuronal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Tran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hardeep P Singh
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Cambier
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luke Riggan
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Shackleford
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dong-Lai Qi
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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126
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Sreenivasan L, Wang H, Yap SQ, Leclair P, Tam A, Lim CJ. Autocrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling aids development of acquired drug resistance in Group 3 medulloblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1035. [PMID: 33279931 PMCID: PMC7719195 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a high-grade pediatric brain malignancy that originates from neuronal precursors located in the posterior cranial fossa. In this study, we evaluated the role of STAT3 and IL-6 in a tumor microenvironment mediated drug resistance in human MBs. We established that the Group 3 MB cell line, Med8A, is chemosensitive (hence Med8A-S), and this is correlated with a basal low phosphorylated state of STAT3, while treatment with IL-6 induced robust increases in pY705-STAT3. Via incremental selection with vincristine, we derived the stably chemoresistant variant, Med8A-R, that exhibited multi-drug resistance, enhanced IL-6 induced pY705-STAT3 levels, and increased IL6R expression. Consequently, abrogation of STAT3 or IL6R expression in Med8A-R led to restored chemosensitivity to vincristine, highlighting a prominent role for canonical IL-6/STAT3 signaling in acquired drug resistance. Furthermore, Med8A-S subjected to conditioning exposure with IL-6, termed Med8A-IL6+ cells, exhibited enhanced vincristine resistance, increased expression of pY705-STAT3 and IL6R, and increased secretion of IL-6. When cocultured with Med8A-IL6+ cells, Med8A-S cells exhibited increased pY705-STAT3 and increased IL-6 secretion, suggesting a cytokine feedback loop responsible for amplifying STAT3 activity. Similar IL-6 induced phenomena were also observed in the Group 3 MB cell lines, D283 and D341, including increased pY705-STAT3, drug resistance, IL-6 secretion and IL6R expression. Our study unveiled autocrine IL-6 as a promoter of STAT3 signaling in development of drug resistance, and suggests therapeutic benefits for targeting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis in Group 3 MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshana Sreenivasan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shyong Quin Yap
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal Leclair
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony Tam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chinten James Lim
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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127
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Lam FCL, Kasper EM, Mahadevan A. Management and Surveillance of Short- and Long-Term Sequelae of Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRadiation therapy (RT) is a mainstay for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. As improvements in and sophistication of this modality continue to increase the survival of patients, the long-term sequelae of RT pose significant challenges in the clinical management of this patient population as they transition into adulthood. In this special edition, we review the short- and long-term effects of RT for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors and the necessary surveillance required for follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chiu-Lai Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekkehard M Kasper
- Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anand Mahadevan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Geisinger Health, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States
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128
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Y-Box Binding Protein-1: A Neglected Target in Pediatric Brain Tumors? Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:375-387. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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129
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Yamashita M, Owa T, Shiraishi R, Adachi T, Ichijo K, Taya S, Miyashita S, Hoshino M. The role of SCF Skp2 and SCF β-TrCP1/2 in the cerebellar granule cell precursors. Genes Cells 2020; 25:796-810. [PMID: 33020978 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A proper balance between proliferation and differentiation of cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) is required for appropriate cerebellar morphogenesis. The Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is involved in polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of various cell cycle regulators and transcription factors. However, it remains unknown how the SCF complex affects proliferation and differentiation of GCPs. In this study, we found that the scaffold protein Cullin1, and F-box proteins Skp2, β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 are expressed in the external granule layer (EGL). Knockdown of these molecules in the EGL showed that Cullin1, Skp2 and β-TrCP2 enhanced differentiation of GCPs. We also observed accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in GCPs when treated with a Cullin1 inhibitor or proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, knockdown of p27 rescued enhancement of differentiation by Cullin1 knockdown. These results suggest that the SCF complex is involved in the maintenance of the proliferative state of GCPs through p27 degradation. In addition, inhibition of Cullin1 activity also prevented cell proliferation and enhanced accumulation of p27 in Daoy cells, a cell line derived from the sonic hedgehog subtype of medulloblastoma. This suggested that excess degradation of p27 through the SCF complex causes overproliferation of medulloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yamashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Owa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Function and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toma Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advance Science and Engineering, TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ichijo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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130
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D'Arcy CE, Nobre LF, Arnaldo A, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, Naz-Hazrati L, Hawkins CE. Immunohistochemical and nanoString-Based Subgrouping of Clinical Medulloblastoma Samples. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:437-447. [PMID: 32053195 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of medulloblastoma incorporates the histologic and molecular subclassification of clinical medulloblastoma samples into wingless (WNT)-activated, sonic hedgehog (SHH)-activated, group 3 and group 4 subgroups. Accurate medulloblastoma subclassification has important prognostic and treatment implications. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based and nanoString-based subgrouping methodologies have been independently described as options for medulloblastoma subgrouping, however have not previously been directly compared. We describe our experience with nanoString-based subgrouping in a clinical setting and compare this with our IHC-based results. Study materials included FFPE tissue from 160 medulloblastomas. Clinical data and tumor histology were reviewed. Immunohistochemical-based subgrouping using β-catenin, filamin A and p53 antibodies and nanoString-based gene expression profiling were performed. The sensitivity and specificity of IHC-based subgrouping of WNT and SHH-activated medulloblastomas was 91.5% and 99.54%, respectively. Filamin A immunopositivity highly correlated with SHH/WNT-activated subgroups (sensitivity 100%, specificity 92.7%, p < 0.001). Nuclear β-catenin immunopositivity had a sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 99.23% for detection of WNT-activated tumors. Approximately 23.8% of WNT cases would have been missed using an IHC-based subgrouping method alone. nanoString could confidently predict medulloblastoma subgroup in 93% of cases and could distinguish group 3/4 subgroups in 96.3% of cases. nanoString-based subgrouping allows for a more prognostically useful classification of clinical medulloblastoma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E D'Arcy
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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131
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Wong GCH, Li KKW, Wang WW, Liu APY, Huang QJ, Chan AKY, Poon MFM, Chung NYF, Wong QHW, Chen H, Chan DTM, Liu XZ, Mao Y, Zhang ZY, Shi ZF, Ng HK. Clinical and mutational profiles of adult medulloblastoma groups. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:191. [PMID: 33172502 PMCID: PMC7656770 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult medulloblastomas are clinically and molecularly understudied due to their rarity. We performed molecular grouping, targeted sequencing, and TERT promoter Sanger sequencing on a cohort of 99 adult medulloblastomas. SHH made up 50% of the cohort, whereas Group 3 (13%) was present in comparable proportion to WNT (19%) and Group 4 (18%). In contrast to paediatric medulloblastomas, molecular groups had no prognostic impact in our adult cohort (p = 0.877). Most frequently mutated genes were TERT (including promoter mutations, mutated in 36% cases), chromatin modifiers KMT2D (31%) and KMT2C (30%), TCF4 (31%), PTCH1 (27%) and DDX3X (24%). Adult WNT patients showed enrichment of TP53 mutations (6/15 WNT cases), and 3/6 TP53-mutant WNT tumours were of large cell/anaplastic histology. Adult SHH medulloblastomas had frequent upstream pathway alterations (PTCH1 and SMO mutations) and few downstream alterations (SUFU mutations, MYCN amplifications). TERT promoter mutations were found in 72% of adult SHH patients, and were restricted to this group. Adult Group 3 tumours lacked hallmark MYC amplifications, but had recurrent mutations in KBTBD4 and NOTCH1. Adult Group 4 tumours harboured recurrent mutations in TCF4 and chromatin modifier genes. Overall, amplifications of MYC and MYCN were rare (3%). Since molecular groups were not prognostic, alternative prognostic markers are needed for adult medulloblastoma. KMT2C mutations were frequently found across molecular groups and were associated with poor survival (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified histological type (p = 0.026), metastasis (p = 0.031) and KMT2C mutational status (p = 0.046) as independent prognosticators in our cohort. In summary, we identified distinct clinical and mutational characteristics of adult medulloblastomas that will inform their risk stratification and treatment.
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132
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Menyhárt O, Győrffy B. Molecular stratifications, biomarker candidates and new therapeutic options in current medulloblastoma treatment approaches. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:211-233. [PMID: 31970590 PMCID: PMC7098941 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood tumor of the brain. Multimodal treatment consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy reduced cumulative incidence of late mortality but increased the incidence of subsequent neoplasms and severe, incapacitating chronic health conditions. Present treatment strategies fail to recognize heterogeneity within patients despite wide divergence in individual responses. The persistent mortality rates and serious side effects of non-targeted cytotoxic therapies indicate a need for more refined therapeutic approaches. Advanced genomic research has led to the accumulation of an enormous amount of genetic information and resulted in a consensus distinguishing four molecular subgroups, WNT-activated, SHH-activated, and Group 3 and 4 medulloblastomas. These have distinct origin, demographics, molecular alterations, and clinical outcomes. Although subgroup affiliation does not predict response to therapy, new subgroup-specific markers of prognosis can enable a more layered risk stratification with additional subtypes within each primary subgroup. Here, we summarize subgroup-specific genetic alterations and their utility in current treatment strategies. The transition toward molecularly targeted interventions for newly diagnosed MBs remains slow, and prospective trials are needed to confirm stratifications based on molecular alterations. At the same time, numerous studies focus at fine-tuning the intensity of invasive radio- and chemotherapies to reduce intervention-related long-term morbidity. There are an increasing number of immunotherapy-based treatment strategies including immune checkpoint-inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, CAR-T therapy, and NK cells in recurrent and refractory MBs. Although most trials are in early phase, there is hope for therapeutic breakthroughs for advanced MBs within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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133
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Rusert JM, Juarez EF, Brabetz S, Jensen J, Garancher A, Chau LQ, Tacheva-Grigorova SK, Wahab S, Udaka YT, Finlay D, Seker-Cin H, Reardon B, Gröbner S, Serrano J, Ecker J, Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Baxter PA, Henderson JJ, Berens ME, Vuori K, Milde T, Cho YJ, Li XN, Olson JM, Reyes I, Snuderl M, Wong TC, Dimmock DP, Nahas SA, Malicki D, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Van Allen EM, Pfister SM, Tamayo P, Kool M, Mesirov JP, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Functional Precision Medicine Identifies New Therapeutic Candidates for Medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5393-5407. [PMID: 33046443 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is among the most common malignant brain tumors in children. Recent studies have identified at least four subgroups of the disease that differ in terms of molecular characteristics and patient outcomes. Despite this heterogeneity, most patients with medulloblastoma receive similar therapies, including surgery, radiation, and intensive chemotherapy. Although these treatments prolong survival, many patients still die from the disease and survivors suffer severe long-term side effects from therapy. We hypothesize that each patient with medulloblastoma is sensitive to different therapies and that tailoring therapy based on the molecular and cellular characteristics of patients' tumors will improve outcomes. To test this, we assembled a panel of orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and subjected them to DNA sequencing, gene expression profiling, and high-throughput drug screening. Analysis of DNA sequencing revealed that most medulloblastomas do not have actionable mutations that point to effective therapies. In contrast, gene expression and drug response data provided valuable information about potential therapies for every tumor. For example, drug screening demonstrated that actinomycin D, which is used for treatment of sarcoma but rarely for medulloblastoma, was active against PDXs representing Group 3 medulloblastoma, the most aggressive form of the disease. Functional analysis of tumor cells was successfully used in a clinical setting to identify more treatment options than sequencing alone. These studies suggest that it should be possible to move away from a one-size-fits-all approach and begin to treat each patient with therapies that are effective against their specific tumor. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that high-throughput drug screening identifies therapies for medulloblastoma that cannot be predicted by genomic or transcriptomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rusert
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Edwin F Juarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sebastian Brabetz
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Jensen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Silvia K Tacheva-Grigorova
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sameerah Wahab
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yoko T Udaka
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Darren Finlay
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Huriye Seker-Cin
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Gröbner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lin Qi
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuchen Du
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia A Baxter
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob J Henderson
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James M Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Iris Reyes
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Terence C Wong
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - David P Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Shareef A Nahas
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Denise Malicki
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John R Crawford
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael L Levy
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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134
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Aiello G, Ballabio C, Ruggeri R, Fagnocchi L, Anderle M, Morassut I, Caron D, Garilli F, Gianno F, Giangaspero F, Piazza S, Romanel A, Zippo A, Tiberi L. Truncated BRPF1 Cooperates with Smoothened to Promote Adult Shh Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4036-4052.e10. [PMID: 31851932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of neural progenitors to differentiated postmitotic neurons is mainly considered irreversible in physiological conditions. In the present work, we show that Shh pathway activation through SmoM2 expression promotes postmitotic neurons dedifferentiation, re-entering in the cell cycle and originating medulloblastoma in vivo. Notably, human adult patients present inactivating mutations of the chromatin reader BRPF1 that are associated with SMO mutations and absent in pediatric and adolescent patients. Here, we found that truncated BRPF1 protein, as found in human adult patients, is able to induce medulloblastoma in adult mice upon SmoM2 activation. Indeed, postmitotic neurons re-entered the cell cycle and proliferated as a result of chromatin remodeling of neurons by BRPF1. Our model of brain cancer explains the onset of a subset of human medulloblastoma in adult individuals where granule neuron progenitors are no longer present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Aiello
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Ballabio
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruggeri
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Marica Anderle
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Morassut
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Caron
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Garilli
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Gianno
- Department of Radiologic, Oncologic and Anatomo Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiologic, Oncologic and Anatomo Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romanel
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Tiberi
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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135
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Golanov AV, Ryzhova MV, Trunin YY, Zheludkova OG, Antipina NA, Cherkesov IV. [Glioblastomas in patients with medulloblastomas after combined treatment]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2020; 84:35-41. [PMID: 32649812 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20208403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common brain malignancy in children occurring in the posterior cranial fossa. This tumor is characterized by high risk of metastasis along the CSF pathways. Significant progress in research of this tumor and appropriate treatment is associated with determining the various molecular categories of primary medulloblastomas. This analysis includes certain factors of cytogenetic and transcriptional proliferation. Modern treatment approaches for patients older than 3 years include advanced resection, craniospinal irradiation with a boost on the postoperative bed followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. Conventional radiotherapy including craniospinal irradiation results a significant number of complications. Morbidity rate is increased throughout long-term follow-up. Secondary tumors including glioblastomas are under special attention since their occurrence is associated with a fatal outcome. This may partially explaine the fact that chemotherapy without repeated morphological verification doesn't always ensure tumor growth control in patients with recurrent medulloblastomas. The authors consider irradiation-induced glioblastomas secondary to primarily verified medulloblastomas in patients who had previously undergone craniospinal irradiation as a component of combined treatment after tumor resection. It was found that the incidence of this phenomenon is significant and made up about 10% among patients with recurrent medulloblastomas. This value is significantly higher compared to previous data. The authors analyzed patterns of occurrence of irradiation-induced glioblastomas depending on the molecular genetic group and clinical characteristics of patients after primary surgery. Treatment outcomes were estimated too. It was concluded that morphological verification is necessary if long-term recurrence is diagnosed after combined treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Golanov
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Ryzhova
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - O G Zheludkova
- Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Care for Children with Craniofacial Malformations and Congenital Nervous System Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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136
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Li X, Li Y, Li S, Li H, Yang C, Lin J. The role of Shh signalling pathway in central nervous system development and related diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:180-189. [PMID: 32840890 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays important roles in developmental of vertebrate animal central nervous system (CNS), and Gli is its downstream signal molecule. Shh signalling is essential for pattern formation, cell-fate specification, axon guidance, proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons in CNS development. The abnormal signalling pathway of Shh leads to the occurrence of many nervous system diseases. The mechanism of Shh signalling is complex and remains incompletely understood. Nevertheless, studies have revealed that Shh signalling pathway is classified into canonical and non-canonical pathways. Here we review the role of the Shh signalling pathway and its impact in CNS development and related diseases. Specifically, we discuss the role of Shh in the spinal cord and brain development, cell differentiation and proliferation in CNS and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. We also highlight future directions of research that could help to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of Shh signalling in the process of CNS development and related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized the role of Shh signalling pathway in CNS development and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. It also presented the author's opinions on the future research direction of Shh signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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137
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Patmore DM, Jassim A, Nathan E, Gilbertson RJ, Tahan D, Hoffmann N, Tong Y, Smith KS, Kanneganti TD, Suzuki H, Taylor MD, Northcott P, Gilbertson RJ. DDX3X Suppresses the Susceptibility of Hindbrain Lineages to Medulloblastoma. Dev Cell 2020; 54:455-470.e5. [PMID: 32553121 PMCID: PMC7483908 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DEAD-Box Helicase 3 X-Linked (DDX3X) is frequently mutated in the Wingless (WNT) and Sonic hedghog (SHH) subtypes of medulloblastoma-the commonest malignant childhood brain tumor, but whether DDX3X functions as a medulloblastoma oncogene or tumor suppressor gene is not known. Here, we show that Ddx3x regulates hindbrain patterning and development by controlling Hox gene expression and cell stress signaling. In mice predisposed to Wnt- or Shh medulloblastoma, Ddx3x sensed oncogenic stress and suppressed tumor formation. WNT and SHH medulloblastomas normally arise only in the lower and upper rhombic lips, respectively. Deletion of Ddx3x removed this lineage restriction, enabling both medulloblastoma subtypes to arise in either germinal zone. Thus, DDX3X is a medulloblastoma tumor suppressor that regulates hindbrain development and restricts the competence of cell lineages to form medulloblastoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Patmore
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amir Jassim
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Erica Nathan
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reuben J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Daniel Tahan
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nadin Hoffmann
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Yiai Tong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Paul Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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138
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Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:v1-v100. [PMID: 31675094 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1567] [Impact Index Per Article: 391.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States (US) and represents the entire US population. This report contains the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors available and supersedes all previous reports in terms of completeness and accuracy. All rates are age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population and presented per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 23.41 (Malignant AAAIR = 7.08, non-Malignant AAAIR = 16.33). This rate was higher in females compared to males (25.84 versus 20.82), Whites compared to Blacks (23.50 versus 23.34), and non-Hispanics compared to Hispanics (23.84 versus 21.28). The most commonly occurring malignant brain and other CNS tumor was glioblastoma (14.6% of all tumors), and the most common non-malignant tumor was meningioma (37.6% of all tumors). Glioblastoma was more common in males, and meningioma was more common in females. In children and adolescents (age 0-19 years), the incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 6.06. An estimated 86,010 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in the US in 2019 (25,510 malignant and 60,490 non-malignant). There were 79,718 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2012 and 2016. This represents an average annual mortality rate of 4.42. The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.8%, and the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 91.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T Ostrom
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gino Cioffi
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nirav Patil
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin Waite
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carol Kruchko
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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139
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Modeling SHH-driven medulloblastoma with patient iPS cell-derived neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20127-20138. [PMID: 32747535 PMCID: PMC7443968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920521117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe and utilize a model of medulloblastoma, a malignancy accounting for 20% of all childhood brain cancers. We used iPS-derived neural stem cells with a familial mutation causing aberrant SHH signaling. We show that these cells, when transplanted into mouse cerebellum, form tumors that mimics SHH-driven medulloblastoma, demonstrating the development of cancer from healthy neural stem cells in vivo. Our results show that reprogramming of somatic cells carrying familial cancer mutations can be used to model the initiation and progression of childhood cancer. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Here we describe a medulloblastoma model using Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived human neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells generated from a Gorlin syndrome patient carrying a germline mutation in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) receptor PTCH1. We found that Gorlin NES cells formed tumors in mouse cerebellum mimicking human medulloblastoma. Retransplantation of tumor-isolated NES (tNES) cells resulted in accelerated tumor formation, cells with reduced growth factor dependency, enhanced neurosphere formation in vitro, and increased sensitivity to Vismodegib. Using our model, we identified LGALS1 to be a GLI target gene that is up-regulated in both Gorlin tNES cells and SHH-subgroup of medulloblastoma patients. Taken together, we demonstrate that NES cells derived from Gorlin patients can be used as a resource to model medulloblastoma initiation and progression and to identify putative targets.
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140
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Tamayo-Orrego L, Gallo D, Racicot F, Bemmo A, Mohan S, Ho B, Salameh S, Hoang T, Jackson AP, Brown GW, Charron F. Sonic hedgehog accelerates DNA replication to cause replication stress promoting cancer initiation in medulloblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:840-854. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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141
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Yu J, Ji G, Shi W, Zhao R, Shen W, Zheng J, Li H, Jiang F. RBM5 Acts as Tumor Suppressor in Medulloblastoma through Regulating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Eur Neurol 2020; 83:242-250. [PMID: 32610314 DOI: 10.1159/000507759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RBM5 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in lung and breast cancers; however, its role in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma (MB) remains unclear. We previously identified 4 RBM5 mutations in whole exome sequencing analysis of 40 MB patients. This study examined the role of RBM5 in MB progression. METHODS The expression patterns of RBM5 in tissues of 40 MB patients were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Associations between RBM5 expression and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The RBM5 role in Daoy cells' proliferation, migration, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling was analyzed after RBM5 knockdown and overexpression. RESULTS The expression level of RBM5 mRNA and protein was significantly lower in MB than that in adjacent normal control tissues, and low RBM5 expression was significantly associated with reduced OS (p = 0.034). RBM5 knockdown induced Daoy and ONS-76 cells proliferation, while RBM5 overexpression repressed cell proliferation and migration in vitro (all p < 0.05). β-Catenin, LEF1, and cyclin D1 mRNA levels were upregulated, while DKK1 expression was downregulated in Daoy cells following RBM5 knockdown. CONCLUSION RBM5 may function as a tumor suppressor in MB by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and its reduced expression is associated with lower OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangchun Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Children's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jicui Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Children's Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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142
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Wijaya J, Gose T, Schuetz JD. Using Pharmacology to Squeeze the Life Out of Childhood Leukemia, and Potential Strategies to Achieve Breakthroughs in Medulloblastoma Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:668-691. [PMID: 32571983 PMCID: PMC7312347 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating cancer was once thought of as a war. This analogy is still apt today; however, we now realize that cancer is a much more formidable enemy than scientists originally perceived, and in some cases, it harbors a profound ability to thwart our best efforts to defeat it. However, before we were aware of the complexity of cancer, chemotherapy against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was successful because it applied the principles of pharmacology. Herein, we provide a historic perspective of the experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. In 1962, when the hospital opened, fewer than 3% of patients experienced durable cure. Through judicious application of pharmacologic principles (e.g., combination therapy with agents using different mechanisms of action) plus appropriate drug scheduling, dosing, and pharmacodynamics, the survival of patients with ALL now exceeds 90%. We contrast this approach to treating ALL with the contemporary approach to treating medulloblastoma, in which genetics and molecular signatures are being used to guide the development of more-efficacious treatment strategies with minimal toxicity. Finally, we highlight the emerging technologies that can sustain and propel the collaborative efforts to squeeze the life out of these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Up until the early 1960s, chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia was mostly ineffective. This changed with the knowledge and implementation of rational approaches to combination therapy. Although the therapeutics of brain cancers such as medulloblastoma are not as refined (in part because of the blood-brain barrier obstacle), recent extraordinary advances in knowledge of medulloblastoma pathobiology has led to innovations in disease classification accompanied with strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Undoubtedly, additional novel approaches, such as immunological therapeutics, will open new avenues to further the goal of taming cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwina Wijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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143
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Luzzi S, Giotta Lucifero A, Brambilla I, Semeria Mantelli S, Mosconi M, Foiadelli T, Savasta S. Targeting the medulloblastoma: a molecular-based approach. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:79-100. [PMID: 32608377 PMCID: PMC7975825 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i7-s.9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of success of standard therapies for medulloblastoma has highlighted the need to plan a new therapeutic approach. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the novel treatment strategies based on the molecular characterization and risk categories of the medulloblastoma, also focusing on up-to-date relevant clinical trials and the challenges in translating tailored approaches into clinical practice. METHODS An online search of the literature was carried out on the PubMed/MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov websites about molecular classification of medulloblastomas, ongoing clinical trials and new treatment strategies. Only articles in the English language and published in the last five years were selected. The research was refined based on the best match and relevance. RESULTS A total 58 articles and 51 clinical trials were analyzed. Trials were of phase I, II, and I/II in 55%, 33% and 12% of the cases, respectively. Target and adoptive immunotherapies were the treatment strategies for newly diagnosed and recurrent medulloblastoma in 71% and 29% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Efforts are focused on the fine-tuning of target therapies and immunotherapies, including agents directed to specific pathways, engineered T-cells and oncoviruses. The blood-brain barrier, chemoresistance, the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells are the main translational challenges to be overcome in order to optimize medulloblastoma treatment, reduce the long-term morbidity and increase the overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Simona Semeria Mantelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario Mosconi
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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144
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Muskens IS, Zhang C, de Smith AJ, Biegel JA, Walsh KM, Wiemels JL. Germline genetic landscape of pediatric central nervous system tumors. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:1376-1388. [PMID: 31247102 PMCID: PMC6827836 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common type of cancer among children. Depending on histopathology, anatomic location, and genomic factors, specific subgroups of brain tumors have some of the highest cancer-related mortality rates or result in considerable lifelong morbidity. Pediatric CNS tumors often occur in patients with genetic predisposition, at times revealing underlying cancer predisposition syndromes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have resulted in the identification of an increasing number of cancer predisposition genes. In this review, the literature on genetic predisposition to pediatric CNS tumors is evaluated with a discussion of potential future targets for NGS and clinical implications. Furthermore, we explore potential strategies for enhancing the understanding of genetic predisposition of pediatric CNS tumors, including evaluation of non-European populations, pan-genomic approaches, and large collaborative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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145
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Ma P, An T, Zhu L, Zhang L, Wang H, Ren B, Sun B, Zhou X, Li Y, Mao B. RNF220 is required for cerebellum development and regulates medulloblastoma progression through epigenetic modulation of Shh signaling. Development 2020; 147:dev.188078. [PMID: 32376680 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) and its mis-regulation is linked to various disorders, including the cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma (MB). We recently identified RNF220, a ubiquitin E3 ligase promoting K63-linked polyubiquitylation and nuclear exportation of Gli transcription factors, as an Shh/Gli regulator involved in ventral neural patterning. Here, we report that RNF220 is required for the proliferation of CGNPs and Daoy cells (an Shh-grouped MB cell line), working as a positive regulator of Shh signaling. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that RNF220 promotes Shh target gene expression by targeting the PRC2 component EED, and alters levels of epigenetic modification marks on Shh target promoters. We provided evidence that RNF220+/-; Ptch1+/- mice showed lower spontaneous MB occurrence compared with Ptch1+/- mice. Furthermore, in human clinical MB samples, RNF220 expression correlated well with that of GAB1, an Shh-group MB marker. Our findings provide new insights into the epigenetic regulation of Shh signaling and identify RNF220 as a potential new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for Shh-group MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tao An
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, QILU university of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Biyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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146
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Guo Y, Huang P, Ning W, Zhang H, Yu C. Identification of Core Genes and Pathways in Medulloblastoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1702-1712. [PMID: 32535713 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common intracranial malignancies in children. The present study applied integrated bioinformatics to identify potential core genes associated with the pathogenesis of MB and reveal potential molecular mechanisms. Through the integrated analysis of multiple data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Combining the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis with gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), eight core genes, including CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, AURKA, CDK1, MAD2L1, BUB1B, and RRM2, as well as four core pathways, including "cell cycle", "oocyte meiosis", "p53 pathway" and "DNA replication" were selected. In independent data sets, the core genes showed superior diagnostic values and significant prognostic correlations. Moreover, in the pan-caner data of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), the core genes were also widely abnormally expressed. In conclusion, this study identified core genes and pathways of MB through integrated analysis to deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the MB and provide potential targets and pathways for diagnosis and treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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147
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Cacciotti C, Fleming A, Ramaswamy V. Advances in the molecular classification of pediatric brain tumors: a guide to the galaxy. J Pathol 2020; 251:249-261. [PMID: 32391583 DOI: 10.1002/path.5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid tumor in pediatrics, accounting for approximately 25% of all childhood cancers, and the second most common pediatric malignancy after leukemia. CNS tumors can be associated with significant morbidity, even those classified as low grade. Mortality from CNS tumors is disproportionately high compared to other childhood malignancies, although surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved outcomes in these patients over the last few decades. Current therapeutic strategies lead to a high risk of side effects, especially in young children. Pediatric brain tumor survivors have unique sequelae compared to age-matched patients who survived other malignancies. They are at greater risk of significant impairment in cognitive, neurological, endocrine, social, and emotional domains, depending on the location and type of the CNS tumor. Next-generation genomics have shed light on the broad molecular heterogeneity of pediatric brain tumors and have identified important genes and signaling pathways that serve to drive tumor proliferation. This insight has impacted the research field by providing potential therapeutic targets for these diseases. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of common pediatric brain tumors, specifically low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, ependymoma, embryonal tumors, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Cacciotti
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Fleming
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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148
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Lupo PJ, Spector LG. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Childhood Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1081-1094. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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149
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Laneve P, Caffarelli E. The Non-coding Side of Medulloblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:275. [PMID: 32528946 PMCID: PMC7266940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor and a primary cause of cancer-related death in children. Until a few years ago, only clinical and histological features were exploited for MB pathological classification and outcome prognosis. In the past decade, the advancement of high-throughput molecular analyses that integrate genetic, epigenetic, and expression data, together with the availability of increasing wealth of patient samples, revealed the existence of four molecularly distinct MB subgroups. Their further classification into 12 subtypes not only reduced the well-characterized intertumoral heterogeneity, but also provided new opportunities for the design of targets for precision oncology. Moreover, the identification of tumorigenic and self-renewing subpopulations of cancer stem cells in MB has increased our knowledge of its biology. Despite these advancements, the origin of MB is still debated, and its molecular bases are poorly characterized. A major goal in the field is to identify the key genes that drive tumor growth and the mechanisms through which they are able to promote tumorigenesis. So far, only protein-coding genes acting as oncogenic drivers have been characterized in each MB subgroup. The contribution of the non-coding side of the genome, which produces a plethora of transcripts that control fundamental biological processes, as the cell choice between proliferation and differentiation, is still unappreciated. This review wants to fill this major gap by summarizing the recent findings on the impact of non-coding RNAs in MB initiation and progression. Furthermore, their potential role as specific MB biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Laneve
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Caffarelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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150
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Kabir TF, Kunos CA, Villano JL, Chauhan A. Immunotherapy for Medulloblastoma: Current Perspectives. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:57-77. [PMID: 32368525 PMCID: PMC7182450 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s198162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-mediated therapies have transformed the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal, bladder, and both small and non-small cell lung carcinomas. However, immunotherapy is yet to demonstrate dramatic results in brain tumors like medulloblastoma for a variety of reasons. Recent pre-clinical and early phase human trials provide encouraging results that may overcome the challenges of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which include the intrinsic immunosuppressive properties of these cancers, a lack of antigen targets, antigenic variability, and the immune-restrictive site of the CNS. These studies highlight the growing potential of immunotherapy to treat patients with medulloblastoma, a disease that is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality to children and young adults. Methods We conducted an inclusive review of the PubMed-indexed literature and studies listed in clinicaltrials.gov using combinations of the keywords medulloblastoma, immunotherapy, CNS tumors, brain tumors, vaccines, oncolytic virus, natural killer, and CAR T to identify trials evaluating immunotherapy in preclinical experiments or in patients with medulloblastoma. Given a limited number of investigations using immunotherapy to treat patients with medulloblastoma, 24 studies were selected for final analysis and manuscript citation. Results This review presents results from pre-clinical studies in medulloblastoma cell lines, animal models, and the limited trials involving human patients. Conclusion From our review, we suggest that cancer vaccines, oncolytic viral therapy, natural killer cells, and CAR T therapy hold promise against the innate immunosuppressive properties of medulloblastoma in order to prolong survival. There is an unmet need for immunotherapy regimens that target overexpressed antigens in medulloblastoma tumors. We advocate for more combination treatment clinical trials using conventional surgical and radiochemotherapy approaches in the near-term clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir F Kabir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Charles A Kunos
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John L Villano
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aman Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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