101
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Renaudin X, Koch Lerner L, Menck CFM, Rosselli F. The ubiquitin family meets the Fanconi anemia proteins. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:36-46. [PMID: 27543315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental defects, predisposition to cancer and chromosomal abnormalities. FA is caused by biallelic mutations that inactivate genes encoding proteins involved in replication stress-associated DNA damage responses. The 20 FANC proteins identified to date constitute the FANC pathway. A key event in this pathway involves the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the collective action of at least 10 different proteins assembled in the FANC core complex. The FANC core complex-mediated monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is essential to assemble the heterodimer in subnuclear, chromatin-associated, foci and to regulate the process of DNA repair as well as the rescue of stalled replication forks. Several recent works have demonstrated that the activity of the FANC pathway is linked to several other protein post-translational modifications from the ubiquitin-like family, including SUMO and NEDD8. These modifications are related to DNA damage responses but may also affect other cellular functions potentially related to the clinical phenotypes of the syndrome. This review summarizes the interplay between the ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins and the FANC proteins that constitute a major pathway for the surveillance of the genomic integrity and addresses the implications of their interactions in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Renaudin
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Leticia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
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102
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Mcilhatton MA, Boivin GP, Groden J. Manipulation of DNA Repair Proficiency in Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1414383. [PMID: 27413734 PMCID: PMC4931062 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1414383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Technical and biological innovations have enabled the development of more sophisticated and focused murine models that increasingly recapitulate the complex pathologies of human diseases, in particular cancer. Mouse models provide excellent in vivo systems for deciphering the intricacies of cancer biology within the context of precise experimental settings. They present biologically relevant, adaptable platforms that are amenable to continual improvement and refinement. We discuss how recent advances in our understanding of tumorigenesis and the underlying deficiencies of DNA repair mechanisms that drive it have been informed by using genetically engineered mice to create defined, well-characterized models of human colorectal cancer. In particular, we focus on how mechanisms of DNA repair can be manipulated precisely to create in vivo models whereby the underlying processes of tumorigenesis are accelerated or attenuated, dependent on the composite alleles carried by the mouse model. Such models have evolved to the stage where they now reflect the initiation and progression of sporadic cancers. The review is focused on mouse models of colorectal cancer and how insights from these models have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the processes and potential therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mcilhatton
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory P. Boivin
- Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Health Sciences Building 053, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Joanna Groden
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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103
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Stanley EC, Azzinaro PA, Vierra DA, Howlett NG, Irvine SQ. The Simple Chordate Ciona intestinalis Has a Reduced Complement of Genes Associated with Fanconi Anemia. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:133-48. [PMID: 27279728 PMCID: PMC4898443 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s37920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disease characterized by congenital defects, bone marrow failure, and increased cancer risk. FA is associated with mutation in one of 24 genes. The protein products of these genes function cooperatively in the FA pathway to orchestrate the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links. Few model organisms exist for the study of FA. Seeking a model organism with a simpler version of the FA pathway, we searched the genome of the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis for homologs of the human FA-associated proteins. BLAST searches, sequence alignments, hydropathy comparisons, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, and structural modeling were used to infer the likelihood of homology between C. intestinalis and human FA proteins. Our analysis indicates that C. intestinalis indeed has a simpler and potentially functional FA pathway. The C. intestinalis genome was searched for candidates for homology to 24 human FA and FA-associated proteins. Support was found for the existence of homologs for 13 of these 24 human genes in C. intestinalis. Members of each of the three commonly recognized FA gene functional groups were found. In group I, we identified homologs of FANCE, FANCL, FANCM, and UBE2T/FANCT. Both members of group II, FANCD2 and FANCI, have homologs in C. intestinalis. In group III, we found evidence for homologs of FANCJ, FANCO, FANCQ/ERCC4, FANCR/RAD51, and FANCS/BRCA1, as well as the FA-associated proteins ERCC1 and FAN1. Evidence was very weak for the existence of homologs in C. intestinalis for any other recognized FA genes. This work supports the notion that C. intestinalis, as a close relative of vertebrates, but having a much reduced complement of FA genes, offers a means of studying the function of certain FA proteins in a simpler pathway than that of vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Stanley
- Integrative and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - David A Vierra
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Steven Q Irvine
- Integrative and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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104
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Fei-Zhang DJ, Li C, Cao S. Hawaii natural compounds are promising to reduce ovarian cancer deaths. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:709-12. [PMID: 27142977 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1178428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival rate of patients with ovarian cancer largely results from the advanced ovarian tumors as well as tumor resistance to chemotherapy, leading to metastasis and recurrence. However, it is missing as to an effective therapeutic approach that focuses on these aspects to prolong progression-free survival and to decrease mortality in ovarian cancer patients. Here, based on our cancer drug discovery studies, we provide prospective insights into the development of a future line of drugs to effectively reduce ovarian cancer deaths. Pathways that increase the probability of cancer, such as the defective Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, may render cancer cells more sensitive to new drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fei-Zhang
- a Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , HI , USA.,b Punahou High School , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - Chunshun Li
- a Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , HI , USA.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo , HI , USA
| | - Shugeng Cao
- a Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , HI , USA.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo , HI , USA
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105
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Kap EJ, Popanda O, Chang-Claude J. Nucleotide excision repair and response and survival to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:755-94. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several new chemotherapeutic agents have become available for the treatment of colorectal cancer, which has led to increased complexity in treatment planning. Treatment decision making for individual patients could be facilitated if guided by predictive and prognostic markers. As most cytotoxic drugs induce DNA damage, the DNA damage repair pathways hold potential for yielding such biomarkers. Here, we review the current evidence of a possible involvement of the nucleotide excision repair pathway in the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Although a large number of studies have been conducted, they are generally of moderate size and heterogeneous in design. Up to date no firm conclusions can be drawn to translate these results into the clinic. We recommend further comprehensive investigations of the nucleotide excision repair pathway in large patient studies that include both discovery and validation cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Kap
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Epigenomics & Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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106
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Yeom K, Park CJ. Expression, Purification and Characterization of the BLM binding region of human Fanconi Anemia Group J Protein. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2016.20.1.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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107
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Loizidou MA, Hadjisavvas A, Tanteles GA, Spanou-Aristidou E, Kyriacou K, Christophidou-Anastasiadou V. Fanconi anemia-D1 due to homozygosity for the BRCA2 gene Cypriot founder mutation: A case report. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:471-473. [PMID: 26834852 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder characterized by multiple congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure and susceptibility to malignancies. Biallelic mutations in the breast cancer 2, early onset (BRCA2) gene are responsible for the FA-D1 subgroup, which accounts for ~3% of all the FA cases. Patients with biallelic BRCA2 mutations generally display a more severe phenotype, with earlier onset and increased incidence of leukaemia and other solid tumors, than other patients with FA. In the present report, the first Cypriot patient with FA-D1 is described, which is the fifth case of a homozygote for the same null allele reported thus far, and the third known case of neuroblastoma in association with FA-D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Loizidou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - George A Tanteles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Makarios Medical Centre and Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - Elena Spanou-Aristidou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Makarios Medical Centre and Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - Violetta Christophidou-Anastasiadou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus; Department of Clinical Genetics, Makarios Medical Centre and Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
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108
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Yang SY, Hsiung CN, Li YJ, Chang GC, Tsai YH, Chen KY, Huang MS, Su WC, Chen YM, Hsiung CA, Yang PC, Chen CJ, Wu PE, Yu JC, Shen CY, Hsu HM. Fanconi anemia genes in lung adenocarcinoma- a pathway-wide study on cancer susceptibility. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:23. [PMID: 26842001 PMCID: PMC4739091 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogens in cigarette smoke can induce the formation of DNA-DNA cross-links, which are repaired by the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, and it is tempting to speculate that this pathway is involved in lung tumorigenesis. This study is to determine whether genetic polymorphism of the FA genes is associated with an elevated risk of lung adenocarcinoma, and whether the association between genotypes and risk is modified by exposure to cigarette smoke. Methods This case–control study genotyped 53 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FA genes in 709 patients (354 males and 355 females) with lung adenocarcinoma and in 726 cancer-free individuals (339 males and 387 females). Genotypic frequencies of SNPs were compared between cases and controls to identify important FA genes associated with cancer susceptibility. Joint effects in determining cancer risk contributed by genes and smoking-related risk factors and by multiple genes involved in different FA subpathways were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis and stratified analysis. All analyses were performed on males and females separately, and the comparison of results was considered a way of examining the validity of study findings. Results Lung adenocarcinomas in both male and female patients were associated with (a) genotypic polymorphisms of FANCC and FANCD1; (b) a combined effect of harboring a higher number of high-risk genotypes and smoking/passive smoking; (c) specific interactions of multiple genes, proteins encoded by which have been known to work jointly within the FA pathway. Conclusions Genetic polymorphism of the FA genes is associated with inter-individual susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0240-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yao-Jen Li
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Gee-Chen Chang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Lincou, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ei Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Biobank, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Cherng Yu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Biobank, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Life Science Library, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Environmental Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Huan-Ming Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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109
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Kim M, Kim JM. The role of USP1 autocleavage in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:340-8. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
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110
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Su WP, Hsu SH, Wu CK, Chang SB, Lin YJ, Yang WB, Hung JJ, Chiu WT, Tzeng SF, Tseng YL, Chang JY, Su WC, Liaw H. Chronic treatment with cisplatin induces replication-dependent sister chromatid recombination to confer cisplatin-resistant phenotype in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6323-37. [PMID: 25051366 PMCID: PMC4171633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin can cause intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks between purine bases and is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat cancer. However, the major barrier to the efficacy of the treatment is drug resistance. Homologous recombination (HR) plays a central role in restoring stalled forks caused by DNA lesions. Here, we report that chronic treatment with cisplatin induces HR to confer cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. A high frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) occurs in the cisplatin-resistant NPC cells. In addition, several genes in the Fanconi anemia (FA) and template switching (TS) pathways show elevated expression. Significantly, depletion of HR gene BRCA1, TS gene UBC13, or FA gene FANCD2 suppresses SCE and causes cells to accumulate in the S phase, concomitantly with high γH2AX foci formation in the presence of low-dose cisplatin. Consistent with this result, depletion of several genes in the HR, TS, or FA pathway sensitizes the cisplatin-resistant NPC cells to cisplatin. Our results suggest that the enhanced HR, in coordination with the FA and TS pathways, underlies the cisplatin resistance. Targeting the HR, TS, or FA pathways could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cisplatin-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Su
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University; Graduate Institutes of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Sen-Huei Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Cheng-Kuei Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Hungjiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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111
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Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms That Maintain Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5178965. [PMID: 26798358 PMCID: PMC4699043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5178965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All hematopoiesis cells develop from multipotent progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the ability to develop into all blood lineages but also maintain their stemness. Different molecular mechanisms have been identified that are crucial for regulating quiescence and self-renewal to maintain the stem cell pool and for inducing proliferation and lineage differentiation. The stem cell niche provides the microenvironment to keep HSC in a quiescent state. Furthermore, several transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are involved in this process. These create modifications that regulate the cell fate in a more or less reversible and dynamic way and contribute to HSC homeostasis. In addition, HSC respond in a unique way to DNA damage. These mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of HSC function and are essential to ensure viability after DNA damage. How HSC maintain their quiescent stage during the entire life is still matter of ongoing research. Here we will focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC function.
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112
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Raghunandan M, Chaudhury I, Kelich SL, Hanenberg H, Sobeck A. FANCD2, FANCJ and BRCA2 cooperate to promote replication fork recovery independently of the Fanconi Anemia core complex. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:342-53. [PMID: 25659033 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.987614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited multi-gene cancer predisposition syndrome that is characterized on the cellular level by a hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). To repair these lesions, the FA pathway proteins are thought to act in a linear hierarchy: Following ICL detection, an upstream FA core complex monoubiquitinates the central FA pathway members FANCD2 and FANCI, followed by their recruitment to chromatin. Chromatin-bound monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and FANCI subsequently coordinate DNA repair factors including the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and FANCD1/BRCA2 to repair the DNA ICL. Importantly, we recently showed that FANCD2 has additional independent roles: it binds chromatin and acts in concert with the BLM helicase complex to promote the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks, while suppressing the firing of new replication origins. Here, we show that FANCD2 fulfills these roles independently of the FA core complex-mediated monoubiquitination step. Following APH treatment, nonubiquitinated FANCD2 accumulates on chromatin, recruits the BLM complex, and promotes robust replication fork recovery regardless of the absence or presence of a functional FA core complex. In contrast, the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and BRCA2 share FANCD2's role in replication fork restart and the suppression of new origin firing. Our results support a non-linear FA pathway model at stalled replication forks, where the nonubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform - in concert with FANCJ and BRCA2 - fulfills a specific function in promoting efficient replication fork recovery independently of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raghunandan
- a Department of Biochemistry; Molecular Biology and Biophysics ; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN USA
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113
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Duxin JP, Walter JC. What is the DNA repair defect underlying Fanconi anemia? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:49-60. [PMID: 26512453 PMCID: PMC4688103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare human genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure, cancer predisposition, and genomic instability. It has been known for many years that FA patient-derived cells are exquisitely sensitive to DNA interstrand cross-linking agents such as cisplatin and mitomycin C. On this basis, it was widely assumed that failure to repair endogenous interstrand cross-links (ICLs) causes FA, although the endogenous mutagen that generates these lesions remained elusive. Recent genetic evidence now suggests that endogenous aldehydes are the driving force behind FA. Importantly, aldehydes cause a variety of DNA lesions, including ICLs and DNA protein cross-links (DPCs), re-kindling the debate about which DNA lesions cause FA. In this review, we discuss new developments in our understanding of DPC and ICL repair, and how these findings bear on the question of which DNA lesion underlies FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien P Duxin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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114
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Abstract
Members of the conserved FANCM family of DNA motor proteins play key roles in genome maintenance processes. In this review, Xue et al. provide an integrated view of the functions and regulation of these enzymes in humans and model organisms and how they advance our understanding of genome maintenance processes. Members of the conserved FANCM family of DNA motor proteins play key roles in genome maintenance processes. FANCM supports genome duplication and repair under different circumstances and also functions in the ATR-mediated DNA damage checkpoint. Some of these roles are shared among lower eukaryotic family members. Human FANCM has been linked to Fanconi anemia, a syndrome characterized by cancer predisposition, developmental disorder, and bone marrow failure. Recent studies on human FANCM and its orthologs from other organisms have provided insights into their biological functions, regulation, and collaboration with other genome maintenance factors. This review summarizes the progress made, with the goal of providing an integrated view of the functions and regulation of these enzymes in humans and model organisms and how they advance our understanding of genome maintenance processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xue
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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115
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Wieringa HW, van der Zee AGJ, de Vries EGE, van Vugt MATM. Breaking the DNA damage response to improve cervical cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 42:30-40. [PMID: 26643553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every year, cervical cancer affects ∼500,000 women worldwide, and ∼275,000 patients die of this disease. The addition of platin-based chemotherapy to primary radiotherapy has increased 5-year survival of advanced-stage cervical cancer patients, which is, however, still only 66%. One of the factors thought to contribute to treatment failure is the ability of tumor cells to repair chemoradiotherapy-induced DNA damage. Therefore, sensitization of tumor cells for chemoradiotherapy via inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) as a novel strategy to improve therapy effect, is currently studied pre-clinically as well as in the clinic. Almost invariably, cervical carcinogenesis involves infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), which inactivates part of the DNA damage response. This HPV-mediated partial inactivation of the DDR presents therapeutic targeting of the residual DDR as an interesting approach to achieve chemoradio-sensitization for cervical cancer. How the DDR can be most efficiently targeted, however, remains unclear. The fact that cisplatin and radiotherapy activate multiple signaling axes within the DDR further complicates a rational choice of therapeutic targets within the DDR. In this review, we provide an overview of the current preclinical and clinical knowledge about targeting the DDR in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylke W Wieringa
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate G J van der Zee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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116
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Puigvert JC, Sanjiv K, Helleday T. Targeting DNA repair, DNA metabolism and replication stress as anti-cancer strategies. FEBS J 2015; 283:232-45. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Carreras Puigvert
- Science for Life Laboratory; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Schwab RA, Nieminuszczy J, Shah F, Langton J, Lopez Martinez D, Liang CC, Cohn MA, Gibbons RJ, Deans AJ, Niedzwiedz W. The Fanconi Anemia Pathway Maintains Genome Stability by Coordinating Replication and Transcription. Mol Cell 2015; 60:351-61. [PMID: 26593718 PMCID: PMC4644232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication stress can cause chromosomal instability and tumor progression. One key pathway that counteracts replication stress and promotes faithful DNA replication consists of the Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins. However, how these proteins limit replication stress remains largely elusive. Here we show that conflicts between replication and transcription activate the FA pathway. Inhibition of transcription or enzymatic degradation of transcription-associated R-loops (DNA:RNA hybrids) suppresses replication fork arrest and DNA damage occurring in the absence of a functional FA pathway. Furthermore, we show that simple aldehydes, known to cause leukemia in FA-deficient mice, induce DNA:RNA hybrids in FA-depleted cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the molecular mechanism by which the FA pathway limits R-loop accumulation requires FANCM translocase activity. Failure to activate a response to physiologically occurring DNA:RNA hybrids may critically contribute to the heightened cancer predisposition and bone marrow failure of individuals with mutated FA proteins. Replication and transcription collisions cause genome instability in FA A functional FA pathway protects cells from unscheduled accumulation of R-loops Transcription inhibition or R-loop removal restores normal replication in FA cells FANCM resolves R-loops via its translocase activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka A Schwab
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jadwiga Nieminuszczy
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Fenil Shah
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Jamie Langton
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard J Gibbons
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Wojciech Niedzwiedz
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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118
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Renaud E, Barascu A, Rosselli F. Impaired TIP60-mediated H4K16 acetylation accounts for the aberrant chromatin accumulation of 53BP1 and RAP80 in Fanconi anemia pathway-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:648-56. [PMID: 26446986 PMCID: PMC4737135 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To rescue collapsed replication forks cells utilize homologous recombination (HR)-mediated mechanisms to avoid the induction of gross chromosomal abnormalities that would be generated by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Using DNA interstrand crosslinks as a replication barrier, we investigated how the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway promotes HR at stalled replication forks. FA pathway inactivation results in Fanconi anemia, which is associated with a predisposition to cancer. FANCD2 monoubiquitination and assembly in subnuclear foci appear to be involved in TIP60 relocalization to the chromatin to acetylates histone H4K16 and prevents the binding of 53BP1 to its docking site, H4K20Me2. Thus, FA pathway loss-of-function results in accumulation of 53BP1, RIF1 and RAP80 at damaged chromatin, which impair DNA resection at stalled replication fork-associated DNA breaks and impede HR. Consequently, DNA repair in FA cells proceeds through the NHEJ pathway, which is likely responsible for the accumulation of chromosome abnormalities. We demonstrate that the inhibition of NHEJ or deacetylase activity rescue HR in FA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Renaud
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse», Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France CNRS - UMR 8200, 94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelia Barascu
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse», Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France CNRS - UMR 8200, 94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse», Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France CNRS - UMR 8200, 94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Clark DW, Tripathi K, Dorsman JC, Palle K. FANCJ protein is important for the stability of FANCD2/FANCI proteins and protects them from proteasome and caspase-3 dependent degradation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28816-32. [PMID: 26336824 PMCID: PMC4745694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genome instability syndrome with progressive bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. FANCJ is one of 17 genes mutated in FA-patients, comprises a DNA helicase that is vital for properly maintaining genomic stability and is known to function in the FA-BRCA DNA repair pathway. While exact role(s) of FANCJ in this repair process is yet to be determined, it is known to interact with primary effector FANCD2. However, FANCJ is not required for FANCD2 activation but is important for its ability to fully respond to DNA damage. In this report, we determined that transient depletion of FANCJ adversely affects stability of FANCD2 and its co-regulator FANCI in multiple cell lines. Loss of FANCJ does not significantly alter cell cycle progression or FANCD2 transcription. However, in the absence of FANCJ, the majority of FANCD2 is degraded by both the proteasome and Caspase-3 dependent mechanism. FANCJ is capable of complexing with and stabilizing FANCD2 even in the absence of a functional helicase domain. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that FANCJ is important for FANCD2 stability and proper activation of DNA damage responses to replication blocks induced by hydroxyurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Josephine C. Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Castella M, Jacquemont C, Thompson EL, Yeo JE, Cheung RS, Huang JW, Sobeck A, Hendrickson EA, Taniguchi T. FANCI Regulates Recruitment of the FA Core Complex at Sites of DNA Damage Independently of FANCD2. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005563. [PMID: 26430909 PMCID: PMC4592014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA)-BRCA pathway mediates repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The FA core complex, a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, participates in the detection of DNA lesions and monoubiquitinates two downstream FA proteins, FANCD2 and FANCI (or the ID complex). However, the regulation of the FA core complex itself is poorly understood. Here we show that the FA core complex proteins are recruited to sites of DNA damage and form nuclear foci in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. ATR kinase activity, an intact FA core complex and FANCM-FAAP24 were crucial for this recruitment. Surprisingly, FANCI, but not its partner FANCD2, was needed for efficient FA core complex foci formation. Monoubiquitination or ATR-dependent phosphorylation of FANCI were not required for the FA core complex recruitment, but FANCI deubiquitination by USP1 was. Additionally, BRCA1 was required for efficient FA core complex foci formation. These findings indicate that FANCI functions upstream of FA core complex recruitment independently of FANCD2, and alter the current view of the FA-BRCA pathway. Fanconi anemia is a genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital malformations and cancer predisposition. Cells derived from Fanconi anemia patients have a dysfunctional FA-BRCA pathway and are deficient in the repair of a specific form of DNA damage, DNA interstrand-crosslinks, that are induced by certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, the study of FA-BRCA pathway regulation is essential for developing new treatments for Fanconi anemia patients and cancer patients in general. One of the first steps in the pathway is the detection of DNA lesions by the FA core complex. We have optimized a method to visualize the recruitment of the FA core complex to sites of DNA damage and, for the first time, explored how this process occurs. We have uncovered several factors that are required for this recruitment. Among them is a FA core complex substrate, FANCI. We report that non-phosphorylated FANCI, previously believed to be an inactive form, has an important role in the recruitment of the FA core complex and DNA interstrand-crosslink repair. Our findings change the current view of the FA-BRCA pathway and have implications for potential clinical strategies aimed at activating or inhibiting the FA-BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castella
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Celine Jacquemont
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Thompson
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jung Eun Yeo
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Cheung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Sobeck
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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121
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Dai CH, Li J, Chen P, Jiang HG, Wu M, Chen YC. RNA interferences targeting the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway upstream genes reverse cisplatin resistance in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:77. [PMID: 26385482 PMCID: PMC4575453 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agent for lung cancer. The therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin is limited by the development of resistance. In this study, we test the effect of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway upstream genes on the sensitivity of cisplatin-sensitive (A549 and SK-MES-1) and -resistant (A549/DDP) lung cancer cells to cisplatin. RESULT Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 inhibited function of the FA/BRCA pathway in A549, A549/DDP and SK-MES-1 cells, and potentiated sensitivity of the three cells to cisplatin. The extent of proliferation inhibition induced by cisplatin after knockdown of FANCF and/or FANCL in A549/DDP cells was significantly greater than in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, suggesting that depletion of FANCF and/or FANCL can reverse resistance of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells to cisplatin. Furthermore, knockdown of FANCL resulted in higher cisplatin sensitivity and dramatically elevated apoptosis rates compared with knockdown of FANCF in A549/DDP cells, indicating that FANCL play an important role in the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION Knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 by RNAi could synergize the effect of cisplatin on suppressing cell proliferation in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through inhibition of FA/BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - He-Guo Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ming Wu
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
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122
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Zhang P, Sridharan D, Lambert MW. Nuclear α Spectrin Differentially Affects Monoubiquitinated Versus Non-Ubiquitinated FANCD2 Function After DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Damage. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:671-83. [PMID: 26297932 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonerythroid α spectrin (αIISp) and the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein, FANCD2, play critical roles in DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair during S phase. Both are needed for recruitment of repair proteins, such as XPF, to sites of damage and repair of ICLs. However, the relationship between them in ICL repair and whether αIISp is involved in FANCD2's function in repair is unclear. The present studies show that, after ICL formation, FANCD2 disassociates from αIISp and localizes, before αIISp, at sites of damage in nuclear foci. αIISp and FANCD2 foci do not co-localize, in contrast to our previous finding that αIISp and the ICL repair protein, XPF, co-localize and follow a similar time course for formation. Knock-down of αIISp has no effect on monoubiquitination of FANCD2 (FANCD2-Ub) or its localization to chromatin or foci, though it leads to decreased ICL repair. Studies using cells from FA patients, defective in ICL repair and αIISp, have elucidated an important role for αIISp in the function of non-Ub FANCD2. In FA complementation group A (FA-A) cells, in which FANCD2 is not monoubiquitinated and does not form damage-induced foci, we demonstrate that restoration of αIISp levels to normal, by knocking down the protease μ-calpain, leads to formation of non-Ub FANCD2 foci after ICL damage. Since restoration of αIISp levels in FA-A cells restores DNA repair and cell survival, we propose that αIISp is critical for recruitment of non-Ub FANCD2 to sites of damage, which has an important role in the repair response and ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Deepa Sridharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
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Shen Y, Zhang J, Yu H, Fei P. Advances in the understanding of Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein (FANCD2) in human cancer. CANCER CELL & MICROENVIRONMENT 2015; 2:e986. [PMID: 26640811 PMCID: PMC4667986 DOI: 10.14800/ccm.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare human genetic disease, resulting from dysfunction in any of 17 known complementation proteins: FANC-A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q & S, and other unknowns. Besides the severe bone marrow failure, an extremely high incidence of cancer as well as many other clinic symptoms associated with FA patients, FA cells are known of insufficiency in homologous recombination, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, translesion DNA synthesis, and other molecular defects, leading to genome instability. Those similar molecular and cellular/tissue features show that all FA proteins function in one common signaling pathway, namely, the FA pathway. The monoubiquitination of FANCD2 is the central step of the FA pathway activation upon DNA damage or during DNA replication. The molecular functions of FANCD2 emerge as a very attractive filed of investigation in cancer research. Herein, we review the recent progresses in FANCD2 functions at these rapidly progressed aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Shen
- Divisions of Cancer Biology University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, MN, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- Divisions of Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Peiwen Fei
- Divisions of Cancer Biology University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Ermolaeva MA, Dakhovnik A, Schumacher B. Quality control mechanisms in cellular and systemic DNA damage responses. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:3-11. [PMID: 25560147 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the genome is of pivotal importance for the functional integrity of cells and tissues. The gradual accumulation of DNA damage is thought to contribute to the functional decline of tissues and organs with ageing. Defects in multiple genome maintenance systems cause human disorders characterized by cancer susceptibility, developmental failure, and premature ageing. The complex pathological consequences of genome instability are insufficiently explained by cell-autonomous DNA damage responses (DDR) alone. Quality control pathways play an important role in DNA repair and cellular DDR pathways. Recent years have revealed non-cell autonomous effects of DNA damage that impact the physiological adaptations during ageing. We will discuss the role of quality assurance pathways in cell-autonomous and systemic responses to genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ermolaeva
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alexander Dakhovnik
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Large-scale RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of 4043 Cancers and 548 Normal Tissue Controls across 12 TCGA Cancer Types. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13413. [PMID: 26292924 PMCID: PMC4544034 DOI: 10.1038/srep13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has accrued RNA-Seq-based transcriptome data for more than 4000 cancer tissue samples across 12 cancer types, translating these data into biological insights remains a major challenge. We analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of 4043 cancer and 548 normal tissue samples from 21 TCGA cancer types, and created a comprehensive catalog of gene expression alterations for each cancer type. By clustering genes into co-regulated gene sets, we identified seven cross-cancer gene signatures altered across a diverse panel of primary human cancer samples. A 14-gene signature extracted from these seven cross-cancer gene signatures precisely differentiated between cancerous and normal samples, the predictive accuracy of leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) were 92.04%, 96.23%, 91.76%, 90.05%, 88.17%, 94.29%, and 99.10% for BLCA, BRCA, COAD, HNSC, LIHC, LUAD, and LUSC, respectively. A lung cancer-specific gene signature, containing SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes, accurately distinguished lung cancer from other cancer samples, the predictive accuracy of LOOCV for TCGA and GSE5364 data were 95.68% and 100%, respectively. These gene signatures provide rich insights into the transcriptional programs that trigger tumorigenesis and metastasis, and many genes in the signature gene panels may be of significant value to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Spinella JF, Healy J, Saillour V, Richer C, Cassart P, Ouimet M, Sinnett D. Whole-exome sequencing of a rare case of familial childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals putative predisposing mutations in Fanconi anemia genes. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26201965 PMCID: PMC4512039 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. While the multi-step model of pediatric leukemogenesis suggests interplay between constitutional and somatic genomes, the role of inherited genetic variability remains largely undescribed. Nonsyndromic familial ALL, although extremely rare, provides the ideal setting to study inherited contributions to ALL. Toward this goal, we sequenced the exomes of a childhood ALL family consisting of mother, father and two non-twinned siblings diagnosed with concordant pre-B hyperdiploid ALL and previously shown to have inherited a rare form of PRDM9, a histone H3 methyltransferase involved in crossing-over at recombination hotspots and Holliday junctions. We postulated that inheritance of additional rare disadvantaging variants in predisposing cancer genes could affect genomic stability and lead to increased risk of hyperdiploid ALL within this family. METHODS Whole exomes were captured using Agilent's SureSelect kit and sequenced on the Life Technologies SOLiD System. We applied a data reduction strategy to identify candidate variants shared by both affected siblings. Under a recessive disease model, we focused on rare non-synonymous or frame-shift variants in leukemia predisposing pathways. RESULTS Though the family was nonsyndromic, we identified a combination of rare variants in Fanconi anemia (FA) genes FANCP/SLX4 (compound heterozygote - rs137976282/rs79842542) and FANCA (rs61753269) and a rare homozygous variant in the Holliday junction resolvase GEN1 (rs16981869). These variants, predicted to affect protein function, were previously identified in familial breast cancer cases. Based on our in-house database of 369 childhood ALL exomes, the sibs were the only patients to carry this particularly rare combination and only a single hyperdiploid patient was heterozygote at both FANCP/SLX4 positions, while no FANCA variant allele carriers were identified. FANCA is the most commonly mutated gene in FA and is essential for resolving DNA interstrand cross-links during replication. FANCP/SLX4 and GEN1 are involved in the cleavage of Holliday junctions and their mutated forms, in combination with the rare allele of PRDM9, could alter Holliday junction resolution leading to nondisjunction of chromosomes and segregation defects. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that concomitant inheritance of rare variants in FANCA, FANCP/SLX4 and GEN1 on the specific genetic background of this familial case, could lead to increased genomic instability, hematopoietic dysfunction, and higher risk of childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine Healy
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Virginie Saillour
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Chantal Richer
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Pauline Cassart
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Manon Ouimet
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal (Québec), H3T 1C5, Canada.
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127
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Kato Y, Alavattam KG, Sin HS, Meetei AR, Pang Q, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. FANCB is essential in the male germline and regulates H3K9 methylation on the sex chromosomes during meiosis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5234-49. [PMID: 26123487 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive X-linked and autosomal genetic disease associated with bone marrow failure and increased cancer, as well as severe germline defects such as hypogonadism and germ cell depletion. Although deficiencies in FA factors are commonly associated with germ cell defects, it remains unknown whether the FA pathway is involved in unique epigenetic events in germ cells. In this study, we generated Fancb mutant mice, the first mouse model of X-linked FA, and identified a novel function of the FA pathway in epigenetic regulation during mammalian gametogenesis. Fancb mutant mice were infertile and exhibited primordial germ cell (PGC) defects during embryogenesis. Further, Fancb mutation resulted in the reduction of undifferentiated spermatogonia in spermatogenesis, suggesting that FANCB regulates the maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonia. Additionally, based on functional studies, we dissected the pathway in which FANCB functions during meiosis. The localization of FANCB on sex chromosomes is dependent on MDC1, a binding partner of H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 (γH2AX), which initiates chromosome-wide silencing. Also, FANCB is required for FANCD2 localization during meiosis, suggesting that the role of FANCB in the activation of the FA pathway is common to both meiosis and somatic DNA damage responses. H3K9me2, a silent epigenetic mark, was decreased on sex chromosomes, whereas H3K9me3 was increased on sex chromosomes in Fancb mutant spermatocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that FANCB functions at critical stages of germ cell development and reveal a novel function of the FA pathway in the regulation of H3K9 methylation in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kato
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Ho-Su Sin
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
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128
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Solomon PJ, Margaret P, Rajendran R, Ramalingam R, Menezes GA, Shirley AS, Lee SJ, Seong MW, Park SS, Seol D, Seo SH. A case report and literature review of Fanconi Anemia (FA) diagnosed by genetic testing. Ital J Pediatr 2015; 41:38. [PMID: 25953249 PMCID: PMC4438458 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital malformations, hematological problems and predisposition to malignancies. The genes that have been found to be mutated in FA patients are called FANC. To date 16 distinct FANC genes have been reported. Among these, mutations in FANCA are the most frequent among FA patients worldwide which account for 60- 65%. In this study, a nine years old male child was brought to our hospital one year ago for opinion and advice. He was the third child born to consanguineous parents. The mutation analyses were performed for proband, parents, elder sibling and the relatives [maternal aunt and maternal aunt’s son (cousin)]. Molecular genetic testing [targeted next-generation sequencing (MiSeq, Illumina method)] was performed by mutation analysis in 15 genes involved. Entire coding exons and their flanking regions of the genes were analysed. Sanger sequencing [(ABI 3730 analyzer by Applied Biosystems)] was performed using primers specific for 43 coding exons of the FANCA gene. A novel splice site mutation, c.3066 + 1G > T, (IVS31 + 1G > T), homozygote was detected by sequencing in the patient. The above sequence variant was identified in heterozygous state in his parents. Further, the above sequence variant was not identified in other family members (elder sibling, maternal aunt and cousin). It is concluded that genetic study should be done if possible in all the cases of suspected FA, including siblings, parents and close blood relatives. It will help us to plan appropriate treatment and also to select suitable donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and to plan for genetic counseling. In addition to the case report, the main focus of this manuscript was to review literature on role of FANCA gene in FA since large number of FANCA mutations and polymorphisms have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnumony John Solomon
- Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Priya Margaret
- Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Ramya Rajendran
- Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Revathy Ramalingam
- Department of Physiology/Central research laboratory (CRL), Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Godfred A Menezes
- College of Applied Medical Sciences and Molecular Diagnostics and Personalised Therapeutics Unit (MDPTU), Ha'il University, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). .,Worked previously as in-charge and scientist in Central Research Laboratory (CRL), Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Alph S Shirley
- Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 044, India.
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dodam Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Soo Hyun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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129
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Sommers JA, Suhasini AN, Brosh RM. Protein degradation pathways regulate the functions of helicases in the DNA damage response and maintenance of genomic stability. Biomolecules 2015; 5:590-616. [PMID: 25906194 PMCID: PMC4496686 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of helicases or helicase-like proteins, often mediated by ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways, plays important regulatory roles in cellular mechanisms that respond to DNA damage or replication stress. The Bloom’s syndrome helicase (BLM) provides an example of how helicase degradation pathways, regulated by post-translational modifications and protein interactions with components of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair pathway, influence cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and replication restart. The FANCM DNA translocase can be targeted by checkpoint kinases that exert dramatic effects on FANCM stability and chromosomal integrity. Other work provides evidence that degradation of the F-box DNA helicase (FBH1) helps to balance translesion synthesis (TLS) and homologous recombination (HR) repair at blocked replication forks. Degradation of the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF), a DNA translocase and ubiquitylating enzyme, influences the choice of post replication repair (PRR) pathway. Stability of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) involved in the replication stress response is regulated by its acetylation. Turning to transcription, stability of the Cockayne Syndrome Group B DNA translocase (CSB) implicated in transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is regulated by a CSA ubiquitin ligase complex enabling recovery of RNA synthesis. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that helicases can be targeted for degradation to maintain genome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Sommers
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Avvaru N Suhasini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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130
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Chen X, Bosques L, Sung P, Kupfer GM. A novel role for non-ubiquitinated FANCD2 in response to hydroxyurea-induced DNA damage. Oncogene 2015; 35:22-34. [PMID: 25893307 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease of bone marrow failure, cancer susceptibility, and sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. FANCD2, the central protein of the FA pathway, is monoubiquitinated upon DNA damage, such as crosslinkers and replication blockers such as hydroxyurea (HU). Even though FA cells demonstrate unequivocal sensitivity to crosslinkers, such as mitomycin C (MMC), we find that they are largely resistant to HU, except for cells absent for expression of FANCD2. FANCD2, RAD51 and RAD18 form a complex, which is enhanced upon HU exposure. Surprisingly, although FANCD2 is required for this enhanced interaction, its monoubiquitination is not. Similarly, non-ubiquitinated FANCD2 can still support proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination. RAD51, but not BRCA2, is also required for PCNA monoubiquitination in response to HU, suggesting that this function is independent of homologous recombination (HR). We further show that translesion (TLS) polymerase PolH chromatin localization is decreased in FANCD2 deficient cells, FANCD2 siRNA knockdown cells and RAD51 siRNA knockdown cells, and PolH knockdown results in HU sensitivity only. Our data suggest that FANCD2 and RAD51 have an important role in PCNA monoubiquitination and TLS in a FANCD2 monoubiquitination and HR-independent manner in response to HU. This effect is not observed with MMC treatment, suggesting a non-canonical function for the FA pathway in response to different types of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L Bosques
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - P Sung
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G M Kupfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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131
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Chen YH, Jones MJK, Yin Y, Crist SB, Colnaghi L, Sims RJ, Rothenberg E, Jallepalli PV, Huang TT. ATR-mediated phosphorylation of FANCI regulates dormant origin firing in response to replication stress. Mol Cell 2015; 58:323-38. [PMID: 25843623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excess dormant origins bound by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) replicative helicase complex play a critical role in preventing replication stress, chromosome instability, and tumorigenesis. In response to DNA damage, replicating cells must coordinate DNA repair and dormant origin firing to ensure complete and timely replication of the genome; how cells regulate this process remains elusive. Herein, we identify a member of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, FANCI, as a key effector of dormant origin firing in response to replication stress. Cells lacking FANCI have reduced number of origins, increased inter-origin distances, and slowed proliferation rates. Intriguingly, ATR-mediated FANCI phosphorylation inhibits dormant origin firing while promoting replication fork restart/DNA repair. Using super-resolution microscopy, we show that FANCI co-localizes with MCM-bound chromatin in response to replication stress. These data reveal a unique role for FANCI as a modulator of dormant origin firing and link timely genome replication to DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mathew J K Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sarah B Crist
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert J Sims
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Prasad V Jallepalli
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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132
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Genetic variants in DNA repair genes as potential predictive markers for oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:505-12. [PMID: 25778469 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy exerts its effects through generating DNA damage. Hence, genetic variants in DNA repair pathways could modulate treatment response. We used a prospective cohort of 623 colorectal cancer patients with stage II-IV disease treated with adjuvant/palliative chemotherapy to comprehensively investigate 1727 genetic variants in the DNA repair pathways as potential predictive markers for oxaliplatin treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associations with overall survival and recurrence-free survival were assessed using a Cox regression model. Pathway analysis was performed using the gamma method. Patients carrying variant alleles of rs3783819 (MNAT1) and rs1043953 (XPC) experienced a longer overall survival after treatment with oxaliplatin than patients who did not carry the variant allele, while the opposite association was found in patients who were not treated with oxaliplatin (false discovery rate-adjusted P-values for heterogeneity 0.0047 and 0.0237, respectively). The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway was found to be most likely associated with overall survival in patients who received oxaliplatin (P-value=0.002). Our data show that genetic variants in the NER pathway are potentially predictive of treatment response to oxaliplatin.
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133
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Herrmann NJ, Knoll A, Puchta H. The nuclease FAN1 is involved in DNA crosslink repair in Arabidopsis thaliana independently of the nuclease MUS81. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3653-66. [PMID: 25779053 PMCID: PMC4402529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a severe genetic disorder. Mutations in one of several genes lead to defects in DNA crosslink (CL) repair in human cells. An essential step in CL repair is the activation of the pathway by the monoubiquitination of the heterodimer FANCD2/FANCI, which recruits the nuclease FAN1 to the CL site. Surprisingly, FAN1 function is not conserved between different eukaryotes. No FAN1 homolog is present in Drosophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The FAN1 homolog in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is involved in CL repair; a homolog is present in Xenopus but is not involved in CL repair. Here we show that a FAN1 homolog is present in plants and it is involved in CL repair in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both the virus-type replication-repair nuclease and the ubiquitin-binding ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domains are essential for this function. FAN1 likely acts upstream of two sub-pathways of CL repair. These pathways are defined by the Bloom syndrome homolog RECQ4A and the ATPase RAD5A, which is involved in error-free post-replicative repair. Mutations in both FAN1 and the endonuclease MUS81 resulted in greater sensitivity against CLs than in the respective single mutants. These results indicate that the two nucleases define two independent pathways of CL repair in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Herrmann
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Alexander Knoll
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
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134
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DNA damage response – A double-edged sword in cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 358:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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135
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Owen N, Hejna J, Rennie S, Mitchell A, Newell AH, Ziaie N, Moses RE, Olson SB. Bloom syndrome radials are predominantly non-homologous and are suppressed by phosphorylated BLM. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 144:255-263. [PMID: 25766002 DOI: 10.1159/000375247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in BLM cause Bloom syndrome (BS), a genome instability disorder characterized by growth retardation, sun sensitivity and a predisposition to cancer. As evidence of decreased genome stability, BS cells demonstrate not only elevated levels of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), but also exhibit chromosomal radial formation. The molecular nature and mechanism of radial formation is not known, but radials have been thought to be DNA recombination intermediates between homologs that failed to resolve. However, we find that radials in BS cells occur over 95% between non-homologous chromosomes, and occur non-randomly throughout the genome. BLM must be phosphorylated at T99 and T122 for certain cell cycle checkpoints, but it is not known whether these modifications are necessary to suppress radial formation. We find that exogenous BLM constructs preventing phosphorylation at T99 and T122 are not able to suppress radial formation in BS cells, but are able to inhibit SCE formation. These findings indicate that BLM functions in 2 distinct pathways requiring different modifications. In one pathway, for which the phosphorylation marks appear dispensable, BLM functions to suppress SCE formation. In a second pathway, T99 and T122 phosphorylations are essential for suppression of chromosomal radial formation, both those formed spontaneously and those formed following interstrand crosslink damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Owen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
| | - James Hejna
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Scott Rennie
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Asia Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Amy Hanlon Newell
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Navid Ziaie
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Robb E Moses
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX 77030
| | - Susan B Olson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park, Portland, OR 97239
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136
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Panneerselvam J, Pickering A, Han B, Li L, Zheng J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Fei P. Basal level of FANCD2 monoubiquitination is required for the maintenance of a sufficient number of licensed-replication origins to fire at a normal rate. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1326-37. [PMID: 24658369 PMCID: PMC4012723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal DNA replication starts following the stepwise recruitment of replication initiators to assemble Mini-chromosome Maintenance (MCM) 2-7 protein complexes at an adequate amount of DNA replication origins. Under normal conditions, the monoubiquitination of Fanconi Anemia (FA) group D2 protein (FANCD2) occurs in each S-phase of cell cycle, which is the basal level of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. However, little is known regarding the roles of this basal level of monoubiquitinated FANCD2. Here we show that monoubiquitinated FANCD2 in each S-phase of normal cell cycle is essential for replication origins to fire at a normal rate. We found that the basal level of the monoubiquitinated FANCD2 can interact with replication origins as well as mini-chromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3) in an S-phase specific manner to secure an enough number of the licensed-origins to fire. Non-monoubiquitinated FANCD2 or mutant MCM3 lacking AA 477-480 responsible for interacting with FANCD2 can lead to an insufficient amount of licensed origins to fire and, thereby, enlarged intervals between the fired origins. Our results demonstrate that the monoubiquitinated FANCD2 in each S-phase of normal cell cycle is required to maintain an enough number of licensed origins to initiate the normal DNA replication. This finding is the first to provide insights into how FANCD2 functions under normal condition of cell cycle to maintain genome stability, as well as resulting implications in the strategic improvement for the fight against human cancer.
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137
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Kim TM, Son MY, Dodds S, Hu L, Luo G, Hasty P. RECQL5 and BLM exhibit divergent functions in cells defective for the Fanconi anemia pathway. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:893-903. [PMID: 25520194 PMCID: PMC4333386 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) patients exhibit bone marrow failure, developmental defects and cancer. The FA pathway maintains chromosomal stability in concert with replication fork maintenance and DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathways including RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). RAD51 is a recombinase that maintains replication forks and repairs DSBs, but also rearranges chromosomes. Two RecQ helicases, RECQL5 and Bloom syndrome mutated (BLM) suppress HR through nonredundant mechanisms. Here we test the impact deletion of RECQL5 and BLM has on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells deleted for FANCB, a member of the FA core complex. We show that RECQL5, but not BLM, conferred resistance to mitomycin C (MMC, an interstrand crosslinker) and camptothecin (CPT, a type 1 topoisomerase inhibitor) in FANCB-defective cells. RECQL5 suppressed, while BLM caused, breaks and radials in FANCB-deleted cells exposed to CPT or MMC, respectively. RECQL5 protected the nascent replication strand from MRE11-mediated degradation and restarted stressed replication forks in a manner additive to FANCB. By contrast BLM restarted, but did not protect, replication forks in a manner epistatic to FANCB. RECQL5 also lowered RAD51 levels in FANCB-deleted cells at stressed replication sites implicating a rearrangement avoidance mechanism. Thus, RECQL5 and BLM impact FANCB-defective cells differently in response to replication stress with relevance to chemotherapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Moon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Mi Young Son
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Sherry Dodds
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Lingchuan Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, BRB-720, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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138
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Economopoulou P, Dimitriadis G, Psyrri A. Beyond BRCA: New hereditary breast cancer susceptibility genes. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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139
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Jamsai D, O'Connor AE, O'Donnell L, Lo JCY, O'Bryan MK. Uncoupling of transcription and translation of Fanconi anemia (FANC) complex proteins during spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 5:e979061. [PMID: 26413409 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Male germ cell genome integrity is critical for spermatogenesis, fertility and normal development of the offspring. Several DNA repair pathways exist in male germ cells. One such important pathway is the Fanconi anemia (FANC) pathway. Unlike in somatic cells, expression profiles and the role of the FANC pathway in germ cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we undertook an extensive expression analyses at both mRNA and protein levels of key components of the FANC pathway during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Herein we show that Fanc mRNAs and proteins displayed developmental enrichment within particular male germ cell types. Spermatogonia and pre-leptotene spermatocytes contained the majority of the FANC components examined i.e. complex I members FANCB, FANCG and FANCM, complex II members FANCD2 and FANCI, and complex III member FANCJ. Leptotene, zygotene and early pachytene spermatocytes contained FANCB, FANCG, FANCM and FANCD2. With the exception of FANCL, all FANC proteins examined were not detected in round spermatids. Elongating and elongated spermatids contained FANCB, FANCG, FANCL and FANCJ. qPCR analysis on isolated spermatocytes and round spermatids showed that Fancg, Fancl, Fancm, Fancd2, Fanci and Fancj mRNAs were expressed in both of these germ cell types, indicating that some degree of translational repression of these FANC proteins occurs during the transition from meiosis to spermiogenesis. Taken together, our findings raise the possibility that the assembly of FANC protein complexes in each of the male germ cell type is unique and may be distinct from the proposed model in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Jamsai
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne E O'Connor
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza O'Donnell
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia ; MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research ; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Chi Yi Lo
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Nursing and Health Sciences; Monash University ; Victoria, Australia
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140
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Rajendra E, Garaycoechea JI, Patel KJ, Passmore LA. Abundance of the Fanconi anaemia core complex is regulated by the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13736-48. [PMID: 25428364 PMCID: PMC4267650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genome instability disease caused by defects in the FA DNA repair pathway that senses and repairs damage caused by DNA interstrand crosslinks. At least 8 of the 16 genes found mutated in FA encode proteins that assemble into the FA core complex, a multisubunit monoubiquitin E3 ligase. Here, we show that the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases co-purify with FA core complex isolated under stringent but native conditions from a vertebrate cell line. Depletion of the RuvBL1-RuvBL2 complex in human cells causes hallmark features of FA including DNA crosslinker sensitivity, chromosomal instability and defective FA pathway activation. Genetic knockout of RuvBL1 in a murine model is embryonic lethal while conditional inactivation in the haematopoietic stem cell pool confers profound aplastic anaemia. Together these findings reveal a function for RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in DNA repair through a physical and functional association with the FA core complex. Surprisingly, depletion of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 leads to co-depletion of the FA core complex in human cells. This suggests that a potential mechanism for the role of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in maintaining genome integrity is through controlling the cellular abundance of FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeson Rajendra
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lori A Passmore
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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141
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Gwon GH, Kim Y, Liu Y, Watson AT, Jo A, Etheridge TJ, Yuan F, Zhang Y, Kim Y, Carr AM, Cho Y. Crystal structure of a Fanconi anemia-associated nuclease homolog bound to 5' flap DNA: basis of interstrand cross-link repair by FAN1. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2276-90. [PMID: 25319828 PMCID: PMC4201288 DOI: 10.1101/gad.248492.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defects in FA genes responsible for processing DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). FA-associated nuclease (FAN1) is recruited to lesions by a monoubiquitinated FANCI–FANCD2 (ID) complex and participates in ICL repair. Here, Gwon et al. determined the crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FAN1 (PaFAN1) lacking the UBZ (ubiquitin-binding zinc) domain in complex with 5′ flap DNA. The PaFAN1 structure provides insights into how FAN1 integrates with the FA complex to participate in ICL repair. Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defects in any of 15 FA genes responsible for processing DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The ultimate outcome of the FA pathway is resolution of cross-links, which requires structure-selective nucleases. FA-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) is believed to be recruited to lesions by a monoubiquitinated FANCI–FANCD2 (ID) complex and participates in ICL repair. Here, we determined the crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FAN1 (PaFAN1) lacking the UBZ (ubiquitin-binding zinc) domain in complex with 5′ flap DNA. All four domains of the right-hand-shaped PaFAN1 are involved in DNA recognition, with each domain playing a specific role in bending DNA at the nick. The six-helix bundle that binds the junction connects to the catalytic viral replication and repair (VRR) nuclease (VRR nuc) domain, enabling FAN1 to incise the scissile phosphate a few bases distant from the junction. The six-helix bundle also inhibits the cleavage of intact Holliday junctions. PaFAN1 shares several conserved features with other flap structure-selective nucleases despite structural differences. A clamping motion of the domains around the wedge helix, which acts as a pivot, facilitates nucleolytic cleavage. The PaFAN1 structure provides insights into how archaeal Holliday junction resolvases evolved to incise 5′ flap substrates and how FAN1 integrates with the FA complex to participate in ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Hyeon Gwon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Youngran Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Adam T Watson
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aera Jo
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Thomas J Etheridge
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - YoungChang Kim
- Biosciences Division, Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Anthony M Carr
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yunje Cho
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea;
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142
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Sawyer SL, Tian L, Kähkönen M, Schwartzentruber J, Kircher M, Majewski J, Dyment DA, Innes AM, Boycott KM, Moreau LA, Moilanen JS, Greenberg RA. Biallelic mutations in BRCA1 cause a new Fanconi anemia subtype. Cancer Discov 2014; 5:135-42. [PMID: 25472942 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deficiency in BRCA-dependent DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair is intimately connected to breast cancer susceptibility and to the rare developmental syndrome Fanconi anemia. Bona fide Fanconi anemia proteins, BRCA2 (FANCD1), PALB2 (FANCN), and BRIP1 (FANCJ), interact with BRCA1 during ICL repair. However, the lack of detailed phenotypic and cellular characterization of a patient with biallelic BRCA1 mutations has precluded assignment of BRCA1 as a definitive Fanconi anemia susceptibility gene. Here, we report the presence of biallelic BRCA1 mutations in a woman with multiple congenital anomalies consistent with a Fanconi anemia-like disorder and breast cancer at age 23. Patient cells exhibited deficiency in BRCA1 and RAD51 localization to DNA-damage sites, combined with radial chromosome formation and hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing agents. Restoration of these functions was achieved by ectopic introduction of a BRCA1 transgene. These observations provide evidence in support of BRCA1 as a new Fanconi anemia gene (FANCS). SIGNIFICANCE We establish that biallelic BRCA1 mutations cause a distinct FA-S, which has implications for risk counselling in families where both parents harbor BRCA1 mutations. The genetic basis of hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes provides diagnostic information, insights into treatment strategies, and more accurate recurrence risk counseling to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Sawyer
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marketta Kähkönen
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Martin Kircher
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Moreau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pediatrics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jukka S Moilanen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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143
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Ezzati M, Abdullah A, Shariftabrizi A, Hou J, Kopf M, Stedman JK, Samuelson R, Shahabi S. Recent Advancements in Prognostic Factors of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:953509. [PMID: 27382614 PMCID: PMC4897239 DOI: 10.1155/2014/953509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most common cause of gynecologic cancer-related death among women in developed countries. Nevertheless, subgroups of ovarian cancer patients experience relatively longer survival. Efforts to identify prognostic factors that characterize such patients are ongoing, with investigational areas including tumor characteristics, surgical management, inheritance patterns, immunologic factors, and genomic patterns. This review discusses various demographic, clinical, and molecular factors implicating longevity and ovarian cancer survival. Continued efforts at identifying these prognosticators may result in invaluable adjuncts to the treatment of ovarian cancer, with the ultimate goal of advancing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ezzati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amer Abdullah
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Danbury Hospital, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Ahmad Shariftabrizi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - June Hou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Montefiore Centennial, 3332 Rochambeau Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467-2836, USA
| | - Michael Kopf
- Department of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Stedman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Danbury Hospital, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Robert Samuelson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Danbury Hospital, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Shohreh Shahabi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Danbury Hospital, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
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144
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Burdak-Rothkamm S, Rothkamm K, McClelland K, Al Rashid ST, Prise KM. BRCA1, FANCD2 and Chk1 are potential molecular targets for the modulation of a radiation-induced DNA damage response in bystander cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:454-61. [PMID: 25304378 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important treatment option for many human cancers. Current research is investigating the use of molecular targeted drugs in order to improve responses to radiotherapy in various cancers. The cellular response to irradiation is driven by both direct DNA damage in the targeted cell and intercellular signalling leading to a broad range of bystander effects. This study aims to elucidate radiation-induced DNA damage response signalling in bystander cells and to identify potential molecular targets to modulate the radiation induced bystander response in a therapeutic setting. Stalled replication forks in T98G bystander cells were visualised via bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) nuclear foci detection at sites of single stranded DNA. γH2AX co-localised with these BrdU foci. BRCA1 and FANCD2 foci formed in T98G bystander cells. Using ATR mutant F02-98 hTERT and ATM deficient GM05849 fibroblasts it could be shown that ATR but not ATM was required for the recruitment of FANCD2 to sites of replication associated DNA damage in bystander cells whereas BRCA1 bystander foci were ATM-dependent. Phospho-Chk1 foci formation was observed in T98G bystander cells. Clonogenic survival assays showed moderate radiosensitisation of directly irradiated cells by the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 but increased radioresistance of bystander cells. This study identifies BRCA1, FANCD2 and Chk1 as potential targets for the modulation of radiation response in bystander cells. It adds to our understanding of the key molecular events propagating out-of-field effects of radiation and provides a rationale for the development of novel molecular targeted drugs for radiotherapy optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton/Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Keeva McClelland
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shahnaz T Al Rashid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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145
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Emerging roles for centromere-associated proteins in DNA repair and genetic recombination. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1726-30. [PMID: 24256282 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Centromere proteins CENP-S and CENP-X are members of the constitutive centromere-associated network, which is a conserved group of proteins that are needed for the assembly and function of kinetochores at centromeres. Intriguingly CENP-S and CENP-X have alter egos going by the names of MHF1 (FANCM-associated histone-fold protein 1) and MHF2 respectively. In this guise they function with a DNA translocase called FANCM (Fanconi's anemia complementation group M) to promote DNA repair and homologous recombination. In the present review we discuss current knowledge of the biological roles of CENP-S and CENP-X and how their dual existence may be a common feature of CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network) proteins.
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146
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Zhu B, Yan K, Li L, Lin M, Zhang S, He Q, Zheng D, Yang H, Shao G. K63-linked ubiquitination of FANCG is required for its association with the Rap80-BRCA1 complex to modulate homologous recombination repair of DNA interstand crosslinks. Oncogene 2014; 34:2867-78. [PMID: 25132264 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are extremely deleterious lesions that are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) through coordination of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) product, but the exact role these proteins have remains unclear. Here we report that FANCG was modified by the addition of lysine63-linked polyubiquitin chains (K63Ub) in response to DNA damage. We show that FANCG K63Ub was dispensable for monoubiquitination of FANCD2, but was required for FANCG to interact with the Rap80-BRCA1 (receptor-associated protein 80-BRCA1) complex for subsequent modulation of HR repair of ICLs induced by mitomycin C. Mutation of three lysine residues within FANCG to arginine (K182, K258 and K347, 3KR) reduced FANCG K63Ub modification, as well as its interaction with the Rap80-BRCA1 complex, and therefore impeded HR repair. In addition, we demonstrated that K63Ub-modified FANCG was deubiquitinated by BRCC36 complex in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of BRCC36 resulted in increased K63Ub modification of FANCG. Taken together, our results identify a new role of FANCG in HR repair of ICL through K63Ub-mediated interaction with the Rap80-BRCA1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhu
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China [2] Institute of Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - K Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - M Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Q He
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - D Zheng
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - H Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - G Shao
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China [2] Institute of Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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147
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FANCD2-controlled chromatin access of the Fanconi-associated nuclease FAN1 is crucial for the recovery of stalled replication forks. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3939-54. [PMID: 25135477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00457-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Within the FA pathway, an upstream core complex monoubiquitinates and recruits the FANCD2 protein to ICLs on chromatin. Ensuing DNA repair involves the Fanconi-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), which interacts selectively with monoubiquitinated FANCD2 (FANCD2(Ub)) at ICLs. Importantly, FANCD2 has additional independent functions: it binds chromatin and coordinates the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks in concert with the BLM helicase, while protecting forks from nucleolytic degradation by MRE11. We identified FAN1 as a new crucial replication fork recovery factor. FAN1 joins the BLM-FANCD2 complex following APH-mediated fork stalling in a manner dependent on MRE11 and FANCD2, followed by FAN1 nuclease-mediated fork restart. Surprisingly, APH-induced activation and chromatin recruitment of FAN1 occur independently of the FA core complex or the FAN1 UBZ domain, indicating that the FANCD2(Ub) isoform is dispensable for functional FANCD2-FAN1 cross talk during stalled fork recovery. In the absence of FANCD2, MRE11 exonuclease-promoted access of FAN1 to stalled forks results in severe FAN1-mediated nucleolytic degradation of nascent DNA strands. Thus, FAN1 nuclease activity at stalled replication forks requires tight regulation: too little inhibits fork restart, whereas too much causes fork degradation.
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148
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Abstract
Germline testing for familial predisposition to myeloid malignancies is becoming more common with the recognition of multiple familial syndromes. Currently, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-approved testing exists for the following: familial platelet disorder with propensity to acute myeloid leukemia, caused by mutations in RUNX1; familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia with mutated GATA2; familial acute myeloid leukemia with mutated CEBPA; and the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, including dyskeratosis congenita, a disease of abnormal telomere maintenance. With the recognition of additional families with a genetic component to their myeloid diseases, new predisposition alleles are likely to be identified. Awareness of the existence of these syndromes will facilitate proper genetic counseling, appropriate testing, and clinical management of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and the Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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149
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Bryant C, Rawlinson R, Massey AJ. Chk1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating triple-negative breast and ovarian cancers. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:570. [PMID: 25104095 PMCID: PMC4137066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chk1 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials as putative potentiators of cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. Chk1 inhibitors may exhibit single agent anti-tumor activity in cancers with underlying DNA repair, DNA damage response or DNA replication defects. Methods Here we describe the cellular effects of the pharmacological inhibition of the checkpoint kinase Chk1 by the novel inhibitor V158411 in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Cytotoxicity, the effect on DNA damage response and cell cycle along with the ability to potentiate gemcitabine and cisplatin cytotoxicity in cultured cells was investigated. Western blotting of proteins involved in DNA repair, checkpoint activation, cell cycle and apoptosis was used to identify potential predictive biomarkers of Chk1 inhibitor sensitivity. Results The Chk1 inhibitors V158411, PF-477736 and AZD7762 potently inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells as well as ovarian cancer cells, and these cell lines were sensitive compared to ER positive breast and other solid cancer cells lines. Inhibition of Chk1 in these sensitive cell lines induced DNA damage and caspase-3/7 dependent apoptosis. Western blot profiling identified pChk1 (S296) as a predictive biomarker of Chk1 inhibitor sensitivity in ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer and pH2AX (S139) in luminal breast cancer. Conclusions This finding suggests that Chk1 inhibitors either as single agents or in combination chemotherapy represents a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. pChk1 (S296) tumor expression levels could serve as a useful biomarker to stratify patients who might benefit from Chk1 inhibitor therapy.
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150
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Haitjema A, Mol BM, Kooi IE, Massink MPG, Jørgensen JAL, Rockx DAP, Rooimans MA, de Winter JP, Meijers-Heijboer H, Joenje H, Dorsman JC. Coregulation of FANCA and BRCA1 in human cells. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:381. [PMID: 25161863 PMCID: PMC4143540 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome associated with increased cancer predisposition. The underlying genes govern the FA pathway which functions to protect the genome during the S-phase of the cell cycle. While upregulation of FA genes has been linked to chemotherapy resistance, little is known about their regulation in response to proliferative stimuli. The purpose of this study was to examine how FA genes are regulated, especially in relation to the cell cycle, in order to reveal their possible participation in biochemical networks. Expression of 14 FA genes was monitored in two human cell-cycle models and in two RB1/E2F pathway-associated primary cancers, retinoblastoma and basal breast cancer. In silico studies were performed to further evaluate coregulation and identify connected networks and diseases. Only FANCA was consistently induced over 2-fold; FANCF failed to exhibit any regulatory fluctuations. Two tools exploiting public data sets indicated coregulation of FANCA with BRCA1. Upregulation of FANCA and BRCA1 correlated with upregulation of E2F3. Genes coregulated with both FANCA and BRCA1 were enriched for MeSH-Term id(s) genomic instability, microcephaly, and Bloom syndrome, and enriched for the cellular component centrosome. The regulation of FA genes appears highly divergent. In RB1-linked tumors, upregulation of FA network genes was associated with reduced expression of FANCF. FANCA and BRCA1 may jointly act in a subnetwork - supporting vital function(s) at the subcellular level (centrosome) as well as at the level of embryonic development (mechanisms controlling head circumference).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Haitjema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berber M Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irsan E Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten PG Massink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens AL Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davy AP Rockx
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P de Winter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Joenje
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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