101
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Sarlus H, Eyjolfsdottir H, Eriksdotter M, Oprica M, Schultzberg M. Influence of Allergy on Immunoglobulins and Amyloid-β in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:495-505. [PMID: 26402013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral inflammation has been suggested to influence the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers in the plasma of patients with AD indicate that a systemic pro-inflammatory status occurs concomitantly with inflammatory changes in the brain. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether allergy influences the levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). METHODS IgA, IgG, and its subclasses, IgM, and cytokines were analyzed in CSF and serum from patients with SCI, MCI, and AD, with or without allergy. The relation between allergy and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and between allergy and CSF biomarkers for AD (phosphorylated (p)-tau, total (t)-tau, amyloid-β 42 (Aβ₄₂), were analyzed. RESULTS In MCI, the CSF levels of IgG2 were lower in allergic patients, and in AD, the levels of IgA and the IgG1/total IgG ratio were lower in allergic patients, compared to patients without allergy. MCI subjects with allergy had higher serum IgM levels compared to those without allergy. CSF levels of Aβ₄₂ were lower and MMSE scores were higher in AD patients with allergy than in those without allergy. CONCLUSIONS The presence of allergy was associated with seemingly beneficial effects on AD as suggested by higher Aβ₄₂ levels in CSF, and higher MMSE scores. Higher IgM levels and lower other Ig classes suggest that allergy may influence senescence of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heela Sarlus
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer research, Section for Neurodegeneration, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helga Eyjolfsdottir
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer research, Section for Clinical Geriatrics, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer research, Section for Clinical Geriatrics, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mircea Oprica
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer research, Section for Neurodegeneration, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer research, Section for Neurodegeneration, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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102
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Jiang G, Yu C, Yadav DB, Hu Z, Amurao A, Duenas E, Wong M, Iverson M, Zheng K, Lam X, Chen J, Vega R, Ulufatu S, Leddy C, Davis H, Shen A, Wong PY, Harris R, Wang YJ, Li D. Evaluation of Heavy-Chain C-Terminal Deletion on Product Quality and Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2066-72. [PMID: 27262204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to their potential influence on stability, pharmacokinetics, and product consistency, antibody charge variants have attracted considerable attention in the biotechnology industry. Subtle to significant differences in the level of charge variants and new charge variants under various cell culture conditions are often observed during routine manufacturing or process changes and pose a challenge when demonstrating product comparability. To explore potential solutions to control charge heterogeneity, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with native, wild-type C-termini, and mutants with C-terminal deletions of either lysine or lysine and glycine were constructed, expressed, purified, and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Analytical and physiological characterization demonstrated that the mAb mutants had greatly reduced levels of basic variants without decreasing antibody biologic activity, structural stability, pharmacokinetics, or subcutaneous bioavailability in rats. This study provides a possible solution to mitigate mAb heterogeneity in C-terminal processing, improve batch-to-batch consistency, and facilitate the comparability study during process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Christopher Yu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Daniela B Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Annamarie Amurao
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Eileen Duenas
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Marc Wong
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Iverson
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kai Zheng
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xanthe Lam
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jia Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Roxanne Vega
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Cecilia Leddy
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Helen Davis
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy Shen
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pin Y Wong
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Reed Harris
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y John Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Dongwei Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
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103
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Gong Q, Hazen M, Marshall B, Crowell SR, Ou Q, Wong AW, Phung W, Vernes JM, Meng YG, Tejada M, Andersen D, Kelley RF. Increased in vivo effector function of human IgG4 isotype antibodies through afucosylation. MAbs 2016; 8:1098-106. [PMID: 27216702 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1189049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For some antibodies intended for use as human therapeutics, reduced effector function is desired to avoid toxicities that might be associated with depletion of target cells. Since effector function(s), including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), require the Fc portion to be glycosylated, reduced ADCC activity antibodies can be obtained through aglycosylation of the human IgG1 isotype. An alternative is to switch to an IgG4 isotype in which the glycosylated antibody is known to have reduced effector function relative to glycosylated IgG1 antibody. ADCC activity of glycosylated IgG1 antibodies is sensitive to the fucosylation status of the Fc glycan, with both in vitro and in vivo ADCC activity increased upon fucose removal ("afucosylation"). The effect of afucosylation on activity of IgG4 antibodies is less well characterized, but it has been shown to increase the in vitro ADCC activity of an anti-CD20 antibody. Here, we show that both in vitro and in vivo activity of anti-CD20 IgG4 isotype antibodies is increased via afucosylation. Using blends of material made in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Fut8KO-CHO cells, we show that ADCC activity of an IgG4 version of an anti-human CD20 antibody is directly proportional to the fucose content. In mice transgenic for human FcγRIIIa, afucosylation of an IgG4 anti-mouse CD20 antibody increases the B cell depletion activity to a level approaching that of the mIgG2a antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- a Department of Immunology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Meredith Hazen
- b Department of Antibody Engineering , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Brett Marshall
- c Department of Biological Technologies , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Susan R Crowell
- d Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Qinglin Ou
- a Department of Immunology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Athena W Wong
- e Department of Early Stage Cell Culture , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- f Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco CA , USA
| | - Jean-Michel Vernes
- g Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Y Gloria Meng
- g Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Max Tejada
- c Department of Biological Technologies , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Dana Andersen
- h Department of Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Robert F Kelley
- i Department of Drug Delivery , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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104
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van den Bremer ETJ, Beurskens FJ, Voorhorst M, Engelberts PJ, de Jong RN, van der Boom BG, Cook EM, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP, van Berkel PH, Parren PW. Human IgG is produced in a pro-form that requires clipping of C-terminal lysines for maximal complement activation. MAbs 2016; 7:672-80. [PMID: 26037225 PMCID: PMC4622059 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1046665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is produced with C-terminal lysines that are cleaved off in circulation. The function of this modification was unknown and generally thought not to affect antibody function. We recently reported that efficient C1q binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) requires IgG hexamerization at the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that C-terminal lysines may interfere with this process, leading to suboptimal C1q binding and CDC of cells opsonized with C-terminal lysine-containing IgG. After we removed these lysines with a carboxypeptidase, maximal complement activation was observed. Interestingly, IgG1 mutants containing either a negative C-terminal charge or multiple positive charges lost CDC almost completely; however, CDC was fully restored by mixing C-terminal mutants of opposite charge. Our data indicate a novel post-translational control mechanism of human IgG: human IgG molecules are produced in a pro-form in which charged C-termini interfere with IgG hexamer formation, C1q binding and CDC. To allow maximal complement activation, C-terminal lysine processing is required to release the antibody's full cytotoxic potential.
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105
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Whitehouse J, Flaxman A, Rollier C, O'Shea MK, Fallowfield J, Lindsay M, Gunner F, Knox K, Wyllie DH, Yamaguchi Y. Population variation in anti-S. aureus IgG isotypes influences surface protein A mediated immune subversion. Vaccine 2016; 34:1792-9. [PMID: 26921780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen which causes life-threatening infection, the incidence of which rises during adult life. This, together with the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the expansion of more susceptible elderly populations, represents the rationale for the ongoing development of S. aureus vaccines targeting adult populations. Humoral responses to S. aureus naturally develop early in life, influence susceptibility to infection, and potentially influence the effect of vaccination. Despite this, the nature of pre-existing anti-S. aureus antibodies in healthy adult populations is not fully characterised. METHODS Immunoglobulin levels against S. aureus surface antigens were measured by a filter membrane enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using fixed ΔSpA S. aureus as an antigen in serum samples obtained from three clinical cohorts comprising 133 healthy adult volunteers from 19 to 65 years of age. Functional capacity of antibody was also assessed, using antibody-mediated attachment of FITC-stained S. aureus to differentiated HL-60 cells. RESULTS Wide variation in the concentrations of immunoglobulins recognising S. aureus surface antigens was observed among individuals in all three cohorts. There was a decline of anti-S. aureus IgG1 with age, and a similar trend was observed in IgM, but not in IgA or other IgG sub-classes. Antibody mediated bacterial attachment to cells was associated with IgG1 and IgG3 concentrations in serum. The presence of SpA on the bacterial cell surface reduced antibody-mediated binding of bacteria to phagocytes in serum with low, but not high, levels of naturally occurring anti-S. aureus IgG3 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Naturally acquired immunoglobulin responses to S. aureus are heterogeneous in populations and their concentrations alter during adulthood. Elevated IgG1 or IgG3 titres against S. aureus enhance S. aureus recognition by phagocytosis and may be correlates of natural protection and/or vaccine efficacy in adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Whitehouse
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Drive, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Academic Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Fallowfield
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lindsay
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Gunner
- Environmental Medicine and Science Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire PO12 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle Knox
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe House, 2nd floor, Walton Street, Jericho OX2 6NW, United Kingdom
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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106
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Zhou XP, Liu B, Xu Q, Yang Y, He CX, Zuo YG, Liu YH. Serum levels of immunoglobulins G1 and G4 targeting the non-collagenous 16A domain of BP180 reflect bullous pemphigoid activity and predict bad prognosis. J Dermatol 2016; 43:141-8. [PMID: 26300465 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease, and different immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibody subclasses may play different roles in the pathogenesis of BP. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between specific IgG subclasses and BP. Enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA) were developed to test the IgG subclasses targeting the non-collagenous 16A (NC16A) domain of BP180. A statistical analysis was carried out to assess the relationship of BP and IgG subclasses as well as other factors. The correlation coefficients between the ELISA scores for four IgG subclasses and disease severity scores were 0.586 for IgG, 0.441 for IgG1, 0.594 for IgG2, 0.345 for IgG3, and 0.448 for IgG4 before treatment. After treatment, the correlation coefficient was 0.376 for IgG, 0.522 for IgG1, 0.314 for IgG2, 0.582 for IgG3 and 0.503 for IgG4. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.801 for IgG1, 0.66 for IgG2, 0.575 for IgG3 and 0.463 for IgG4 between the ELISA scores of IgG subclasses and the disease severity score variation. The ELISA scores of IgG subclasses in patients with mucosal involvement were higher than those without. Survival analysis showed that sex, IgG1 and IgG4 were the independent predictors for BP. In conclusion, the serum levels of IgG1 and IgG4 targeting BP180NC16A were paralleled with disease severity in BP patients. IgG1 and IgG4 and sex were the independent prognostic factors for an early prognosis of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xia He
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Gang Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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107
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Yoon A, Shin JW, Kim S, Kim H, Chung J. Chicken scFvs with an Artificial Cysteine for Site-Directed Conjugation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146907. [PMID: 26764487 PMCID: PMC4713166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the site-directed conjugation of chemicals and radioisotopes to the chicken-derived single-chain variable fragment (scFv), we investigated amino acid residues replaceable with cysteine. By replacing each amino acid of the 157 chicken variable region framework residues (FR, 82 residues on VH and 75 on VL) with cysteine, 157 artificial cysteine mutants were generated and characterized. At least 27 residues on VL and 37 on VH could be replaced with cysteine while retaining the binding activity of the original scFv. We prepared three VL (L5, L6 and L7) and two VH (H13 and H16) mutants as scFv-Ckappa fusion proteins and showed that PEG-conjugation to the sulfhydryl group of the artificial cysteine was achievable in all five mutants. Because the charge around the cysteine residue affects the in vivo stability of thiol-maleimide conjugation, we prepared 16 charge-variant artificial cysteine mutants by replacing the flanking residues of H13 with charged amino acids and determined that the binding activity was not affected in any of the mutants except one. We prepared four charge-variant H13 artificial cysteine mutants (RCK, DCE, ECD and ECE) as scFv-Ckappa fusion proteins and confirmed that the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group on cysteine is active and their binding activity is retained after the conjugation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerin Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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108
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Dewi KS, Retnoningrum DS, Riani C, Fuad AM. Construction and Periplasmic Expression of the Anti-EGFRvIII ScFv Antibody Gene in Escherichia coli. Sci Pharm 2016; 84:141-52. [PMID: 27110505 PMCID: PMC4839555 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.isp.2015.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the previous study, we constructed an expression vector carrying the anti-EGFRvIII scFv antibody gene with VH-linker-VL orientation. The proteins were successfully produced in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. In this study, we substituted the inserted DNA with VL-linker-VH orientation of the anti-EGFRvIII scFv gene and analyzed its expression in E. coli. The DNA fragment was amplified from its cloning vector (pTz-rscFv), subsequently cloned into a previous expression vector containing the pelB signal sequence and his-tag, and then transformed into E. coli TOP10. The recombinant plasmids were characterized by restriction, PCR, and DNA sequencing analyses. The new anti-EGFRvIII scFv antibody proteins have been successfully expressed in the periplasmic compartment of E. coli Nico21(DE3) using 0.1 mM final concentration of IPTG induction. Total proteins, soluble periplasmic and cytoplasmic proteins, solubilized inclusion bodies, and extracellular proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analyses. The results showed that soluble scFv proteins were found in all fractions except from the cytoplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Sari Dewi
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, 16911, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Catur Riani
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Asrul Muhamad Fuad
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, 16911, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
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109
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Lohse S, Meyer S, Meulenbroek LAPM, Jansen JHM, Nederend M, Kretschmer A, Klausz K, Möginger U, Derer S, Rösner T, Kellner C, Schewe D, Sondermann P, Tiwari S, Kolarich D, Peipp M, Leusen JHW, Valerius T. An Anti-EGFR IgA That Displays Improved Pharmacokinetics and Myeloid Effector Cell Engagement In Vivo. Cancer Res 2015; 76:403-17. [PMID: 26634925 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of IgA isotype effectively engage myeloid effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we describe preclinical studies with an Fc engineered IgA2m(1) antibody containing the variable regions of the EGFR antibody cetuximab. Compared with wild-type IgA2m(1), the engineered molecule lacked two N-glycosylation sites (N166 and N337), two free cysteines (C311 and C472), and contained a stabilized heavy and light chain linkage (P221R mutation). This novel molecule displayed improved production rates and biochemical properties compared with wild-type IgA. In vitro, Fab- and Fc-mediated effector functions, such as inhibition of ligand binding, receptor modulation, and engagement of myeloid effector cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were similar between wild-type and engineered IgA2. The engineered antibody displayed lower levels of terminal galactosylation leading to reduced asialoglycoprotein-receptor binding and to improved pharmacokinetic properties. In a long-term in vivo model against EGFR-positive cancer cells, improved serum half-life translated into higher efficacy of the engineered molecule, which required myeloid cells expressing human FcαRI for its full efficacy. However, Fab-mediated effector functions contributed to the in vivo efficacy because the novel IgA antibody demonstrated therapeutic activity also in non-FcαRI transgenic mice. Together, these results demonstrate that engineering of an IgA antibody can significantly improve its pharmacokinetics and its therapeutic efficacy to inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lohse
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Saskia Meyer
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A P M Meulenbroek
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J H Marco Jansen
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe Möginger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany. Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis Schewe
- Department of General Pediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sanjay Tiwari
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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110
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Clerc F, Reiding KR, Jansen BC, Kammeijer GSM, Bondt A, Wuhrer M. Human plasma protein N-glycosylation. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:309-43. [PMID: 26555091 PMCID: PMC4891372 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant and complex protein modification, and can have a profound structural and functional effect on the conjugate. The oligosaccharide fraction is recognized to be involved in multiple biological processes, and to affect proteins physical properties, and has consequentially been labeled a critical quality attribute of biopharmaceuticals. Additionally, due to recent advances in analytical methods and analysis software, glycosylation is targeted in the search for disease biomarkers for early diagnosis and patient stratification. Biofluids such as saliva, serum or plasma are of great use in this regard, as they are easily accessible and can provide relevant glycosylation information. Thus, as the assessment of protein glycosylation is becoming a major element in clinical and biopharmaceutical research, this review aims to convey the current state of knowledge on the N-glycosylation of the major plasma glycoproteins alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, antithrombin-III, apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein F, beta-2-glycoprotein 1, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, IgM, haptoglobin, hemopexin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, kininogen-1, serotransferrin, vitronectin, and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein. In addition, the less abundant immunoglobulins D and E are included because of their major relevance in immunology and biopharmaceutical research. Where available, the glycosylation is described in a site-specific manner. In the discussion, we put the glycosylation of individual proteins into perspective and speculate how the individual proteins may contribute to a total plasma N-glycosylation profile determined at the released glycan level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Clerc
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R Reiding
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas C Jansen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guinevere S M Kammeijer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In the course of a single decade single molecule microscopy has changed from being a secluded domain shared merely by physicists with a strong background in optics and laser physics to a discipline that is now enjoying vivid attention by life-scientists of all venues (1). This is because single molecule imaging has the unique potential to reveal protein behavior in situ in living cells and uncover cellular organization with unprecedented resolution below the diffraction limit of visible light (2). Glass-supported planar lipid bilayers (SLBs) are a powerful tool to bring cells otherwise growing in suspension in close enough proximity to the glass slide so that they can be readily imaged in noise-reduced Total Internal Reflection illumination mode (3,4). They are very useful to study the protein dynamics in plasma membrane-associated events as diverse as cell-cell contact formation, endocytosis, exocytosis and immune recognition. Simple procedures are presented how to generate highly mobile protein-functionalized SLBs in a reproducible manner, how to determine protein mobility within and how to measure protein densities with the use of single molecule detection. It is shown how to construct a cost-efficient single molecule microscopy system with TIRF illumination capabilities and how to operate it in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Axmann
- Institute of Applied Physics - Biophysics, Vienna University of Technology
| | - Gerhard J Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics - Biophysics, Vienna University of Technology
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Immune Recognition Unit, Medical University of Vienna;
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112
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Sutton BJ, Davies AM. Structure and dynamics of IgE-receptor interactions: FcεRI and CD23/FcεRII. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:222-35. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - Anna M. Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
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113
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Brandsma AM, Jacobino SR, Meyer S, ten Broeke T, Leusen JHW. Fc receptor inside-out signaling and possible impact on antibody therapy. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:74-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne M. Brandsma
- Immunotherapy Laboratory; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Shamir R. Jacobino
- Immunotherapy Laboratory; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Meyer
- Immunotherapy Laboratory; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Toine ten Broeke
- Immunotherapy Laboratory; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H. W. Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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114
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The Urine Proteome Profile Is Different in Neuromyelitis Optica Compared to Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Proteome Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139659. [PMID: 26460890 PMCID: PMC4604198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the CNS comprise a broad spectrum of diseases like neuromyelitis optica (NMO), NMO spectrum disorders (NMO-SD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite clear classification criteria, differentiation can be difficult. We hypothesized that the urine proteome may differentiate NMO from MS. Methods The proteins in urine samples from anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) seropositive NMO/NMO-SD patients (n = 32), patients with MS (n = 46) and healthy subjects (HS, n = 31) were examined by quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after trypsin digestion and iTRAQ labelling. Immunoglobulins (Ig) in the urine were validated by nephelometry in an independent cohort (n = 9–10 pr. groups). Results The analysis identified a total of 1112 different proteins of which 333 were shared by all 109 subjects. Cluster analysis revealed differences in the urine proteome of NMO/NMO-SD compared to HS and MS. Principal component analysis also suggested that the NMO/NMO-SD proteome profile was useful for classification. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a 3-protein profile for the NMO/NMO-SD versus HS discrimination, a 6-protein profile for NMO/NMO-SD versus MS discrimination and an 11-protein profile for MS versus HS discrimination. All protein panels yielded highly significant ROC curves (AUC in all cases >0.85, p≤0.0002). Nephelometry confirmed the presence of increased Ig-light chains in the urine of patients with NMO/NMO-SD. Conclusion The urine proteome profile of patients with NMO/NMO-SD is different from MS and HS. This may reflect differences in the pathogenesis of NMO/NMO-SD versus MS and suggests that urine may be a potential source of biomarkers differentiating NMO/NMO-SD from MS.
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115
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Liu J, Xia M, Wang P, Wang C, Geng Z, Cameron Yin C, Zhang C, Qiu X. Immunoglobulin gene expression in umbilical cord blood-derived CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Gene 2015; 575:108-17. [PMID: 26364572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, immunoglobulin (Ig) expression was reported in a variety of non-B lineage cells, including myeloid cells. We assessed whether hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPCs) can express Ig. With Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray database analysis, we found that IGHM was expressed with the highest frequency and level in umbilical cord blood CD34(+) HSC/HPCs, followed by IGK@, IGHE, IGHD, IGHG1, and IGHA1, while IGL@ was nearly not expressed. Ig expression was further confirmed by molecular experiments and immunofluorescence. Moreover, HSC/HPCs-derived Ig displayed restricted/biased usages and VHDJH rearrangement patterns. These results suggest that Igs, especially IgM, may have a role in CD34(+) HSC/HPCs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Miaoran Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zihan Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - C Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China.
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Lefaucheur C, Viglietti D, Bentlejewski C, Duong van Huyen JP, Vernerey D, Aubert O, Verine J, Jouven X, Legendre C, Glotz D, Loupy A, Zeevi A. IgG Donor-Specific Anti-Human HLA Antibody Subclasses and Kidney Allograft Antibody-Mediated Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:293-304. [PMID: 26293822 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies may have different pathogenicities according to IgG subclass. We investigated the association between IgG subclasses of circulating anti-human HLA antibodies and antibody-mediated kidney allograft injury. Among 635 consecutive kidney transplantations performed between 2008 and 2010, we enrolled 125 patients with donor-specific anti-human HLA antibodies (DSA) detected in the first year post-transplant. We assessed DSA characteristics, including specificity, HLA class specificity, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), C1q-binding, and IgG subclass, and graft injury phenotype at the time of sera evaluation. Overall, 51 (40.8%) patients had acute antibody-mediated rejection (aABMR), 36 (28.8%) patients had subclinical ABMR (sABMR), and 38 (30.4%) patients were ABMR-free. The MFI of the immunodominant DSA (iDSA, the DSA with the highest MFI level) was 6724±464, and 41.6% of patients had iDSA showing C1q positivity. The distribution of iDSA IgG1-4 subclasses among the population was 75.2%, 44.0%, 28.0%, and 26.4%, respectively. An unsupervised principal component analysis integrating iDSA IgG subclasses revealed aABMR was mainly driven by IgG3 iDSA, whereas sABMR was driven by IgG4 iDSA. IgG3 iDSA was associated with a shorter time to rejection (P<0.001), increased microcirculation injury (P=0.002), and C4d capillary deposition (P<0.001). IgG4 iDSA was associated with later allograft injury with increased allograft glomerulopathy and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy lesions (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Integrating iDSA HLA class specificity, MFI level, C1q-binding status, and IgG subclasses in a Cox survival model revealed IgG3 iDSA and C1q-binding iDSA were strongly and independently associated with allograft failure. These results suggest IgG iDSA subclasses identify distinct phenotypes of kidney allograft antibody-mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lefaucheur
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France;
| | - Denis Viglietti
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Duong van Huyen
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Methodology Unit (Research team 3181), University Hospital de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Aubert
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Verine
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - Xavier Jouven
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Denis Glotz
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Loupy
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit-S970, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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The solution structures of native and patient monomeric human IgA1 reveal asymmetric extended structures: implications for function and IgAN disease. Biochem J 2015; 471:167-85. [PMID: 26268558 PMCID: PMC4692083 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed analytical ultracentrifugation and X-ray/neutron scattering data and a new atomistic modelling approach revealed asymmetric extended solution structures for human IgA1 that account for its receptor-binding function. IgA1 with different hinge O-galactosylation patterns showed similar structures. Native IgA1, for which no crystal structure is known, contains an O-galactosylated 23-residue hinge region that joins its Fab and Fc regions. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries. Because IgA1 in IgAN often has a poorly O-galactosylated hinge region, the solution structures of monomeric IgA1 from a healthy subject and three IgAN patients with four different O-galactosylation levels were studied. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that all four IgA1 samples were monomeric with similar sedimentation coefficients, s020,w. X-ray scattering showed that the radius of gyration (Rg) slightly increased with IgA1 concentration, indicating self-association, although their distance distribution curves, P(r), were unchanged with concentration. Neutron scattering indicated similar Rg values and P(r) curves, although IgA1 showed a propensity to aggregate in heavy water buffer. A new atomistic modelling procedure based on comparisons with 177000 conformationally-randomized IgA1 structures with the individual experimental scattering curves revealed similar extended Y-shaped solution structures for all four differentially-glycosylated IgA1 molecules. The final models indicated that the N-glycans at Asn263 were folded back against the Fc surface, the C-terminal tailpiece conformations were undefined and hinge O-galactosylation had little effect on the solution structure. The solution structures for full-length IgA1 showed extended hinges and the Fab and Fc regions were positioned asymmetrically to provide ample space for the functionally-important binding of two FcαR receptors to its Fc region. Whereas no link between O-galactosylation and the IgA1 solution structure was detected, an increase in IgA1 aggregation with reduced O-galactosylation may relate to IgAN.
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118
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Sjögren J, Cosgrave EFJ, Allhorn M, Nordgren M, Björk S, Olsson F, Fredriksson S, Collin M. EndoS and EndoS2 hydrolyze Fc-glycans on therapeutic antibodies with different glycoform selectivity and can be used for rapid quantification of high-mannose glycans. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1053-63. [PMID: 26156869 PMCID: PMC4551147 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that affect glycoproteins of the human immune system, and thereby modulate defense responses, are abundant among bacterial pathogens. Two endoglycosidases from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, EndoS and EndoS2, have recently been shown to hydrolyze N-linked glycans of human immunoglobulin G. However, detailed characterization and comparison of the hydrolyzing activities have not been performed. In the present study, we set out to characterize the enzymes by comparing the activities of EndoS and EndoS2 on a selection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cetuximab, adalimumab, panitumumab and denosumab. By analyzing the glycans hydrolyzed by EndoS and EndoS2 from the antibodies using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight, we found that both the enzymes cleaved complex glycans and that EndoS2 hydrolyzed hybrid and oligomannose structures to a greater extent compared with EndoS. A comparison of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) profiles of the glycan pool of cetuximab hydrolyzed with EndoS and EndoS2 showed that EndoS2 hydrolyzed hybrid and oligomannose glycans, whereas these peaks were missing in the EndoS chromatogram. We utilized this difference in glycoform selectivity, in combination with the IdeS protease, and developed a LC separation method to quantify high mannose content in the Fc fragments of the selected mAbs. We conclude that EndoS and EndoS2 hydrolyze different glycoforms from the Fc-glycosylation site on therapeutic mAbs and that this can be used for rapid quantification of high mannose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sjögren
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden Genovis AB, Lund 200 07, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Allhorn
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Mattias Collin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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119
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Abstract
The capacity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to eliminate virtually any target cell has resulted in the widespread introduction of cytotoxic antibodies into the clinic in settings of cancer therapy, autoimmunity, and transplantation, for example. More recently, it has become apparent that also the protection from viral infection via IgG antibodies may require cytotoxic effector functions, suggesting that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against malignant or virally infected cells is one of the most essential effector mechanisms triggered by IgG antibodies to protect the host. A detailed understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways is critical, therefore, to make full use of this antibody effector function. Several studies over the last years have provided novel insights into the effector pathways and innate immune effector cells responsible for ADCC reactions. One of the most notable outcomes of many of these reports is that cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system rather than natural killer cells are critical for removal of IgG opsonized target cells in vivo.
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120
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Fc-Gamma receptor polymorphism and gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer receiving single-agent trastuzumab. Breast Cancer 2015; 23:624-32. [PMID: 25962696 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-015-0614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer receiving trastuzumab. We also evaluated the effect of Fc-gamma receptor genotype on trastuzumab-driven gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression was assessed by microarray analyses before and after administration of single-agent trastuzumab in 34 patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who were genotyped for Fc-gamma receptor (FcGR) IIA H131R and FcGRIIIA V158F. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify the gene sets that were significantly enriched after administration of trastuzumab in patient cohorts categorized by FcGR variant. RESULTS At baseline three non-immune-related gene sets were identified only in patient cohort of FcGRIIA non-H/H variant. Thirty gene sets were identified in the cohort of FcGRIIIA V/V variants, while no gene set was identified in FcGRIIIA non-V/V variants one week after starting trastuzumab. Eleven gene sets were identified in FcGRIIA H/H variants 8 week after starting trastuzumab, but none in non-H/H variants. Immune-related gene sets were significantly down-regulated after administration of trastuzumab. CONCLUSION The response of PBMCs to trastuzumab markedly varied with polymorphisms in FcGRIIA and FcGRIIIA. These results indicate that FcGR polymorphisms contribute to the systemic immune reaction triggered by trastuzumab. Further investigations are needed to clarify the biological effects of FcGR variation on the mechanism of trastuzumab activity.
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121
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Pinheiro A, Woof JM, Almeida T, Abrantes J, Alves PC, Gortázar C, Esteves PJ. Leporid immunoglobulin G shows evidence of strong selective pressure on the hinge and CH3 domains. Open Biol 2015; 4:140088. [PMID: 25185680 PMCID: PMC4185434 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant serum immunoglobulin and has the longest serum half-life of all the antibody classes. The European rabbit IgG has been of significant importance in immunological research, and is therefore well characterized. However, the IgG of other leporids has been disregarded. To evaluate the evolution of this gene in leporids, we sequenced the complete IGHG for six other genera: Bunolagus, Brachylagus, Lepus, Pentalagus, Romerolagus and Sylvilagus. The newly sequenced leporid IGHG gene has an organization and structure similar to that of the European rabbit IgG. A gradient in leporid IgG constant domain diversity was observed, with the CH1 being the most conserved and the CH3 the most variable domain. Positive selection was found to be acting on all constant domains, but with a greater incidence in the CH3 domain, where a cluster of three positively selected sites was identified. In the hinge region, only three polymorphic positions were observed. The same hinge length was observed for all leporids. Unlike the variation observed for the European rabbit, all 11 Lepus species studied share exactly the same hinge motif, suggesting its maintenance as a result of an advantageous structure or conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Jenny M Woof
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Alves
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal Wildlife Biology Program, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
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Structural basis for binding of human IgG1 to its high-affinity human receptor FcγRI. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6866. [PMID: 25925696 PMCID: PMC4423232 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface Fcγ receptors mediate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Fcγ receptor I (hFcγRI) binds IgGs with high affinity and is the only Fcγ receptor that can effectively capture monomeric IgGs. However, the molecular basis of hFcγRI's interaction with Fc has not been determined, limiting our understanding of this major immune receptor. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between hFcγRI and human Fc, at 1.80 Å resolution, revealing an unique hydrophobic pocket at the surface of hFcγRI perfectly suited for residue Leu235 of Fc, which explains the high affinity of this complex. Structural, kinetic and thermodynamic data demonstrate that the binding mechanism is governed by a combination of non-covalent interactions, bridging water molecules and the dynamic features of Fc. In addition, the hinge region of hFcγRI-bound Fc adopts a straight conformation, potentially orienting the Fab moiety. These findings will stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies involving hFcγRI. FcγRs are cell-surface receptors for IgGs that play key roles in the humoral and cellular immune response to infection. Here, the authors present a high-resolution crystal structure of the hFcγRI-Fc complex to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the high specificity of this important immunological interaction.
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Czajkowsky DM, Andersen JT, Fuchs A, Wilson TJ, Mekhaiel D, Colonna M, He J, Shao Z, Mitchell DA, Wu G, Dell A, Haslam S, Lloyd KA, Moore SC, Sandlie I, Blundell PA, Pleass RJ. Developing the IVIG biomimetic, hexa-Fc, for drug and vaccine applications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9526. [PMID: 25912958 PMCID: PMC5224519 DOI: 10.1038/srep09526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable clinical success of Fc-fusion proteins has driven intense investigation for even more potent replacements. Using quality-by-design (QbD) approaches, we generated hexameric-Fc (hexa-Fc), a ~20 nm oligomeric Fc-based scaffold that we here show binds low-affinity inhibitory receptors (FcRL5, FcγRIIb, and DC-SIGN) with high avidity and specificity, whilst eliminating significant clinical limitations of monomeric Fc-fusions for vaccine and/or cancer therapies, in particular their poor ability to activate complement. Mass spectroscopy of hexa-Fc reveals high-mannose, low-sialic acid content, suggesting that interactions with these receptors are influenced by the mannose-containing Fc. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides insight into the mechanisms of hexa-Fc interaction with these receptors and reveals an unexpected orientation of high-mannose glycans on the human Fc that provides greater accessibility to potential binding partners. Finally, we show that this biosynthetic nanoparticle can be engineered to enhance interactions with the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without loss of the oligomeric structure, a crucial modification for these molecules in therapy and/or vaccine strategies where a long plasma half-life is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Mekhaiel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianfeng He
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Daniel A Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Stuart Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- 1] Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway [2] CIR and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia A Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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125
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Zhou M, Ruprecht RM. Are anti-HIV IgAs good guys or bad guys? Retrovirology 2014; 11:109. [PMID: 25499540 PMCID: PMC4297362 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 90% of all HIV transmissions occur mucosally. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) molecules are important components of mucosal fluids. In a vaccine efficacy study, in which virosomes displaying HIV gp41 antigens protected most rhesus monkeys (RMs) against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), protection correlated with vaginal IgA capable of blocking HIV transcytosis in vitro. Furthermore, vaginal IgG exhibiting virus neutralization and/or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) correlated with prevention of systemic infection. In contrast, plasma IgG had neither neutralizing nor ADCC activity. More recently, a passive mucosal immunization study provided the first direct proof that dimeric IgAs (dIgAs) can prevent SHIV acquisition in RMs challenged mucosally. This study compared dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1), dIgA2, or IgG1 versions of a human neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb) targeting a conserved HIV Env epitope. While the nmAb neutralization profiles were identical in vitro, dIgA1 was significantly more protective in vivo than dIgA2. Protection was linked to a new mechanism: virion capture. Protection also correlated with inhibition of transcytosis of cell-free virus in vitro. While both of these primate model studies demonstrated protective effects of mucosal IgAs, the RV144 clinical trial identified plasma IgA responses to HIV Env as risk factors for increased HIV acquisition. In a secondary analysis of RV144, plasma IgA decreased the in vitro ADCC activity of vaccine-induced, Env-specific IgG with the same epitope specificity. Here we review the current literature regarding the potential of IgA – systemic as well as mucosal – in modulating virus acquisition and address the question whether anti-HIV IgA responses could help or harm the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkui Zhou
- Department of Virology & Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology & Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA. .,Southwest National Primate Research Center, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
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Ujiie H, Sasaoka T, Izumi K, Nishie W, Shinkuma S, Natsuga K, Nakamura H, Shibaki A, Shimizu H. Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies directly induce blister formation without complement activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:4415-28. [PMID: 25261486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation and subsequent recruitment of inflammatory cells at the dermal/epidermal junction are thought to be essential for blister formation in bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune blistering disease induced by autoantibodies against type XVII collagen (COL17); however, this theory does not fully explain the pathological features of BP. Recently, the involvement of complement-independent pathways has been proposed. To directly address the question of the necessity of the complement activation in blister formation, we generated C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice. First, we show that passive transfer of autoantibodies from BP patients induced blister formation in neonatal C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice without complement activation. By using newly generated human and murine mAbs against the pathogenic noncollagenous 16A domain of COL17 with high (human IgG1, murine IgG2), low (murine IgG1), or no (human IgG4) complement activation abilities, we demonstrate that the deposition of Abs, and not complements, is relevant to the induction of blister formation in neonatal and adult mice. Notably, passive transfer of BP autoantibodies reduced the amount of COL17 in lesional mice skin, as observed in cultured normal human keratinocytes treated with the same Abs. Moreover, the COL17 depletion was associated with a ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. In conclusion, the COL17 depletion induced by BP autoantibodies, and not complement activation, is essential for the blister formation under our experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Tetsumasa Sasaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and Research Laboratory 3G, Research and Development Division, Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 598-0061 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Akihiko Shibaki
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
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Corrales-Aguilar E, Hoffmann K, Hengel H. CMV-encoded Fcγ receptors: modulators at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:627-40. [PMID: 25288477 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The constant region of IgG antibodies mediates antiviral activities upon engaging host Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by a variety of immune cells, such as antibody-dependent cellullar cytotoxcity (ADCC) executed by natural killer (NK)cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is unique among viruses by encoding also an array of several Fcγ-binding glycoproteins with cell surface disposition and concomitant incorporation into the virion. Evidence is increasing that the virus-encoded Fcγ receptors differ in their Fcγ binding mode but effectively operate as adversaries of host FcγRs since they are able to prevent IgG-mediated triggering of activating host FcγRs, i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA. Here we discuss virus-encoded FcγRs as the first known HCMV inhibitors of IgG-mediated immunity which could account for the limited efficacy of HCMV hyperimmune globulin in clinical settings. A better understanding of their molecular mode of action opens up new perspectives for improving IgG therapies against HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
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128
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Kim C, Galloway JF, Lee KH, Searson PC. Universal antibody conjugation to nanoparticles using the Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI): quantitative profiling of membrane biomarkers. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1893-901. [PMID: 25215471 PMCID: PMC4198097 DOI: 10.1021/bc5003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are a class of molecules widely used in bioengineering and nanomedicine for applications involving protein recognition and targeting. Here we report an efficient method for universal conjugation of antibodies to lipid-coated nanoparticles using radially oriented FcγRIs. This method is performed in physiological solution with no additional coupling reagents, thereby avoiding problems with antibody stability and functionality. Coupling to the Fc region of the antibody avoids aggregation and polymerization allowing high yield. In addition, the antibody is oriented perpendicular to the surface so that the binding sites are fully functional. Using this method we demonstrate quantitative profiling of a panel of four membrane-bound cancer biomarkers (claudin-4, mesothelin, mucin-4, and cadherin-11) on four cell lines (Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, Capan-1, and HPDE). We show that by designing the lipid coating to minimize aggregation and nonspecific binding, we can obtain absolute values of biomarker expression levels as number per unit area on the cell surface. This method is applicable to a wide range of technologies, including solution based protein detection assays and active targeting of cell surface membrane biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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129
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van Kessel KPM, Bestebroer J, van Strijp JAG. Neutrophil-Mediated Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:467. [PMID: 25309547 PMCID: PMC4176147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial elimination of invading Staphylococcus aureus from the body is mediated by professional phagocytes. The neutrophil is the major phagocyte of the innate immunity and plays a key role in the host defense against staphylococcal infections. Opsonization of the bacteria with immunoglobulins and complement factors enables efficient recognition by the neutrophil that subsequently leads to intracellular compartmentalization and killing. Here, we provide a review of the key processes evolved in neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus and briefly describe killing. As S. aureus is not helpless against the professional phagocytes, we will also highlight its immune evasion arsenal related to phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok P M van Kessel
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jovanka Bestebroer
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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130
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Bashford-Rogers RJM, Palser AL, Idris SF, Carter L, Epstein M, Callard RE, Douek DC, Vassiliou GS, Follows GA, Hubank M, Kellam P. Capturing needles in haystacks: a comparison of B-cell receptor sequencing methods. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:29. [PMID: 25189176 PMCID: PMC4243823 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-sequencing methods are rapidly developing in the field of B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. These promise to revolutionise our understanding of adaptive immune dynamics, identify novel antibodies, and allow monitoring of minimal residual disease. However, different methods for BCR and TCR enrichment and amplification have been proposed. Here we perform the first systematic comparison between different methods of enrichment, amplification and sequencing for generating BCR and TCR repertoires using large sample numbers. RESULTS Resampling from the same RNA or cDNA pool results in highly correlated and reproducible repertoires, but resampling low frequency clones leads to stochastic variance. Repertoires generated by different sequencing methods (454 Roche and Illumina MiSeq) and amplification methods (multiplex PCR, 5' Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'RACE), and RNA-capture) are highly correlated, and resulting IgHV gene frequencies between the different methods were not significantly different. Read length has an impact on captured repertoire structure, and ultimately full-length BCR sequences are most informative for repertoire analysis as diversity outside of the CDR is very useful for phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we show RNA-based BCR repertoires are more informative than using DNA. CONCLUSIONS Repertoires generated by different sequencing and amplification methods are consistent, but we show that read lengths, depths and error profiles should be considered in experimental design, and multiple sampling approaches could be employed to minimise stochastic sampling variation. This detailed investigation of immune repertoire sequencing methods is essential for informing basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne L Palser
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Saad F Idris
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Lisa Carter
- />Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Michael Epstein
- />Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Robin E Callard
- />Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Daniel C Douek
- />Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - George S Vassiliou
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - George A Follows
- />Department of Hematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- />Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- />Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
- />Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Yamaki K, Miyatake K, Nakashima T, Morioka A, Yamamoto M, Ishibashi Y, Ito A, Kuranishi A, Yoshino S. Intravenous IgA complexed with antigen reduces primary antibody response to the antigen and anaphylaxis upon antigen re-exposure by inhibiting Th1 and Th2 activation in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:316-28. [PMID: 25077632 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.946143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum IgG, IgE and IgM have been shown to enhance the primary antibody responses upon exposure to the soluble antigens recognized by those antibodies. However, how IgA affects these responses remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of intravenously administered monoclonal IgA on the immune responses in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS DBA/1J mice were immunized with ovalbumin in the presence or absence of anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA. The Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin and the anaphylaxis induced by re-exposure to ovalbumin were measured. RESULTS IgA complexed with antigen attenuated the primary antibody responses to the antigen in mice, in contrast to IgG2b and IgE. The primary antibody responses, i.e. the de novo synthesis of anti-ovalbumin IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE in the serum, and the subsequent anaphylaxis induced with re-exposure to ovalbumin were reduced by the co-injection of anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA at ovalbumin immunization. The Th1, Th2 and Tr1 cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, respectively, released from ovalbumin-restimulated cultured splenocytes collected from allergic mice were also reduced by the treatment. The induction of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 secretion by splenocytes from ovalbumin-immunized mice stimulated in vitro with ovalbumin was also significantly reduced by the antigen complexed with anti-ovalbumin IgA. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the direct inhibition of Th1 and Th2 activation by anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA participates in the inhibition of the primary antibody responses. IgA plays important immunosuppressive roles under physiological and pathological conditions and is a promising candidate drug for the treatment of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouya Yamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe, Hyogo , Japan
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132
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Jaumouillé V, Farkash Y, Jaqaman K, Das R, Lowell CA, Grinstein S. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization by Syk regulates Fcγ receptor responsiveness by increasing its lateral mobility and clustering. Dev Cell 2014; 29:534-546. [PMID: 24914558 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of immunoreceptors upon association with multivalent ligands triggers important responses including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, and production of immunoglobulins. We applied single-molecule detection and tracking methods to study the factors that control the mobility and clustering of phagocytic Fcγ receptors (FcγR). While the receptors exist as monomers in resting macrophages, two distinct populations were discernible based on their mobility: some diffuse by apparent free motion, while others are confined within submicron boundaries that reduce the frequency of spontaneous collisions. Src-family and Syk kinases determine the structure of the actin cytoskeleton, which is fenestrated, accounting for the heterogeneous diffusion of the FcγR. Stimulation of these kinases during phagocytosis induces reorganization of the cytoskeleton both locally and distally in a manner that alters receptor mobility and clustering, generating a feedback loop that facilitates engagement of FcγR at the tip of pseudopods, directing the progression of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Yoav Farkash
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0100, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5C 1N8, Canada.
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Armuzzi A, Lionetti P, Blandizzi C, Caporali R, Chimenti S, Cimino L, Gionchetti P, Girolomoni G, Lapadula G, Marchesoni A, Marcellusi A, Mennini FS, Salvarani C, Cimaz R. anti-TNF agents as therapeutic choice in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: focus on adalimumab. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:11-32. [PMID: 24774504 DOI: 10.1177/03946320140270s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) has been extensively investigated and dysregulation of cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of various IMIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The subsequent development of biological agents capable of blocking TNF has led to important advances in the pharmacotherapy of such diseases and confirmed the concept of a common pathophysiology among IMIDs with TNF having a predominant role. Five TNF inhibitors have currently been approved for treatment of one or more IMIDs; these include infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab and certolizumab pegol. Given the similarities in the pathogenic background of IMIDs, one could expect that anti-TNF agents be similarly effective and with comparable tolerability profiles; however, this may not be the case. Structural and pharmacological differences among the anti-TNF drugs are likely to result in differences in efficacy and tolerability among the agents in the different IMIDs, together with differences in potency, therapeutic dose ranges, dosing regimens, administration routes, and propensity for immunogenicity. Among the five TNF inhibitors approved for treatment of IMIDs, adalimumab has the widest range of indications. Data from controlled clinical trials of adalimumab, showing its excellent efficacy and tolerability in a wide range of indications, are supported by real-world long-term data from observational studies, which confirm the value of adalimumab as a suitable choice in the management of IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armuzzi
- IBD Unit, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Lionetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Anna Meyer Childrens Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - C Blandizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Caporali
- Chair and Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Chimenti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - L Cimino
- Ocular Immunology Unit, Ophthalmology, Unit, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova Reggio, Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - P Gionchetti
- IBD Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - G Girolomoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Lapadula
- Rheumatology Unit, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - A Marcellusi
- CEIS Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), IGF Department, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F S Mennini
- CEIS Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), IGF Department, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera ASMN, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - R Cimaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Childrens Hospital, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/541537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
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135
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Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Simón L, Cordobilla B, Albericio F, Domingo JC. Liposomes containing NY-ESO-1/tetanus toxoid and adjuvant peptides targeted to human dendritic cells via the Fc receptor for cancer vaccines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:435-49. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the immunological response against tumors, a vaccine based on nanoliposomes targeted to the Fcγ-receptor was developed to enhance the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Materials & methods: Using human dendritic cells in vitro, a fragment of the TAA NY-ESO-1 combined with a T-helper peptide from the tetanus toxoid encapsulated in nanoliposomes was evaluated. In addition, peptides Palm-IL-1 and MAP-IFN-γwere coadministered as adjuvants to enhance the immunological response. Results: Coadministration of Palm-IL-1 or MAP-IFN-γpeptide adjuvants and the hybrid NY-ESO-1-tetanus toxoid (soluble or encapsulated in nanoliposomes without targeting) increased immunogenicity. However, the most potent immunological response was obtained when the peptide adjuvants were encapsulated in liposomes targeted to human dendritic cells via the Fc receptor. Conclusion: This targeted vaccine strategy is a promising tool to activate and deliver antigens to dendritic cells, thus improving immunotherapeutic response in situations in which the immune system is frequently compromised, as in advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Rueda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Simón
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Cordobilla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Joan C Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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136
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Ward ES, Velmurugan R, Ober RJ. Targeting FcRn for therapy: from live cell imaging to in vivo studies in mice. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:158-62. [PMID: 24572175 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of FcRn in regulating antibody levels and transport in the body is well documented. The use of fluorescence microscopy to investigate the subcellular trafficking behavior of FcRn and its IgG ligand has led to insight into the function of this receptor, including the identification of new intracellular pathways. The inhibition of FcRn using engineered antibodies that bind to this receptor with increased affinity through their Fc region can be exploited to treat antibody mediated autoimmunity. The efficacy of this approach in mouse models of arthritis and multiple sclerosis has been demonstrated. Finally, the cross-species difference between mouse and man for FcRn-IgG interactions needs to be considered when engineering antibodies for improved activities in FcRn-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas TX 75390, USA.
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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137
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Plomp R, Hensbergen PJ, Rombouts Y, Zauner G, Dragan I, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Site-Specific N-Glycosylation Analysis of Human Immunoglobulin E. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:536-46. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400714w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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138
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Brunke C, Lohse S, Derer S, Peipp M, Boross P, Kellner C, Beyer T, Dechant M, Royle L, Liew LP, Leusen JHW, Valerius T. Effect of a tail piece cysteine deletion on biochemical and functional properties of an epidermal growth factor receptor-directed IgA2m(1) antibody. MAbs 2013; 5:936-45. [PMID: 24492345 PMCID: PMC3896607 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies of human IgA isotype are critical components of the mucosal immune system, but little is known about their immunotherapeutic potential. Compared with IgG antibodies, IgA molecules carry a C-terminal tail piece extension of 18 amino acids with a free cysteine at position 471. This cysteine is required for the formation of dimeric IgA antibodies, but may impair molecular characteristics of monomeric IgA antibodies as therapeutic reagents. Thus, we generated and characterized a d471-mutated antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and compared it to its respective IgA2m(1) wild type antibody. Both wild type and mutated IgA antibodies demonstrated similar EGFR binding and were similarly efficient in inhibiting EGF binding and in blocking EGF-mediated cell proliferation. Recruitment of Fc-mediated effector functions like antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by monocytes, macrophages or PMN was similar, but the d471-mutated IgA exhibited different biochemical properties compared with wild type antibody. As expected, mutated IgA did not form stable dimers in the presence of human joining (J)-chain, but we also observed reduced levels of dimeric aggregates in the absence of J-chain. Furthermore, glycoprofiling revealed different glycosylation patterns for both antibodies, including considerably less mannosylation of d471-mutated antibodies. Overall, our results demonstrate that the deletion of the C-terminal cysteine of IgA2 did not affect the investigated effector functions compared with wild type antibody, but it improved biochemical properties of an IgA2m(1) antibody against EGFR, and may thereby assist in exploring the immunotherapeutic potential of recombinant IgA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brunke
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Boross
- Department of Immunology; Laboratory for Immunotherapy; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Dechant
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Louise Royle
- Ludger Ltd; Culham Science Centre; Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Li Phing Liew
- Ludger Ltd; Culham Science Centre; Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette HW Leusen
- Department of Immunology; Laboratory for Immunotherapy; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, II; Department of Internal Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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139
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Ghasemi H, Mostafaie A, Yaraee R, Hassan ZM, Rezaei A, Mahmoudi M, Faghihzadeh S, Soroush MR, Ardestani SK, Babaei M, Jalali-Nadoushan M, Khamesipour A, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Ghazanfari T. Association of serum immunoglobulins levels and eye injuries in sulfur mustard exposed: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:944-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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140
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Long F, Zhu A, Shi H. Recent advances in optical biosensors for environmental monitoring and early warning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:13928-48. [PMID: 24132229 PMCID: PMC3859100 DOI: 10.3390/s131013928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of pollutants requires the development of innovative analytical devices that are precise, sensitive, specific, rapid, and easy-to-use to meet the increasing demand for legislative actions on environmental pollution control and early warning. Optical biosensors, as a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, enable the highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of pollutants without extensive sample preparation. This article reviews important advances in functional biorecognition materials (e.g., enzymes, aptamers, DNAzymes, antibodies and whole cells) that facilitate the increasing application of optical biosensors. This work further examines the significant improvements in optical biosensor instrumentation and their environmental applications. Innovative developments of optical biosensors for environmental pollution control and early warning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Long
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Anna Zhu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, No.1, Huanyin Street, Changping District, Beijing 100872, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, No.1, Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China
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141
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Huang X, Zheng F, Zhan CG. Binding structures and energies of the human neonatal Fc receptor with human Fc and its mutants by molecular modeling and dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:3047-58. [PMID: 24057047 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to model the detailed structures of the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding with the wild-type Fc of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and its various mutants. Based on the modeled human FcRn-Fc binding structures, it has been proposed that the protein-protein binding interface is composed of three subsites. The first subsite is a hydrophobic core where residue I39 of human Fc can be accommodated very well, and the other two subsites are all composed of critical salt bridges between human FcRn and human Fc. All of the modeled structures and the calculated binding energies are qualitatively consistent with the available experimental data, suggesting that the modeled human FcRn-Fc binding structures are reasonable. The modeled human FcRn-Fc binding structure may be valuable for future rational design of novel mutants of human Fc and Fc-fused therapeutic proteins with a potentially higher binding affinity for human FcRn and, thus, a longer in vivo half-life in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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142
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List T, Neri D. Immunocytokines: a review of molecules in clinical development for cancer therapy. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:29-45. [PMID: 23990735 PMCID: PMC3753206 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s49231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of therapeutically enhancing the immune system’s responsiveness to tumors is
long standing. Several cytokines have been investigated in clinical trials for their therapeutic
activity in cancer patients. However, substantial side effects and unfavorable pharmacokinetic
properties have been a major drawback hampering the administration of therapeutically relevant
doses. The use of recombinant antibody–cytokine fusion proteins promises to significantly
enhance the therapeutic index of cytokines by targeting them to the site of disease. This review
aims to provide a concise and complete overview of the preclinical data and clinical results
currently available for all immunocytokines having reached clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas List
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
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143
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Gong R, Wang Y, Ying T, Feng Y, Streaker E, Prabakaran P, Dimitrov DS. N-terminal truncation of an isolated human IgG1 CH2 domain significantly increases its stability and aggregation resistance. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2642-52. [PMID: 23641816 PMCID: PMC3795862 DOI: 10.1021/mp400075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Isolated human immunoglobulin G (IgG) CH2 domains are promising scaffolds for novel candidate therapeutics. Unlike other human IgG domains, CH2 is not involved in strong interchain interactions, and isolated CH2 is relatively stable. However, isolated single CH2 is prone to aggregation. In native IgG and Fc molecules, the N-terminal residues of CH2 from the two heavy chains interact with each other and form hinge regions. By contrast, the N-terminal residues are highly disordered in isolated CH2. We have hypothesized that the removal of the CH2 N-terminal residues may not only increase its stability but also its aggregation resistance. To test this hypothesis we constructed a shortened variant of IgG1 CH2 (CH2s) where the first seven residues of the N-terminus were deleted. We found that the thermal stability of CH2s was increased by 5 °C compared to CH2. Importantly, we demonstrated that CH2s is significantly less prone to aggregation than CH2 as measured by Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, turbidity, and light scattering. We also found that the CH2s exhibited pH-dependent binding to a soluble single-chain human neonatal Fc receptor (shFcRn) which was significantly stronger than the very weak binding of CH2 to shFcRn as measured by flow cytometry. Computer modeling suggested a possible mode of CH2 aggregation involving its N-terminal residues. Therefore, deletion of the N-terminal residues could increase drugability of CH2-based therapeutic candidates. This strategy to increase stability and aggregation resistance could also be applicable to other Ig-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Antibody Engineering Group, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Emily Streaker
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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144
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Network properties derived from deep sequencing of human B-cell receptor repertoires delineate B-cell populations. Genome Res 2013; 23:1874-84. [PMID: 23742949 PMCID: PMC3814887 DOI: 10.1101/gr.154815.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response selectively expands B- and T-cell clones following antigen recognition by B- and T-cell receptors (BCR and TCR), respectively. Next-generation sequencing is a powerful tool for dissecting the BCR and TCR populations at high resolution, but robust computational analyses are required to interpret such sequencing. Here, we develop a novel computational approach for BCR repertoire analysis using established next-generation sequencing methods coupled with network construction and population analysis. BCR sequences organize into networks based on sequence diversity, with differences in network connectivity clearly distinguishing between diverse repertoires of healthy individuals and clonally expanded repertoires from individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other clonal blood disorders. Network population measures defined by the Gini Index and cluster sizes quantify the BCR clonality status and are robust to sampling and sequencing depths. BCR network analysis therefore allows the direct and quantifiable comparison of BCR repertoires between samples and intra-individual population changes between temporal or spatially separated samples and over the course of therapy.
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145
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Stemerding AM, Köhl J, Pandey MK, Kuipers A, Leusen JH, Boross P, Nederend M, Vidarsson G, Weersink AYL, van de Winkel JGJ, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG. Staphylococcus aureusFormyl Peptide Receptor–like 1 Inhibitor (FLIPr) and Its Homologue FLIPr-like Are Potent FcγR Antagonists That Inhibit IgG-Mediated Effector Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:353-62. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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146
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147
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Proctor EA, Kota P, Demarest SJ, Caravella JA, Dokholyan NV. Highly covarying residues have a functional role in antibody constant domains. Proteins 2013; 81:884-95. [PMID: 23280585 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate and design antibodies recognizing specific targets has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry and medical imaging. Engineering antibody therapeutics in some cases requires modifying their constant domains to enable new and altered interactions. Engineering novel specificities into antibody constant domains has proved challenging due to the complexity of inter-domain interactions. Covarying networks of residues that tend to cluster on the protein surface and near binding sites have been identified in some proteins. However, the underlying role these networks play in the protein resulting in their conservation remains unclear in most cases. Resolving their role is crucial, because residues in these networks are not viable design targets if their role is to maintain the fold of the protein. Conversely, these networks of residues are ideal candidates for manipulating specificity if they are primarily involved in binding, such as the myriad interdomain interactions maintained within antibodies. Here, we identify networks of evolutionarily-related residues in C-class antibody domains by evaluating covariation, a measure of propensity with which residue pairs vary dependently during evolution. We computationally test whether mutation of residues in these networks affects stability of the folded antibody domain, determining their viability as design candidates. We find that members of covarying networks cluster at domain-domain interfaces, and that mutations to these residues are diverse and frequent during evolution, precluding their importance to domain stability. These results indicate that networks of covarying residues exist in antibody domains for functional reasons unrelated to thermodynamic stability, making them ideal targets for antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Proctor
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, USA
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148
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Ohashi R, Sakai Y, Otsuka T, Ohno D, Masuda Y, Murasawa T, Sato N, Shimizu A. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG2κ deposit successfully treated with steroids: a case report and review of the literature. CEN Case Rep 2013; 2:197-203. [PMID: 28509293 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-013-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel form of glomerular injury with monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG deposition, termed "proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) with monoclonal IgG deposits" (PGNMID), is a recently described entity. PGNMID presents with various histological patterns, such as membranoproliferative GN, endocapillary proliferative GN and membranous nephropathy (MN). The deposits are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin, most commonly IgG3 and occasionally IgG2. At present, the clinical significance of each IgG subclass and the morphological patterns of glomerular injury have not been fully investigated due to the limited number of PGNMID cases reported. The patient was a 27-year-old woman presenting with a mild degree of proteinuria and no other physical or serological abnormalities. Monoclonal Ig could not be identified in her serum or urine. Renal biopsy found features of MN with deposition of monoclonal IgG2κ. Electron microscopy examination revealed non-organised electron-dense deposits predominantly in subepithelial locations. Based on a diagnosis of PGNMID, she was treated with prednisolone and proteinuria significantly decreased in less than 4 weeks. Although the clinical outcomes of PGNMID remain to be defined, MN features may possibly be a sign of favourable prognosis-a hypothesis supported by recent reports. The absence of advanced chronic damage in the kidney, such as glomerulosclerosis or tubulointerstitial fibrosis, may also have contributed to the favourable outcome in the present case. Further studies on additional PGNMID cases that allow the correlation of morphological features and IgG subclasses with clinical outcomes are needed in order to confirm our findings and further solidify the clinical aspects of this new disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Ohashi
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Yukinao Sakai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Otsuka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Dai Ohno
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukinari Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Murasawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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149
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Abstract
In evolutionary terms, IgG is the most recent addition to the human humoral immune response, the most recent of the 5 isotypes (classes). The IgG 4 subclasses and their multiple receptors, each with a unique structure and functions, speak to their broad repertoire of often overlapping functions. The IgG subclasses differ only slightly in structure, but therein lies their unique qualities. Focusing solely on the clinical niches filled by each and the clinical correlations thereof allows one to clearly see nature in its abhorrence of, and skill in filling, vacuums. One of the IgG subclasses, IgG4, the least in serum concentration, has recently become the topic of intense interest, as the linkage of certain diseases with IgG4 becomes apparent. As this association is studied, the molecular biology at the root of these diseases becomes the predominant cytokines explaining the pattern of histopathology.
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150
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A novel assay for detecting virus-specific antibodies triggering activation of Fcγ receptors. J Immunol Methods 2013; 387:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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