101
|
Hassanin HM, Serya RAT, Abd Elmoneam WR, Mostafa MA. Synthesis and molecular docking studies of some novel Schiff bases incorporating 6-butylquinolinedione moiety as potential topoisomerase IIβ inhibitors. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172407. [PMID: 30110445 PMCID: PMC6030276 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel pyranoquinolinone-based Schiff's bases were designed and synthesized. They were evaluated for topoisomerase IIβ (TOP2B) inhibitory activity, and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) for the development of novel anticancer agents. A molecular docking study was employed to investigate their binding and functional properties as TOP2B inhibitors, using the Discovery Studio 2.5 software, where they showed very interesting ability to intercalate the DNA-topoisomerase complex. Compounds 2a, 2c and 2f showed high docking score values (82.36% -29.98 kcal mol-1 for compound 2a, 78.18% -26.98 kcal mol-1 for compound 2c and 78.65, -28.11 kcal mol-1 for compound 2f) and revealed the highest enzyme inhibition activity. The best hit compounds exhibited highly potent TOP2B inhibitors with submicromolar IC50 at 5 µM compared to the reference doxorubicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. Hassanin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University RoxyCairo 11711, Egypt
| | - Rabah A. T. Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R. Abd Elmoneam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University RoxyCairo 11711, Egypt
| | - Mai A. Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University RoxyCairo 11711, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Germe T, Vörös J, Jeannot F, Taillier T, Stavenger RA, Bacqué E, Maxwell A, Bax BD. A new class of antibacterials, the imidazopyrazinones, reveal structural transitions involved in DNA gyrase poisoning and mechanisms of resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:4114-4128. [PMID: 29538767 PMCID: PMC5934680 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazopyrazinones (IPYs) are a new class of compounds that target bacterial topoisomerases as a basis for their antibacterial activity. We have characterized the mechanism of these compounds through structural/mechanistic studies showing they bind and stabilize a cleavage complex between DNA gyrase and DNA ('poisoning') in an analogous fashion to fluoroquinolones, but without the requirement for the water-metal-ion bridge. Biochemical experiments and structural studies of cleavage complexes of IPYs compared with an uncleaved gyrase-DNA complex, reveal conformational transitions coupled to DNA cleavage at the DNA gate. These involve movement at the GyrA interface and tilting of the TOPRIM domains toward the scissile phosphate coupled to capture of the catalytic metal ion. Our experiments show that these structural transitions are involved generally in poisoning of gyrase by therapeutic compounds and resemble those undergone by the enzyme during its adenosine triphosphate-coupled strand-passage cycle. In addition to resistance mutations affecting residues that directly interact with the compounds, we characterized a mutant (D82N) that inhibits formation of the cleavage complex by the unpoisoned enzyme. The D82N mutant appears to act by stabilizing the binary conformation of DNA gyrase with uncleaved DNA without direct interaction with the compounds. This provides general insight into the resistance mechanisms to antibiotics targeting bacterial type II topoisomerases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Germe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Judit Vörös
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frederic Jeannot
- Sanofi R&D, TSU Infectious Diseases, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Thomas Taillier
- Sanofi R&D, TSU Infectious Diseases, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Robert A Stavenger
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Eric Bacqué
- Sanofi R&D, TSU Infectious Diseases, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Benjamin D Bax
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Badshah SL, Ullah A. New developments in non-quinolone-based antibiotics for the inhibiton of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
104
|
Khan A, Miller WR, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among hospital-associated pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:269-287. [PMID: 29617188 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1456919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th-century permitting the treatment of once incurable infections. Widespread use of antibiotics, however, has led to the development of resistant organisms, particularly in the healthcare setting. Today, the clinician is often faced with pathogens carrying a cadre of resistance determinants that severely limit therapeutic options. The genetic plasticity of microbes allows them to adapt to stressors via genetic mutations, acquisition or sharing of genetic material and modulation of genetic expression leading to resistance to virtually any antimicrobial used in clinical practice. Areas covered: This is a comprehensive review that outlines major mechanisms of resistance in the most common hospital-associated pathogens including bacteria and fungi. Expert commentary: Understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of such antimicrobial adaptation is crucial to tackling the rapid spread of resistance, can expose unconventional therapeutic targets to combat multidrug resistant pathogens and lead to more accurate prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility using rapid molecular diagnostics. Clinicians making treatment decisions based on the molecular basis of resistance may design therapeutic strategies that include de-escalation of broad spectrum antimicrobial usage, more focused therapies or combination therapies. These strategies are likely to improve patient outcomes and decrease the risk of resistance in hospital settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - William R Miller
- b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , McGovern Medical School
| | - Cesar A Arias
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , McGovern Medical School.,d Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics , Universidad El Bosque , Bogota , Colombia.,e School of Public Health , UTHealth Center for Infectious Diseases , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Neumann W, Sassone-Corsi M, Raffatellu M, Nolan EM. Esterase-Catalyzed Siderophore Hydrolysis Activates an Enterobactin-Ciprofloxacin Conjugate and Confers Targeted Antibacterial Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5193-5201. [PMID: 29578687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteric Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, biosynthesize and deploy the triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin (Ent) in the vertebrate host to acquire iron, an essential nutrient. We report that Ent-Cipro, a synthetic siderophore-antibiotic conjugate based on the native Ent platform that harbors an alkyl linker at one of the catechols with a ciprofloxacin cargo attached, affords targeted antibacterial activity against E. coli strains that express the pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster. Attachment of the siderophore to ciprofloxacin, a DNA gyrase inhibitor and broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by E. coli, generates an inactive prodrug and guides the antibiotic into the cytoplasm of bacteria that express the Ent uptake machinery (FepABCDG). Intracellular hydrolysis of the siderophore restores the activity of the antibiotic. Remarkably, Fes, the cytoplasmic Ent hydrolase expressed by all E. coli, does not contribute to Ent-Cipro activation. Instead, this processing step requires IroD, a cytoplasmic hydrolase that is expressed only by E. coli that harbor the iroA gene cluster and are predominantly pathogenic. In the uropathogenic E. coli UTI89 and CFT073, Ent-Cipro provides antibacterial activity comparable to unmodified ciprofloxacin. This work highlights the potential of leveraging and targeting pathogen-associated microbial enzymes in narrow-spectrum antibacterial approaches. Moreover, because E. coli include harmless gut commensals as well as resident microbes that can contribute to disease, Ent-Cipro may provide a valuable chemical tool for strain-selective modulation of the microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Neumann
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Martina Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Phillips-Jones MK, Harding SE. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) nanomachines-mechanisms for fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide recognition, efflux and/or deactivation. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:347-362. [PMID: 29525835 PMCID: PMC5899746 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss mechanisms of resistance identified in bacterial agents Staphylococcus aureus and the enterococci towards two priority classes of antibiotics-the fluoroquinolones and the glycopeptides. Members of both classes interact with a number of components in the cells of these bacteria, so the cellular targets are also considered. Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms include efflux pumps (MepA, NorA, NorB, NorC, MdeA, LmrS or SdrM in S. aureus and EfmA or EfrAB in the enterococci) for removal of fluoroquinolone from the intracellular environment of bacterial cells and/or protection of the gyrase and topoisomerase IV target sites in Enterococcus faecalis by Qnr-like proteins. Expression of efflux systems is regulated by GntR-like (S. aureus NorG), MarR-like (MgrA, MepR) regulators or a two-component signal transduction system (TCS) (S. aureus ArlSR). Resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin occurs via efflux regulated by the TcaR regulator in S. aureus. Resistance to vancomycin occurs through modification of the D-Ala-D-Ala target in the cell wall peptidoglycan and removal of high affinity precursors, or by target protection via cell wall thickening. Of the six Van resistance types (VanA-E, VanG), the VanA resistance type is considered in this review, including its regulation by the VanSR TCS. We describe the recent application of biophysical approaches such as the hydrodynamic technique of analytical ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism spectroscopy to identify the possible molecular effector of the VanS receptor that activates expression of the Van resistance genes; both approaches demonstrated that vancomycin interacts with VanS, suggesting that vancomycin itself (or vancomycin with an accessory factor) may be an effector of vancomycin resistance. With 16 and 19 proteins or protein complexes involved in fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide resistances, respectively, and the complexities of bacterial sensing mechanisms that trigger and regulate a wide variety of possible resistance mechanisms, we propose that these antimicrobial resistance mechanisms might be considered complex 'nanomachines' that drive survival of bacterial cells in antibiotic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Phillips-Jones
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Towle TR, Kulkarni CA, Oppegard LM, Williams BP, Picha TA, Hiasa H, Kerns RJ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel N-1 fluoroquinolone derivatives: Probing for binding contact with the active site tyrosine of gyrase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1903-1910. [PMID: 29661533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural studies of topoisomerase-fluoroquinolone-DNA ternary complexes revealed a cavity between the quinolone N-1 position and the active site tyrosine. Fluoroquinolone derivatives having positively charged or aromatic moieties extended from the N-1 position were designed to probe for binding contacts with the phosphotyrosine residue in ternary complex. While alkylamine, alkylphthalimide, and alkylphenyl groups introduced at the N-1 position afforded derivatives that maintained modest inhibition of the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase, none retained ability to poison DNA gyrase. Thus, the addition of a large and/or long moiety at the N-1 position disrupts ternary complex formation, and retained ability to inhibit supercoiling is likely through interference with the strand breakage reaction. Two derivatives were found to possess inhibitory effects on the decatenation activity of human topoisomerase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell R Towle
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lisa M Oppegard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bridget P Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Taylor A Picha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Wendorff TJ, Berger JM. Topoisomerase VI senses and exploits both DNA crossings and bends to facilitate strand passage. eLife 2018; 7:31724. [PMID: 29595473 PMCID: PMC5922973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases manage DNA supercoiling and aid chromosome segregation using a complex, ATP-dependent duplex strand passage mechanism. Type IIB topoisomerases and their homologs support both archaeal/plant viability and meiotic recombination. Topo VI, a prototypical type IIB topoisomerase, comprises two Top6A and two Top6B protomers; how these subunits cooperate to engage two DNA segments and link ATP turnover to DNA transport is poorly understood. Using multiple biochemical approaches, we show that Top6B, which harbors the ATPase activity of topo VI, recognizes and exploits the DNA crossings present in supercoiled DNA to stimulate subunit dimerization by ATP. Top6B self-association in turn induces extensive DNA bending, which is needed to support duplex cleavage by Top6A. Our observations explain how topo VI tightly coordinates DNA crossover recognition and ATP binding with strand scission, providing useful insights into the operation of type IIB topoisomerases and related meiotic recombination and GHKL ATPase machineries. Each human cell contains genetic information stored on approximately two meters of DNA. Like holiday lights in a storage box, packing so much DNA into such a small space leads to its entanglement. This snarled DNA prevents the cell from properly accessing and copying its genes. Type II topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that remove DNA tangles. They attach to one segment of a DNA tangle, cut it in half, remove the knot, and then repair the broken DNA strand. The process requires the proteins to ‘burn’ chemical energy. If topoisomerases make mistakes when they cut and reseal DNA, they could damage genetic information and harm cells. It is still unclear how these proteins recognize DNA tangles and use energy to remove knots instead of adding them. Here, Wendorff and Berger use biochemical approaches to look into topo VI, a type II topoisomerase found in plants and certain single-celled organisms. When DNA is tangled, it forms sharp bends and crossings. Their experiments reveal that topo VI has certain ‘sensors’ that detect where DNA bends, and others that recognize the crossings. Only when both features are present does the enzyme start working and using energy. These sensors act as fail-safes to ensure that topo VI only breaks DNA when it encounters a proper knot, and is not ‘set loose’ on untangled DNA. Future work will look at topo VI at an atom-by-atom level to reveal how exactly the enzymes ‘see’ DNA bends and crossings, and how interactions with the correct type of DNA triggers energy use and DNA untangling. Knowing more about topo VI can help researchers to understand how human and bacterial topoisomerases work. These results could also be generalized to other enzymes, for example those that help the genetic processes at play when sperm and egg cells form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wendorff
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Kaguni JM. The Macromolecular Machines that Duplicate the Escherichia coli Chromosome as Targets for Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29538288 PMCID: PMC5872134 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an essential process. Although the fundamental strategies to duplicate chromosomes are similar in all free-living organisms, the enzymes of the three domains of life that perform similar functions in DNA replication differ in amino acid sequence and their three-dimensional structures. Moreover, the respective proteins generally utilize different enzymatic mechanisms. Hence, the replication proteins that are highly conserved among bacterial species are attractive targets to develop novel antibiotics as the compounds are unlikely to demonstrate off-target effects. For those proteins that differ among bacteria, compounds that are species-specific may be found. Escherichia coli has been developed as a model system to study DNA replication, serving as a benchmark for comparison. This review summarizes the functions of individual E. coli proteins, and the compounds that inhibit them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Delgado JL, Hsieh CM, Chan NL, Hiasa H. Topoisomerases as anticancer targets. Biochem J 2018; 475:373-398. [PMID: 29363591 PMCID: PMC6110615 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer type-specific anticancer agents have been developed and significant advances have been made toward precision medicine in cancer treatment. However, traditional or nonspecific anticancer drugs are still important for the treatment of many cancer patients whose cancers either do not respond to or have developed resistance to cancer-specific anticancer agents. DNA topoisomerases, especially type IIA topoisomerases, are proved therapeutic targets of anticancer and antibacterial drugs. Clinically successful topoisomerase-targeting anticancer drugs act through topoisomerase poisoning, which leads to replication fork arrest and double-strand break formation. Unfortunately, this unique mode of action is associated with the development of secondary cancers and cardiotoxicity. Structures of topoisomerase-drug-DNA ternary complexes have revealed the exact binding sites and mechanisms of topoisomerase poisons. Recent advances in the field have suggested a possibility of designing isoform-specific human topoisomerase II poisons, which may be developed as safer anticancer drugs. It may also be possible to design catalytic inhibitors of topoisomerases by targeting certain inactive conformations of these enzymes. Furthermore, identification of various new bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors and regulatory proteins may inspire the discovery of novel human topoisomerase inhibitors. Thus, topoisomerases remain as important therapeutic targets of anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine L Delgado
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Chao-Ming Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Nei-Li Chan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
van Eijk E, Wittekoek B, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK. DNA replication proteins as potential targets for antimicrobials in drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:1275-1284. [PMID: 28073967 PMCID: PMC5400081 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the impending crisis of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobials to combat difficult infections and MDR pathogenic microorganisms. DNA replication is essential for cell viability and is therefore an attractive target for antimicrobials. Although several antimicrobials targeting DNA replication proteins have been developed to date, gyrase/topoisomerase inhibitors are the only class widely used in the clinic. Given the numerous essential proteins in the bacterial replisome that may serve as a potential target for inhibitors and the relative paucity of suitable compounds, it is evident that antimicrobials targeting the replisome are underdeveloped so far. In this review, we report on the diversity of antimicrobial compounds targeting DNA replication and highlight some of the challenges in developing new drugs that target this process.
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are proven therapeutic targets of antibacterial agents. Quinolones, especially fluoroquinolones, are the most successful topoisomerase-targeting antibacterial drugs. These drugs target type IIA topoisomerases in bacteria. Recent structural and biochemical studies on fluoroquinolones have provided the molecular basis for both their mechanism of action, as well as the molecular basis of bacterial resistance. Due to the development of drug resistance, including fluoroquinolone resistance, among bacterial pathogens, there is an urgent need to discover novel antibacterial agents. Recent advances in topoisomerase inhibitors may lead to the development of novel antibacterial drugs that are effective against fluoroquinolone-resistant pathogens. They include type IIA topoisomerase inhibitors that either interact with the GyrB/ParE subunit or form nick-containing ternary complexes. In addition, several topoisomerase I inhibitors have recently been identified. Thus, DNA topoisomerases remain important targets of antibacterial agents.
Collapse
|
113
|
Urushibara N, Suzaki K, Kawaguchiya M, Aung MS, Shinagawa M, Takahashi S, Kobayashi N. Contribution of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations to Fluoroquinolone Resistance inEnterococcus faeciumfrom Japanese Clinical Setting. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzaki
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shinagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Xerras P, Bacharidou AM, Kalogiannis S, Perdih F, Kirillova MV, Kirillov AM, Turel I, Psomas G. Extending the family of quinolone antibacterials to new copper derivatives: self-assembly, structural and topological features, catalytic and biological activity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New copper(ii) compounds with quinolone pefloxacin were synthesized and fully characterized; they exhibit notable catalytic activity and promising biological profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Xerras
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Anna-Maria Bacharidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Food Technology and Nutrition
- Alexander Technological Educational Institution
- Thessaloniki
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Food Technology and Nutrition
- Alexander Technological Educational Institution
- Thessaloniki
| | - Franc Perdih
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Marina V. Kirillova
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - George Psomas
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Ubiquitous Nature of Fluoroquinolones: The Oscillation between Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6040026. [PMID: 29112154 PMCID: PMC5745469 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antibacterial agents that stabilize the ternary complex of prokaryotic topoisomerase II enzymes (gyrase and Topo IV), leading to extensive DNA fragmentation and bacteria death. Despite the similar structural folds within the critical regions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic topoisomerases, clinically relevant fluoroquinolones display a remarkable selectivity for prokaryotic topoisomerase II, with excellent safety records in humans. Typical agents that target human topoisomerases (such as etoposide, doxorubicin and mitoxantrone) are associated with significant toxicities and secondary malignancies, whereas clinically relevant fluoroquinolones are not known to exhibit such propensities. Although many fluoroquinolones have been shown to display topoisomerase-independent antiproliferative effects against various human cancer cells, those that are significantly active against eukaryotic topoisomerase show the same DNA damaging properties as other topoisomerase poisons. Empirical models also show that fluoroquinolones mediate some unique immunomodulatory activities of suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and super-inducing interleukin-2. This article reviews the extended roles of fluoroquinolones and their prospects as lead for the unmet needs of "small and safe" multimodal-targeting drug scaffolds.
Collapse
|
116
|
Yilmaz S, Yalcin I, Okten S, Onurdag FK, Aki-Yalcin E. Synthesis and investigation of binding interactions of 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives on topoisomerase IV in Acinetobacter baumannii. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 28:941-956. [PMID: 29206501 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1404490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important pathogen for nosocomial infections having high morbidity and mortality. This pathogen is notorious for antimicrobial resistance to many common antimicrobial agents including fluoroquinolones, which have both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Fluoroquinolones targeting the bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase and Topo IV) show potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity by the stabilization of the covalent enzyme-DNA complex. However, their efficacy is now being threatened by an increasing prevalence of resistance. Fluoroquinolones cause stepwise mutations in DNA gyrase and Topo IV, having alterations of their binding sites. Furthermore, the water-Mg+2 bridge, which provides enzyme-fluoroquinolone interactions, has a significant role in resistance. In this study, 13 compounds were synthesized as 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives which act as bacterial topoisomerase II inhibitors and their antibacterial activities were determined against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter strains which have ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistant and GyrA mutation. Afterwards we performed docking studies with Topo IV (pdb:2XKK) of these compounds to comprehend their binding properties in Discovery Studio 3.5. The results of this study show significant conclusions to elucidate the resistance mechanism and lead to the design of new antibacterial agents as bacterial topoisomerase II inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yilmaz
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - I Yalcin
- b Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - S Okten
- c Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - F K Onurdag
- c Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - E Aki-Yalcin
- b Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Ashley RE, Lindsey RH, McPherson SA, Turnbough CL, Kerns RJ, Osheroff N. Interactions between Quinolones and Bacillus anthracis Gyrase and the Basis of Drug Resistance. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4191-4200. [PMID: 28708938 PMCID: PMC5560241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Gyrase appears to
be the primary cellular target for quinolone
antibacterials in multiple pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. Given
the significance of this type II topoisomerase as a drug target, it
is critical to understand how quinolones interact with gyrase and
how specific mutations lead to resistance. However, these important
issues have yet to be addressed for a canonical gyrase. Therefore,
we utilized a mechanistic approach to characterize interactions of
quinolones with wild-type B. anthracis gyrase and
enzymes containing the most common quinolone resistance mutations.
Results indicate that clinically relevant quinolones interact with
the enzyme through a water–metal ion bridge in which a noncatalytic
divalent metal ion is chelated by the C3/C4 keto acid of the drug.
In contrast to other bacterial type II topoisomerases that have been
examined, the bridge is anchored to gyrase primarily through a single
residue (Ser85). Substitution of groups at the quinolone C7 and C8
positions generated drugs that were less dependent on the water–metal
ion bridge and overcame resistance. Thus, by analyzing the interactions
of drugs with type II topoisomerases from individual bacteria, it
may be possible to identify specific quinolone derivatives that can
overcome target-mediated resistance in important pathogenic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia A McPherson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Charles L Turnbough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Neil Osheroff
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Murray GL, Bradshaw CS, Bissessor M, Danielewski J, Garland SM, Jensen JS, Fairley CK, Tabrizi SN. Increasing Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:809-812. [PMID: 28418319 PMCID: PMC5403035 DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.161745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escalating resistance to azithromycin and moxifloxacin is being reported for Mycoplasma genitalium in the Asia-Pacific region. Analyzing 140 infections, we found pretreatment fluoroquinolone-resistance mutations in parC (13.6%) and gyrA (5%). ParC S83 changes were associated with moxifloxacin failure. Combined macrolide/fluoroquinolone-resistance mutations were in 8.6% of specimens, for which recommended therapies would be ineffective.
Collapse
|
119
|
Jamieson GC, Fox JA, Poi M, Strickland SA. Molecular and Pharmacologic Properties of the Anticancer Quinolone Derivative Vosaroxin: A New Therapeutic Agent for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Drugs 2017; 76:1245-1255. [PMID: 27484675 PMCID: PMC4989016 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vosaroxin is a first-in-class anticancer quinolone derivative that targets topoisomerase II and induces site-selective double-strand breaks in DNA, leading to tumor cell apoptosis. Vosaroxin has chemical and pharmacologic characteristics distinct from other topoisomerase II inhibitors due to its quinolone scaffold. The efficacy and safety of vosaroxin in combination with cytarabine were evaluated in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a phase III, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (VALOR). In this study, the addition of vosaroxin produced a 1.4-month improvement in median overall survival (OS; 7.5 months with vosaroxin/cytarabine vs. 6.1 months with placebo/cytarabine; hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.73−1.02; unstratified log-rank p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}= 0.061; stratified log-rank p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}=0.024), with the greatest OS benefit observed in patients ≥60 years of age (7.1 vs. 5.0 months; HR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.62−0.92; p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}=0.003) and patients with early relapse (6.7 vs. 5.2 months; HR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.59−1.00; p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}= 0.039), two AML patient groups that typically have poor prognosis. Here we review the chemical and pharmacologic properties of vosaroxin, how these properties are distinct from those of currently available topoisomerase II inhibitors, how they may contribute to the efficacy and safety profile observed in the VALOR trial, and the status of clinical development of vosaroxin for treatment of AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith A Fox
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ming Poi
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen A Strickland
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Chan PF, Germe T, Bax BD, Huang J, Thalji RK, Bacqué E, Checchia A, Chen D, Cui H, Ding X, Ingraham K, McCloskey L, Raha K, Srikannathasan V, Maxwell A, Stavenger RA. Thiophene antibacterials that allosterically stabilize DNA-cleavage complexes with DNA gyrase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4492-E4500. [PMID: 28507124 PMCID: PMC5465892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700721114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A paucity of novel acting antibacterials is in development to treat the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in Gram-negative hospital pathogens, which has led to renewed efforts in antibiotic drug discovery. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterials that target DNA gyrase by stabilizing DNA-cleavage complexes, but their clinical utility has been compromised by resistance. We have identified a class of antibacterial thiophenes that target DNA gyrase with a unique mechanism of action and have activity against a range of bacterial pathogens, including strains resistant to fluoroquinolones. Although fluoroquinolones stabilize double-stranded DNA breaks, the antibacterial thiophenes stabilize gyrase-mediated DNA-cleavage complexes in either one DNA strand or both DNA strands. X-ray crystallography of DNA gyrase-DNA complexes shows the compounds binding to a protein pocket between the winged helix domain and topoisomerase-primase domain, remote from the DNA. Mutations of conserved residues around this pocket affect activity of the thiophene inhibitors, consistent with allosteric inhibition of DNA gyrase. This druggable pocket provides potentially complementary opportunities for targeting bacterial topoisomerases for antibiotic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan F Chan
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426;
| | - Thomas Germe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Bax
- Platform Technology and Science, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Reema K Thalji
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Eric Bacqué
- Therapeutic Strategic Unit Infectious Diseases, Sanofi Research & Development, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Anna Checchia
- Aptuit Center of Drug Discovery and Development, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - Dongzhao Chen
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Xiao Ding
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Karen Ingraham
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Lynn McCloskey
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Kaushik Raha
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Velupillai Srikannathasan
- Platform Technology and Science, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Stavenger
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426;
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been spreading; however, the development of new antibacterial drugs has not progressed accordingly. Novel antibacterial drugs or their candidate seeds need to be developed for effective antibiotic therapy. Under these conditions, the search for novel compounds and novel targets is important. In Okayama University, as a part of the Drug Discovery for Intractable Infectious Diseases project, we are proceeding with the development of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. We found that riccardin C (a natural product of liverwort) and 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine (from the crude drug Senkotsu) exhibited strong antibacterial activities, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. We showed that riccardin C induced cell membrane leakage and that 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine inhibited DNA topoisomerase IV. Moreover, 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine exerted synergistic effects with already known anti-MRSA drugs as well as with vancomycin for VRE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Kuroda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Preparation, structural characterization and biological studies of some new levofloxacin metal complexes. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
123
|
DNA topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase as targets for TB therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:510-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
124
|
New 1,4-dihydro[1,8]naphthyridine derivatives as DNA gyrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1162-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
125
|
Kljun J, Turel I. β-Diketones as Scaffolds for Anticancer Drug Design - From Organic Building Blocks to Natural Products and Metallodrug Components. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Minovski N, Novič M. Integrated in Silico Methods for the Design and Optimization of Novel Drug Candidates. Oncology 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although almost fully automated, the discovery of novel, effective, and safe drugs is still a long-term and highly expensive process. Consequently, the need for fleet, rational, and cost-efficient development of novel drugs is crucial, and nowadays the advanced in silico drug design methodologies seem to effectively meet these issues. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of some of the current trends and advances in the in silico design of novel drug candidates with a special emphasis on 6-fluoroquinolone (6-FQ) antibacterials as potential novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase inhibitors. In particular, the chapter covers some of the recent aspects of a wide range of in silico drug discovery approaches including multidimensional machine-learning methods, ligand-based and structure-based methodologies, as well as their proficient combination and integration into an intelligent virtual screening protocol for design and optimization of novel 6-FQ analogs.
Collapse
|
127
|
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review with a focus on Mediterranean countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:421-435. [PMID: 27889879 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs. These molecules have been widely prescribed to treat various infectious diseases and have been classified into several generations based on their spectrum of activity. Quinolones inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by interfering with the action of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Mutations in the genes encoding these targets are the most common mechanisms of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Moreover, three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998 and include Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and plasmid-mediated efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistance (extended spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBLs] and plasmidic AmpC [pAmpC] ß-lactamases) and can transfer multidrug resistance. The PMQR determinants are disseminated in Mediterranean countries with prevalence relatively high depending on the sources and the regions, highlighting the necessity of long-term surveillance for the future monitoring of trends in the occurrence of PMQR genes.
Collapse
|
128
|
Cheng Y, Avula SR, Gao WW, Addla D, Tangadanchu VKR, Zhang L, Lin JM, Zhou CH. Multi-targeting exploration of new 2-aminothiazolyl quinolones: Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, interaction with DNA, combination with topoisomerase IV and penetrability into cells. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:935-945. [PMID: 27769037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of new potentially multi-targeting antimicrobial 2-aminothiazolyl quinolones were designed, synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, MS and HRMS spectra. Bioactive assay manifested that some of the prepared compounds showed moderate to good antibacterial and antifungal activities. Noticeably, compound 10f could effectively inhibit the growth of B. typhi and MRSA with MIC values of 1 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Experimental results revealed that compound 10f was membrane-active and had the ability to rapidly kill the tested strains and effectively prevent the development of bacterial resistance. Moreover, this compound also exhibited low toxicity against L929 cells. Molecular docking indicated that compound 10f could bind with topoisomerase IV-DNA complexes through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Quantum chemical studies were also performed on 10f to understand the structural features essential for activity. The preliminary mechanism research suggested that compound 10f could intercalate into calf thymus DNA to form a steady supramolecular complex which might block DNA replication to exert the powerful bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Avula
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dinesh Addla
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Vijai Kumar Reddy Tangadanchu
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian-Mei Lin
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Laponogov I, Pan XS, Veselkov DA, Cirz RT, Wagman A, Moser HE, Fisher LM, Sanderson MR. Exploring the active site of the Streptococcus pneumoniae topoisomerase IV-DNA cleavage complex with novel 7,8-bridged fluoroquinolones. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160157. [PMID: 27655731 PMCID: PMC5043579 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a programme of synthesizing and investigating the biological properties of new fluoroquinolone antibacterials and their targeting of topoisomerase IV from Streptococcus pneumoniae, we have solved the X-ray structure of the complexes of two new 7,8-bridged fluoroquinolones (with restricted C7 group rotation favouring tight binding) in complex with the topoisomerase IV from S. pneumoniae and an 18-base-pair DNA binding site—the E-site—found by our DNA mapping studies to bind drug strongly in the presence of topoisomerase IV (Leo et al. 2005 J. Biol. Chem.280, 14 252–14 263, doi:10.1074/jbc.M500156200). Although the degree of antibiotic resistance towards fluoroquinolones is much lower than that of β-lactams and a range of ribosome-bound antibiotics, there is a pressing need to increase the diversity of members of this successful clinically used class of drugs. The quinolone moiety of the new 7,8-bridged agents ACHN-245 and ACHN-454 binds similarly to that of clinafloxocin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and trovofloxacin but the cyclic scaffold offers the possibility of chemical modification to produce interactions with other topoisomerase residues at the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Laponogov
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Xiao-Su Pan
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Dennis A Veselkov
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ryan T Cirz
- Achaogen, 7000 Shoreline Ct. No. 371, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allan Wagman
- Achaogen, 7000 Shoreline Ct. No. 371, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Heinz E Moser
- Achaogen, 7000 Shoreline Ct. No. 371, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - L Mark Fisher
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mark R Sanderson
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Hooper DC, Jacoby GA. Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone Mechanisms of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a025320. [PMID: 27449972 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone antimicrobials are widely used in clinical medicine and are the only current class of agents that directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. Quinolones dually target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV binding to specific domains and conformations so as to block DNA strand passage catalysis and stabilize DNA-enzyme complexes that block the DNA replication apparatus and generate double breaks in DNA that underlie their bactericidal activity. Resistance has emerged with clinical use of these agents and is common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms of resistance include mutational alterations in drug target affinity and efflux pump expression and acquisition of resistance-conferring genes. Resistance mutations in one or both of the two drug target enzymes are commonly in a localized domain of the GyrA and ParC subunits of gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively, and reduce drug binding to the enzyme-DNA complex. Other resistance mutations occur in regulatory genes that control the expression of native efflux pumps localized in the bacterial membrane(s). These pumps have broad substrate profiles that include other antimicrobials as well as quinolones. Mutations of both types can accumulate with selection pressure and produce highly resistant strains. Resistance genes acquired on plasmids confer low-level resistance that promotes the selection of mutational high-level resistance. Plasmid-encoded resistance is because of Qnr proteins that protect the target enzymes from quinolone action, a mutant aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme that also modifies certain quinolones, and mobile efflux pumps. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistances and can transfer multidrug resistance that includes quinolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - George A Jacoby
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts 01805
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ude Z, Romero-Canelón I, Twamley B, Fitzgerald Hughes D, Sadler PJ, Marmion CJ. A novel dual-functioning ruthenium(II)–arene complex of an anti-microbial ciprofloxacin derivative — Anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activity. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:210-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
132
|
Abstract
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are type IIA bacterial topoisomerases that are targeted by highly effective antibiotics. However, resistance via multiple mechanisms arises to limit the efficacies of these drugs. Continued research on type IIA bacterial topoisomerases has provided novel approaches to counter the most common resistance mechanism for utilization of these proven targets in antibacterial therapy. Bacterial topoisomerase I is being explored as an alternative target that is not expected to show cross-resistance. Dual targeting or combination therapy could be strategies for circumventing the development of resistance to topoisomerase-targeting antibiotics. Bacterial topoisomerases are high-value bactericidal targets that could continue to be exploited for antibacterial therapy, if new tactics to counter resistance can be adopted.
Collapse
|
133
|
Description of compensatorygyrAmutations restoring fluoroquinolone susceptibility inMycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2428-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
134
|
Miles TJ, Hennessy AJ, Bax B, Brooks G, Brown BS, Brown P, Cailleau N, Chen D, Dabbs S, Davies DT, Esken JM, Giordano I, Hoover JL, Jones GE, Kusalakumari Sukmar SK, Markwell RE, Minthorn EA, Rittenhouse S, Gwynn MN, Pearson ND. Novel tricyclics (e.g., GSK945237) as potent inhibitors of bacterial type IIA topoisomerases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2464-2469. [PMID: 27055939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the course of our research on the lead optimisation of the NBTI (Novel Bacterial Type II Topoisomerase Inhibitors) class of antibacterials, we discovered a series of tricyclic compounds that showed good Gram-positive and Gram-negative potency. Herein we will discuss the various subunits that were investigated in this series and report advanced studies on compound 1 (GSK945237) which demonstrates good PK and in vivo efficacy properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Miles
- Diseases of the Developing World CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alan J Hennessy
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ben Bax
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Gerald Brooks
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Barry S Brown
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Pamela Brown
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathalie Cailleau
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Dongzhao Chen
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Steven Dabbs
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David T Davies
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Joel M Esken
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ilaria Giordano
- Diseases of the Developing World CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer L Hoover
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Graham E Jones
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK
| | | | - Roger E Markwell
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Minthorn
- Oncology TA, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Steve Rittenhouse
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael N Gwynn
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Neil D Pearson
- Infectious Diseases CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
The Current Case of Quinolones: Synthetic Approaches and Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:268. [PMID: 27043501 PMCID: PMC6274096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are broad-spectrum synthetic antibacterial drugs first obtained during the synthesis of chloroquine. Nalidixic acid, the prototype of quinolones, first became available for clinical consumption in 1962 and was used mainly for urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and other pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, significant work has been carried out to synthesize novel quinolone analogues with enhanced activity and potential usage for the treatment of different bacterial diseases. These novel analogues are made by substitution at different sites--the variation at the C-6 and C-8 positions gives more effective drugs. Substitution of a fluorine atom at the C-6 position produces fluroquinolones, which account for a large proportion of the quinolones in clinical use. Among others, substitution of piperazine or methylpiperazine, pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl rings also yields effective analogues. A total of twenty six analogues are reported in this review. The targets of quinolones are two bacterial enzymes of the class II topoisomerase family, namely gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Quinolones increase the concentration of drug-enzyme-DNA cleavage complexes and convert them into cellular toxins; as a result they are bactericidal. High bioavailability, relative low toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics have resulted in the clinical success of fluoroquinolones and quinolones. Due to these superior properties, quinolones have been extensively utilized and this increased usage has resulted in some quinolone-resistant bacterial strains. Bacteria become resistant to quinolones by three mechanisms: (1) mutation in the target site (gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV) of quinolones; (2) plasmid-mediated resistance; and (3) chromosome-mediated quinolone resistance. In plasmid-mediated resistance, the efflux of quinolones is increased along with a decrease in the interaction of the drug with gyrase (topoisomerase IV). In the case of chromosome-mediated quinolone resistance, there is a decrease in the influx of the drug into the cell.
Collapse
|
136
|
Malik M, Mustaev A, Schwanz HA, Luan G, Shah N, Oppegard LM, de Souza EC, Hiasa H, Zhao X, Kerns RJ, Drlica K. Suppression of gyrase-mediated resistance by C7 aryl fluoroquinolones. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3304-16. [PMID: 26984528 PMCID: PMC4838383 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones form drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes that rapidly block transcription and replication. Crystallographic and biochemical studies show that quinolone binding involves a water/metal-ion bridge between the quinolone C3-C4 keto-acid and amino acids in helix-4 of the target proteins, GyrA (gyrase) and ParC (topoisomerase IV). A recent cross-linking study revealed a second drug-binding mode in which the other end of the quinolone, the C7 ring system, interacts with GyrA. We report that addition of a dinitrophenyl (DNP) moiety to the C7 end of ciprofloxacin (Cip-DNP) reduced protection due to resistance substitutions in Escherichia coli GyrA helix-4, consistent with the existence of a second drug-binding mode not evident in X-ray structures of drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes. Several other C7 aryl fluoroquinolones behaved in a similar manner with particular GyrA mutants. Treatment of E. coli cultures with Cip-DNP selectively enriched an uncommon variant, GyrA-A119E, a change that may impede binding of the dinitrophenyl group at or near the GyrA-GyrA interface. Collectively the data support the existence of a secondary quinolone-binding mode in which the quinolone C7 ring system interacts with GyrA; the data also identify C7 aryl derivatives as a new way to obtain fluoroquinolones that overcome existing GyrA-mediated quinolone resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Malik
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Arkady Mustaev
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Heidi A Schwanz
- University of Iowa, Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Gan Luan
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nirali Shah
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lisa M Oppegard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ernane C de Souza
- University of Iowa, Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang-An Road, Xiang-An District, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361102, China
| | - Robert J Kerns
- University of Iowa, Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Heath Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Crystal structure and stability of gyrase-fluoroquinolone cleaved complexes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1706-13. [PMID: 26792525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525047113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one-third of the world's population and in 2013 accounted for 1.5 million deaths. Fluoroquinolone antibacterials, which target DNA gyrase, are critical agents used to halt the progression from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to extensively resistant disease; however, fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging and new ways to bypass resistance are required. To better explain known differences in fluoroquinolone action, the crystal structures of the WT Mtb DNA gyrase cleavage core and a fluoroquinolone-sensitized mutant were determined in complex with DNA and five fluoroquinolones. The structures, ranging from 2.4- to 2.6-Å resolution, show that the intrinsically low susceptibility of Mtb to fluoroquinolones correlates with a reduction in contacts to the water shell of an associated magnesium ion, which bridges fluoroquinolone-gyrase interactions. Surprisingly, the structural data revealed few differences in fluoroquinolone-enzyme contacts from drugs that have very different activities against Mtb. By contrast, a stability assay using purified components showed a clear relationship between ternary complex reversibility and inhibitory activities reported with cultured cells. Collectively, our data indicate that the stability of fluoroquinolone/DNA interactions is a major determinant of fluoroquinolone activity and that moieties that have been appended to the C7 position of different quinolone scaffolds do not take advantage of specific contacts that might be made with the enzyme. These concepts point to new approaches for developing quinolone-class compounds that have increased potency against Mtb and the ability to overcome resistance.
Collapse
|
138
|
Fluoroquinolone interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrase: Enhancing drug activity against wild-type and resistant gyrase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E839-46. [PMID: 26792518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525055113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a significant source of global morbidity and mortality. Moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones are important therapeutic agents for the treatment of tuberculosis, particularly multidrug-resistant infections. To guide the development of new quinolone-based agents, it is critical to understand the basis of drug action against M. tuberculosis gyrase and how mutations in the enzyme cause resistance. Therefore, we characterized interactions of fluoroquinolones and related drugs with WT gyrase and enzymes carrying mutations at GyrA(A90) and GyrA(D94). M. tuberculosis gyrase lacks a conserved serine that anchors a water-metal ion bridge that is critical for quinolone interactions with other bacterial type II topoisomerases. Despite the fact that the serine is replaced by an alanine (i.e., GyrA(A90)) in M. tuberculosis gyrase, the bridge still forms and plays a functional role in mediating quinolone-gyrase interactions. Clinically relevant mutations at GyrA(A90) and GyrA(D94) cause quinolone resistance by disrupting the bridge-enzyme interaction, thereby decreasing drug affinity. Fluoroquinolone activity against WT and resistant enzymes is enhanced by the introduction of specific groups at the C7 and C8 positions. By dissecting fluoroquinolone-enzyme interactions, we determined that an 8-methyl-moxifloxacin derivative induces high levels of stable cleavage complexes with WT gyrase and two common resistant enzymes, GyrA(A90V) and GyrA(D94G). 8-Methyl-moxifloxacin was more potent than moxifloxacin against WT M. tuberculosis gyrase and displayed higher activity against the mutant enzymes than moxifloxacin did against WT gyrase. This chemical biology approach to defining drug-enzyme interactions has the potential to identify novel drugs with improved activity against tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
139
|
Designing a Single-Molecule Biophysics Tool for Characterising DNA Damage for Techniques that Kill Infectious Pathogens Through DNA Damage Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:115-27. [PMID: 27193541 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics such as the quinolones and fluoroquinolones kill bacterial pathogens ultimately through DNA damage. They target the essential type IIA topoisomerases in bacteria by stabilising the normally transient double-strand break state which is created to modify the supercoiling state of the DNA. Here we discuss the development of these antibiotics and their method of action. Existing methods for DNA damage visualisation, such as the comet assay and immunofluorescence imaging can often only be analysed qualitatively and this analysis is subjective. We describe a putative single-molecule fluorescence technique for quantifying DNA damage via the total fluorescence intensity of a DNA origami tile fully saturated with an intercalating dye, along with the optical requirements for how to implement these into a light microscopy imaging system capable of single-molecule millisecond timescale imaging. This system promises significant improvements in reproducibility of the quantification of DNA damage over traditional techniques.
Collapse
|
140
|
Sharma C, Singh AK, Joy J, Jemmis ED, Awasthi SK. Experimental and theoretical study of intramolecular O⋯O interaction in structurally rigid β-keto carboxylic esters. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20483j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present our experimental and theoretical study on the crystal structures of quinolone carboxylate and bisethoxycarbonylvinylanilines, which gives an insight into the origin of the attractive or repulsive nature of O⋯O interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeev Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Ashawani K. Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Jyothish Joy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560 012
- India
| | - Satish K. Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Austin MJ, Hearnshaw SJ, Mitchenall LA, McDermott PJ, Howell LA, Maxwell A, Searcey M. A natural product inspired fragment-based approach towards the development of novel anti-bacterial agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simocyclinone D8 served as a natural product inspiration for the synthesis of a new DNA gyrase inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- John Innes Centre
- Norwich NR4 7UH
- UK
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich NR4 7TJ
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Bisacchi GS, Hale MR. A "Double-Edged" Scaffold: Antitumor Power within the Antibacterial Quinolone. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:520-77. [PMID: 26695512 PMCID: PMC4997924 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666151223095839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1980s, reports emerged describing experimental antibacterial quinolones having significant potency against eukaryotic Type II topoisomerases (topo II) and showing cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines. As a result, several pharmaceutical companies initiated quinolone anticancer programs to explore the potential of this class in comparison to conventional human topo II inhibiting antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin and etoposide. In this review, we present a modern re-evaluation of the anticancer potential of the quinolone class in the context of today's predominantly pathway-based (rather than cytotoxicity-based) oncology drug R&D environment. The quinolone eukaryotic SAR is comprehensively discussed, contrasted with the corresponding prokaryotic data, and merged with recent structural biology information which is now beginning to help explain the basis for that SAR. Quinolone topo II inhibitors appear to be much less susceptible to efflux-mediated resistance, a current limitation of therapy with conventional agents. Recent advances in the biological understanding of human topo II isoforms suggest that significant progress might now be made in overcoming two other treatment-limiting disadvantages of conventional topo II inhibitors, namely cardiotoxicity and drug-induced secondary leukemias. We propose that quinolone class topo II inhibitors could have a useful future therapeutic role due to the continued need for effective topo II drugs in many cancer treatment settings, and due to the recent biological and structural advances which can now provide, for the first time, specific guidance for the design of a new class of inhibitors potentially superior to existing agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Bisacchi
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Oppegard LM, Schwanz HA, Towle TR, Kerns RJ, Hiasa H. Fluoroquinolones stimulate the DNA cleavage activity of topoisomerase IV by promoting the binding of Mg(2+) to the second metal binding site. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:569-75. [PMID: 26723176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones target bacterial type IIA topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). Fluoroquinolones trap a topoisomerase-DNA covalent complex as a topoisomerase-fluoroquinolone-DNA ternary complex and ternary complex formation is critical for their cytotoxicity. A divalent metal ion is required for type IIA topoisomerase-catalyzed strand breakage and religation reactions. Recent studies have suggested that type IIA topoisomerases use two metal ions, one structural and one catalytic, to carry out the strand breakage reaction. METHODS We conducted a series of DNA cleavage assays to examine the effects of fluoroquinolones and quinazolinediones on Mg(2+)-, Mn(2+)-, or Ca(2+)-supported DNA cleavage activity of Escherichia coli Topo IV. RESULTS In the absence of any drug, 20-30 mM Mg(2+) was required for the maximum levels of the DNA cleavage activity of Topo IV, whereas approximately 1mM of either Mn(2+) or Ca(2+) was sufficient to support the maximum levels of the DNA cleavage activity of Topo IV. Fluoroquinolones promoted the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction at low Mg(2+) concentrations where Topo IV alone could not efficiently cleave DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE At low Mg(2+) concentrations, fluoroquinolones may stimulate the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction by promoting Mg(2+) binding to metal binding site B through the structural distortion in DNA. As Mg(2+) concentration increases, fluoroquinolones may inhibit the religation reaction by either stabilizing Mg(2+) at site B or inhibition the binding of Mg(2+) to site A. This study provides a molecular basis of how fluoroquinolones stimulate the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction by modulating Mg(2+) binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Oppegard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Heidi A Schwanz
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Tyrell R Towle
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Chan PF, Srikannathasan V, Huang J, Cui H, Fosberry AP, Gu M, Hann MM, Hibbs M, Homes P, Ingraham K, Pizzollo J, Shen C, Shillings AJ, Spitzfaden CE, Tanner R, Theobald AJ, Stavenger RA, Bax BD, Gwynn MN. Structural basis of DNA gyrase inhibition by antibacterial QPT-1, anticancer drug etoposide and moxifloxacin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10048. [PMID: 26640131 PMCID: PMC4686662 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibacterials are needed to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Type IIA topoisomerases (topo2As), the targets of fluoroquinolones, regulate DNA topology by creating transient double-strand DNA breaks. Here we report the first co-crystal structures of the antibacterial QPT-1 and the anticancer drug etoposide with Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase, showing binding at the same sites in the cleaved DNA as the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin. Unlike moxifloxacin, QPT-1 and etoposide interact with conserved GyrB TOPRIM residues rationalizing why QPT-1 can overcome fluoroquinolone resistance. Our data show etoposide's antibacterial activity is due to DNA gyrase inhibition and suggests other anticancer agents act similarly. Analysis of multiple DNA gyrase co-crystal structures, including asymmetric cleavage complexes, led to a ‘pair of swing-doors' hypothesis in which the movement of one DNA segment regulates cleavage and religation of the second DNA duplex. This mechanism can explain QPT-1's bacterial specificity. Structure-based strategies for developing topo2A antibacterials are suggested. Type IIA topoisomerases (topo2As) create transient double-strand DNA breaks. Here, the authors report structures showing how QPT-1 binds in the DNA/topo2A complex at the same site as the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin, and discuss the potential for developing new classes of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan F Chan
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Velupillai Srikannathasan
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Andrew P Fosberry
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Minghua Gu
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Michael M Hann
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Hibbs
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul Homes
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Ingraham
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Jason Pizzollo
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Carol Shen
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Anthony J Shillings
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Claus E Spitzfaden
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert Tanner
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Andrew J Theobald
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert A Stavenger
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Benjamin D Bax
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michael N Gwynn
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Reeve SM, Lombardo MN, Anderson AC. Understanding the structural mechanisms of antibiotic resistance sets the platform for new discovery. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1727-33. [PMID: 26516790 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural basis of antibacterial resistance may enable rational design principles that avoid and subvert that resistance, thus leading to the discovery of more effective antibiotics. In this review, we explore the use of crystal structures to guide new discovery of antibiotics that are effective against resistant organisms. Structures of efflux pumps bound to substrates and inhibitors have aided the design of compounds with lower affinity for the pump or inhibitors that more effectively block the pump. Structures of β-lactamase enzymes have revealed the mechanisms of action toward key carbapenems and structures of gyrase have aided the design of compounds that are less susceptible to point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Reeve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael N Lombardo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Amy C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Pommier Y, Kiselev E, Marchand C. Interfacial inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3961-5. [PMID: 26235949 PMCID: PMC7747010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting macromolecular interface is a general mechanism by which natural products inactivate macromolecular complexes by stabilizing normally transient intermediates. Demonstrating interfacial inhibition mechanism ultimately relies on the resolution of drug-macromolecule structures. This review focuses on medicinal drugs that trap protein-DNA complexes by binding at protein-DNA interfaces. It provides proof-of-concept and detailed structural and mechanistic examples for topoisomerase inhibitors and HIV integrase inhibitors. Additional examples of recent interfacial inhibitors for protein-DNA interfaces are provided, as well as prospects for targeting previously 'undruggable' targets including transcription, replication and chromatin remodeling complexes. References and discussion are included for interfacial inhibitors of protein-protein interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
Quinolone antimicrobials are synthetic and widely used in clinical medicine. Resistance emerged with clinical use and became common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms of resistance include two categories of mutation and acquisition of resistance-conferring genes. Resistance mutations in one or both of the two drug target enzymes, DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, are commonly in a localized domain of the GyrA and ParE subunits of the respective enzymes and reduce drug binding to the enzyme-DNA complex. Other resistance mutations occur in regulatory genes that control the expression of native efflux pumps localized in the bacterial membrane(s). These pumps have broad substrate profiles that include quinolones as well as other antimicrobials, disinfectants, and dyes. Mutations of both types can accumulate with selection pressure and produce highly resistant strains. Resistance genes acquired on plasmids can confer low-level resistance that promotes the selection of mutational high-level resistance. Plasmid-encoded resistance is due to Qnr proteins that protect the target enzymes from quinolone action, one mutant aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme that also modifies certain quinolones, and mobile efflux pumps. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistances and can transfer multidrug resistance that includes quinolones. Thus, the bacterial quinolone resistance armamentarium is large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George A Jacoby
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Kern G, Palmer T, Ehmann DE, Shapiro AB, Andrews B, Basarab GS, Doig P, Fan J, Gao N, Mills SD, Mueller J, Sriram S, Thresher J, Walkup GK. Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Type II Topoisomerases by the Novel Spiropyrimidinetrione AZD0914. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20984-20994. [PMID: 26149691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type II topoisomerases gyrase and topoisomerase IV by AZD0914 (AZD0914 will be henceforth known as ETX0914 (Entasis Therapeutics)), a novel spiropyrimidinetrione antibacterial compound that is currently in clinical trials for treatment of drug-resistant gonorrhea. AZD0914 has potent bactericidal activity against N. gonorrhoeae, including multidrug-resistant strains and key Gram-positive, fastidious Gram-negative, atypical, and anaerobic bacterial species (Huband, M. D., Bradford, P. A., Otterson, L. G., Basrab, G. S., Giacobe, R. A., Patey, S. A., Kutschke, A. C., Johnstone, M. R., Potter, M. E., Miller, P. F., and Mueller, J. P. (2014) In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of AZD0914: A New Spiropyrimidinetrione DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase Inhibitor with Potent Activity against Gram-positive, Fastidious Gram-negative, and Atypical Bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59, 467-474). AZD0914 inhibited DNA biosynthesis preferentially to other macromolecules in Escherichia coli and induced the SOS response to DNA damage in E. coli. AZD0914 stabilized the enzyme-DNA cleaved complex for N. gonorrhoeae gyrase and topoisomerase IV. The potency of AZD0914 for inhibition of supercoiling and the stabilization of cleaved complex by N. gonorrhoeae gyrase increased in a fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant enzyme. When a mutation, conferring mild resistance to AZD0914, was present in the fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant, the potency of ciprofloxacin for inhibition of supercoiling and stabilization of cleaved complex was increased greater than 20-fold. In contrast to ciprofloxacin, religation of the cleaved DNA did not occur in the presence of AZD0914 upon removal of magnesium from the DNA-gyrase-inhibitor complex. AZD0914 had relatively low potency for inhibition of human type II topoisomerases α and β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Kern
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451.
| | - Tiffany Palmer
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - David E Ehmann
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Adam B Shapiro
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Beth Andrews
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Departments of Chemistry, Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Peter Doig
- Department of Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Jun Fan
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Scott D Mills
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - John Mueller
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Shubha Sriram
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Jason Thresher
- Department of Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Grant K Walkup
- Departments of Biosciences, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Structure based in silico analysis of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126560. [PMID: 25962113 PMCID: PMC4427296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a major cause of morbidity in several parts of the Indian subcontinent. The treatment for typhoid fever majorly includes the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Excessive and indiscriminate use of these antibiotics has led to development of acquired resistance in the causative organism Salmonella Typhi. The resistance towards fluoroquinolones is associated with mutations in the target gene of DNA Gyrase. We have estimated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of commonly used fluoroquinolone representatives from three generations, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, for 100 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from patients in the Indian subcontinent. The MICs have been found to be in the range of 0.032 to 8 μg/ml. The gene encoding DNA Gyrase was subsequently sequenced and point mutations were observed in DNA Gyrase in the quinolone resistance determining region comprising Ser83Phe/Tyr and Asp87Tyr/Gly. The binding ability of these four fluoroquinolones in the quinolone binding pocket of wild type as well as mutant DNA Gyrase was computationally analyzed by molecular docking to assess their differential binding behaviour. This study has revealed that mutations in DNA Gyrase alter the characteristics of the binding pocket resulting in the loss of crucial molecular interactions and consequently decrease the binding affinity of fluoroquinolones with the target protein. The present study assists in understanding the underlying molecular and structural mechanism for decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in clinical isolates as a consequence of mutations in DNA Gyrase.
Collapse
|
150
|
Dalhoff A. Antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities of fluoroquinolones optimized for treatment of bacterial infections: a puzzling paradox or a logical consequence of their mode of action? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:661-8. [PMID: 25515946 PMCID: PMC7087824 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence that commercially available fluoroquinolones used for the treatment of bacterial infections are active against other non-bacterial infectious agents as well. Any of these fluoroquinolones exerts, in parallel to its antibacterial action, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic actions at clinically achievable concentrations. This broad range of anti-infective activities is due to one common mode of action, i.e., the inhibition of type II topoisomerases or inhibition of viral helicases, thus maintaining the selective toxicity of fluoroquinolones inhibiting microbial topoisomerases at low concentrations but mammalian topoisomerases at much higher concentrations. Evidence suggests that standard doses of the fluoroquinolones studied are clinically effective against viral and parasitic infections, whereas higher doses administered topically were active against Candida spp. causing ophthalmological infections. Well-designed clinical studies should be performed to substantiate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dalhoff
- Institute for Infection Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|