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Zhou Y, Xiang S, Yang F, Lu X. Targeting Gatekeeper Mutations for Kinase Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15540-15558. [PMID: 36395392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinically acquired resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapies with small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs). Gatekeeper mutations in the ATP-binding pocket of kinases are the most common mutations leading to acquired resistance. To date, seven new-generation kinase inhibitors targeting gatekeeper mutations have been approved by the FDA; however, the clinical need is still unmet. Here, we systematically summarize the types of gatekeeper mutations across the kinase family, the structural basis for acquired resistance, and newly developed SMKIs targeting gatekeeper mutations as well as highlight the opportunities and challenges of kinase drug discovery for targeting gatekeeper mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuang Xiang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fang Yang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
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102
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Abstract
Futibatinib (Lytgobi®) is an oral, covalently binding, irreversible inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1-4 that is being developed by Taiho Oncology and Taiho Pharmaceutical for the treatment of cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, urothelial cancer, oesophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Futibatinib was approved in the USA on 30 September 2022 for the treatment of adult patients with previously treated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma harbouring FGFR2 gene fusions or other rearrangements. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of futibatinib leading to this first approval.
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103
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Murugesan K, Necchi A, Burn TC, Gjoerup O, Greenstein R, Krook M, López JA, Montesion M, Nimeiri H, Parikh AR, Roychowdhury S, Schwemmers S, Silverman IM, Vogel A. Pan-tumor landscape of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-4 genomic alterations. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100641. [PMID: 36462464 PMCID: PMC9832751 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-4 genomic alterations are in development or have been approved for FGFR-altered cancers (e.g. bladder cancer and advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma). Understanding FGFR inhibitor-resistance mechanisms is increasingly relevant; we surveyed the pan-tumor landscape of FGFR1-4 genomic alterations [short variants (SVs), gene rearrangements (REs), and copy number alterations (CNAs)], including their association with tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the genomic comutational landscape. PATIENTS AND METHODS Comprehensive genomic profiling of 355 813 solid tumor clinical cases was performed using the FoundationOne and FoundationOne CDx assays (Foundation Medicine, Inc.) to identify genomic alterations in >300 cancer-associated genes and TMB (determined on ≤1.1 megabases of sequenced DNA). RESULTS FGFR1-4 SVs and REs occurred in 9603/355 813 (2.7%), and CNAs in 15 078/355 813 (4.2%) samples. Most common FGFR alterations for bladder cancer, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and glioma were FGFR3 SVs (1051/7739, 13.6%), FGFR2 REs (618/6641, 9.3%), and FGFR1 SVs (239/11 550, 2.1%), respectively. We found several, potentially clinically relevant, tumor-specific associations between FGFR1-4 genomic alterations and other genomic markers. FGFR3 SV-altered bladder cancers and FGFR1 SV-altered gliomas were significantly less likely to be TMB-high versus unaltered samples. FGFR3 SVs in bladder cancer significantly co-occurred with TERT and CDKN2A/B alterations; TP53 and RB1 alterations were mutually exclusive. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, FGFR2 REs significantly co-occurred with BAP1 alterations, whereas KRAS, TP53, IDH1, and ARID1A alterations were mutually exclusive. FGFR1 SVs in gliomas significantly co-occurred with H3-3A and PTPN11 alterations, but were mutually exclusive with TERT, EGFR, TP53, and CDKN2A/B alterations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our hypothesis-generating findings may help to stratify patients in clinical trials and guide optimal targeted therapy in those with FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murugesan
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - A Necchi
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Genitourinary Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - T C Burn
- Translational and Data Sciences, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington
| | - O Gjoerup
- Scientific and Medical Publications, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - R Greenstein
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - M Krook
- Research Scientist, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - J A López
- Integrated Healthcare Solutions, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Montesion
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - H Nimeiri
- Global Clinical Development Lead Oncology, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - A R Parikh
- Oncology (Medical/Hematology), Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - S Schwemmers
- Integrated HealthCare Solutions PDMA (Oncology), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - I M Silverman
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington
| | - A Vogel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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104
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Guo L, Liu J, Nie X, Wang T, Ma ZX, Yin D, Tang W. Development of selective FGFR1 degraders using a Rapid synthesis of proteolysis targeting Chimera (Rapid-TAC) platform. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128982. [PMID: 36096343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy. The major bottleneck for the development of PROTACs is the need to screen multiple parameters to create an effective degrader. It often involves the synthesis of dozens to hundreds of compounds one by one through a tedious process. We have developed a two-stage approach that allows for the rapid synthesis of PROTACs (Rapid-TAC) using preassembled building blocks to screen multiple parameters simultaneously. We herein report the application of this method to the development of PROTACs for FGFR, a challenging membrane protein target. In the first stage, we prepared 24 potential PROTACs quickly from a hydrazide-containing FGFR inhibitor and our previously reported VHL and CRBN ligand library bearing various linkers and an aldehyde functional group. These 24 PROTACs were then directly used for screening in cellular assay for protein degradation. Multiple hits were identified from the initial screening. We then prepared the corresponding stable analogues by replacing the hydrolytic labile acylhydrazone motif with an amide in the second stage. Among them, PROTAC LG1188 was identified as a potent and selective FGFR1 degrader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xueqing Nie
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Taobo Wang
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhi-Xiong Ma
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dan Yin
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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105
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Febres-Aldana CA, Chang JC, Ptashkin R, Wang Y, Gedvilaite E, Baine MK, Travis WD, Ventura K, Bodd F, Yu HA, Quintanal-Villalonga A, Lai WV, Egger JV, Offin M, Ladanyi M, Rudin CM, Rekhtman N. Rb Tumor Suppressor in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Combined Genomic and IHC Analysis with a Description of a Distinct Rb-Proficient Subset. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4702-4713. [PMID: 35792876 PMCID: PMC9623236 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE RB1 mutations and loss of retinoblastoma (Rb) expression represent consistent but not entirely invariable hallmarks of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The prevalence and characteristics of SCLC retaining wild-type Rb are not well-established. Furthermore, the performance of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) versus immunohistochemistry for Rb assessment is not well-defined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 208 clinical SCLC samples were analyzed by comprehensive targeted NGS, covering all exons of RB1, and Rb IHC. On the basis of established coordination of Rb/p16/cyclinD1 expression, p16-high/cyclinD1-low profile was used as a marker of constitutive Rb deficiency. RESULTS Fourteen of 208 (6%) SCLC expressed wild-type Rb, accompanied by a unique p16-low/cyclinD1-high profile supporting Rb proficiency. Rb-proficient SCLC was associated with neuroendocrine-low phenotype, combined SCLC with non-SCLC (NSCLC) histology and aggressive behavior. These tumors exclusively harbored CCND1 amplification (29%), and were markedly enriched in CDKN2A mutations (50%) and NSCLC-type alterations (KEAP1, STK11, FGFR1). The remaining 194 of 208 SCLC were Rb-deficient (p16-high/cyclinD1-low), including 184 cases with Rb loss (of which 29% lacked detectable RB1 alterations by clinical NGS pipeline), and 10 cases with mutated but expressed Rb. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to date to concurrently analyze Rb by NGS and IHC in SCLC, identifying a 6% rate of Rb proficiency. Pathologic-genomic data implicate NSCLC-related progenitors as a putative source of Rb-proficient SCLC. Consistent upstream Rb inactivation via CDKN2A/p16↓ and CCND1/cyclinD1↑ suggests the potential utility of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this aggressive SCLC subset. The study also clarifies technical aspects of Rb status determination in clinical practice, highlighting the limitations of exon-only sequencing for RB1 interrogation. See related commentary by Mahadevan and Sholl, p. 4603.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason C. Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Ryan Ptashkin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Erika Gedvilaite
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Marina K. Baine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - William D. Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Katia Ventura
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Francis Bodd
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Helena A. Yu
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | | | - W. Victoria Lai
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Jacklynn V. Egger
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Michael Offin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
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Lazo De La Vega L, Comeau H, Sallan S, Al-Ibraheemi A, Gupta H, Li YY, Tsai HK, Kang W, Ward A, Church AJ, Kim A, Pinto NR, Macy ME, Maese LD, Sabnis AJ, Cherniack AD, Lindeman NI, Anderson ME, Cooney TM, Yeo KK, Reaman GH, DuBois SG, Collins NB, Johnson BE, Janeway KA, Forrest SJ. Rare FGFR Oncogenic Alterations in Sequenced Pediatric Solid and Brain Tumors Suggest FGFR Is a Relevant Molecular Target in Childhood Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200390. [PMID: 36446043 PMCID: PMC9812632 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple FGFR inhibitors are currently in clinical trials enrolling adults with different solid tumors, while very few enroll pediatric patients. We determined the types and frequency of FGFR alterations (FGFR1-4) in pediatric cancers to inform future clinical trial design. METHODS Tumors with FGFR alterations were identified from two large cohorts of pediatric solid tumors subjected to targeted DNA sequencing: The Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Profile Study (n = 888) and the multi-institution GAIN/iCAT2 (Genomic Assessment Improves Novel Therapy) Study (n = 571). Data from the combined patient population of 1,395 cases (64 patients were enrolled in both studies) were reviewed and cases in which an FGFR alteration was identified by OncoPanel sequencing were further assessed. RESULTS We identified 41 patients with tumors harboring an oncogenic FGFR alteration. Median age at diagnosis was 8 years (range, 6 months-26 years). Diagnoses included 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, nine low-grade gliomas, and 17 other tumor types. Alterations included gain-of-function sequence variants (n = 19), amplifications (n = 10), oncogenic fusions (FGFR3::TACC3 [n = 3], FGFR1::TACC1 [n = 1], FGFR1::EBF2 [n = 1], FGFR1::CLIP2 [n = 1], and FGFR2::CTNNA3 [n = 1]), pathogenic-leaning variants of uncertain significance (n = 4), and amplification in combination with a pathogenic-leaning variant of uncertain significance (n = 1). Two novel FGFR1 fusions in two different patients were identified in this cohort, one of whom showed a response to an FGFR inhibitor. CONCLUSION In summary, activating FGFR alterations were found in approximately 3% (41/1,395) of pediatric solid tumors, identifying a population of children with cancer who may be eligible and good candidates for trials evaluating FGFR-targeted therapy. Importantly, the genomic and clinical data from this study can help inform drug development in accordance with the Research to Accelerate Cures and Equity for Children Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lazo De La Vega
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hannah Comeau
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Sallan
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Alyaa Al-Ibraheemi
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hersh Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Yvonne Y. Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Harrison K. Tsai
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Abigail Ward
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Alanna J. Church
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - AeRang Kim
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Navin R. Pinto
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Margaret E. Macy
- Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Luke D. Maese
- Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amit J. Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew D. Cherniack
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Neal I. Lindeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Megan E. Anderson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Orthopedic Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tabitha M. Cooney
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kee Kiat Yeo
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory H. Reaman
- Oncology Center of Excellence, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Steven G. DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie B. Collins
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce E. Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine A. Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Suzanne J. Forrest
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Shreenivas AV, Kato S, Hu J, Skefos C, Sicklick J, Kurzrock R. Carcinoma of unknown primary: Molecular tumor board-based therapy. CA Cancer J Clin 2022; 72:510-523. [PMID: 36006378 PMCID: PMC10180180 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya V Shreenivas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Catherine Skefos
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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108
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Biological Role of the 3β-Corner Structural Motif in Proteins. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the occurrence of the unique structural motif, the 3β-corner, belonging to the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) folds, in proteins of various origins. We further assess the structural and functional role of this motif as well as the clustering of the biological functions of proteins in which it occurs. It has been shown previously that the 3β-corner occurs with different probabilities in all beta proteins, alpha and beta proteins (α + β and α/β), and alpha classes occur most often in the composition of β-proteins. The 3β-corner is often found as a building block in protein structures, such as β-barrels, -sandwiches, and -sheets/-layers.
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109
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Gordon A, Johnston E, Lau DK, Starling N. Targeting FGFR2 Positive Gastroesophageal Cancer: Current and Clinical Developments. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1183-1196. [PMID: 36238135 PMCID: PMC9553429 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s282718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the systemic treatment of gastroesophageal cancers, prognosis remains poor. Comprehensive molecular analyses have characterized the genomic landscape of gastroesophageal cancer that has established therapeutic targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) pathway is attractive for targetable therapy with FGFR inhibition based on preclinical data showing a pivotal role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC). FGFR2 amplification is the most common FGFR2 gene aberration in gastroesophageal cancer, and most associated with diffuse GC, which is often linked to poorer prognostic outcomes. There has been considerable progress with drug development focused on FGFR inhibition. At present, there is no approved FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2 positive gastroesophageal cancer. A selective FGFR2b monoclonal antibody bemarituzumab is currently being investigated in the first phase III randomized trial for patients with first line advanced GC, which may change the treatment paradigm for FGFR2b positive GC. The role of FGFR signalling, specifically FGFR2, is less established in oesophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) with a paucity of evidence for clinical benefit in these patients. Precision medicine is part of the wider approach in gastrointestinal cancers; however, it can be challenging due to heterogeneity and here circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) for patient selection may have future clinical utility. In our review, we outline the FGFR pathway and focus on the developments and challenges of targeting FGFR2 driven gastroesophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderley Gordon
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Edwina Johnston
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - David K Lau
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, UK,Correspondence: Naureen Starling, Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, United Kingdom, Tel +44 2086426011, Email
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110
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Patient Selection Approaches in FGFR Inhibitor Trials-Many Paths to the Same End? Cells 2022; 11:cells11193180. [PMID: 36231142 PMCID: PMC9563413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling have been investigated in various human cancer diseases. Recently, the first compounds received FDA approval in biomarker-selected patient populations. Different approaches and technologies have been applied in clinical trials, ranging from protein (immunohistochemistry) to mRNA expression (e.g., RNA in situ hybridization) and to detection of various DNA alterations (e.g., copy number variations, mutations, gene fusions). We review, here, the advantages and limitations of the different technologies and discuss the importance of tissue and disease context in identifying the best predictive biomarker for FGFR targeting therapies.
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111
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Hempel L, Lapa C, Dierks A, Gaumann A, Scheiber J, Veloso de Oliveira J, Philipp P, Oyarzun Laura C, Wesarg S, Robert S, Hempel D. A new promising oncogenic target (p.C382R) for treatment with pemigatinib in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221125096. [PMID: 36188486 PMCID: PMC9520138 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221125096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Point mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2 receptor in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC) are mainly of unknown functional significance compared to FGFR2 fusions. Pemigatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion/rearrangement. Although it is hypothesized that FGFR2 mutations may cause uncontrolled activation of the signaling pathway, the data for targeted therapies for FGFR2 mutations remain unclear. In vitro analyses demonstrated the importance of the p.C382R mutation for ligand-independent constitutive activation of FGFR2 with transforming potential. The following report describes the clinical case of a patient diagnosed with an iCC carrying a FGFR2 p.C382R point mutation which was detected in liquid, as well as in tissue-based biopsies. The patient was treated with pemigatinib, resulting in a sustained complete functional remission in fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography over 10 months to date. The reported case is the first description of a complete functional remission under the treatment with pemigatinib in a patient with p.C383R mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hempel
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 3, Vienna 1020, Austria
| | - Constantin Lapa
- University Hospital Augsburg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dierks
- University Hospital Augsburg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Veloso de Oliveira
- Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation IOSB, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Philipp
- Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation IOSB, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wesarg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Robert
- Rosenheim Technical University of Applied Sciences, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Hempel
- Institute of Translational Molecular Tumor Research, Freising, Germany
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Alhaj-Suliman SO, Wafa EI, Salem AK. Engineering nanosystems to overcome barriers to cancer diagnosis and treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114482. [PMID: 35944587 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, multidisciplinary investigations into the development of nanoparticles for medical applications have continually increased. However, nanoparticles are still subject to biological barriers and biodistribution challenges, which limit their overall clinical potential. This has motivated the implementation of innovational modifications to a range of nanoparticle formulations designed for cancer imaging and/or cancer treatment to overcome specific barriers and shift the accumulation of payloads toward the diseased tissues. In recent years, novel technological and chemical approaches have been employed to modify or functionalize the surface of nanoparticles or manipulate the characteristics of nanoparticles. Combining these approaches with the identification of critical biomarkers provides new strategies for enhancing nanoparticle specificity for both cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review discusses the most recent advances in the design and engineering of nanoparticles as well as future directions for developing the next generation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila O Alhaj-Suliman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Emad I Wafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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113
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Kim H, Park S, Kang SY, Ahn S, Kim KM. Peritoneal Seeding Is More Common in Gastric Cancer Patients with FGFR2 Amplification or High Tumor Mutation Burden. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102355. [PMID: 36292044 PMCID: PMC9601213 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) gene alterations have been identified in solid tumors. FGFR2 amplification is found in 2−9% of gastric carcinomas. We hypothesized that FGFR2 could be associated with peritoneal seeding and studied 360 advanced gastric carcinoma patients; 222 (61.7%) were male, 246 (73.7%) had poorly differentiated histology, and 175 (48.6%) presented with peritoneal seeding. High tumor mutation burden (TMB) was observed in 44 (12.2%) patients, high microsatellite instability (MSI) was observed in 12 (3.33%) patients, ERBB2 amplification was observed in 44 (12.2%) patients, EBV positivity was observed in 10 (10/278; 3.6%) patients, and PD-L1 positivity was observed in 186 (186/264; 70.5%) cases. We found FGFR2 amplification in 26 (7.2%) patients, of which 12 (46.2%) were female and 22 (84.6%) had poorly differentiated histology. In these 26 cases, the copy number of FGFR2 amplification ranged from 3.7 to 274. Eighteen of them showed seeding, and this association was statistically significant (18/26, 69.2%; 157/334, 47%; p = 0.023). In addition, high TMB was significantly associated with seeding (p = 0.028; OR = 1.83). Poorly differentiated histology was significantly associated with seeding (p = 0.04) but not with FGFR2 amplification (p > 0.1). Seeding was frequent in gastric carcinoma patients with FGFR2 amplification, in patients with high TMB, or in those who were female. The subgroup of patients with FGFR2 amplification could be potential candidates for targeted therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - So Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Center of Companion Diagnostics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Center of Companion Diagnostics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-2807; Fax: +82-2-3410-6396
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Pagano K, Longhi E, Molinari H, Taraboletti G, Ragona L. Inhibition of FGFR Signaling by Targeting FGF/FGFR Extracellular Interactions: Towards the Comprehension of the Molecular Mechanism through NMR Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810860. [PMID: 36142770 PMCID: PMC9503799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR-based approaches play a pivotal role in providing insight into molecular recognition mechanisms, affording the required atomic-level description and enabling the identification of promising inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. The aberrant activation of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway drives several pathologies, including cancer development, metastasis formation, resistance to therapy, angiogenesis-driven pathologies, vascular diseases, and viral infections. Most FGFR inhibitors targeting the intracellular ATP binding pocket of FGFR have adverse effects, such as limited specificity and relevant toxicity. A viable alternative is represented by targeting the FGF/FGFR extracellular interactions. We previously identified a few small-molecule inhibitors acting extracellularly, targeting FGFR or FGF. We have now built a small library of natural and synthetic molecules that potentially act as inhibitors of FGF2/FGFR interactions to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inhibitory activity. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of the interaction mode of small molecules with the FGF2/FGFR complex and the single protein domains. DOSY and residue-level NMR analysis afforded insights into the capability of the potential inhibitors to destabilize complex formation, highlighting different mechanisms of inhibition of FGF2-induced cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Elisa Longhi
- Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (L.R.)
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Tamburello M, Altieri B, Sbiera I, Sigala S, Berruti A, Fassnacht M, Sbiera S. FGF/FGFR signaling in adrenocortical development and tumorigenesis: novel potential therapeutic targets in adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocrine 2022; 77:411-418. [PMID: 35583844 PMCID: PMC9385797 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FGF/FGFR signaling regulates embryogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis and wound repair by modulating proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration and metabolism of target cells. Understandably, compelling evidence for deregulated FGF signaling in the development and progression of different types of tumors continue to emerge and FGFR inhibitors arise as potential targeted therapeutic agents, particularly in tumors harboring aberrant FGFR signaling. There is first evidence of a dual role of the FGF/FGFR system in both organogenesis and tumorigenesis, of which this review aims to provide an overview. FGF-1 and FGF-2 are expressed in the adrenal cortex and are the most powerful mitogens for adrenocortical cells. Physiologically, they are involved in development and maintenance of the adrenal gland and bind to a family of four tyrosine kinase receptors, among which FGFR1 and FGFR4 are the most strongly expressed in the adrenal cortex. The repeatedly proven overexpression of these two FGFRs also in adrenocortical cancer is thus likely a sign of their participation in proliferation and vascularization, though the exact downstream mechanisms are not yet elucidated. Thus, FGFRs potentially offer novel therapeutic targets also for adrenocortical carcinoma, a type of cancer resistant to conventional antimitotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Tamburello
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iuliu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehenssive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Characterization of the cholangiocarcinoma drug pemigatinib against FGFR gatekeeper mutants. Commun Chem 2022; 5:100. [PMID: 36698015 PMCID: PMC9814635 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) dysregulation is involved in a variety of tumorigenesis and development. Cholangiocarcinoma is closely related with FGFR aberrations, and pemigatinib is the first drug approved to target FGFR for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Herein, we undertake biochemical and structural analysis on pemigatinib against FGFRs as well as gatekeeper mutations. The results show that pemigatinib is a potent and selective FGFR1-3 inhibitor. The extensive network of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts found in the FGFR1-pemigatinib binding mode accounts for the high potency. Pemigatinib also has excellent potency against the Val-to-Ile gatekeeper mutation but less potency against the Val-to-Met/Phe gatekeeper mutation in FGFR. Taken together, the inhibitory and structural profiles exemplified by pemigatinib may help to thwart Val-to-Ile gatekeeper mutation-based resistance at earlier administration and to advance the further design and improvement for inhibitors toward FGFRs with gatekeeper mutations.
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Peng J, Sridhar S, Siefker-Radtke AO, Selvarajah S, Jiang DM. Targeting the FGFR Pathway in Urothelial Carcinoma: the Future Is Now. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1269-1287. [PMID: 35962938 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT As we come to better understand cancer genomics, we are increasingly shifting towards precision medicine. FGFR has been elucidated as one of the oncogenic driver pathways in urothelial carcinoma, leading to exciting targeted drug development. Although many agents are being investigated, erdafitinib is the only FGFR inhibitor currently approved by the FDA for treating platinum-refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma harboring susceptible FGFR2/3 alterations, with seemingly higher response rates than second-line chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the clinical data supporting FGFR inhibition, ways to optimize its use in routine clinical practice including FGFR testing, dosing, and toxicity management. We also highlight ongoing efforts evaluating combination strategies and testing in earlier treatment settings to further expand this targeted therapeutic approach in urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Peng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 7-613, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Srikala Sridhar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 7-613, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Arlene Odelia Siefker-Radtke
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shamini Selvarajah
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto General Hospital, Eaton Wing 11-444, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Di Maria Jiang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 7-613, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada.
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The Significance of Cell Surface N-Glycosylation for Internalization and Potency of Cytotoxic Conjugates Targeting Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158514. [PMID: 35955648 PMCID: PMC9368766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise anticancer therapies employing cytotoxic conjugates constitute a side-effect-limited, highly attractive alternative to commonly used cancer treatment modalities, such as conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgical interventions. Receptor tyrosine kinases are a large family of N-glycoproteins intensively studied as molecular targets for cytotoxic conjugates in various cancers. At the cell surface, these receptors are embedded in a dense carbohydrate layer formed by numerous plasma membrane glycoproteins. The complexity of the cell surface architecture is further increased by galectins, secreted lectins capable of recognizing and clustering glycoconjugates, affecting their motility and activity. Cell surface N-glycosylation is intensively remodeled by cancer cells; however, the contribution of this phenomenon to the efficiency of treatment with cytotoxic conjugates is largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the significance of N-glycosylation for the internalization and toxicity of conjugates targeting two model receptor tyrosine kinases strongly implicated in cancer: HER2 and FGFR1. We employed three conjugates of distinct molecular architecture and specificity: AffibodyHER2-vcMMAE (targeting HER2), vcMMAE-KCK-FGF1.E and T-Fc-vcMMAE (recognizing different epitopes within FGFR1). We demonstrated that inhibition of N-glycosylation reduced the cellular uptake of all conjugates tested and provided evidence for a role of the galectin network in conjugate internalization. In vitro binding studies revealed that the reduced uptake of conjugates is not due to impaired HER2 and FGFR1 binding. Importantly, we demonstrated that alteration of N-glycosylation can affect the cytotoxic potential of conjugates. Our data implicate a key role for cell surface N-glycosylation in the delivery of cytotoxic conjugates into cancer cells.
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119
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Xu T, Xu W, Zheng Y, Li X, Cai H, Xu Z, Zou Q, Yu B. Comprehensive FGFR3 alteration-related transcriptomic characterization is involved in immune infiltration and correlated with prognosis and immunotherapy response of bladder cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931906. [PMID: 35958598 PMCID: PMC9360490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) threatens the health of human beings worldwide because of its high recurrence rate and mortality. As an actionable biomarker, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) alterations have been revealed as a vital biomarker and associated with favorable outcomes in BC. However, the comprehensive relationship between the FGFR3 alteration associated gene expression profile and the prognosis of BC remains ambiguous. Materials and Methods Genomic alteration profile, gene expression data, and related clinical information of BC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genomics database (TCGA), as a training cohort. Subsequently, the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify the hub modules correlated with FGFR3 alteration. The univariate, multivariate, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses were used to obtain an FGFR3 alteration-related gene (FARG) prognostic signature and FARG-based nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used for evaluation of the ability of prognosis prediction. The FARG signature was validated in four independent datasets, namely, GSE13507, GSE31684, GSE32548, and GSE48075, from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, clinical feature association analysis, functional enrichment, genomic alteration enrichment, and tumor environment analysis were conducted to reveal differential clinical and molecular characterizations in different risk groups. Lastly, the treatment response was evaluated in the immunotherapy-related dataset of the IMvigor210 cohort and the frontline chemotherapy dataset of GSE48276, and the chemo-drug sensitivity was estimated via Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC). Results There were a total of eleven genes (CERCAM, TPST1, OSBPL10, EMP1, CYTH3, NCRNA00201, PCDH10, GAP43, COLQ, DGKB, and SETBP1) identified in the FARG signature, which divided BC patients from the TCGA cohort into high- and low-risk groups. The Kaplan–Meier curve analysis demonstrated that BC patients in the low-risk group have superior overall survival (OS) than those in the high-risk group (median OS: 27.06 months vs. 104.65 months, p < 0.0001). Moreover, the FARG signature not only showed a good performance in prognosis prediction, but also could distinguish patients with different neoplasm disease stages, notably whether patients presented with muscle invasive phenotype. Compared to clinicopathological features, the FARG signature was found to be the only independent prognostic factor, and subsequently, a FARG-based prognostic nomogram was constructed with better ability of prognosis prediction, indicated by area under ROC curve (AUC) values for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of 0.69, 0.71, and 0.79, respectively. Underlying the FARG signature, multiple kinds of metabolism- and immune-related signaling pathways were enriched. Genomic alteration enrichment further identified that FGFR3 alterations, especially c.746C>G (p.Ser249Cys), were more prevalent in the low-risk group. Additionally, FARG score was positively correlated with ESTIMATE and TIDE scores, and the low-risk group had abundant enrichment of plasma B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ naive T cells, and helper follicular T cells, implying that patients in the low-risk group were likely to make significant responses to immunotherapy, which was further supported by the analysis in the IMvigor210 cohort as there was a significantly higher response rate among patients with lower FARG scores. The analysis of the GDSC database finally demonstrated that low-risk samples were more sensitive to methotrexate and tipifarnib, whereas those in the high-risk group had higher sensitivities in cisplatin, docetaxel, and paclitaxel, instead. Conclusion The novel established FARG signature based on a comprehensive FGFR3 alteration-related transcriptomic profile performed well in prognosis prediction and was also correlated with immunotherapy and chemotherapy treatment responses, which had great potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Yu
- *Correspondence: Bin Yu, ;
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120
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Liu R, Wei W, Hou H, Cong P, Zhou Y, Yu X. Case Report: Targeted Therapy with Anlotinib for a Rare Case of Spinal Cord Glioblastoma with FGFR3 Mutation. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:771-776. [PMID: 35847381 PMCID: PMC9285856 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s362185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary spinal cord glioblastoma (PSC GBM) is a rare disease with limited treatment options. Here, we describe a case of PSC GBM treated with anlotinib in this report. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of the MGMT promoter unmethylated, IDH wild type, FGFR3 p.S249C and p53 p.V73fs mutations in the patient. Anlotinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor that target VEGFR2/3, FGFR1-4, PDGFRα/β, and c-kit. After a partial resection of the tumor at the extramedullary invasion site, the patient was administered anlotinib 12 mg p.o. once every day (days 1–14, 21‐day cycle) in combination with irinotecan chemotherapy (days 1 and 8, 21‐day cycle). The patient exhibited significant symptom remission and partial response and was maintained for more than 10 months of follow-up. This case study showed that FGFR3 S249C may be a new marker for the treatment of PSC GBM with anlotinib. This case is also another strong support for molecular diagnosis and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiong Liu
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Hou
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cong
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Cancer Center, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Li C, Kuang K, Du J, Eymin B, Jia T. Far beyond anti-angiogenesis: Benefits for anti-basicFGF therapy in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119253. [PMID: 35259425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basic FGF (bFGF) was discovered as a typical inducer of angiogenesis and has already been studied for 3 decades. Recent evidence indicates that bFGF plays different roles and controls signaling pathways that participate in the hallmarks of cancer, underscoring bFGF an appealing target for anti-cancer therapy. However, the early clinical trials designed to block bFGF signaling showed safety without satisfiable benefits for cancer patients. In this review, we firstly discuss bFGF's canonical signaling pathways and later review newly identified bFGF's functions that contribute to the cancer hallmarks besides its typical role in angiogenesis. After, we summarize the role of bFGF as a therapeutic target in response to different cancer therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and highlight the difficulties we must solve regarding the design of drugs targeting specifically bFGF. We also emphasize the need, especially for natural bFGF traps, to deepen their molecular mechanisms of action considering the specific context of cancer with different FGFR status, as well as the urgence of stratifying patients for both anti-bFGF first line and second line anti-cancer therapy. Finally, a perspective on potential feed-forward oncogenic signaling pathways mediated by bFGF is made. We discuss the importance of developing additional robust biomarkers to select patients who will benefit from bFGF-targeted therapy, as well as the rationale of developing combinatory therapies targeting either bFGF and/or its intracellular (co)effectors. This would ultimately provide novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunYan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - KeLi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - JunRong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Beatrice Eymin
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute For Advanced Biosciences, 38700 La Tronche, France; University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Mahfuz AMUB, Khan MA, Biswas S, Afrose S, Mahmud S, Mohammed Bahadur N, Ahmed F. In search of novel inhibitors of anti-cancer drug target fibroblast growth factor receptors: Insights from virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: a case report responding to the FGFR inhibitor pemigatinib and literature review. Curr Opin Urol 2022; 32:358-363. [PMID: 35749783 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Due to the limited number of cases, there are no guidelines for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the prostate. This review combines an unpublished case report of a 55-year-old patient with BCC with an assessment of the latest literature. RECENT FINDINGS BCC of the prostate has previously been described in only approximately 140 cases. We describe the diagnostic process, including the uropathological and DNA-sequencing results, which allowed us to start an experimental treatment with pemigatinib. BCC of the prostate is associated with an aggressive biological and clinical behavior, such as recurrence and metastasis. Several immunohistochemical stainings are available to differentiate BCC from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Based on pathology and results from next-generation sequencing (NGS), patients can be offered targeted therapies. SUMMARY With the aid of histological work-up and immunostaining, prostatic BCC can be accurately diagnosed. Our patient underwent radical prostatectomy and staged extended lymphadenectomy due to lymph node recurrence. The patient subsequently developed progressive disease and was treated with the FGFR-inhibitor pemigatinib. The patient's liver metastasis significantly responded. The present case confirms the possibility of aggressive behavior of prostatic BCC and highlights the importance of a thorough uropathological and molecular biological analysis with a precision medicine strategy.
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A Tale of Two Cancers: A Current Concise Overview of Breast and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122954. [PMID: 35740617 PMCID: PMC9220807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast and prostate cancers are serious public health issues that create considerable burden to both people and healthcare systems worldwide. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease influenced by numerous components, and its diverse intricate pathology challenges disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Although recent statistics suggest improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, many challenges remain before cancers are curable. This review presents relevant summarized information related to breast and prostate cancer. Abstract Cancer is a global issue, and it is expected to have a major impact on our continuing global health crisis. As populations age, we see an increased incidence in cancer rates, but considerable variation is observed in survival rates across different geographical regions and cancer types. Both breast and prostate cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although cancer statistics indicate improvements in some areas of breast and prostate cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, such statistics clearly convey the need for improvements in our understanding of the disease, risk factors, and interventions to improve life span and quality of life for all patients, and hopefully to effect a cure for people living in developed and developing countries. This concise review compiles the current information on statistics, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments associated with breast and prostate cancer.
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He M, Cao C, Ni Z, Liu Y, Song P, Hao S, He Y, Sun X, Rao Y. PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:181. [PMID: 35680848 PMCID: PMC9178337 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin–proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article “PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry” in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020–2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ni
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilu Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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Darwis NDM, Horigome E, Li S, Adachi A, Oike T, Shibata A, Hirota Y, Ohno T. Radiosensitization by the Selective Pan-FGFR Inhibitor LY2874455. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111727. [PMID: 35681425 PMCID: PMC9179643 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation activates cytoprotective pathways in cancer cells. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is a key player in these pathways. Thus, FGFR signaling is a potential target to induce radiosensitization. LY2874455 is an orally administrable selective pan-FGFR inhibitor. However, the radiosensitizing effects of LY2874455 remain unclear. In this study, we addressed this issue by using radioresistant human cancer cell lines H1703 (FGFR1 mutant), A549 (FGFR1–4 wild-type), and H1299 (FGFR1–4 wild-type). At an X-ray dose corresponding to 50%-clonogenic survival as the endpoint, 100 nM LY2874455 increased the sensitivity of H1703, A549, and H1299 cells by 31%, 62%, and 53%, respectively. The combination of X-rays and LY2874455 led to a marked induction of mitotic catastrophe, a hallmark of radiation-induced cell death. Furthermore, combination treatment suppressed the growth of A549 xenografts to a significantly greater extent than either X-rays or the drug alone without noticeable toxicity. This is the first report to show the radiosensitizing effect of a selective pan-FGFR inhibitor. These data suggest the potential efficacy of LY2874455 as a radiosensitizer, warranting clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisa Dewi Maulany Darwis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No. 71, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Eisuke Horigome
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Akiko Adachi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Yuka Hirota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (N.D.M.D.); (E.H.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
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GEINDREAU M, BRUCHARD M, VEGRAN F. Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Angiogenesis in a Tumor Context. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102446. [PMID: 35626056 PMCID: PMC9139472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor growth in solid cancers requires adequate nutrient and oxygen supply, provided by blood vessels created by angiogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that this mechanism plays a crucial role in cancer development and appears to be a well-defined hallmark of cancer. This process is carefully regulated, notably by cytokines with pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic features. In this review, we will discuss the role of cytokines in the modulation of angiogenesis. In addition, we will summarize the therapeutic approaches based on cytokine modulation and their clinical approval. Abstract During carcinogenesis, tumors set various mechanisms to help support their development. Angiogenesis is a crucial process for cancer development as it drives the creation of blood vessels within the tumor. These newly formed blood vessels insure the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tumor, helping its growth. The main factors that regulate angiogenesis are the five members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and has been the target of new therapies this past few years. However, angiogenesis is a complex phenomenon with many redundancy pathways that ensure its maintenance. In this review, we will first describe the consecutive steps forming angiogenesis, as well as its classical regulators. We will then discuss how the cytokines and chemokines present in the tumor microenvironment can induce or block angiogenesis. Finally, we will focus on the therapeutic arsenal targeting angiogenesis in cancer and the challenges they have to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannon GEINDREAU
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie BRUCHARD
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC Labex, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique VEGRAN
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC Labex, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
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Genomics and Immunomics in the Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:3499-3518. [PMID: 35621673 PMCID: PMC9139747 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a complex cancer with genomic immunomic drivers that have prognostic and predictive treatment implications. Identifying potential targetable alterations via next-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing may allow for elucidation of such targets and exploitation with targeted therapeutics. The role of immunotherapy in treating urothelial carcinoma has shown benefit, but it is unclear in which patients immunotherapeutics have the highest yield. Continuing efforts into better identifying which patients may benefit most from targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and combination therapies may ultimately lead to improved outcomes for patients with this disease.
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130
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Audisio M, Buttigliero C, Turco F, Delcuratolo MD, Pisano C, Parlagreco E, Di Stefano RF, Di Prima L, Crespi V, Farinea G, Cani M, Tucci M. Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Have We Take the Road to the Personalized Medicine? Cells 2022; 11:1614. [PMID: 35626651 PMCID: PMC9139766 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cancer is a lethal malignancy characterized by a wide diffusion in Western countries due to a larger exposure to known risk factors, such as aromatic amines, tobacco smoke and benzene [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Audisio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Fabio Turco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Donatello Delcuratolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Chiara Pisano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Elena Parlagreco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Rosario Francesco Di Stefano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Lavinia Di Prima
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Veronica Crespi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Farinea
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Cani
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (F.T.); (M.D.D.); (C.P.); (E.P.); (R.F.D.S.); (L.D.P.); (V.C.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, 14100 Asti, Italy;
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131
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Weickhardt AJ, Lau DK, Hodgson-Garms M, Lavis A, Jenkins LJ, Vukelic N, Ioannidis P, Luk IY, Mariadason JM. Dual targeting of FGFR3 and ERBB3 enhances the efficacy of FGFR inhibitors in FGFR3 fusion-driven bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:478. [PMID: 35501832 PMCID: PMC9063072 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations and fusions in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) occur in 10-20% of metastatic urothelial carcinomas and confer sensitivity to FGFR inhibitors. However, responses to these agents are often short-lived due to the development of acquired resistance. The objective of this study was to identify mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibitors in two previously uncharacterised bladder cancer cell lines harbouring FGFR3 fusions and assess rational combination therapies to enhance sensitivity to these agents. METHODS Acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitors was generated in two FGFR3 fusion harbouring cell lines, SW780 (FGFR3-BAIAP2L1 fusion) and RT4 (FGFR3-TACC3 fusion), by long-term exposure to the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398. Changes in levels of receptor tyrosine kinases were assessed by phospho-RTK arrays and immunoblotting. Changes in cell viability and proliferation were assessed by the Cell-Titre Glo assay and by propidium iodide staining and FACS analysis. RESULTS Long term treatment of FGFR3-fusion harbouring SW780 and RT4 bladder cancer cell lines with the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 resulted in the establishment of resistant clones. These clones were cross-resistant to the clinically approved FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib and the covalently binding irreversible FGFR inhibitor TAS-120, but remained sensitive to the MEK inhibitor trametinib, indicating resistance is mediated by alternate activation of MAPK signalling. The FGFR inhibitor-resistant SW780 and RT4 lines displayed increased expression of pERBB3, and strikingly, combination treatment with an FGFR inhibitor and the ATP-competitive pan-ERBB inhibitor AZD8931 overcame this resistance. Notably, rapid induction of pERBB3 and reactivation of pERK also occurred in parental FGFR3 fusion-driven lines within 24 h of FGFR inhibitor treatment, and combination treatment with an FGFR inhibitor and AZD8931 delayed the reactivation of pERBB3 and pERK and synergistically inhibited cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that increased expression of pERBB3 is a key mechanism of adaptive resistance to FGFR inhibitors in FGFR3-fusion driven bladder cancers, and that this also occurs rapidly following FGFR inhibitor treatment. Our findings demonstrate that resistance can be overcome by combination treatment with a pan-ERBB inhibitor and suggest that upfront combination treatment with FGFR and pan-ERBB inhibitors warrants further investigation for FGFR3-fusion harbouring bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Weickhardt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - David K Lau
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margeaux Hodgson-Garms
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Austen Lavis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Ioannidis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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132
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Sawayama S, Murakami R, Aki M, Kawaguchi Y, Takao Y, Nonogaki H, Goto T, Yamauchi C. Efficacy of Pazopanib in FGFR1-Amplified Uterine Carcinosarcoma: A Case Report. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2022; 41:100993. [PMID: 35586703 PMCID: PMC9108727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the use of pazopanib in the treatment of recurrent uterine carcinosarcoma with FGFR1 amplification. The expert tumor board recommended pazopanib for off-label use based on genetic mutations found in cancer gene panels. Pazopanib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was effective against recurrent uterine sarcoma with FGFR1 amplification. Pazopanib maintained the patient’s quality of life for a certain period.
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133
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Tan F, Chen J, Wang B, Du Z, Mou J, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhao F, Yuan C. LncRNA SBF2-AS1: A Budding Star in Various Cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1513-1522. [PMID: 35440300 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220418131506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a new kind of RNA with lengths over 200 nucleotides. Current frontiers revealed that lncRNAs implicate in various tumor progression, including tumorigenesis, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Recently discovered long non-coding RNA SET-binding factor 2 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA SBF2-AS1), an oncogenic antisense RNA to SBF2, locates at 11p15.1 locus and is 2708 nt long. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that lncRNA SBF2-AS1 participates in various tumor progression including pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast cancer (BC), cervical cancer (CC), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), colorectal cancer (CRC), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cancer (GC), glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung cancer (LC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), osteosarcoma (OS), pancreatic cancer (PC), papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Therefore, we summarized the underlying mechanisms about lncRNA SBF2-AS1 in various cancers to utilize its therapeutic function in target-selective treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Tan
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jinlan Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Zhuoying Du
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jie Mou
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yinxin Wu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Fangnan Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical College,China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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134
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Audisio M, Tucci M, Di Stefano RF, Parlagreco E, Ungaro A, Turco F, Audisio A, Di Prima L, Ortega C, Di Maio M, Scagliotti GV, Buttigliero C. New emerging targets in advanced urothelial carcinoma: is it the primetime for personalized medicine? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 174:103682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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135
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Hamdan A, Ewing A. Unravelling the tumour genome: the evolutionary and clinical impacts of structural variants in tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2022; 257:479-493. [PMID: 35355264 PMCID: PMC9321913 DOI: 10.1002/path.5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Structural variants (SVs) represent a major source of aberration in tumour genomes. Given the diversity in the size and type of SVs present in tumours, the accurate detection and interpretation of SVs in tumours is challenging. New classes of complex structural events in tumours are discovered frequently, and the definitions of the genomic consequences of complex events are constantly being refined. Detailed analyses of short‐read whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) data from large tumour cohorts facilitate the interrogation of SVs at orders of magnitude greater scale and depth. However, the inherent technical limitations of short‐read WGS prevent us from accurately detecting and investigating the impact of all the SVs present in tumours. The expanded use of long‐read WGS will be critical for improving the accuracy of SV detection, and in fully resolving complex SV events, both of which are crucial for determining the impact of SVs on tumour progression and clinical outcome. Despite the present limitations, we demonstrate that SVs play an important role in tumourigenesis. In particular, SVs contribute significantly to late‐stage tumour development and to intratumoural heterogeneity. The evolutionary trajectories of SVs represent a window into the clonal dynamics in tumours, a comprehensive understanding of which will be vital for influencing patient outcomes in the future. Recent findings have highlighted many clinical applications of SVs in cancer, from early detection to biomarkers for treatment response and prognosis. As the methods to detect and interpret SVs improve, elucidating the full breadth of the complex SV landscape and determining how these events modulate tumour evolution will improve our understanding of cancer biology and our ability to capitalise on the utility of SVs in the clinical management of cancer patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhafidz Hamdan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ailith Ewing
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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136
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Incidence of FGFR2 Amplification and FGFR2 Fusion in Patients with Metastatic Cancer Using Clinical Sequencing. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9714570. [PMID: 35342406 PMCID: PMC8956403 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9714570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor2 (FGFR2) gene, including genetic alterations and chromosomal rearrangements, lead to the development and progression of cancer with poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the FGFR2 signaling pathway to facilitate the development of FGFR2-targeted therapies have not been fully explored. Here, we examined the clinicopathological features of FGFR2 amplification and fusion in gastrointestinal tract/genitourinary tract cancers. FGFR2 amplification and fusion were identified in approximately 1.5% and 1.1% of all cancer types in 1,373 patients, respectively, with both FGFR2 amplification and fusion occurring together at a rate of approximately 0.6%. Of all cancer types screened, gastric cancer (GC) was the most common cancer type with FGFR2 amplification (87.5% of all FGFR2 amplification case) or fusion (46.7% of all cases). In addition, FGFR2 alteration had poorer overall survival (OS, 13.7 months vs. 50.2 months, P = 0.0001) and progression-free survival (PFS, 5.6 months vs. 11.4 months, P = 0.0005) than did those without FGFR2 alteration, respectively. Taken together, our data underscore to screen solid cancer patients for FGFR2 aberrations in oncology clinic.
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137
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Paschold L, Binder M. Circulating Tumor DNA in Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:1430-1441. [PMID: 35323320 PMCID: PMC8947276 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells shed DNA into the plasma. “Liquid biopsy” analysis of mutations or other genomic alterations in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) may provide us with a tool to detect minimal residual cancer, comprehensively profile the genomic tumor landscape in search of druggable targets, and monitor cancers non-invasively over time for treatment failure or emerging treatment-resistant tumor subclones. While liquid biopsies have not yet entered routine clinical management in patients with gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers, this group of diseases may benefit from such advanced diagnostic tools due to their pronounced genetic spatiotemporal heterogeneity and limitations in imaging sensitivity. Moreover, as the armamentarium of targeted treatment approaches and immunotherapies expands, cfDNA analyses may reveal their utility not only as a biomarker of response but also for precision monitoring. In this review, we discuss the different applications of cfDNA analyses in patients with gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer and the technical challenges that such liquid biopsies have yet to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mascha Binder
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-4972; Fax: +49-345-557-2950
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138
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FIGHT-101, a first-in-human study of potent and selective FGFR 1-3 inhibitor pemigatinib in pan-cancer patients with FGF/FGFR alterations and advanced malignancies. Ann Oncol 2022; 33:522-533. [PMID: 35176457 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phase I/II FIGHT-101 study (NCT02393248) evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of pemigatinib, a potent and selective FGFR 1-3 inhibitor, as monotherapy or in combination therapy, for refractory advanced malignancies, with and without fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and receptor (FGFR) gene alterations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible, molecularly unselected patients with advanced malignancies were included in Part 1 (dose escalation; 3+3 design) to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Part 2 (dose expansion) evaluated recommended phase II dose (RP2D) in tumors with or where FGF/FGFR activity is relevant. RESULTS Patients (N=128) received pemigatinib 1-20 mg once daily (QD) intermittently (two-weeks on/one-week off; n=70) or continuously (n=58). No DLTs were reported. Doses ≥4 mg were pharmacologically active (MTD not reached; RP2D 13.5 mg QD). The most common treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was hyperphosphatemia (75.0%; grade ≥3, 2.3%); the most common grade ≥3 TEAE was fatigue (10.2%). Dose interruption, dose reduction, and TEAE-related treatment discontinuation occurred in 66 (51.6%), 14 (10.9%) and 13 (10.2%) patients, respectively. Overall, 12 partial responses were achieved, most commonly in cholangiocarcinoma (n=5) as well as in a broad spectrum of tumors including head and neck, pancreatic, gallbladder, uterine, urothelial carcinoma, recurrent pilocytic astrocytoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (each n=1); median duration of response was 7.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-14.5). Overall response rate was highest for patients with FGFR fusions/rearrangements (n=5; 25.0% [95% CI, 8.7-49.1]), followed by those with FGFR mutations (n=3; 23.1% [95% CI, 5.0-53.8]). CONCLUSION Pemigatinib was associated with a manageable safety profile and pharmacodynamic and clinical activity, with responses seen across tumors and driven by FGFR fusions/rearrangements and mutations. These results prompted a registrational study in cholangiocarcinoma and phase II/III trials in multiple tumor types demonstrating the benefit of precision therapy even in early phase trials.
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139
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Chakrabarti S, Finnes HD, Mahipal A. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in cholangiocarcinoma: current status, insight on resistance mechanisms and toxicity management. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:85-98. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2039118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakti Chakrabarti
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Heidi D. Finnes
- Pharmacy Cancer Research, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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140
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Novel potential oncogenic and druggable mutations of FGFRs recur in the kinase domain across cancer types. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166313. [PMID: 34826586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are recurrently altered by single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in many human cancers. The prevalence of SNVs in FGFRs depends on the cancer type. In some tumors, such as the urothelial carcinoma, mutations of FGFRs occur at very high frequency (up to 60%). Many characterized mutations occur in the extracellular or transmembrane domains, while fewer known mutations are found in the kinase domain. In this study, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to identify novel putative cancer driver or therapeutically actionable mutations of the kinase domain of FGFRs. To pinpoint those mutations that may be clinically relevant, we exploited the recurrence of alterations on analogous amino acid residues within the kinase domain (PK_Tyr_Ser-Thr) of different kinases as a predictor of functional impact. By exploiting MutationAligner and LowMACA bioinformatics resources, we highlighted novel uncharacterized mutations of FGFRs which recur in other protein kinases. By revealing unanticipated correspondence with known variants, we were able to infer their functional effects, as alterations clustering on similar residues in analogous proteins have a high probability to elicit similar effects. As FGFRs represent an important class of oncogenes and drug targets, our study opens the way for further studies to validate their driver and/or actionable nature and, in the long term, for a more efficacious application of precision oncology.
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141
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Francavilla C, O'Brien CS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling dysregulation and targeting in breast cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:210373. [PMID: 35193394 PMCID: PMC8864352 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signalling plays a critical role in breast embryonal development, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. FGFR, its numerous FGF ligands and signalling partners are often dysregulated in breast cancer progression and are one of the causes of resistance to treatment in breast cancer. Furthermore, FGFR signalling on epithelial cells is affected by signals from the breast microenvironment, therefore increasing the possibility of breast developmental abnormalities or cancer progression. Increasing our understanding of the multi-layered roles of the complex family of FGFRs, their ligands FGFs and their regulatory partners may offer novel treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, as a single agent or rational co-target, which will be explored in depth in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Ciara S. O'Brien
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2BX, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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142
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Multifaceted Interplay between Hormones, Growth Factors and Hypoxia in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030539. [PMID: 35158804 PMCID: PMC8833523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hormones and growth factors impact many processes in the cell. Moreover, these molecules influence tumor growth, as does a lack of oxygen (hypoxia) that characterizes cancer progression. Proteins that are stabilized by low oxygen tension, known as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), help tumor cells to adapt to their environment. Of note, hormones and growth factors regulate the activity of HIFs toward malignant aggressiveness, including the resistance to therapy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of hormones and growth factors in cancer development with a particular focus on their interplay with hypoxia and HIFs and comment on how these factors influence the response to cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Hormones and growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. They play important roles in both healthy and tumor cells, where they function by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating downstream signaling cascades. The stages of tumor progression are influenced by hormones and GF signaling. Hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer progression, contributes to tumor plasticity and heterogeneity. Most solid tumors contain a hypoxic core due to rapid cellular proliferation that outgrows the blood supply. In these circumstances, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to their new environment, dramatically reshaping their transcriptional profile. HIF signaling is modulated by a variety of factors including hormones and GFs, which activate signaling pathways that enhance tumor growth and metastatic potential and impair responses to therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of hormones and GFs during cancer onset and progression with a particular focus on hypoxia and the interplay with HIF proteins. We also discuss how hypoxia influences the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, considering that a hypoxic environment may act as a determinant of the immune-excluded phenotype and a major hindrance to the success of adoptive cell therapies.
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143
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Cecchini A, Cornelison DDW. Eph/Ephrin-Based Protein Complexes: The Importance of cis Interactions in Guiding Cellular Processes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:809364. [PMID: 35096972 PMCID: PMC8793696 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.809364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intracellular signal transduction is generally represented as a linear process that transmits stimuli from the exterior of a cell to the interior via a transmembrane receptor, interactions with additional membrane-associated proteins are often critical to its success. These molecules play a pivotal role in mediating signaling via the formation of complexes in cis (within the same membrane) with primary effectors, particularly in the context of tumorigenesis. Such secondary effectors may act to promote successful signaling by mediating receptor-ligand binding, recruitment of molecular partners for the formation of multiprotein complexes, or differential signaling outcomes. One signaling family whose contact-mediated activity is frequently modulated by lateral interactions at the cell surface is Eph/ephrin (EphA and EphB receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands ephrin-As and ephrin-Bs). Through heterotypic interactions in cis, these molecules can promote a diverse range of cellular activities, including some that are mutually exclusive (cell proliferation and cell differentiation, or adhesion and migration). Due to their broad expression in most tissues and their promiscuous binding within and across classes, the cellular response to Eph:ephrin interaction is highly variable between cell types and is dependent on the cellular context in which binding occurs. In this review, we will discuss interactions between molecules in cis at the cell membrane, with emphasis on their role in modulating Eph/ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cecchini
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - D. D. W. Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: D. D. W. Cornelison,
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144
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Structural insights into the potency and selectivity of covalent pan-FGFR inhibitors. Commun Chem 2022; 5:5. [PMID: 36697561 PMCID: PMC9814232 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
FIIN-2, TAS-120 (Futibatinib) and PRN1371 are highly potent pan-FGFR covalent inhibitors targeting the p-loop cysteine of FGFR proteins, of which TAS-120 and PRN1371 are currently in clinical trials. It is critical to analyze their target selectivity and their abilities to overcome gatekeeper mutations. In this study, we demonstrate that FIIN-2 and TAS-120 form covalent adducts with SRC, while PRN1371 does not. FIIN-2 and TAS-120 inhibit SRC and YES activities, while PRN1371 does not. Moreover, FIIN-2, TAS-120 and PRN1371 exhibit different potencies against different FGFR gatekeeper mutants. In addition, the co-crystal structures of SRC/FIIN-2, SRC/TAS-120 and FGFR4/PRN1371 complexes reveal structural basis for kinase targeting and gatekeeper mutations. Taken together, our study not only provides insight into the potency and selectivity of covalent pan-FGFR inhibitors, but also sheds light on the development of next-generation FGFR covalent inhibitors with high potency, high selectivity, and stronger ability to overcome gatekeeper mutations.
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145
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Xie H, Alem Glison DM, Kim RD. FGFR4 inhibitors for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a synopsis of therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 31:393-400. [PMID: 34913780 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2017879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mainstay pharmacological approaches to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination therapy. Aberrant signaling of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and its corresponding receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), are a driver of HCC cell growth and survival. However, the clinical potential of agents targeting aberrant FGF19/FGFR4 signaling has not been adequately explored. AREAS COVERED We evaluate the existing literature on aberrant signaling of FGF19/FGFR4 in HCC and address the recent preclinical and clinical advances of selective FGFR4 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced HCC. Our literature search was performed in September 2021 on clinical trials and ongoing studies published in journals or presented in conferences for cancer research. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical studies show selective FGFR4 inhibitors to be highly potent. These inhibitors also show promise in clinical trials and demonstrate manageable on-target side effects. An emphasis should be placed on the development of predictive biomarkers and on enhancing the understanding of primary and acquired resistance mechanisms. This will inspire rationale combination therapy strategies for testing in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego M Alem Glison
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard D Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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146
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Guo X, Chen T, Chen S, Song C, Shan D, Xu S, Xu S. Case Report: Identification of Multiple TERT and FGFR2 Gene Fusions in a Pineal Region Glioblastoma Case. Front Oncol 2021; 11:739309. [PMID: 34976798 PMCID: PMC8716851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an oncogenic somatic variant, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp) mutations are frequently observed in adult glioblastoma (GBM). Alternatively, we report the first case of glioblastoma with TERT amplification accompanied by multiple TERT and FGFR2 gene fusions instead of TERTp mutation. A 55-year-old woman presented with dizziness, headache, and diplopia for three weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a heterogeneously enhancing lobulated mass centered in the pineal region. Partial tumor resection and ventriculoperitoneal shunt were achieved, and the residual tumor was then treated with standard radiation. The tumor was diagnosed as GBM, IDH-wild type, WHO grade IV, and the Ki67 proliferation index was high (30–40%). Intriguingly, TERT amplification without TERTp mutation was identified via next generation sequencing (NGS). Further analysis revealed multiple TERT (TERT–NUBPL, MARCH6–TERT, and CJD4–TERT) and FGFR2 (CXCL17–FGFR2, SIPA1L3–FGFR2, FGFR2–SIPA1L3, and FGFR2–CEACAM1) gene fusions. After the surgery, the patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly due to the malignant nature of the tumor and she died with an overall survival of 3 months. Our report provides the molecular clue for a novel telomerase activation and maintenance mechanism in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhi Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Xu,
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147
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Jing W, Wang G, Cui Z, Xiong G, Jiang X, Li Y, Li W, Han B, Chen S, Shi B. FGFR3 Destabilizes PD-L1 Via NEDD4 to Control T Cell-Mediated Bladder Cancer Immune Surveillance. Cancer Res 2021; 82:114-129. [PMID: 34753771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently activated by mutation or overexpression, and it is a validated therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder. However, the role and detailed molecular mechanism of FGFR3 in the immune microenvironment of bladder cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of FGFR3 in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer elevates PD-L1 protein levels by affecting its ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Tissue microarray analysis in human UC showed an inverse correlation between FGFR3 and PD-L1. Furthermore, NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the NEDD4 family of proteins, was phosphorylated by FGFR3 activation and served as a regulator of PD-L1 ubiquitination. Mechanistically, NEDD4 interacted with PD-L1 and catalyzed Lys48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitination of PD-L1. In mice bearing NEDD4 knockout bladder cancer, CD8+ T cell infiltration and antitumor activity were significantly inhibited due to PD-L1 upregulation in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, multiple FGFR3-activated tumor-bearing mouse models suggested that attenuated CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy following FGFR3-targeted therapy could be rescued by a combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, which leads to effective tumor suppression. This study establishes a key molecular link between targeted therapy and immune surveillance and identifies NEDD4 as a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets PD-L1 for degradation in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer. These findings may potentially be exploited for combination therapies in UC of the bladder and possibly other malignancies with activated FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wushan Li
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | | | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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148
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Cai B, Huang P, Li X, Liang G. Fibroblast growth factor receptor fusions in cancer: opportunities and challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:345. [PMID: 34732230 PMCID: PMC8564965 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) play critical roles in many biological processes and developmental functions. Chromosomal translocation of FGFRs result in the formation of chimeric FGFR fusion proteins, which often cause aberrant signaling leading to the development and progression of human cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate and carcinogenicity, oncogenic FGFR gene fusions have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. Erdafitinib and pemigatinib, two FGFR selective inhibitors targeting FGFR fusions, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Futibatinib, a third-generation FGFR inhibitor, is under phase III clinical trials in patients with FGFR gene rearrangements. Herein, we review the current understanding of the FGF/FGFRs system and the oncogenic effect of FGFR fusions, summarize promising inhibitors under clinical development for patients with FGFR fusions, and highlight the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhao Cai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China. .,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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149
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Aimar G, Paratore C, Zichi C, Marino D, Sperti E, Caglio A, Gamba T, De Vita F, Di Maio M. A review of molecularly targeted therapy in biliary tract carcinoma: what is the next step? EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:448-464. [PMID: 36045702 PMCID: PMC9400771 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with unresectable biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs) have a poor prognosis with a median overall survival of fewer than 12 months following systemic chemotherapy. In recent years, the identification of distinct molecular alterations with corresponding targeted therapies is modifying this therapeutic algorithm. The aim of this review is to present an overview of targeted therapy for BTCs, describing published available data and potential future challenges in ongoing trials. From clinicaltrials.gov online database all ongoing trials for BTCs (any stage) was examinated in July 2021, and data regarding study design, disease characteristics and type of treatments were registered. Oncogenic-driven therapy (targeted therapy) was investigated in 67 trials. According to research, 15 ongoing trials (22.4%) are investigating fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR)-inhibitors in BTCs. Three (18.7%) are open-label randomized multicenter phase 3 trials, 8 (50%) are single-arm phase two trials, and 4 (25%) are phase one studies. Twelve (17.9%) clinical trials dealt with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 targeting therapy either in combination with cisplatin (Cis) and gemcitabine (Gem) as first-line treatment for BTCs or in monotherapy in patients with IDH1 mutant advanced malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Nine (13.4%) clinical trials tested human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2 targeting therapy. Four (44.4%) studies are phase I trials, two (22.2%) are phase I/II trials, and three (33.3%) phase II trials. Rare molecular alterations in BTCs, such as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros oncogene1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1), and v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF), are also under investigation in a few trials. Forty-four clinical trials (17.2%) are investigating not oncogenic-driven multitarget therapy like multireceptor tyrosin kinase inhibitors and antiangiogenetic agents. In conclusion, this review shows that BTCs management is experiencing important innovations, especially in biomarker-based patient selection and in the new emerging therapeutic approach. Many ongoing trials could answer questions regarding the role of molecular inhibitors leading to new therapeutic frontiers for molecular subcategories of BTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Aimar
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Chiara Paratore
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Clizia Zichi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Donatella Marino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Elisa Sperti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Andrea Caglio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Teresa Gamba
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vita
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10128 Turino, Italy
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150
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Seervai RNH, Cho WC, Chu EY, Marques-Piubelli ML, Ledesma DA, Richards K, Heberton MM, Nelson KC, Nagarajan P, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Curry JL. Diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities from small-molecule inhibitor cancer therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 49:61-81. [PMID: 34622477 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in molecular biology and genetics have contributed to breakthrough treatments directed at specific pathways associated with the development of cancer. Small-molecule inhibitors (Nibs) aimed at a variety of cellular pathways have been efficacious; however, they are associated with significant dermatologic toxicities. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of dermatologic toxicities associated with Nibs categorized into the following five groups: (a) mitogen-activated protein kinase; (b) growth factor/multi-tyrosine kinase; (c) cell division/DNA repair; (d) signaling associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms; and (e) other signaling pathways. Prospective phase I, II, or III clinical trials, retrospective literature reviews, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and case reviews/reports were included for analysis. RESULTS Dermatologic toxicities reviewed were associated with every class of Nibs and ranged from mild to severe or life-threatening adverse skin reactions. Inflammatory reactions manifesting as maculopapular, papulopustular/acneiform, and eczematous lesions were frequent types of dermatologic toxicities seen with Nibs. Squamous cell carcinoma with keratoacanthoma-like features was associated with a subset of Nibs. Substantial overlap in dermatologic toxicities was found between Nibs. CONCLUSIONS Dermatologic toxicities from Nibs are diverse and may overlap between classes of Nibs. Recognition of the various types of toxicities from Nibs is critical for patient care in the era of "oncodermatology/dermatopathology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad N H Seervai
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debora A Ledesma
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen Richards
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meghan M Heberton
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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