101
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Rhodes J, Roman AO, Bjornson M, Brandt B, Derbyshire P, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Menke FLH, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Perception of a conserved family of plant signalling peptides by the receptor kinase HSL3. eLife 2022; 11:74687. [PMID: 35617122 PMCID: PMC9191895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of secreted peptides; however, relatively few have been characterised. We report here an uncharacterised, stress-induced family of plant signalling peptides, which we call CTNIPs. Based on the role of the common co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) in CTNIP-induced responses, we identified in Arabidopsis thaliana the orphan receptor kinase HAESA-LIKE 3 (HSL3) as the CTNIP receptor via a proteomics approach. CTNIP binding, ligand-triggered complex formation with BAK1, and induced downstream responses all involve HSL3. Notably, the HSL3-CTNIP signalling module is evolutionarily conserved amongst most extant angiosperms. The identification of this novel signalling module will further shed light on the diverse functions played by plant signalling peptides and will provide insights into receptor-ligand co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andra-Octavia Roman
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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102
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Zhou Z, Zhang L, Shu J, Wang M, Li H, Shu H, Wang X, Sun Q, Zhang S. Root Breeding in the Post-Genomics Era: From Concept to Practice in Apple. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1408. [PMID: 35684181 PMCID: PMC9182997 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of rootstocks with a high-quality dwarf-type root system is a popular research topic in the apple industry. However, the precise breeding of rootstocks is still challenging, mainly because the root system is buried deep underground, roots have a complex life cycle, and research on root architecture has progressed slowly. This paper describes ideas for the precise breeding and domestication of wild apple resources and the application of key genes. The primary goal of this research is to combine the existing rootstock resources with molecular breeding and summarize the methods of precision breeding. Here, we reviewed the existing rootstock germplasm, high-quality genome, and genetic resources available to explain how wild resources might be used in modern breeding. In particular, we proposed the 'from genotype to phenotype' theory and summarized the difficulties in future breeding processes. Lastly, the genetics governing root diversity and associated regulatory mechanisms were elaborated on to optimize the precise breeding of rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Jing Shu
- College of Forestry Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Huairui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qinghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
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103
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Köster P, DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Ca 2+ signals in plant immunity. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110741. [PMID: 35560235 PMCID: PMC9194748 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of ion channels, exchangers, and pumps in response to diverse stimuli; these signals are then decoded through the activity of Ca2+ -binding sensor proteins. In plants, Ca2+ signaling is central to both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, with the generation of characteristic cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations in response to potential pathogens being common to both. However, despite their importance, and a long history of scientific interest, the transport proteins that shape Ca2+ signals and their integration remain poorly characterized. Here, we discuss recent work that has both shed light on and deepened the mysteries of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Köster
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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104
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Kim NH, Jacob P, Dangl JL. Con-Ca 2+ -tenating plant immune responses via calcium-permeable cation channels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:813-818. [PMID: 35181918 PMCID: PMC9994437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcium serves as a second messenger in a variety of developmental and physiological processes and has long been identified as important for plant immune responses. We discuss recent discoveries regarding plant immune-related calcium-permeable channels and how the two intertwined branches of the plant immune system are intricately linked to one another through calcium signalling. Cell surface immune receptors carefully tap the immense calcium gradient that exists between apoplast and cytoplasm in a short burst via tightly regulated plasma membrane (PM)-resident cation channels. Intracellular immune receptors form atypical calcium-permeable cation channels at the PM and mediate a prolonged calcium influx, overcoming the deleterious influence of pathogen effectors and enhancing plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Pierre Jacob
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
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105
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Parker JE, Hessler G, Cui H. A new biochemistry connecting pathogen detection to induced defense in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:819-826. [PMID: 34921418 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell surface and intracellular immune receptors recognizing pathogen attack utilize the same defense machineries to mobilize resistance. New genetic, protein structural and biochemical information on receptor activation and signaling is transforming understanding of how their shared defense network operates. We discuss the biochemical activities of two classes of intracellular nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor - one forming a Ca2+ channel, the other an NADase enzyme - which define engagement of enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1)-family heterodimers and cofunctioning helper NLRs (RNLs) to connect receptor systems and amplify defenses. Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors and TIR-domain proteins, with a capacity to produce NAD+-derived small molecules, require EDS1 dimers and RNLs for defense induction. The TIR-driven EDS1/RNL modules emerge as central elements in Ca2+ -based immunity signaling initiated by receptors outside and inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Parker
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Haitao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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106
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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107
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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108
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Xu G, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Shan L. A tale of many families: calcium channels in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1551-1567. [PMID: 35134212 PMCID: PMC9048905 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]cyt is among the essential early cellular responses in plant immunity. The free Ca2+ concentration in the apoplast is far higher than that in the resting cytoplasm. Thus, the precise regulation of calcium channel activities upon infection is the key for an immediate and dynamic Ca2+ influx to trigger downstream signaling. Specific Ca2+ signatures in different branches of the plant immune system vary in timing, amplitude, duration, kinetics, and sources of Ca2+. Recent breakthroughs in the studies of diverse groups of classical calcium channels highlight the instrumental role of Ca2+ homeostasis in plant immunity and cell survival. Additionally, the identification of some immune receptors as noncanonical Ca2+-permeable channels opens a new view of how immune receptors initiate cell death and signaling. This review aims to provide an overview of different Ca2+-conducting channels in plant immunity and highlight their molecular and genetic mode-of-actions in facilitating immune signaling. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control the stability and activity of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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109
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Stahl E, Fernandez Martin A, Glauser G, Guillou MC, Aubourg S, Renou JP, Reymond P. The MIK2/SCOOP Signaling System Contributes to Arabidopsis Resistance Against Herbivory by Modulating Jasmonate and Indole Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852808. [PMID: 35401621 PMCID: PMC8984487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of plant immune signaling requires recognition of conserved molecular patterns from microbes and herbivores by plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, plants produce and secrete numerous small peptide hormones, termed phytocytokines, which act as secondary danger signals to modulate immunity. In Arabidopsis, the Brassicae-specific SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) family consists of 14 members that are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Recognition of SCOOP peptides elicits generic early signaling responses but knowledge on how and if SCOOPs modulate specific downstream immune defenses is limited. We report here that depletion of MIK2 or the single PROSCOOP12 precursor results in decreased Arabidopsis resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis but not the specialist Pieris brassicae. Increased performance of S. littoralis on mik2-1 and proscoop12 is accompanied by a diminished accumulation of jasmonic acid, jasmonate-isoleucine and indolic glucosinolates. Additionally, we show transcriptional activation of the PROSCOOP gene family in response to insect herbivory. Our data therefore indicate that perception of endogenous SCOOP peptides by MIK2 modulates the jasmonate pathway and thereby contributes to enhanced defense against a generalist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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110
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Ngou BPM, Jones JDG, Ding P. Plant immune networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:255-273. [PMID: 34548213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self- and non-self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular pathogen-/damage-derived molecules or apoplastic pathogen-derived effectors. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors. Activation of both PRRs and NLRs elevates defense gene expression and accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which results in SA-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. These receptors, together with their coreceptors, form networks to mediate downstream immune responses. In addition, cell-surface and intracellular immune systems are interdependent and function synergistically to provide robust resistance against pathogens. Here, we summarize the interactions between these immune systems and attempt to provide a holistic picture of plant immune networks. We highlight current challenges and discuss potential new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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111
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Huang M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Yu X, Li B. Active DNA demethylation regulates MAMP-triggered immune priming in Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:796-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Rosado D, Ackermann A, Spassibojko O, Rossi M, Pedmale UV. WRKY transcription factors and ethylene signaling modify root growth during the shade-avoidance response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1294-1311. [PMID: 34718759 PMCID: PMC8825332 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Shade-intolerant plants rapidly elongate their stems, branches, and leaf stalks to compete with neighboring vegetation, maximizing sunlight capture for photosynthesis. This rapid growth adaptation, known as the shade-avoidance response (SAR), comes at a cost: reduced biomass, crop yield, and root growth. Significant progress has been made on the mechanistic understanding of hypocotyl elongation during SAR; however, the molecular interpretation of root growth repression is not well understood. Here, we explore the mechanisms by which SAR induced by low red:far-red light restricts primary and lateral root (LR) growth. By analyzing the whole-genome transcriptome, we identified a core set of shade-induced genes in roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings grown in the shade. Abiotic and biotic stressors also induce many of these shade-induced genes and are predominantly regulated by WRKY transcription factors. Correspondingly, a majority of WRKY genes were among the shade-induced genes. Functional analysis using transgenics of these shade-induced WRKYs revealed that their role is essentially to restrict primary root and LR growth in the shade; captivatingly, they did not affect hypocotyl elongation. Similarly, we also found that ethylene hormone signaling is necessary for limiting root growth in the shade. We propose that during SAR, shade-induced WRKY26, 45, and 75, and ethylene reprogram gene expression in the root to restrict its growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rosado
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Amanda Ackermann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Olya Spassibojko
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ullas V Pedmale
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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113
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Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng R, Min Q, Huang J. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-like gene OsGLR3.4 is required for plant growth and systemic wound signaling in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1238-1256. [PMID: 34767648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the physiological roles of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of GLRs in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we show that knockout of OsGLR3.4 in rice leads to brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth defects and reduced BR sensitivity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transactivation assays indicated that OsGLR3.4 is the downstream target of OsBZR1. Further, agonist profile assays showed that multiple amino acids can trigger transient Ca2+ influx in an OsGLR3.4-dependent manner, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is a Ca2+ -permeable channel. Meanwhile, the study of internode cells demonstrated that OsGLR3.4-mediated Ca2+ flux is required for actin filament organization and vesicle trafficking. Following root injury, the triggering of both slow wave potentials (SWPs) in leaves and the jasmonic acid (JA) response are impaired in osglr3.4 mutants, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is required for root-to-shoot systemic wound signaling in rice. Brassinosteroid treatment enhanced SWPs and OsJAZ8 expression in root-wounded plants, suggesting that BR signaling synergistically regulates the OsGLR3.4-mediated systemic wound response. In summary, this article describes a mechanism of OsGLR3.4-mediated cell elongation and long-distance systemic wound signaling in plants and provides new insights into the contribution of GLRs to plant growth and responses to mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Min
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
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114
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Zeng L, Wang JZ, He X, Ke H, Lemos M, Gray WM, Dehesh K. A plastidial retrograde signal potentiates biosynthesis of systemic stress response activators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1732-1749. [PMID: 34859454 PMCID: PMC8776617 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ an array of intricate and hierarchical signaling cascades to perceive and transduce informational cues to synchronize and tailor adaptive responses. Systemic stress response (SSR) is a recognized complex signaling and response network quintessential to plant's local and distal responses to environmental triggers; however, the identity of the initiating signals has remained fragmented. Here, we show that both biotic (aphids and viral pathogens) and abiotic (high light and wounding) stresses induce accumulation of the plastidial-retrograde-signaling metabolite methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), leading to reduction of the phytohormone auxin and the subsequent decreased expression of the phosphatase PP2C.D1. This enables phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases 3/6 and the consequential induction of the downstream events ultimately, resulting in biosynthesis of the two SSR priming metabolites pipecolic acid and N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid. This work identifies plastids as a major initiation site, and the plastidial retrograde signal MEcPP as an initiator of a multicomponent signaling cascade potentiating the biosynthesis of SSR activators, in response to biotic and abiotic triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zeng
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Current address: Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation, Chengdu third people’s hospital branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark Lemos
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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115
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Chen XL, Sun MC, Chong SL, Si JP, Wu LS. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches Deepen Our Knowledge of Plant-Endophyte Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:700200. [PMID: 35154169 PMCID: PMC8828500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, plant-symbiont-pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but they may share some similar characteristics with pathogens based on studies of model microbes and plants. Multi-omics technologies could be applied to study plant-microbe interactions, especially plant-endophyte interactions. Endophytes are naturally occurring microbes that inhabit plants, but do not cause apparent symptoms in them, and arise as an advantageous source of novel metabolites, agriculturally important promoters, and stress resisters in their host plants. Although biochemical, physiological, and molecular investigations have demonstrated that endophytes confer benefits to their hosts, especially in terms of promoting plant growth, increasing metabolic capabilities, and enhancing stress resistance, plant-endophyte interactions consist of complex mechanisms between the two symbionts. Further knowledge of these mechanisms may be gained by adopting a multi-omics approach. The involved interaction, which can range from colonization to protection against adverse conditions, has been investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics. This review aims to provide effective means and ways of applying multi-omics studies to solve the current problems in the characterization of plant-microbe interactions, involving recognition and colonization. The obtained results should be useful for identifying the key determinants in such interactions and would also provide a timely theoretical and material basis for the study of interaction mechanisms and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling-shang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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116
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Dindas J, DeFalco TA, Yu G, Zhang L, David P, Bjornson M, Thibaud MC, Custódio V, Castrillo G, Nussaume L, Macho AP, Zipfel C. Direct inhibition of phosphate transport by immune signaling in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2021; 32:488-495.e5. [PMID: 34919806 PMCID: PMC8791604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil availability of inorganic ortho-phosphate (PO43-, Pi) is a key determinant of plant growth and fitness.1 Plants regulate the capacity of their roots to take up inorganic phosphate by adapting the abundance of H+-coupled phosphate transporters of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) family2 at the plasma membrane (PM) through transcriptional and post-translational changes driven by the genetic network of the phosphate starvation response (PSR).3-8 Increasing evidence also shows that plants integrate immune responses to alleviate phosphate starvation stress through the association with beneficial microbes.9-11 Whether and how such phosphate transport is regulated upon activation of immune responses is yet uncharacterized. To address this question, we first developed quantitative assays based on changes in the electrical PM potential to measure active Pi transport in roots in real time. By inserting micro-electrodes into bulging root hairs, we were able to determine key characteristics of phosphate transport in intact Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis) seedlings. The fast Pi-induced depolarization observed was dependent on the activity of the major phosphate transporter PHT1;4. Notably, we observed that this PHT1;4-mediated phosphate uptake is repressed upon activation of pattern-triggered immunity. This inhibition depended on the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and PBS1-LIKE KINASE 1 (PBL1), which both phosphorylated PHT1;4. As a corollary to this negative regulation of phosphate transport by immune signaling, we found that PHT1;4-mediated phosphate uptake normally negatively regulates anti-bacterial immunity in roots. Collectively, our results reveal a mechanism linking plant immunity and phosphate homeostasis, with BIK1/PBL1 providing a molecular integration point between these two important pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Dindas
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Gang Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Bacteria Interactions, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Bacteria Interactions, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Pascale David
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, SAVE (Signalisation pour l'Adaptation des Végétaux à leur Environnement), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, SAVE (Signalisation pour l'Adaptation des Végétaux à leur Environnement), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Valéria Custódio
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Gabriel Castrillo
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, SAVE (Signalisation pour l'Adaptation des Végétaux à leur Environnement), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Bacteria Interactions, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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117
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Ding P, Sakai T, Krishna Shrestha R, Manosalva Perez N, Guo W, Ngou BPM, He S, Liu C, Feng X, Zhang R, Vandepoele K, MacLean D, Jones JDG. Chromatin accessibility landscapes activated by cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7927-7941. [PMID: 34387350 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of cell-surface and intracellular receptor-mediated immunity results in rapid transcriptional reprogramming that underpins disease resistance. However, the mechanisms by which co-activation of both immune systems lead to transcriptional changes are not clear. Here, we combine RNA-seq and ATAC-seq to define changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Activation of cell-surface or intracellular receptor-mediated immunity, or both, increases chromatin accessibility at induced defence genes. Analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data combined with publicly available information on transcription factor DNA-binding motifs enabled comparison of individual gene regulatory networks activated by cell-surface or intracellular receptor-mediated immunity, or by both. These results and analyses reveal overlapping and conserved transcriptional regulatory mechanisms between the two immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ram Krishna Shrestha
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicolas Manosalva Perez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shengbo He
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Runxuan Zhang
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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118
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Resentini F, Ruberti C, Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Costa A. The signatures of organellar calcium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1985-2004. [PMID: 33905517 PMCID: PMC8644629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights about the transport mechanisms involved in the in and out of calcium ions in plant organelles, and their role in the regulation of cytosolic calcium homeostasis in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | | | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Milano 20133, Italy
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119
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Tena G. Core transcriptional responses. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1518. [PMID: 34907294 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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120
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Tang B, Liu C, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhou S, Wang G, Chen X, Liu W. Multilayer regulatory landscape during pattern-triggered immunity in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2629-2645. [PMID: 34437761 PMCID: PMC8633500 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon fungal and bacterial pathogen attack, plants launch pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to defend against pathogens. Although PTI-mediated response has been widely studied, a systematic understanding of the reprogrammed cellular processes during PTI by multi-omics analysis is lacking. In this study, we generated metabolome, transcriptome, proteome, ubiquitome and acetylome data to investigate rice (Oryza sativa) PTI responses to two PAMPs, the fungi-derived chitin and the bacteria-derived flg22. Integrative multi-omics analysis uncovered convergence and divergence of rice responses to these PAMPs at multiple regulatory layers. Rice responded to chitin and flg22 in a similar manner at the transcriptome and proteome levels, but distinct at the metabolome level. We found that this was probably due to post-translational regulation including ubiquitination and acetylation, which reshaped gene expression by modulating enzymatic activities, and possibly led to distinct metabolite profiles. We constructed regulatory atlas of metabolic pathways, including the defence-related phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and linoleic acid derivative metabolism. The multi-level regulatory network generated in this study sets the foundation for in-depth mechanistic dissection of PTI in rice and potentially in other related poaceous crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Guo‐Liang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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121
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Poretsky E, Ruiz M, Ahmadian N, Steinbrenner AD, Dressano K, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. Comparative analyses of responses to exogenous and endogenous antiherbivore elicitors enable a forward genetics approach to identify maize gene candidates mediating sensitivity to herbivore-associated molecular patterns. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1295-1316. [PMID: 34564909 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop damage by herbivorous insects remains a significant contributor to annual yield reductions. Following attack, maize (Zea mays) responds to herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating dynamic direct and indirect antiherbivore defense responses. To define underlying signaling processes, comparative analyses between plant elicitor peptide (Pep) DAMPs and fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) HAMPs were conducted. RNA sequencing analysis of early transcriptional changes following Pep and FAC treatments revealed quantitative differences in the strength of response yet a high degree of qualitative similarity, providing evidence for shared signaling pathways. In further comparisons of FAC and Pep responses across diverse maize inbred lines, we identified Mo17 as part of a small subset of lines displaying selective FAC insensitivity. Genetic mapping for FAC sensitivity using the intermated B73 × Mo17 population identified a single locus on chromosome 4 associated with FAC sensitivity. Pursuit of multiple fine-mapping approaches further narrowed the locus to 19 candidate genes. The top candidate gene identified, termed FAC SENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED (ZmFACS), encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) that belongs to the same family as a rice (Oryza sativa) receptor gene previously associated with the activation of induced responses to diverse Lepidoptera. Consistent with reduced sensitivity, ZmFACS expression was significantly lower in Mo17 as compared to B73. Transient heterologous expression of ZmFACS in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a significantly increased FAC-elicited response. Together, our results provide useful resources for studying early elicitor-induced antiherbivore responses in maize and approaches to discover gene candidates underlying HAMP sensitivity in grain crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Poretsky
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nazanin Ahmadian
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Keini Dressano
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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122
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Margets A, Rima S, Helm M, Carter M. Molecular Mechanism & Structure-Zooming in on Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1346-1349. [PMID: 34505817 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0208-mr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The first of three International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (IS-MPMI) eSymposia was convened on 12 and 13 July 2021, with the theme "Molecular Mechanism & Structure-Zooming in on Plant Immunity". Hosted by Jian-Min Zhou (Beijing, China) and Jane Parker (Cologne, Germany), the eSymposium centered on "Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI" number five: Does effector-triggered immunity (ETI) potentiate and restore pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-or is there really a binary distinction between ETI and PTI? Since the previous International Congress of IS-MPMI in 2019, substantial progress has been made in untangling the complex signaling underlying plant immunity, including a greater understanding of the structure and function of key proteins. A clear need emerged for the MPMI community to come together virtually to share new knowledge around plant immunity. Over the course of two synchronous, half days of programming, participants from 32 countries attended two plenary sessions with engaging panel discussions and networked through interactive hours and poster breakout rooms. In this report, we summarize the concerted effort by multiple laboratories to study the molecular mechanisms underlying ETI and PTI, highlighting the essential role of plant resistosomes in the formation of calcium channels during an immune response. We conclude our report by forming new questions about how overlapping signaling mechanisms are controlled.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Margets
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Sharmin Rima
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew Helm
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Morgan Carter
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
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123
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Dhar S, Kim H, Segonzac C, Lee JY. The Danger-Associated Peptide PEP1 Directs Cellular Reprogramming in the Arabidopsis Root Vascular System. Mol Cells 2021; 44:830-842. [PMID: 34764230 PMCID: PMC8627833 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dhar
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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124
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Boraschi D, Li D, Li Y, Italiani P. In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211769. [PMID: 34831525 PMCID: PMC8623312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunological safety of drugs, nanomaterials and contaminants is a central point in the regulatory evaluation and safety monitoring of working and public places and of the environment. In fact, anomalies in immune responses may cause diseases and hamper the physical and functional integrity of living organisms, from plants to human beings. In the case of nanomaterials, many experimental models are used for assessing their immunosafety, some of which have been adopted by regulatory bodies. All of them, however, suffer from shortcomings and approximations, and may be inaccurate in representing real-life responses, thereby leading to incomplete, incorrect or even misleading predictions. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of current nanoimmunosafety models, comparing in vivo vs. in vitro models and examining the use of animal vs. human cells, primary vs. transformed cells, complex multicellular and 3D models, organoids and organs-on-chip, in view of implementing a reliable and personalized nanoimmunosafety testing. The general conclusion is that the choice of testing models is key for obtaining reliable predictive information, and therefore special attention should be devoted to selecting the most relevant and realistic suite of models in order to generate relevant information that can allow for safer-by-design nanotechnological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Dongjie Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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125
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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126
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Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108242118. [PMID: 34531323 PMCID: PMC8463890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex.
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127
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DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms of early plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3449-3467. [PMID: 34403694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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128
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Rufián JS, Elmore JM, Bejarano ER, Beuzon CR, Coaker GL. ER Bodies Are Induced by Pseudomonas syringae and Negatively Regulate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1001-1009. [PMID: 34110257 PMCID: PMC8635791 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0330-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ER bodies are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles present in plants belonging to the Brassicales order. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ER bodies are ubiquitous in cotyledons and roots and are present only in certain cell types in rosette leaves. However, both wounding and jasmonic acid treatment induce the formation of ER bodies in leaves. Formation of this structure is dependent on the transcription factor NAI1. The main components of the ER bodies are β-glucosidases (BGLUs), enzymes that hydrolyze specialized compounds. In Arabidopsis, PYK10 (BGLU23) and BGLU18 are the most abundant ER body proteins. In this work, we found that ER bodies are downregulated as a consequence of the immune responses induced by bacterial flagellin perception. Arabidopsis mutants defective in ER body formation show enhanced responses upon flagellin perception and enhanced resistance to bacterial infections. Furthermore, the bacterial toxin coronatine induces the formation of de novo ER bodies in leaves and its virulence function is partially dependent on this structure. Finally, we show that performance of the polyphagous beet armyworm herbivore Spodoptera exigua increases in plants lacking ER bodies. Altogether, we provide new evidence for the role of the ER bodies in plant immune responses.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - James M. Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Beuzon
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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129
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Lee DH, Lee HS, Belkhadir Y. Coding of plant immune signals by surface receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102044. [PMID: 33979769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of molecular signals derived from other organisms is central to the evolutionary success of plants in the colonization of Earth. The sensory coding of these signals is critical for marshaling local and systemic immune responses that keep most invading organisms at bay. Plants detect immune signals inside and outside their cells using receptors. Here, we focus on receptors that function at the cell surface. We present recent work that expands our understanding of the repertoire of immune signals sensed by this family of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hwa Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria.
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130
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Ren H, Zhao X, Li W, Hussain J, Qi G, Liu S. Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051089. [PMID: 34063263 PMCID: PMC8147489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during developmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Jamshaid Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Guoning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
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131
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cole
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Susannah G Tringe
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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132
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Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Bacete L, Vilaplana F, Dallabernardina P, Pfrengle F, Jordá L, Sánchez‐Vallet A, Pérez R, Brunner F, Molina A, Mélida H. Cell wall-derived mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:601-615. [PMID: 33544927 PMCID: PMC8252745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate-based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. These analyses revealed that MLG oligosaccharides are perceived by Arabidopsis thaliana and identified a trisaccharide, β-d-cellobiosyl-(1,3)-β-d-glucose (MLG43), as the smallest MLG structure triggering strong PTI responses. These MLG43-mediated PTI responses are partially dependent on LysM PRRs CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, as they were weaker in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 mutants than in wild-type plants. Cross-elicitation experiments between MLG43 and the carbohydrate MAMP chitohexaose [β-1,4-d-(GlcNAc)6 ], which is also perceived by these LysM PRRs, indicated that the mechanism of MLG43 recognition could differ from that of chitohexaose, which is fully impaired in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 plants. MLG43 treatment confers enhanced disease resistance in A. thaliana to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and in tomato and pepper to different bacterial and fungal pathogens. Our data support the classification of MLGs as a group of carbohydrate-based molecular patterns that are perceived by plants and trigger immune responses and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Present address:
Institute for BiologyFaculty of Natural SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of GlycoscienceSchool of BiotechnologyRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH)StockholmSweden
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Andrea Sánchez‐Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Present address:
Área de Fisiología VegetalDepartamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de LeónLeónSpain
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Zhi P, Chang C. Exploiting Epigenetic Variations for Crop Disease Resistance Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692328. [PMID: 34149790 PMCID: PMC8212930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infections seriously threaten plant health and global crop production. Epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, chromatin assembly and remodeling play important roles in transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses and could provide a new direction to drive breeding strategies for crop disease resistance improvement. Although past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the epigenetic mechanism of plant defense response, most of these advances were derived from studies in model plants like Arabidopsis. In this review, we highlighted the recent epigenetic studies on crop-pathogen interactions and discussed the potentials, challenges, and strategies in exploiting epigenetic variations for crop disease resistance improvement.
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