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Guidon AC, Burton LB, Chwalisz BK, Hillis J, Schaller TH, Amato AA, Betof Warner A, Brastianos PK, Cho TA, Clardy SL, Cohen JV, Dietrich J, Dougan M, Doughty CT, Dubey D, Gelfand JM, Guptill JT, Johnson DB, Juel VC, Kadish R, Kolb N, LeBoeuf NR, Linnoila J, Mammen AL, Martinez-Lage M, Mooradian MJ, Naidoo J, Neilan TG, Reardon DA, Rubin KM, Santomasso BD, Sullivan RJ, Wang N, Woodman K, Zubiri L, Louv WC, Reynolds KL. Consensus disease definitions for neurologic immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002890. [PMID: 34281989 PMCID: PMC8291304 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the US Food and Drug Administration-approved indications for immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer has resulted in therapeutic success and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Neurologic irAEs (irAE-Ns) have an incidence of 1%-12% and a high fatality rate relative to other irAEs. Lack of standardized disease definitions and accurate phenotyping leads to syndrome misclassification and impedes development of evidence-based treatments and translational research. The objective of this study was to develop consensus guidance for an approach to irAE-Ns including disease definitions and severity grading. A working group of four neurologists drafted irAE-N consensus guidance and definitions, which were reviewed by the multidisciplinary Neuro irAE Disease Definition Panel including oncologists and irAE experts. A modified Delphi consensus process was used, with two rounds of anonymous ratings by panelists and two meetings to discuss areas of controversy. Panelists rated content for usability, appropriateness and accuracy on 9-point scales in electronic surveys and provided free text comments. Aggregated survey responses were incorporated into revised definitions. Consensus was based on numeric ratings using the RAND/University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Appropriateness Method with prespecified definitions. 27 panelists from 15 academic medical centers voted on a total of 53 rating scales (6 general guidance, 24 central and 18 peripheral nervous system disease definition components, 3 severity criteria and 2 clinical trial adjudication statements); of these, 77% (41/53) received first round consensus. After revisions, all items received second round consensus. Consensus definitions were achieved for seven core disorders: irMeningitis, irEncephalitis, irDemyelinating disease, irVasculitis, irNeuropathy, irNeuromuscular junction disorders and irMyopathy. For each disorder, six descriptors of diagnostic components are used: disease subtype, diagnostic certainty, severity, autoantibody association, exacerbation of pre-existing disease or de novo presentation, and presence or absence of concurrent irAE(s). These disease definitions standardize irAE-N classification. Diagnostic certainty is not always directly linked to certainty to treat as an irAE-N (ie, one might treat events in the probable or possible category). Given consensus on accuracy and usability from a representative panel group, we anticipate that the definitions will be used broadly across clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Guidon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leeann B Burton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bart K Chwalisz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Hillis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anthony A Amato
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Betof Warner
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey A Cho
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacey L Clardy
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake CIty, UT, USA
| | - Justine V Cohen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher T Doughty
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Guptill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vern C Juel
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Kadish
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake CIty, UT, USA
| | - Noah Kolb
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Linnoila
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Martinez-Lage
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan J Mooradian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarushka Naidoo
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Dublin and RCSI University of Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Upper Aerodigestive Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center/Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardio-oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krista M Rubin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bianca D Santomasso
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karin Woodman
- Section of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leyre Zubiri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kerry L Reynolds
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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102
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Segal Y, Bukstein F, Raz M, Aizenstein O, Alcalay Y, Gadoth A. PD-1-inhibitor-induced PCA-2 (MAP1B) Autoimmunity in a Patient with Renal Cell Carcinoma. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:328-331. [PMID: 34176072 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) are a group of anti-cancer pharmacological agents which modify T cell activity in order to potentiate an effective immune response against tumor cells. While these drugs prove extremely potent against several types of malignancies, they may be associated with significant autoimmune adverse events. We report a patient who developed a subacute cerebellar syndrome shortly after starting treatment with nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, for renal clear cell carcinoma, with detectable paraneoplastic PCA-2 antibodies. The tumor specimen stained positively for MAP1B, the antigen of PCA-2. The patient responded well to treatment with glucocorticosteroids. This is the first case to our knowledge of PCA-2 paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with ICI use, which presents in a patient with a malignancy not typically associated with neurological paraneoplastic phenomena. Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is extremely effective in potentiating an immune response against tumor cells, but bears a substantial risk for the development of autoimmune phenomena, including paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Increasing use of ICIs is leading to increasing numbers of patients with new-onset neurological symptoms. Awareness of these novel entities will aid in early diagnosis and proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahel Segal
- Departments of Neurology, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Felix Bukstein
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Raz
- Departments of Pathology, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Aizenstein
- Departments of Radiology, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Encephalitis Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yifat Alcalay
- Departments of Encephalitis Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Immunology Laboratory, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Gadoth
- Departments of Neurology, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Departments of Encephalitis Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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103
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Davies MJ, Chiang AC. Management of Pneumonitis and Neuropathy in Patients Receiving PD-1-Based Therapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JCO Oncol Pract 2021; 16:4s-9s. [PMID: 32045539 DOI: 10.1200/jop.19.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors has improved outcomes for certain patients with advanced lung cancer. As use of these therapies has expanded in first-line settings, in patients with different histologies, and in combinations with chemotherapeutic and targeted agents, more patients with lung cancer may benefit from these therapies. However, with expanded use comes greater potential exposure to the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This article uses two case examples to illustrate the presentation, evaluation, and management of pulmonary and neurologic symptoms in two patients receiving PD-1-based therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. These cases illustrate the challenges associated with recognizing pneumonitis and neuropathy in patients receiving ICIs for lung cancer. Although pneumonitis and neuropathy are relatively rare irAEs, they can have devastating or even fatal outcomes if not promptly recognized and managed appropriately. Specific use of guideline-based, multidisciplinary management is emphasized, as illustrated in the Immuno-Oncology Essentials Care Step Pathways.
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104
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Wesley SF, Haggiagi A, Thakur KT, De Jager PL. Neurological Immunotoxicity from Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6716. [PMID: 34201529 PMCID: PMC8268562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immune-based treatments for cancer has led to a growing field dedicated to understanding and managing iatrogenic immunotoxicities that arise from these agents. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can develop as isolated events or as toxicities affecting multiple body systems. In particular, this review details the neurological irAEs from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapies. The recognition and treatment of neurological irAEs has variable success, depending on the severity and nature of the neurological involvement. Understanding the involved mechanisms, predicting those at higher risk for irAEs, and establishing safety parameters for resuming cancer immunotherapies after irAEs are all important fields of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Wesley
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, 710 W 168th Street, Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Aya Haggiagi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Kiran T. Thakur
- Program in Neuroinfectious Diseases and Related Disorders, Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, 710 W 168th Street, Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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105
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors-related encephalitis in melanoma and non-melanoma cancer patients: a single center experience. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:7563-7568. [PMID: 34120259 PMCID: PMC8550117 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has greatly improved survival for patients with a number of malignant diseases in recent years. Neurological immune-related adverse events (n-irAE) of varying severity have been reported in the literature. We aimed to identify the incidence of n-irAE, focusing on immune-related encephalitis (IRE), in patients treated with ICI for multiple non-hematological malignancies in our institution. Methods All patients with histologically verified cancer that received treatment with ICI at the Sheba Medical Center between January 2017 and August 2019 were surveyed. Medical records for each patient were reviewed and information regarding n-irAE was recorded. Results In total, 1993 patients were included. Eleven cases of IRE were recorded, affecting 0.55% of patients overall, eight had non-melanoma cancer. Eight patients had made a full recovery. Conclusions IRE is a n-irAE more frequent than previously reported, particularly in non-melanoma patients. The diagnostic criteria and optimal treatment needs to be determined. ICI re-challenge after IRE can be considered for selected patients.
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106
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Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis revealing burned-out seminoma. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:767-769. [PMID: 32710286 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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107
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Abstract
Introduction: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are a rare heterogeneous group of neurological diseases associated with tumors. These syndromes are the result of a cross-reactive immune response against antigens shared by the tumor and the nervous system. The discovery of an increasing number of autoantigens and the identification of tumoral factors leading to a substantial antitumoral immune response makes this topic highly innovative.Areas covered: This review covers the clinical, oncological, pathophysiological aspects of both immunological PNS groups. One is associated with autoantibodies against intracellular onconeural antibodies, which are highly specific for an underlying tumor, although the disease is mainly T-cell mediated. In contrast, PNS associated with pathogenic surface-binding/receptor autoantibodies, which are often responsive to immunosuppressive treatment, may manifest as paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic diseases. The most frequent tumors associated with PNS are (small cell) lung cancer, gynecological tumors, thymoma, lymphoma, and, in children, neuroblastoma. A special interest is given to PNS, induced by immune checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs).Expert opinion: Research in PNS, including the group of ICI-induced PNS provide new insights in both the pathophysiology of PNS and tumor immune interactions and offers new treatment options for this group of severe neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Blaes
- Department of Neurology, KKH Gummersbach, Gummersbach, Germany
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108
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Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Antoine JCG, Desestret V, Dubey D, Giometto B, Irani SR, Joubert B, Leypoldt F, McKeon A, Prüss H, Psimaras D, Thomas L, Titulaer MJ, Vedeler CA, Verschuuren JJ, Dalmau J, Honnorat J. Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e1014. [PMID: 34006622 PMCID: PMC8237398 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The contemporary diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) requires an increasing understanding of their clinical, immunologic, and oncologic heterogeneity. The 2004 PNS criteria are partially outdated due to advances in PNS research in the last 16 years leading to the identification of new phenotypes and antibodies that have transformed the diagnostic approach to PNS. Here, we propose updated diagnostic criteria for PNS. Methods A panel of experts developed by consensus a modified set of diagnostic PNS criteria for clinical decision making and research purposes. The panel reappraised the 2004 criteria alongside new knowledge on PNS obtained from published and unpublished data generated by the different laboratories involved in the project. Results The panel proposed to substitute “classical syndromes” with the term “high-risk phenotypes” for cancer and introduce the concept of “intermediate-risk phenotypes.” The term “onconeural antibody” was replaced by “high risk” (>70% associated with cancer) and “intermediate risk” (30%–70% associated with cancer) antibodies. The panel classified 3 levels of evidence for PNS: definite, probable, and possible. Each level can be reached by using the PNS-Care Score, which combines clinical phenotype, antibody type, the presence or absence of cancer, and time of follow-up. With the exception of opsoclonus-myoclonus, the diagnosis of definite PNS requires the presence of high- or intermediate-risk antibodies. Specific recommendations for similar syndromes triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitors are also provided. Conclusions The proposed criteria and recommendations should be used to enhance the clinical care of patients with PNS and to encourage standardization of research initiatives addressing PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe G Antoine
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Virginie Desestret
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Giometto
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Bastien Joubert
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew McKeon
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Prüss
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Laure Thomas
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Christian A Vedeler
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J Verschuuren
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasique (A.V., S.M.-C., J.-C.G.A., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon; SynatAc Team (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., V.D., B.J., L.T., J.H.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.G.A.), CHU de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (D.D., A.M.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Neurology Unit (B.G.), Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Italy; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Section (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (H.P.), and Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre de Compétence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et Encéphalites Autoimmunes (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin (D.P.), and INSERM U 1127 (D.P.), CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière Groupe, Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriêre et Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine (C.A.V.), University of Bergen; Department of Neurology (C.A.V.), Haukeland University Hospital; Neuro-SysMed-Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in Neurology (C.A.V.), Departments of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway; and Neurology Department (J.J.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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109
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McHattie AW, Wei D, Ahmad H, Nirmalananthan N. Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome secondary to ovarian cancer. Pract Neurol 2021; 21:437-438. [PMID: 33986116 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W McHattie
- Department of Neurology, Atkinson Morley Neurosciences Centre, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Diana Wei
- Department of Neurology, Atkinson Morley Neurosciences Centre, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Hena Ahmad
- Department of Neurology, Atkinson Morley Neurosciences Centre, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Niran Nirmalananthan
- Department of Neurology, Atkinson Morley Neurosciences Centre, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, UK
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110
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Flanagan EP. Paraneoplastic disorders of the nervous system. J Neurol 2021; 268:4899-4907. [PMID: 33904967 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article on paraneoplastic neurologic disorders provides an update on the diagnostic approach, utility and pitfalls of autoantibody testing and emerging settings in which these disorders are encountered. Recognition of the clinical and neuroimaging features accompanying paraneoplastic neurologic disorders is crucial to select those at highest risk who need neural antibody testing and screening for cancer. Cursory knowledge of the antibody assay methodology being ordered is important as the false positive rate varies by the technique utilized for detection. Antibodies can generally be stratified by the location of the target antigen (intraceullar versus cell-surface/synaptic) which informs frequency of cancer association, treatment response and prognosis. The therapeutic approach generally involves detection of the underlying cancer and combinations of oncologic treatments and immunosuppressant medications. The occurrence of paraneoplastic autoimmune neurologic disorders in novel settings, such as with immune checkpoint inhibitor use, has improved understanding of their pathogenesis and increased the likelihood neurologists will encounter such patients in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Flanagan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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111
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Salim A, Tapia Rico G, Shaikh A, Brown MP. A systematic review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related neurological adverse events and association with anti-neuronal autoantibodies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1237-1251. [PMID: 33645372 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1897101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy has led to a paradigm shift in cancer drug development and in the clinical evaluation of approaches to combination cancer treatment. Dysregulation of the immune system by ICI therapy may also elicit autoimmune phenomena and consequently manifest clinically as immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including neurological irAEs. Areas Covered: The purpose of this review is to explore the role of autoantibodies in the diagnosis and prediction of neurological irAEs and to evaluate their pathogenicity. We searched Pubmed and Embase for neurological irAEs and associated autoantibodies and found 28 patients with central and peripheral neurological irAEs. Of these patients, up to 40% had encephalitis, 34.4% with myasthenia gravis and 22% of patients with peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barre Syndrome had autoantibodies. Expert Opinion: Overall, our survey suggested a causal relationship between neurological irAEs and autoantibodies. Detection of autoantibodies may help to diagnose neurological irAEs and inform their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Salim
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - G Tapia Rico
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - A Shaikh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - M P Brown
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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112
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Bhagavati S. Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Therapy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:664664. [PMID: 33935958 PMCID: PMC8079742 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.664664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable discoveries over the last two decades have elucidated the autoimmune basis of several, previously poorly understood, neurological disorders. Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system may affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and also the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle (peripheral nervous system, PNS). This comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field presents the factors which may trigger breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune disease in some individuals. Then the pathophysiological basis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are outlined, with an emphasis on the features which are important to recognize for accurate clinical diagnosis. Finally the latest therapies for autoimmune CNS and PNS disorders and their mechanisms of action and the most promising research avenues for targeted immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakam Bhagavati
- Department of Neurology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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113
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Pous A, Izquierdo C, Cucurull M, Sánchez S, Lezcano C, Domenech M, Llobera L, Plaja A, Moran T. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report of severe meningoencephalitis after switching to an extended-interval higher flat-dose nivolumab regimen. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1917-1923. [PMID: 34012801 PMCID: PMC8107731 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative dosage regimens for some anticancer therapies have been proposed in the midst of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in order to protect the patients from attending to health care facilities. Flat-dosing of several immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including nivolumab, have been established. Although generally well tolerated with no new safety signals, new dosages can associate novel individual toxicities. As the use of ICIs is increasing in cancer patients, the present case report is a reminder for clinicians of potential novel toxicities, as well as the need for an interdisciplinary approach for their recognition and treatment. We report the occurrence of a severe neurologic toxicity in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who developed should be changed to which occurred after two doses of extended higher interval flat-dose nivolumab despite two years of clinical stability on prior nivolumab regimen. Patient developed fever, language impairment and altered mental status. The work-up tests excluded other potential causes and the most likely diagnosis was meningoencephalitis. Fortunately, with medical treatment, which consisted of high dose steroids, the patient recovered to his baseline situation and symptoms did not recurred, even though nivolumab was resumed. Alternate ICI regimens may have unique immune-related adverse event profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pous
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Izquierdo
- Neurology Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Cucurull
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Lezcano
- Pharmacy Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Domenech
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Llobera
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Plaja
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moran
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus Can Ruti, Barcelona, Spain
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114
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Poto R, Marone G, Pirozzi F, Galdiero MR, Cuomo A, Formisano L, Bianco R, Della Corte CM, Morgillo F, Napolitano S, Troiani T, Tocchetti CG, Mercurio V, Varricchi G. How can we manage the cardiac toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:685-694. [PMID: 33749484 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1906860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer immunotherapies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immune checkpoints (i.e. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1) have revolutionized antineoplastic treatments. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) approved for cancer immunotherapy are mAbs anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and cemiplimab), and anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab). Treatment with ICIs can be associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including an increased risk of developing myocarditis. These findings are compatible with the observation that, CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 pathways play a central role in the modulation of autoimmunity.Areas covered: In this paper, we start from examining the pathogenesis of cardiovascular adverse events from ICIs, and then we focus on risk factors and strategies to prevent and manage this cardiotoxicity.Expert opinion: There is a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach of ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, involving oncologists, cardiologists, and immunologists. Prevention and effective management of ICIs cardiotoxicity starts with an in-depth screening and surveillance strategies of high-risk patients, in order to improve early detection and appropriate management in a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Pirozzi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Floriana Morgillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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115
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Thouvenin L, Olivier T, Banna G, Addeo A, Friedlaender A. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced aseptic meningitis and encephalitis: a case-series and narrative review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2021; 12:20420986211004745. [PMID: 33854755 PMCID: PMC8010823 DOI: 10.1177/20420986211004745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors comes a surge in immune-related toxicity. Here, we review the currently available data regarding neurological immune adverse events, and more specifically aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, and present treatment and diagnostic recommendations. Furthermore, we present five cases of immunotherapy-induced aseptic meningitis and encephalitis treated at our institution. RECENT FINDINGS Neurological immune-related adverse events, including aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, secondary to checkpoint inhibitors are a rare but complex and clinically relevant entity, comprising a wide range of diseases, most often presenting with symptoms with a wide range of differential diagnoses. Our case-series highlights the challenges of such entities and the importance of properly identifying and managing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. SUMMARY Checkpoint inhibitor-induced meningoencephalitis warrants prompt investigations and treatment. Properly diagnosing aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or mixed presentations may guide the treatment decision, as highlighted by our case-series. After rapid exclusion of alternative diagnoses, urgent corticosteroids are the therapeutic backbone but this could change in favour of highly specific cytokine-directed treatment options. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Aseptic meningitis and encephalitis with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a single centre case-series and review of the literature Over the course of the past decade, checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer care. With their favourable toxicity profile and potential for durable and deep responses, they have become ubiquitous across the field of oncology. Furthermore, combination checkpoint inhibitors are also gaining ground, with increased efficacy and, unfortunately, immune-related toxicity. While there are guidelines based on extensive clinical experience for frequent adverse events, uncommon entities are less readily identified and treated. Neurological immune-related adverse events secondary to checkpoint inhibitors are a rare but complex entity, comprising a wide range of diseases, most often presenting with aspecific symptoms. In this paper, we discuss a single institution case-series of patients with autoimmune aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, and we perform a narrative literature review on this subject. We conclude with our treatment recommendations based on available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Thouvenin
- Oncology Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothée Olivier
- Oncology Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Banna
- Oncology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Alfredo Addeo
- Oncology Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alex Friedlaender
- Oncology Department, Geneva University Hospital, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
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Roth P, Winklhofer S, Müller AMS, Dummer R, Mair MJ, Gramatzki D, Le Rhun E, Manz MG, Weller M, Preusser M. Neurological complications of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 97:102189. [PMID: 33872978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach in many areas of clinical oncology and hematology. The approval of ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the immune cell receptor CTLA-4, has marked the beginning of the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In the meantime, numerous antibodies targeting the PD-1 pathway have expanded the class of clinically approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, novel antibodies directed against other immune checkpoints are currently in clinical evaluation. More recently, bispecific antibodies, which link T cells directly to tumor cells as well as adoptive T cell transfer with immune cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor, have been approved in certain indications. Neurological complications associated with the use of these novel immunotherapeutic concepts have been recognized more and more frequently. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may cause various neurological deficits mainly by alterations of the peripheral nervous system's integrity. These include radiculopathies, neuropathies, myopathies as well as myasthenic syndromes. Side effects involving the central nervous system are less frequent but may result in severe clinical symptoms and syndromes. The administration of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell is subject to rigorous patient selection and their use is frequently associated with neurological complications including encephalopathy and seizures, which require immediate action and appropriate therapeutic measures. Close clinical monitoring for neurological symptoms is key for early recognition of immunotherapy-related side effects. Comprehensive diagnostic work-up and adequate therapeutic measures are essential to avoid further clinical deterioration and residual neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology & Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Winklhofer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia M S Müller
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian J Mair
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothee Gramatzki
- Department of Neurology & Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Department of Neurology & Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology & Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Neuroendocrine-Related Circulating Transcripts in Small-Cell Lung Cancers: Detection Methods and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061339. [PMID: 33809582 PMCID: PMC8061767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The recent implementation of techniques to study circulating tumor cells allowed a rapid increase in knowledge about the molecular basis of Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), which appears to be more heterogeneous and dynamic than expected. Here, we present a summary of current knowledge and new findings about some of the neuroendocrine-related transcripts expressed in SCLC patients that could offer a great opportunity in distinguishing and managing different SCLC phenotypes. Abstract No well-established prognostic or predictive molecular markers of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are currently available; therefore, all patients receive standard treatment. Adequate quantities and quality of tissue samples are frequently unavailable to perform a molecular analysis of SCLC, which appears more heterogeneous and dynamic than expected. The implementation of techniques to study circulating tumor cells could offer a suitable alternative to expand the knowledge of the molecular basis of a tumor. In this context, the advantage of SCLC circulating cells to express some specific markers to be explored in blood as circulating transcripts could offer a great opportunity in distinguishing and managing different SCLC phenotypes. Here, we present a summary of published data and new findings about the detection methods and potential application of a group of neuroendocrine related transcripts in the peripheral blood of SCLC patients. In the era of new treatments, easy and rapid detection of informative biomarkers in blood warrants further investigation, since it represents an important option to obtain essential information for disease monitoring and/or better treatment choices.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the clinical features, prognosis, and treatment of neurotoxicity from anticancer drugs, including conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, biologics, and targeted therapies, with a focus on the newer immunotherapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells). RECENT FINDINGS Whereas neurologic complications from traditional chemotherapy are widely recognized, newer cancer therapies, in particular immunotherapies, have unique and distinct patterns of neurologic adverse effects. Anticancer drugs may cause central or peripheral nervous system complications. Neurologic complications of therapy are being seen with increasing frequency as patients with cancer are living longer and receiving multiple courses of anticancer regimens, with novel agents, combinations, and longer duration. Neurologists must know how to recognize treatment-related neurologic toxicity since discontinuation of the offending agent or dose adjustment may prevent further or permanent neurologic injury. It is also imperative to differentiate neurologic complications of therapy from cancer progression into the nervous system and from comorbid neurologic disorders that do not require treatment dose reduction or discontinuation. SUMMARY Neurotoxicity from cancer therapy is common, with effects seen on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are new cancer treatments with distinct patterns of neurologic complications. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential to help prevent further neurologic injury and optimize oncologic management.
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119
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Jitprapaikulsan J, Paul P, Thakolwiboon S, Mittal SO, Pittock SJ, Dubey D. Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: an evolving story. Neurooncol Pract 2021; 8:362-374. [PMID: 34277016 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) comprises a group of neurological disorders that result from a misguided immune response to the nervous system triggered by a distant tumor. These disorders frequently manifest before the diagnosis of the underlying neoplasm. Since the first reported case in 1888 by Oppenheim, the knowledge in this area has evolved rapidly. Several classic PNS have been described, such as limbic encephalitis, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus, sensory neuronopathy, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome, and chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility. It is now recognized that PNS can have varied nonclassical manifestations that extend beyond the traditional syndromic descriptions. Multiple onconeural antibodies with high specificity for certain tumor types and neurological phenotypes have been discovered over the past 3 decades. Increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to increased recognition of neurologic ICI-related adverse events. Some of these resemble PNS. In this article, we review the clinical, oncologic, and immunopathogenic associations of PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pritikanta Paul
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Smathorn Thakolwiboon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Shivam Om Mittal
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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120
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McFaline-Figueroa JR, Lee EQ. Neurological Complications of Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies for Cancer. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-021-00663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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121
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Lorusso L, Precone V, Hart IK, Giometto B, Pezzani R, Ngonga GK, Paolacci S, Ferrari D, Ricevuti G, Marshall E, Bertelli M. Immunophenotypical characterization of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome patients: a multicentric study. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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122
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Khaddour K, Khanna S, Ansstas M, Jakhar I, Dahiya S, Council L, Ansstas G. Normalization of electroretinogram and symptom resolution of melanoma-associated retinopathy with negative autoantibodies after treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors for metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2497-2502. [PMID: 33544215 PMCID: PMC8360886 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is a paraneoplastic syndrome that involves the production of autoantibodies which can cross-react with retinal epitopes leading to visual symptoms. Autoantibodies can target intracellular proteins, and only a few are directed against membrane proteins. This discrepancy in autoantibody-protein target can translate into different immune responses (T-cell mediated vs B-cell mediated). Historically, treatment of MAR has focused on surgical reduction or immunosuppressive medication, mainly glucocorticoids. However, tumor resection is not relevant in metastatic melanoma in which MAR is mostly encountered. Moreover, the use of glucocorticoids can reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy. We report the first case to our knowledge with subjective resolution of visual symptoms and objective evidence of normalization of electroretinogram of MAR with undetectable autoantibodies after administration of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor (pembrolizumab) without the use of surgical reduction or systemic immunosuppression. This case highlights the potential improvement and resolution of negative autoantibody MAR with the use of PD-1 inhibitors and emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approach and team discussion to avoid interventions that can decrease immunotherapy-mediated anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Khaddour
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sangeeta Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansstas
- Allergy and Immunology, Barnes Jewish Christian Health Care, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Sonika Dahiya
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Laurin Council
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, USA
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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123
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Devine MF, Kothapalli N, Elkhooly M, Dubey D. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: clinical presentations and management. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:1756286420985323. [PMID: 33796141 PMCID: PMC7970694 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420985323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the varied presentations of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. We also review the onconeural antibodies and their particular oncological and neurological associations. Recognition of these syndromes and their oncological associations is crucial, as early diagnosis and management has been associated with better patient outcomes. Specific management strategies and prognosis vary widely depending on the underlying etiology. An understanding of the relevant clinical details, imaging findings, and other diagnostic information can help tailor treatment approaches. We provide an outline of the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of various paraneoplastic neurological disorders, presenting with central and/or peripheral nervous system involvement. We briefly discuss neurologic immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events, which can occasionally present with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Devine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Naga Kothapalli
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | | | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905-0002, USA
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124
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Yoshida H, Iwatsubo S, Nishimura T. PD-1 Inhibitor for a Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patient With Paraneoplastic Nephropathy. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:311-312. [PMID: 33612332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Iwatsubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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125
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Huang W, Chen JJ, Xing R, Zeng YC. Combination therapy: Future directions of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100889. [PMID: 33065386 PMCID: PMC7567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive and devastating malignancy, is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis. Although most patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, the majority of patients rapidly relapse and have a relatively poor prognosis. Fortunately, immunotherapy, mainly including antibodies that target the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), checkpoints programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to block immune regulatory checkpoints on tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts cells and endothelial cells, has achieved the milestone in several solid tumors, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). In recent years, immunotherapy has made progress in the treatment of patients with SCLC, while its response rate is relatively low to monotherapy. Interestingly, the combination of immunotherapy with other therapy, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, preliminarily achieve greater therapeutic effects for treating SCLC. Combining different immunotherapy drugs may act synergistically because of the complementary effects of the two immune checkpoint pathways (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways). The incorporation of chemoradiotherapy in immunotherapy may augment antitumor immune responses because chemoradiotherapy can enhance tumor cell immunogenicity by rapidly inducing tumor lysis and releasing tumor antigens. In addition, since immunotherapy drugs and the molecular targets drugs act on different targets and cells, the combination of these drugs may achieve greater therapeutic effects in the treatment of SCLC. In this review, we focused on the completed and ongoing trials of the combination therapy for immunotherapy of SCLC to find out the rational combination strategies which may improve the outcomes for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Yue-Can Zeng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 368 Yehai Road, Haikou 571199, China.
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126
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Spectrum and Management of Immune Related Adverse Events Due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Lung Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74028-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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127
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Kao YC, Lin MI, Weng WC, Lee WT. Neuropsychiatric Disorders Due to Limbic Encephalitis: Immunologic Aspect. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010389. [PMID: 33396564 PMCID: PMC7795533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare cause of encephalitis presenting as an acute and subacute onset of neuropsychiatric manifestations, particularly with memory deficits and confusion as core features, along with seizure occurrence, movement disorders, or autonomic dysfunctions. LE is caused by neuronal antibodies targeting the cellular surface, synaptic, and intracellular antigens, which alter the synaptic transmission, especially in the limbic area. Immunologic mechanisms involve antibodies, complements, or T-cell-mediated immune responses in different degree according to different autoantibodies. Sensitive cerebrospinal fluid markers of LE are unavailable, and radiographic findings may not reveal a typical mesiotemporal involvement at neurologic presentations; therefore, a high clinical index of suspicions is pivotal, and a neuronal antibody testing is necessary to make early diagnosis. Some patients have concomitant tumors, causing paraneoplastic LE; therefore, tumor survey and treatment are required in addition to immunotherapy. In this study, a review on the molecular and immunologic aspects of LE was conducted to gain awareness of its peculiarity, which we found quite different from our knowledge on traditional psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-I Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 71545); Fax: +886-2-23147450
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128
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Gill AJ, Gandhy S, Lancaster E. Nivolumab-associated Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and cerebellar dysfunction in a patient with a neuroendocrine tumor. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:E18-E21. [PMID: 33290581 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Gill
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Shreya Gandhy
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania
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129
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Dohrn MF, Schöne U, Küppers C, Christen D, Schulz JB, Gess B, Tauber S. Immunoglobulins to mitigate paraneoplastic Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome under checkpoint inhibition in Merkel cell carcinoma. Neurol Res Pract 2020; 2:52. [PMID: 33324947 PMCID: PMC7727206 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-020-00099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare, autoimmune or paraneoplastic condition characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. In cancer therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) sensitize the immune system for tumor antigens. We report a 62-year-old, female patient with paraneoplastic LEMS as first manifestation of Merkel cell carcinoma. Under avelumab, the LEMS exacerbated with worsening of limb weakness and a severely reduced vital capacity (< 1 l). To treat this immunological side effect, we added a regimen with intravenous immunoglobulins. Hereby, the LEMS improved significantly. As we were able to continue the cancer treatment, the Merkel cell carcinoma has been in remission so far. This is the first description of paraneoplastic LEMS, avelumab, and Merkel cell carcinoma. We conclude that immunoglobulins are an option to control an ICI-associated deterioration of paraneoplastic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida USA
| | - Ulrike Schöne
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Küppers
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deborah Christen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Tauber
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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130
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Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Joubert B, Picard G, Rogemond V, Skowron F, Egri M, Desestret V, Tilikete C, Psimaras D, Ducray F, Honnorat J. Cranial Nerve Disorders Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Neurology 2020; 96:e866-e875. [PMID: 33318162 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the spectrum, treatment, and outcome of cranial nerve disorders associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (Cn-ICI). METHODS This nationwide retrospective cohort study on Cn-ICI (2015-2019) was conducted using the database of the French Refence Center. In addition, a systematic review of the literature (MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) for records published between 2010 and 2019 was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the search terms cranial nerve or neuropathy or palsy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. RESULTS Among 67 cases with ICI-related neurologic toxicities diagnosed in our reference center, 9 patients with Cn-ICI were identified (7 men, 78%, median age 62 years [range 26-82 years]). Patients were receiving a combination of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (n = 5, 56%) or anti-PD-1 antibodies alone (n = 4, 44%). Cn-ICI involved optic (n = 3), vestibulocochlear (n = 3), abducens (n = 2), facial (n = 2), and oculomotor (n = 1) nerves. Two patients had involvement of 2 different cranial nerves. Treatment comprised corticosteroids (n = 8, 89%), ICI permanent discontinuation (n = 7, 78%), plasma exchange (n = 2, 22%), and IV immunoglobulin (n = 1, 11%). Median follow-up was 11 months (range 1-41 months). In 3 cases (33%), neurologic deficit persisted/worsened despite treatment: 2 optic and 1 vestibulocochlear. Among cases from the literature and the present series combined (n = 39), the most commonly affected cranial nerves were facial (n = 13, 33%), vestibulocochlear (n = 8, 21%), optic (n = 7, 18%), and abducens (n = 4, 10%). Trigeminal, oculomotor, and glossopharyngeal nerves were less frequently affected (total n = 7). CONCLUSION Cranial nerve disorders can complicate treatment with ICIs. Approximately one-third of the patients had persisting deficits, most frequently involving hearing and vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vogrig
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Géraldine Picard
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - François Skowron
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Madalina Egri
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Virginie Desestret
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Caroline Tilikete
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - François Ducray
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- From the French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., D.P., F.D., J.H.) and Neuro-Cognition and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.D., C.T.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H.), INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (A.V., S.M.-C., B.J., G.P., V.R., V.D., F.D., J.H., C.T.), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Dermatology Department (F.S.), Centre Hospitalier de Valence; Neurology Department (M.E.), Centre Hospitalier de Libourne; Team ImpAct (C.T.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292; and Neurology Department 2-Mazarin (D.P.), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere Groupe, Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere et Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, France.
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Oliveira MCB, de Brito MH, Simabukuro MM. Central Nervous System Demyelination Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2020; 11:538695. [PMID: 33362680 PMCID: PMC7759512 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.538695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a novel class of antineoplastic treatment that enhances immunity against tumors. They are associated with immune adverse events, and several neurological syndromes have been described, including multiple sclerosis and atypical demyelination. We performed a systematic literature review of case reports with neurological immune adverse events that presented with central nervous system demyelination, up to December 2019. We found 23 cases: seven with myelitis, four isolated optic neuritis, one neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, five multiple sclerosis, and six with atypical demyelination. Ipilimumab was the most frequently used ICI (11/23). The median time to develop symptoms from the onset of ICI was 6.5 weeks [range 1.0–43.0], and from last ICI dose was 14 days [range 0–161]. Anatomopathological examination was performed in four cases, with the finding of a T-cell mediated immune response. Outcomes were generally favorable after immunosuppression: 18 patients had improvement or a full recovery, three patients did not respond to treatment, three patients died, and in one, treatment was not reported. We describe the patients' clinical presentation, treatment administered, and outcomes. We further speculate on possible pathophysiological mechanisms and discuss potential treatments that may be worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C B Oliveira
- Neurology Unit, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H de Brito
- Neurology Unit, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus M Simabukuro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews paraneoplastic neurologic disorders and includes an overview of the diagnostic approach, the role of autoantibody testing, the pathophysiology of these disorders, and treatment approaches. This article also provides an overview of the emerging clinical scenarios in which paraneoplastic and autoimmune neurologic disorders may occur. RECENT FINDINGS The number of autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic neurologic disorders has rapidly expanded over the past 2 decades. These discoveries have improved our ability to diagnose patients with these disorders and have provided insight into their pathogenesis. It is now recognized that these antibodies can be broadly divided into two major categories based on the location of the target antigen: intracellular and cell surface/synaptic. Antibodies to intracellular antigens are almost always accompanied by cancer, respond less well to immunotherapy, and have an unfavorable outcome. In contrast, antibodies to cell surface or synaptic targets are less often accompanied by cancer, generally respond well to immunotherapy, and have a good prognosis. Paraneoplastic and autoimmune neurologic disorders are now being recognized in novel settings, including their occurrence as an immune-related adverse effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for cancer. SUMMARY This article discusses when to suspect a paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, the diagnostic utility and pitfalls of neural autoantibody testing, how to best detect the underlying tumor, and the treatment approach that involves combinations of antineoplastic treatments, immunosuppressants, and supportive/symptomatic treatments.
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Hung CC, Zhen YY, Niu SW, Hsu JF, Lee TH, Chuang HH, Wang PH, Lee SC, Lin PC, Chiu YW, Wu CH, Huang MS, Hsiao M, Chen HC, Yang CJ. Lung Cancer Cell-Derived Secretome Mediates Paraneoplastic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Kidney in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123561. [PMID: 33260558 PMCID: PMC7760555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome is a complication arising in lung cancer patients. In the present study, we established an LLC1 cell orthotopic xenograft C57BL/6 mice model to translation paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome (PNS). The pathological aspects of PNS were characterized in TGF-β signaling-engaged renal fibrosis, and renal inflammation with IL-6 expression in kidney. To reveal how the lung cancer cells remotely drive pathogenic progression, secretome derived from LLC1 cells and A549 cells were proteomically profiled. Additionally, the secretome profiling was subjected to diseases and biofunctions assessment by Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA). As matter of secretome profiling and IPA prediction, the Fibronectin, C1r, and C1s are potential of nephrotoxicity linked to paraneoplastic effects on glomerular pathogenesis in these lung cancer mice. Abstract Kidney failure is a possible but rare complication in lung cancer patients that may be caused by massive tumor lysis or a paraneoplastic effect. Clinical case reports have documented pathological characteristics of paraneoplastic syndrome in glomeruli, but are short of molecular details. When Lewis lung carcinoma 1 (LLC1) cells were implanted in mice lungs to establish lung cancer, renal failure was frequently observed two weeks post orthotopic xenograft. The high urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was diagnosed as paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome in those lung cancer mice. Profiling the secretome of the lung cancer cells revealed that the secretory proteins were potentially nephrotoxic. The nephrotoxicity of lung cancer-derived secretory proteins was tested by examining the pathogenic effects of 1 × 106, 2 × 106, and 5 × 106 LLC1 cell xenografts on the pathogenic progression in kidneys. Severe albuminuria was present in the mice that received 5 × 106 LLC1 cells implantation, whereas 106 cell and 2 × 106 cell-implanted mice have slightly increased albuminuria. Pathological examinations revealed that the glomeruli had capillary loop collapse, tumor antigen deposition in glomeruli, and renal intratubular casts. Since IL-6 and MCP-1 are pathologic markers of glomerulopathy, their distributions were examined in the kidneys of the lung cancer mice. Moderate to severe inflammation in the kidneys was correlated with increases in the number of cells implanted in the mice, which was reflected by renal IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, and urine ACR. TGF-β signaling-engaged renal fibrosis was validated in the lung cancer mice. These results indicated that lung cancer cells could provoke inflammation and activate renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chih Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Zhen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Sheng-Wen Niu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Feng Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan;
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Huang Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (H.-H.C.); (P.-H.W.)
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (H.-H.C.); (P.-H.W.)
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (H.-H.C.); (P.-H.W.)
| | - Su-Chu Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Pi-Chen Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wen Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Chien-Hsing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-Y.Z.); (S.-W.N.); (S.-C.L.); (Y.-W.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (C.-J.Y.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 7904) (H.-C.C.); +886-73-121-101 (ext. 5651) (C.-J.Y.); Fax: +886-73-165-706 (H.-C.C.)
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (H.-H.C.); (P.-H.W.)
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (C.-J.Y.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 7904) (H.-C.C.); +886-73-121-101 (ext. 5651) (C.-J.Y.); Fax: +886-73-165-706 (H.-C.C.)
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Hurley LC, Levin NK, Chatterjee M, Coles J, Muszkat S, Howarth Z, Dyson G, Tainsky MA. Evaluation of paraneoplastic antigens reveals TRIM21 autoantibodies as biomarker for early detection of ovarian cancer in combination with autoantibodies to NY-ESO-1 and TP53. Cancer Biomark 2020; 27:407-421. [PMID: 32083570 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. This study evaluates autoantibodies against tumor antigens to identify candidate biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer in women at increased risk. OBJECTIVE To assess the immunoreactivity of paraneoplastic antigens and tumor associated antigens with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) samples. METHODS Five paraneoplastic antigens along with three tumor-associated antigens were evaluated with HGSOC patient serum samples. Validation screening was performed with n= 164 serum samples consisting of: 50 late stage HGSOC, 14 early stage HGSOC, 50 benign ovarian cyst, and 50 healthy control samples on ELISA and western blot. The four markers TRIM21, NY-ESO-1, TP53, and PAX8 were evaluated on a second validation serum set, n= 150. RESULTS TRIM21 achieved the highest sensitivity in the first validation screening of 33% with 100% specificity. Combining TRIM21 with NY-ESO-1, TP53, and PAX8 provided 67% sensitivity with 94% specificity, and 56% sensitivity at 98% specificity. These four markers resulted in 46% sensitivity with 98% specificity in the second validation cohort; TRIM21 achieved the highest individual sensitivity of 36%. CONCLUSIONS Autoantibodies to TRIM21, NY-ESO-1, and TP53 may complement CA125 in screening of women at genetic risk for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hurley
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nancy K Levin
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Madhumita Chatterjee
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jasmine Coles
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shlomo Muszkat
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Howarth
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Tainsky
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Londoño MC, Reig M. Multidisciplinary Clinical Approach to Cancer Patients with Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3446. [PMID: 33228219 PMCID: PMC7699587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-oncology is a major breakthrough in cancer treatment and has become the standard of care for a wide variety of solid organ malignancies. Unfortunately, manipulation of the immune system with checkpoint inhibitors may result in an immune-based attack of normal tissues which can lead to treatment discontinuation. These immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are diverse and affect several organs, constituting a new clinical challenge in the management of cancer patients. The complexity of this scenario requires a multidisciplinary approach that allows the early identification, diagnosis and treatment of specific irAE, ruling out other non-related adverse events. Hospital Clinic has a multidisciplinary team seeking to develop a coordinated strategy to facilitate the access of patients with suspected irAEs to specialised care resulting in harmonised management that guarantees the best patient care. The aim of the manuscript was to describe the current evidence on the management of irAEs reflecting a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to face this clinical challenge regardless of the immunotherapy indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Carlota Londoño
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERehd, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Reig
- Liver Liver Cancer Group (BCLC), Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERehd, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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136
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Stiefel J, Basu E, Meyer R, Kaur G, Khakoo Y. An unusual case of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome associated neuroblastoma: High-risk disease requiring immunotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28393. [PMID: 32798258 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stiefel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellen Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rina Meyer
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Yasmin Khakoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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137
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Immune-related adverse events: a retrospective look into the future of oncology in the intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:143. [PMID: 33064239 PMCID: PMC7567777 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors have reshaped the standard of care in oncology. However, they have been associated with potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events. With the growing indications of immune checkpoint inhibitors and their position as a pillar of cancer treatment, intensive care physicians will be increasingly confronted with their side effects. The outcome of patients with severe immune-related adverse events in the intensive care unit remains unknown. This retrospective multicentric study aims to describe the characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care units of 4 academic hospitals in Paris area while receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment between January 2013 and October 2019. Results Over the study period, 112 cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors were admitted to the intensive care unit within 60 days after the last dose. ICU admission was related to immune-related adverse events (n = 29, 26%), other intercurrent events (n = 39, 35%), or complications related to tumor progression (n = 44, 39%). Immune-related adverse events were pneumonitis (n = 8), colitis (n = 4), myocarditis (n = 3), metabolic disorders related to diabetes (n = 3), hypophysitis (n = 2), nephritis (n = 2), meningitis or encephalitis (n = 2), hepatitis (n = 2), anaphylaxis (n = 2) and pericarditis (n = 1). Primary tumors were mostly melanomas (n = 14, 48%), non-small-cell lung cancers (n = 7, 24%), and urothelial carcinomas (n = 5, 17%). Diagnosis of melanoma and a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio < 10 were associated with immune-related diagnosis versus other reasons for ICU admission. During their ICU stay, immune-related adverse events patients needed vasopressors (n = 7), mechanical ventilation (n = 6), and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 2). One-year survival was significantly higher for patients admitted for irAE compared to patients admitted for other reasons (p = 0.004). Conclusions Admission to the intensive care unit related to immune-related adverse event was associated with better outcome in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our results support the admission for an intensive care unit trial for patients with suspected immune-related adverse events.
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138
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Fan S, Ren H, Zhao L, Yin J, Feng G, Wang J, Guan H. Neurological immune‐related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review of the literature. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 16:291-298. [PMID: 32893999 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Luo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Neurology Beijing Hospital Beijing China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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139
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Sánchez-Alonso S, Setti-Jerez G, Arroyo M, Hernández T, Martos MI, Sánchez-Torres JM, Colomer R, Ramiro AR, Alfranca A. A new role for circulating T follicular helper cells in humoral response to anti-PD-1 therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001187. [PMID: 32900863 PMCID: PMC7478024 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and is a major cause of death. A number of therapies aimed at reinforcing antitumor immune response, including antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies, are successfully used to treat several neoplasias as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, host immune mechanisms that participate in response to anti-PD-1 therapy are not completely understood. Methods We used a syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model of NSCLC to analyze host immune response to anti-PD-1 treatment in secondary lymphoid organs, peripheral blood and tumors, by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, we also studied specific characteristics of selected immune subpopulations in ex vivo functional assays. Results We show that anti-PD-1 therapy induces a population of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh) with enhanced B activation capacity, which participates in tumor response to treatment. Anti-PD-1 increases the number of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which correlates with impaired tumor growth. Of note, TLS support cTfh-associated local antibody production, which participates in host immune response against tumor. Conclusion These findings unveil a novel mechanism of action for anti-PD-1 therapy and provide new targets for optimization of current therapies against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Sánchez-Alonso
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Setti-Jerez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arroyo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tathiana Hernández
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Inmaculada Martos
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ramon Colomer
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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140
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Tatsumi S, Uryu K, Iwasaki S, Harada H. A Case of Anti-CRMP5 Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Induced by Atezolizumab for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Intern Med 2020. [PMID: 32788536 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4889-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a 76-year-old man who developed irritability and forgetfulness 5 months after the introduction of atezolizumab for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed lesions of the striatum, and an investigation of the serum revealed a high titer of anti-CRMP5 antibody. After stopping atezolizumab and starting steroid pulse therapy, these clinical features improved. Given these findings, it is considered that CRMP5-assciated striatal encephalitis was induced by atezolizumab in this case with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiyoaki Uryu
- Department of Oncology, Tokushukai General Hospital, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokushukai General Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasaki
- Department of Radiology, Tokushukai General Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokushukai General Hospital, Japan
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141
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Immune-Driven Pathogenesis of Neurotoxicity after Exposure of Cancer Patients to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165774. [PMID: 32796758 PMCID: PMC7461114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of several cancer types. ICIs work through the blockage of immune inhibitory signals, while increasing the T-cell specific immune antitumoral response. However, due to the fact that ICIs’ mechanism of action is not tissue antigen-specific and not limited to the tumor microenvironment, the use of cancer immunotherapy can produce a broad range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Neurological immune-related adverse events (NirAEs) are rare (the overall incidence varies between 1% to 6%), and these adverse events mainly concern the peripheral nervous system, rather than the central nervous system. Due to their potential severity, which could cause interruptions to cancer treatment, NirAEs are of particular clinical importance. Currently, the pathogenesis of these complications is not completely understood, although T-cells seem to play a principal role. Nevertheless, the development of NirAEs is likely to be a multifactorial and complex process. This conclusion can be extracted from the wide range of neurological auto-inflammatory and autoimmune disorders triggered or exacerbated by ICIs, and the extensive variability of the limited histological findings reported. The aim of this review is to summarize the potential immune-driven pathological mechanisms of NirAEs.
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142
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Lebeer M, Montagna M, Coito S, Reynders T, Raskin J. A rare case of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus associated with SCLC. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:1017-1019. [PMID: 32557266 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lebeer
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - M Montagna
- Neurology and Stroke Unit Department, AZ Rivierenland, Rumst, Belgium
| | - S Coito
- Laboratoire Luxembourgeois d'analyses médicales, LLAM S.A., Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - T Reynders
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - J Raskin
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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143
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Sands JM, Daly ME, Lee EQ. Neurologic complications of lung cancer. Cancer 2020; 126:4455-4465. [PMID: 33460079 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and its associated treatments can cause various neurologic complications, including brain and leptomeningeal metastases, epidural spinal cord compression, cerebrovascular events, and treatment-related neurotoxicities. Lung cancer care has significantly changed in the last 5 to 10 years, with novel therapies that have affected aspects of neurologic complication management. Herein, the authors review the potential neurologic complications of lung cancer, including important clinical and therapeutic aspects of care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Daly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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144
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Osaki M, Tachikawa R, Ohira J, Hara S, Tomii K. Anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1-γ antibody-positive dermatomyositis induced by nivolumab for lung adenocarcinoma: A case report. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:251-255. [PMID: 32651759 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in different organs. Dermatomyositis is a rare form of systemic irAE. Although dermatomyositis-specific antibodies, especially anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1-γ (anti-TIF1-γ) antibodies, have been detected in a few cases of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis, their titers before immunotherapy have not been examined. We hereby report the first irAE case of dermatomyositis accompanied by seroconversion of anti-TIF1-γ antibody following nivolumab treatment for advanced lung adenocarcinoma. A 64-year-old Japanese male with an advanced lung adenocarcinoma (cT4N2M1a stage IVA) received nivolumab as third-line therapy. Skin rashes appeared two days later, and were treated with a topical steroid as just drug eruptions. 7 weeks later, he was emergently admitted because of high serum creatine kinase level. Clinical examination showed deteriorated rashes along with slightly weakened proximal muscles. Muscle biopsy revealed myopathic changes consistent with dermatomyositis. Anti-TIF1-γ antibody was positive, which was found to be within normal range before nivolumab administration. He was diagnosed with dermatomyositis and treated with systemic corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and intravenous immunoglobulin. However, these drugs showed limited effectiveness against the progression of muscle weakness. He died of respiratory failure due to lung cancer and muscle weakness progression 6 months after the admission. In conclusion, our case demonstrates that the development of dermatomyositis was causally related to immune activation by nivolumab. Given the potential exacerbation of autoimmune paraneoplastic disorders in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy, clinicians should be aware of early manifestations of systemic irAEs that require prompt diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Osaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Ryo Tachikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ohira
- Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hara
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Desestret V, Joubert B, Honnorat J. Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis: genes, infections, and checkpoint inhibitors. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286420932797. [PMID: 32636932 PMCID: PMC7318829 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420932797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) are rare complications of systemic cancers that can affect all parts of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. A body of experimental and clinical data has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of PNSs is immune-mediated. Nevertheless, the mechanisms leading to immune tolerance breakdown in these conditions remain to be elucidated. Despite their rarity, PNSs offer a unique perspective to understand the complex interplay between cancer immunity, effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and mechanisms underlying the attack of neurons in antibody-mediated neurological disorders, with potentially relevant therapeutic implications. In particular, it is reported that ICI treatment can unleash PNSs and that the immunopathological features of PNS-related tumors are distinctive, showing prominent tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and germinal center reactions. Intriguingly, similar pathological substrates have gained further attention as potential biomarkers of ICI-sensitivity and oncological prognosis. Moreover, the genetic analysis of PNS-associated tumors has revealed specific molecular signatures and mutations in genes encoding onconeural proteins, leading to the production of highly immunogenic neoantigens. Other than PNSs, autoimmune encephalitides (AEs) comprise a recently described group of disorders characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms, diverse antibody spectrum, and less tight association with cancer. Other triggering factors seem to be involved in AEs. Recent data have shed light on the importance of preceding infections (in particular, herpes simplex virus encephalitis) in inducing neurological autoimmune disorders in susceptible individuals (those with a selective deficiency in the innate immune system). In addition, in some AEs (e.g. LGI1-antibody encephalitis) an association with specific host-related factors [e.g., human leukocyte antigen (HLA)] was clearly demonstrated. We provide herein a comprehensive review of the most recent findings in the field of PNSs and AEs, with particular focus on their triggering factors and immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vogrig
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
- SynatAc Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
- SynatAc Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Desestret
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
- SynatAc Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
- SynatAc Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Centre de Référence National pour les Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron Cedex, 69677, France
- SynatAc Team, NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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146
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Sena G, Gallo G, Vescio G, Gambardella D, de Franciscis S, Renne M. Anti-Ri-associated paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome in a woman with breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2020; 14:67. [PMID: 32527295 PMCID: PMC7291432 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. However, in the management of breast cancer, paraneoplastic neurological syndromes represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes is difficult due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the timing of presentation, and the absence of antibodies, and it generally occurs before the diagnosis of breast cancer in 80% of patients who develop paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. We describe a 72-year-old woman with subacute ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome who was subsequently diagnosed as having breast cancer and anti-Ri antibodies. Case presentation A 72-year-old post-menopausal Caucasian woman, with a positive medical history for diabetes mellitus and hypertension, presented with a 3-month onset of blurred vision, diplopia, and progressive gait disturbance. Serological tests were positive for well-characterized onconeural antibodies (anti-Ri). A whole-body computed tomography scan revealed a nodular opacity under her left nipple and axillary adenopathy. A biopsy of her left breast was performed, and histological examination showed ductal carcinoma. She underwent a superoexternal quadrantectomy with left axillary dissection. The final diagnosis showed infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (T1c N1 M0, stage IIA) associated with paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome. At a 6-month follow-up, she showed no clinical or instrumental evidence of neoplastic recurrence with partial clinical improvement of neurological symptoms, such as ataxia and diplopia. Conclusion The diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes is often late, as in this patient, but treatment at an early stage may provide a good prognosis. Furthermore, this is one of several cases of an anti-Ri paraneoplastic neurological syndrome not associated with myoclonus, which reinforces the belief that opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome is not pathognomonic of the associated anti-Ri paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sena
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Gallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vescio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Denise Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariuccia Renne
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, U.O. of General Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Eleojo Musa A, Taeb S, Rezaeyan A, Najafi M. Abscopal effect in radioimmunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106663. [PMID: 32521494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abscopal effect is an interesting phenomenon in radiobiology that causes activation of immune system against cancer cells. Traditionally, this phenomenon was known as a suppressor of non-irradiated tumors or metastasis. However, it can be used as a stimulator of the immune system against primary tumor during radiotherapy. Immunotherapy, a novel tumor therapy modality, also triggers immune system against cancer. To date, some immunotherapy types have been developed. However, immune checkpoint blockade is a more common modality and some drugs have been approved by the FDA. Studies have shown that radiotherapy or immunotherapy administered alone have low efficiency for tumor control. However, their combination has a more potent anti-tumor immunity. For this aim, it is important to induce abscopal effect in primary tumors, and also use appropriate drugs to target the mechanisms involved in the exhaustion of cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Among the different radiotherapy techniques, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with some few fractionations is the best choice for inducing abscopal effect. On the other hand, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is known as one of the best targets for triggering anti-tumor immunity. This combination is known as the best choice among various strategies for radioimmunotherapy. However, there is the need for other strategies to improve the duration of immune system's activity within tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we explain the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind abscopal effect by radiotherapy and evaluate the molecular targets which induce potent anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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148
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Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic syndromes triggered by immune-checkpoint inhibitor treatment. J Neurol 2020; 267:2154-2156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dade M, Berzero G, Izquierdo C, Giry M, Benazra M, Delattre JY, Psimaras D, Alentorn A. Neurological Syndromes Associated with Anti-GAD Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3701. [PMID: 32456344 PMCID: PMC7279468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. GAD antibodies (Ab) have been associated with multiple neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, and limbic encephalitis, which are all considered to result from reduced GABAergic transmission. The pathogenic role of GAD Ab is still debated, and some evidence suggests that GAD autoimmunity might primarily be cell-mediated. Diagnosis relies on the detection of high titers of GAD Ab in serum and/or in the detection of GAD Ab in the cerebrospinal fluid. Due to the relative rarity of these syndromes, treatment schemes and predictors of response are poorly defined, highlighting the unmet need for multicentric prospective trials in this population. Here, we reviewed the main clinical characteristics of neurological syndromes associated with GAD Ab, focusing on pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Dade
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulia Berzero
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Marine Giry
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Marion Benazra
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Zuliani
- Department of Neurology, San Bortolo Hospital, AULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zoccarato
- Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Padova, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Sant’Antonio Hospital, Padua, Italy
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