101
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Hilger D. The role of structural dynamics in GPCR‐mediated signaling. FEBS J 2021; 288:2461-2489. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Philipps‐University Marburg Germany
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102
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Dopamine D 2 Receptor Agonist Binding Kinetics-Role of a Conserved Serine Residue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084078. [PMID: 33920848 PMCID: PMC8071183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The forward (kon) and reverse (koff) rate constants of drug–target interactions have important implications for therapeutic efficacy. Hence, time-resolved assays capable of measuring these binding rate constants may be informative to drug discovery efforts. Here, we used an ion channel activation assay to estimate the kons and koffs of four dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonists; dopamine (DA), p-tyramine, (R)- and (S)-5-OH-dipropylaminotetralin (DPAT). We further probed the role of the conserved serine S1935.42 by mutagenesis, taking advantage of the preferential interaction of (S)-, but not (R)-5-OH-DPAT with this residue. Results suggested similar koffs for the two 5-OH-DPAT enantiomers at wild-type (WT) D2R, both being slower than the koffs of DA and p-tyramine. Conversely, the kon of (S)-5-OH-DPAT was estimated to be higher than that of (R)-5-OH-DPAT, in agreement with the higher potency of the (S)-enantiomer. Furthermore, S1935.42A mutation lowered the kon of (S)-5-OH-DPAT and reduced the potency difference between the two 5-OH-DPAT enantiomers. Kinetic Kds derived from the koff and kon estimates correlated well with EC50 values for all four compounds across four orders of magnitude, strengthening the notion that our assay captured meaningful information about binding kinetics. The approach presented here may thus prove valuable for characterizing D2R agonist candidate drugs.
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103
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Bothos E, Ntoumou E, Kelaidoni K, Roukas D, Drakoulis N, Papasavva M, Karakostis FA, Moulos P, Karakostis K. Clinical pharmacogenomics in action: design, assessment and implementation of a novel pharmacogenetic panel supporting drug selection for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). J Transl Med 2021; 19:151. [PMID: 33858454 PMCID: PMC8048316 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacogenomics describes the link between gene variations (polymorphisms) and drug responses. In view of the implementation of precision medicine in personalized healthcare, pharmacogenetic tests have recently been introduced in the clinical practice. However, the translational aspects of such tests have been limited due to the lack of robust population-based evidence. Materials In this paper we present a novel pharmacogenetic panel (iDNA Genomics-PGx–CNS or PGx–CNS), consisting of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 13 genes involved in the signaling or/and the metabolism of 28 approved drugs currently administered to treat diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS). We have tested the PGx–CNS panel on 501 patient-derived DNA samples from a southeastern European population and applied biostatistical analyses on the pharmacogenetic associations involving drug selection, dosing and the risk of adverse drug events (ADEs). Results Results reveal the occurrences of each SNP in the sample and a strong correlation with the European population. Nonlinear principal component analysis strongly indicates co-occurrences of certain variants. The metabolization efficiency (poor, intermediate, extensive, ultra-rapid) and the frequency of clinical useful pharmacogenetic, associations in the population (drug relevance), are also described, along with four exemplar clinical cases illustrating the strong potential of the PGx–CNS panel, as a companion diagnostic assay. It is noted that pharmacogenetic associations involving copy number variations (CNVs) or the HLA gene were not included in this analysis. Conclusions Overall, results illustrate that the PGx–CNS panel is a valuable tool supporting therapeutic medical decisions, urging its broad clinical implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02816-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bothos
- HybridStat Predictive Analytics, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Communications and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Ntoumou
- iDNA Genomics Private Company, Evrota 25, Kifissia, 145 64, Athens, Greece
| | - K Kelaidoni
- iDNA Genomics Private Company, Evrota 25, Kifissia, 145 64, Athens, Greece
| | - D Roukas
- Department of Psychiatry, Army Hospital (NIMTS), 417 Veterans, 115 21, Athens, Greece
| | - N Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Zografou, Greece
| | - M Papasavva
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Zografou, Greece
| | - F A Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Moulos
- HybridStat Predictive Analytics, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', 34 Fleming str, 16672, Athens, Vari, Greece
| | - K Karakostis
- iDNA Genomics Private Company, Evrota 25, Kifissia, 145 64, Athens, Greece.
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104
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Xia R, Wang N, Xu Z, Lu Y, Song J, Zhang A, Guo C, He Y. Cryo-EM structure of the human histamine H 1 receptor/G q complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2086. [PMID: 33828102 PMCID: PMC8027608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine receptors play important roles in various pathophysiological conditions and are effective targets for anti-allergy treatment, however the mechanism of receptor activation remain elusive. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human H1R in complex with a Gq protein in an active conformation via a NanoBiT tethering strategy. The structure reveals that histamine activates receptor via interacting with the key residues of both transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) and TM6 to squash the binding pocket on the extracellular side and to open the cavity on the intracellular side for Gq engagement in a model of "squash to activate and expand to deactivate". The structure also reveals features for Gq coupling, including the interaction between intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and the αN-β junction of Gq/11 protein. The detailed analysis of our structure will provide a framework for understanding G-protein coupling selectivity and clues for designing novel antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xia
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Na Wang
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenmei Xu
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Song
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- The HIT cryo-EM facility, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Changyou Guo
- The HIT cryo-EM facility, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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105
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Henderson MJ, Trychta KA, Yang SM, Bäck S, Yasgar A, Wires ES, Danchik C, Yan X, Yano H, Shi L, Wu KJ, Wang AQ, Tao D, Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi G, Hu X, Xu X, Maloney D, Zakharov AV, Rai G, Urano F, Airavaara M, Gavrilova O, Jadhav A, Wang Y, Simeonov A, Harvey BK. A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109040. [PMID: 33910017 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysregulation is associated with pathologies including neurodegenerative, muscular, and diabetic conditions. Depletion of ER calcium can lead to the loss of resident proteins in a process termed exodosis. To identify compounds that attenuate the redistribution of ER proteins under pathological conditions, we performed a quantitative high-throughput screen using the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc)-secreted ER calcium modulated protein (SERCaMP) assay, which monitors secretion of ER-resident proteins triggered by calcium depletion. We identify several clinically used drugs, including bromocriptine, and further characterize them using assays to measure effects on ER calcium, ER stress, and ER exodosis. Bromocriptine elicits protective effects in cell-based models of exodosis as well as in vivo models of stroke and diabetes. Bromocriptine analogs with reduced dopamine receptor activity retain similar efficacy in stabilizing the ER proteome, indicating a non-canonical mechanism of action. This study describes a strategic approach to identify small-molecule drugs capable of improving ER proteostasis in human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Trychta
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shyh-Ming Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Susanne Bäck
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carina Danchik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xiaokang Yan
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dingyin Tao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alexey V Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE & Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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106
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Maharana J, Shukla AK. Feeling at home: Structure of the NTSR1-G i complex in a lipid environment. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:331-333. [PMID: 33785921 PMCID: PMC7611222 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with heterotrimeric G proteins plays a critical role in signal transduction processes, and multiple GPCR–G protein complexes reconstituted in detergent micelles have been visualized using cryo-EM. A new study reports the structure of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) in complex with the heterotrimeric Gi protein, assembled in a lipid environment using circularized nanodiscs. The structure sheds light on how the lipid context may influence receptor–G protein coupling and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
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107
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Amphipathic environments for determining the structure of membrane proteins by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. Q Rev Biophys 2021; 54:e6. [PMID: 33785082 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583521000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the structural biology of membrane proteins (MPs) has taken a new turn thanks to epoch-making technical progress in single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) as well as to improvements in sample preparation. The present analysis provides an overview of the extent and modes of usage of the various types of surfactants for cryo-EM studies. Digitonin, dodecylmaltoside, protein-based nanodiscs, lauryl maltoside-neopentyl glycol, glyco-diosgenin, and amphipols (APols) are the most popular surfactants at the vitrification step. Surfactant exchange is frequently used between MP purification and grid preparation, requiring extensive optimization each time the study of a new MP is undertaken. The variety of both the surfactants and experimental approaches used over the past few years bears witness to the need to continue developing innovative surfactants and optimizing conditions for sample preparation. The possibilities offered by novel APols for EM applications are discussed.
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108
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Egyed A, Kelemen ÁA, Vass M, Visegrády A, Thee SA, Wang Z, de Graaf C, Brea J, Loza MI, Leurs R, Keserű GM. Controlling the selectivity of aminergic GPCR ligands from the extracellular vestibule. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104832. [PMID: 33826962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the orthosteric binding pocket (OBP) of GPCRs, recent structural studies have revealed that there are several allosteric sites available for pharmacological intervention. The secondary binding pocket (SBP) of aminergic GPCRs is located in the extracellular vestibule of these receptors, and it has been suggested to be a potential selectivity pocket for bitopic ligands. Here, we applied a virtual screening protocol based on fragment docking to the SBP of the orthosteric ligand-receptor complex. This strategy was employed for a number of aminergic receptors. First, we designed dopamine D3 preferring bitopic compounds from a D2 selective orthosteric ligand. Next, we designed 5-HT2B selective bitopic compounds starting from the 5-HT1B preferring ergoline core of LSD. Comparing the serotonergic profiles of the new derivatives to that of LSD, we found that these derivatives became significantly biased towards the desired 5-HT2B receptor target. Finally, addressing the known limitations of H1 antihistamines, our protocol was successfully used to eliminate the well-known side effects related to the muscarinic M1 activity of amitriptyline while preserving H1 potency in some of the designed bitopic compounds. These applications highlight the usefulness of our new virtual screening protocol and offer a powerful strategy towards bitopic GPCR ligands with designed receptor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám A Kelemen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Márton Vass
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, Netherlands
| | | | - Stephanie A Thee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jose Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, Netherlands
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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109
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Huang SK, Pandey A, Tran DP, Villanueva NL, Kitao A, Sunahara RK, Sljoka A, Prosser RS. Delineating the conformational landscape of the adenosine A 2A receptor during G protein coupling. Cell 2021; 184:1884-1894.e14. [PMID: 33743210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a ubiquitous membrane protein family and are important drug targets. Their diverse signaling pathways are driven by complex pharmacology arising from a conformational ensemble rarely captured by structural methods. Here, fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F NMR) is used to delineate key functional states of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) complexed with heterotrimeric G protein (Gαsβ1γ2) in a phospholipid membrane milieu. Analysis of A2AR spectra as a function of ligand, G protein, and nucleotide identifies an ensemble represented by inactive states, a G-protein-bound activation intermediate, and distinct nucleotide-free states associated with either partial- or full-agonist-driven activation. The Gβγ subunit is found to be critical in facilitating ligand-dependent allosteric transmission, as shown by 19F NMR, biochemical, and computational studies. The results provide a mechanistic basis for understanding basal signaling, efficacy, precoupling, and allostery in GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kate Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Aditya Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Duy Phuoc Tran
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Nicolas L Villanueva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Akio Kitao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adnan Sljoka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, 1-4-1 Nihombashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan.
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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110
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Chen MC, Hsiao YC, Chang CC, Pan SF, Peng CW, Li YT, Liu CD, Liou JW, Hsu HJ. Valine-279 Deletion-Mutation on Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 2 Causes Obstruction in G-Protein Binding Site: A Clinical Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Case and Its Sub-Molecular Pathogenic Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:301. [PMID: 33804115 PMCID: PMC8002004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (CNDI) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) or aquaporin 2 genes, rendering collecting duct cells insensitive to the peptide hormone arginine vasopressin stimulation for water reabsorption. This study reports a first identified AVPR2 mutation in Taiwan and demonstrates our effort to understand the pathogenesis caused by applying computational structural analysis tools. The CNDI condition of an 8-month-old male patient was confirmed according to symptoms, family history, and DNA sequence analysis. The patient was identified to have a valine 279 deletion-mutation in the AVPR2 gene. Cellular experiments using mutant protein transfected cells revealed that mutated AVPR2 is expressed successfully in cells and localized on cell surfaces. We further analyzed the pathogenesis of the mutation at sub-molecular levels via long-term molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and structural analysis. The MD simulations showed while the structure of the extracellular ligand-binding domain remains unchanged, the mutation alters the direction of dynamic motion of AVPR2 transmembrane helix 6 toward the center of the G-protein binding site, obstructing the binding of G-protein, thus likely disabling downstream signaling. This study demonstrated that the computational approaches can be powerful tools for obtaining valuable information on the pathogenesis induced by mutations in G-protein-coupled receptors. These methods can also be helpful in providing clues on potential therapeutic strategies for CNDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chun-Chun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (S.-F.P.); (Y.-T.L.)
| | - Chih-Wen Peng
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; (C.-W.P.); (C.-D.L.)
| | - Ya-Tzu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (S.-F.P.); (Y.-T.L.)
| | - Cheng-Der Liu
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; (C.-W.P.); (C.-D.L.)
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (S.-F.P.); (Y.-T.L.)
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (S.-F.P.); (Y.-T.L.)
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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111
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Bock A, Bermudez M. Allosteric coupling and biased agonism in G protein‐coupled receptors. FEBS J 2021; 288:2513-2528. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bock
- Receptor Signaling Lab Max‐Delbrueck‐Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
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112
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Zhang M, Gui M, Wang ZF, Gorgulla C, Yu JJ, Wu H, Sun ZYJ, Klenk C, Merklinger L, Morstein L, Hagn F, Plückthun A, Brown A, Nasr ML, Wagner G. Cryo-EM structure of an activated GPCR-G protein complex in lipid nanodiscs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:258-267. [PMID: 33633398 PMCID: PMC8176890 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily of transmembrane proteins and the targets of over 30% of currently marketed pharmaceuticals. Although several structures have been solved for GPCR-G protein complexes, few are in a lipid membrane environment. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of complexes of neurotensin, neurotensin receptor 1 and Gαi1β1γ1 in two conformational states, resolved to resolutions of 4.1 and 4.2 Å. The structures, determined in a lipid bilayer without any stabilizing antibodies or nanobodies, reveal an extended network of protein-protein interactions at the GPCR-G protein interface as compared to structures obtained in detergent micelles. The findings show that the lipid membrane modulates the structure and dynamics of complex formation and provide a molecular explanation for the stronger interaction between GPCRs and G proteins in lipid bilayers. We propose an allosteric mechanism for GDP release, providing new insights into the activation of G proteins for downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miao Gui
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Gorgulla
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J Yu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu J Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Klenk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Merklinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Morstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz Hagn
- Bavarian NMR Center at the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mahmoud L Nasr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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113
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Zhuang Y, Xu P, Mao C, Wang L, Krumm B, Zhou XE, Huang S, Liu H, Cheng X, Huang XP, Shen DD, Xu T, Liu YF, Wang Y, Guo J, Jiang Y, Jiang H, Melcher K, Roth BL, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xu HE. Structural insights into the human D1 and D2 dopamine receptor signaling complexes. Cell 2021; 184:931-942.e18. [PMID: 33571431 PMCID: PMC8215686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The D1- and D2-dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R), which signal through Gs and Gi, respectively, represent the principal stimulatory and inhibitory dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. D1R and D2R also represent the main therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and many other neuropsychiatric disorders, and insight into their signaling is essential for understanding both therapeutic and side effects of dopaminergic drugs. Here, we report four cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of D1R-Gs and D2R-Gi signaling complexes with selective and non-selective dopamine agonists, including two currently used anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, apomorphine and bromocriptine. These structures, together with mutagenesis studies, reveal the conserved binding mode of dopamine agonists, the unique pocket topology underlying ligand selectivity, the conformational changes in receptor activation, and potential structural determinants for G protein-coupling selectivity. These results provide both a molecular understanding of dopamine signaling and multiple structural templates for drug design targeting the dopaminergic system.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Conserved Sequence
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/ultrastructure
- Signal Transduction
- Structural Homology, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sijie Huang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tinghai Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Yong-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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114
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Xiao P, Yan W, Gou L, Zhong YN, Kong L, Wu C, Wen X, Yuan Y, Cao S, Qu C, Yang X, Yang CC, Xia A, Hu Z, Zhang Q, He YH, Zhang DL, Zhang C, Hou GH, Liu H, Zhu L, Fu P, Yang S, Rosenbaum DM, Sun JP, Du Y, Zhang L, Yu X, Shao Z. Ligand recognition and allosteric regulation of DRD1-Gs signaling complexes. Cell 2021; 184:943-956.e18. [PMID: 33571432 PMCID: PMC11005940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine receptors, including D1- and D2-like receptors, are important therapeutic targets in a variety of neurological syndromes, as well as cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Here, we present five cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) coupled to Gs heterotrimer in complex with three catechol-based agonists, a non-catechol agonist, and a positive allosteric modulator for endogenous dopamine. These structures revealed that a polar interaction network is essential for catecholamine-like agonist recognition, whereas specific motifs in the extended binding pocket were responsible for discriminating D1- from D2-like receptors. Moreover, allosteric binding at a distinct inner surface pocket improved the activity of DRD1 by stabilizing endogenous dopamine interaction at the orthosteric site. DRD1-Gs interface revealed key features that serve as determinants for G protein coupling. Together, our study provides a structural understanding of the ligand recognition, allosteric regulation, and G protein coupling mechanisms of DRD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lu Gou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ya-Ni Zhong
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Liangliang Kong
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Changxiu Qu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chuan-Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Anjie Xia
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenquan Hu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Hao He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Dao-Lai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Gui-Hua Hou
- Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe Zhu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yang Du
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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115
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Xu P, Huang S, Mao C, Krumm BE, Zhou XE, Tan Y, Huang XP, Liu Y, Shen DD, Jiang Y, Yu X, Jiang H, Melcher K, Roth BL, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Xu HE. Structures of the human dopamine D3 receptor-G i complexes. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1147-1159.e4. [PMID: 33548201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine system, including five dopamine receptors (D1R-D5R), plays essential roles in the central nervous system (CNS), and ligands that activate dopamine receptors have been used to treat many neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of human D3R in complex with an inhibitory G protein and bound to the D3R-selective agonists PD128907 and pramipexole, the latter of which is used to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. The structures reveal agonist binding modes distinct from the antagonist-bound D3R structure and conformational signatures for ligand-induced receptor activation. Mutagenesis and homology modeling illuminate determinants of ligand specificity across dopamine receptors and the mechanisms for Gi protein coupling. Collectively our work reveals the basis of agonist binding and ligand-induced receptor activation and provides structural templates for designing specific ligands to treat CNS diseases targeting the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijie Huang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yangxia Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuekui Yu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China.
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116
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Neuronal Dopamine D3 Receptors: Translational Implications for Preclinical Research and CNS Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010104. [PMID: 33466844 PMCID: PMC7830622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), as one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, exerts its actions through five types of receptors which belong to two major subfamilies such as D1-like (i.e., D1 and D5 receptors) and D2-like (i.e., D2, D3 and D4) receptors. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) was cloned 30 years ago, and its distribution in the CNS and in the periphery, molecular structure, cellular signaling mechanisms have been largely explored. Involvement of D3Rs has been recognized in several CNS functions such as movement control, cognition, learning, reward, emotional regulation and social behavior. D3Rs have become a promising target of drug research and great efforts have been made to obtain high affinity ligands (selective agonists, partial agonists and antagonists) in order to elucidate D3R functions. There has been a strong drive behind the efforts to find drug-like compounds with high affinity and selectivity and various functionality for D3Rs in the hope that they would have potential treatment options in CNS diseases such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and restless leg syndrome. In this review, we provide an overview and update of the major aspects of research related to D3Rs: distribution in the CNS and periphery, signaling and molecular properties, the status of ligands available for D3R research (agonists, antagonists and partial agonists), behavioral functions of D3Rs, the role in neural networks, and we provide a summary on how the D3R-related drug research has been translated to human therapy.
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117
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Radan M, Bošković J, Dobričić V, Čudina O, Nikolić K. Current computer-aided drug design methodologies in discovery of novel drug candidates for neuropsychiatric and inflammatory diseases. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-32523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery and development is a very challenging, expensive and time-consuming process. Impressive technological advances in computer sciences and molecular biology have made it possible to use computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods in various stages of the drug discovery and development pipeline. Nowadays, CADD presents an efficacious and indispensable tool, widely used in medicinal chemistry, to lead rational drug design and synthesis of novel compounds. In this article, an overview of commonly used CADD approaches from hit identification to lead optimization was presented. Moreover, different aspects of design of multitarget ligands for neuropsychiatric and anti-inflammatory diseases were summarized. Apparently, designing multi-target directed ligands for treatment of various complex diseases may offer better efficacy, and fewer side effects. Antipsychotics that act through aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), especially Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, are the best option for treatment of various symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, multi-target directed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors are also a successful approach to aid the discovery of new anti-inflammatory drugs with fewer side effects. Overall, employing CADD approaches in the process of rational drug design provides a great opportunity for future development, allowing rapid identification of compounds with the optimal polypharmacological profile.
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118
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Structure of the dopamine D 2 receptor in complex with the antipsychotic drug spiperone. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6442. [PMID: 33353947 PMCID: PMC7755896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR), the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a key therapeutic target of antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. The inactive state structures of D2R have been described in complex with the inverse agonists risperidone (D2Rris) and haloperidol (D2Rhal). Here we describe the structure of human D2R in complex with spiperone (D2Rspi). In D2Rspi, the conformation of the extracellular loop (ECL) 2, which composes the ligand-binding pocket, was substantially different from those in D2Rris and D2Rhal, demonstrating that ECL2 in D2R is highly dynamic. Moreover, D2Rspi exhibited an extended binding pocket to accommodate spiperone’s phenyl ring, which probably contributes to the selectivity of spiperone to D2R and 5-HT2AR. Together with D2Rris and D2Rhal, the structural information of D2Rspi should be of value for designing novel antipsychotics with improved safety and efficacy. The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a GPCR and an important drug target for schizophrenia treatment. Here, the authors present the crystal structure of human D2R in complex with the antipsychotic drug spiperone, which is of interest for designing antipsychotics with improved receptor selectivity.
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119
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Biased Ligands Differentially Shape the Conformation of the Extracellular Loop Region in 5-HT 2B Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249728. [PMID: 33419260 PMCID: PMC7767279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are linked to various intracellular transducers, each pathway associated with different physiological effects. Biased ligands, capable of activating one pathway over another, are gaining attention for their therapeutic potential, as they could selectively activate beneficial pathways whilst avoiding those responsible for adverse effects. We performed molecular dynamics simulations with known β-arrestin-biased ligands like lysergic acid diethylamide and ergotamine in complex with the 5-HT2B receptor and discovered that the extent of ligand bias is directly connected with the degree of closure of the extracellular loop region. Given a loose allosteric coupling of extracellular and intracellular receptor regions, we delineate a concept for biased signaling at serotonin receptors, by which conformational interference with binding pocket closure restricts the signaling repertoire of the receptor. Molecular docking studies of biased ligands gathered from the BiasDB demonstrate that larger ligands only show plausible docking poses in the ergotamine-bound structure, highlighting the conformational constraints associated with bias. This emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate receptor conformation on which to base virtual screening workflows in structure-based drug design of biased ligands. As this mechanism of ligand bias has also been observed for muscarinic receptors, our studies provide a general mechanism of signaling bias transferable between aminergic receptors.
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Calebiro D, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O'Brien S. G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:857-906. [PMID: 33331229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many cellular and physiological processes, responding to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and light. Decades of biochemical and pharmacological studies have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms of GPCR signaling. Thanks to recent advances in structural biology, we now possess an atomistic understanding of receptor activation and G protein coupling. However, how GPCRs and G proteins interact in living cells to confer signaling efficiency and specificity remains insufficiently understood. The development of advanced optical methods, including single-molecule microscopy, has provided the means to study receptors and G proteins in living cells with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. The results of these studies reveal an unexpected level of complexity, whereby GPCRs undergo transient interactions among themselves as well as with G proteins and structural elements of the plasma membrane to form short-lived signaling nanodomains that likely confer both rapidity and specificity to GPCR signaling. These findings may provide new strategies to pharmaceutically modulate GPCR function, which might eventually pave the way to innovative drugs for common diseases such as diabetes or heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Miljus
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Allikalt A, Purkayastha N, Flad K, Schmidt MF, Tabor A, Gmeiner P, Hübner H, Weikert D. Fluorescent ligands for dopamine D 2/D 3 receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21842. [PMID: 33318558 PMCID: PMC7736868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent ligands are versatile tools for the study of G protein-coupled receptors. Depending on the fluorophore, they can be used for a range of different applications, including fluorescence microscopy and bioluminescence or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET or FRET) assays. Starting from phenylpiperazines and indanylamines, privileged scaffolds for dopamine D2-like receptors, we developed dansyl-labeled fluorescent ligands that are well accommodated in the binding pockets of D2 and D3 receptors. These receptors are the target proteins for the therapy for several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. The dansyl-labeled ligands exhibit binding affinities up to 0.44 nM and 0.29 nM at D2R and D3R, respectively. When the dansyl label was exchanged for sterically more demanding xanthene or cyanine dyes, fluorescent ligands 10a-c retained excellent binding properties and, as expected from their indanylamine pharmacophore, acted as agonists at D2R. While the Cy3B-labeled ligand 10b was used to visualize D2R and D3R on the surface of living cells by total internal reflection microscopy, ligand 10a comprising a rhodamine label showed excellent properties in a NanoBRET binding assay at D3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Allikalt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nirupam Purkayastha
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Khajidmaa Flad
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Tabor
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Lavington S, Watts A. Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5. [PMID: 33215301 PMCID: PMC7755959 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins which conduct a wide range of biological roles and represent significant drug targets. Most biophysical and structural studies of GPCRs have been conducted on detergent-solubilised receptors, and it is clear that detergents can have detrimental effects on GPCR function. Simultaneously, there is increasing appreciation of roles for specific lipids in modulation of GPCR function. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanodiscs and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) offer opportunities to study integral membrane proteins in lipid environments, in a form that is soluble and amenable to structural and biophysical experiments. Here, we review the application of lipid nanoparticle technologies to the study of GPCRs, assessing the relative merits and limitations of each system. We highlight how these technologies can provide superior platforms to detergents for structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs and inform on roles for protein-lipid interactions in GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lavington
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Egyed A, Domány-Kovács K, Koványi B, Horti F, Kurkó D, Kiss DJ, Pándy-Szekeres G, Greiner I, Keserű GM. Controlling receptor function from the extracellular vestibule of G-protein coupled receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14167-14170. [PMID: 33079104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor function is traditionally controlled from the orthosteric binding site of G-protein coupled receptors. Here, we show that the functional activity and signalling of human dopamine D2 and D3 receptor ligands can be fine-tuned from the extracellular secondary binding pocket (SBP) located far from the signalling interface suggesting optimization of the SBP binding part of bitopic ligands might be a useful strategy to develop GPCR ligands with designed functional and signalling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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Blagotinšek Cokan K, Mavri M, Rutland CS, Glišić S, Senćanski M, Vrecl M, Kubale V. Critical Impact of Different Conserved Endoplasmic Retention Motifs and Dopamine Receptor Interacting Proteins (DRIPs) on Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of the D 2 Dopamine Receptor (D 2-R) Isoforms. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101355. [PMID: 32977535 PMCID: PMC7598153 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 dopamine receptor D2 (D2-R), member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, exists in two isoforms, short (D2S-R) and long (D2L-R). They differ by an additional 29 amino acids (AA) in the third cytoplasmic loop (ICL3) of the D2L-R. These isoforms differ in their intracellular localization and trafficking functionality, as D2L-R possesses a larger intracellular pool, mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This review focuses on the evolutionarily conserved motifs in the ICL3 of the D2-R and proteins interacting with the ICL3 of both isoforms, specifically with the 29 AA insert. These motifs might be involved in D2-R exit from the ER and have an impact on cell-surface and intracellular localization and, therefore, also play a role in the function of dopamine receptor signaling, ligand binding and possible homo/heterodimerization. Our recent bioinformatic data on potential new interaction partners for the ICL3 of D2-Rs are also presented. Both are highly relevant, and have clinical impacts on the pathophysiology of several diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Tourette’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, manic depression, and others, as they are connected to a variety of essential motifs and differences in communication with interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Maša Mavri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Medical Faculty, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Sanja Glišić
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Milan Senćanski
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Foley JF. Revealing the plasma membrane in GPCR signaling. Sci Signal 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a membrane-embedded, activated D
2
dopamine receptor will help in the development of more selective therapeutics.
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