101
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Rocha MN, Duarte MM, Mansur SB, Silva BDME, Pereira TN, Adelino TÉR, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, Santos FM, Costa VRDM, Teixeira MM, Iani FCDM, Costa VV, Moreira LA. Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arboviruses: the case of yellow fever. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:161. [PMID: 31259313 PMCID: PMC6561079 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12903.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and still remains the main vector of urban YFV. Although the YFV vaccine is safe and effective, it does not always reach populations at greatest risk of infection and there is an acknowledged global shortage of vaccine supply. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mosquito populations is being trialed in several countries ( www.worldmosquito.org) as a biocontrol method against dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Here, we studied the ability of Wolbachia to reduce the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for Yellow fever virus (YFV). Methods: Two recently isolated YFV (primate and human) were used to challenge field-derived wild-type and Wolbachia-infected ( wMel +) Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The YFV infection status was followed for 7, 14 and 21 days post-oral feeding (dpf). The YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes was evaluated via nano-injection of saliva into uninfected mosquitoes or by inoculation in mice. Results: We found that Wolbachia was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquitoes with YFV infected heads and thoraces for both viral isolates. Furthermore, analyses of mosquito saliva, through indirect injection into naïve mosquitoes or via interferon-deficient mouse model, indicated Wolbachia was associated with profound reduction in the YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes (14dpf). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wolbachia introgression could be used as a complementary strategy for prevention of urban yellow fever transmission, along with the human vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myrian Morato Duarte
- Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Fundação Ezequiel Dias-LACEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Franciele Martins Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Research Group in Arboviral Diseases, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor Rodrigues de Melo Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Research Group in Arboviral Diseases, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Fundação Ezequiel Dias-LACEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Research Group in Arboviral Diseases, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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102
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Failloux AB. [Mosquitoes as vectors of arboviruses: an endless story]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:89-99. [PMID: 30973138 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence or re-emergence of vector-borne diseases (VBD) and, more specifically, VBD associated with arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika or yellow fever are not new events. The globalization of trade and travels as well as the unplanned urbanization of many tropical and subtropical cities have created the conditions suitable for the establishment of vector mosquitoes offering opportunities for arbovirus introduction. This review describes the major arboviruses important for human health and their epidemic vectors, and the conditions leading to their emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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103
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Epizootics due to Yellow Fever Virus in São Paulo State, Brazil: viral dissemination to new areas (2016-2017). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5474. [PMID: 30940867 PMCID: PMC6445104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning in late 2016 Brazil faced the worst outbreak of Yellow Fever in recent decades, mainly located in southeastern rural regions of the country. In the present study we characterize the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) associated with this outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil. Blood or tissues collected from 430 dead monkeys and 1030 pools containing a total of 5,518 mosquitoes were tested for YFV by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and indirect immunofluorescence. A total of 67 monkeys were YFV-positive and 3 pools yielded YFV following culture in a C6/36 cell line. Analysis of five nearly full length genomes of YFV from collected samples was consistent with evidence that the virus associated with the São Paulo outbreak originated in Minas Gerais. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that strains involved in the 2016–2017 outbreak in distinct Brazilian states (i.e., Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo) intermingled in maximum-likelihood and Bayesian trees. Conversely, the strains detected in São Paulo formed a monophyletic cluster, suggesting that they were local-adapted. The finding of YFV by RT-PCR in five Callithrix monkeys who were all YFV-negative by histopathology or immunohistochemistry suggests that this YFV lineage circulating in Sao Paulo is associated with different outcomes in Callithrix when compared to other monkeys.
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104
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Moussallem TM, Gava C, Ardisson KS, Marques CS, Graceli GC, Koski ADPV, Almada GL, da Silva AR, de Jesus FAA, Rodrigues GAP, da Silva TCC. Yellow fever outbreak in a rural-urban mixed community of Espírito Santo, Brazil: epidemiological aspects. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e29. [PMID: 31093253 PMCID: PMC6519667 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe the epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) that occurred in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 1 January 2017 – 31 July 2017. Methods. A descriptive, quantitative, retrospective approach analyzed secondary data obtained from the national notification systems, Information System of Diseases Notifications (SINAN), Laboratory Environment Manager (GAL), and the Espírito Santo Health Secretariat (SESA). Results. From 1 January 2017 – 8 July 2017, a total of 824 cases were reported in Espírito Santo, 307 (37%) of which were confirmed as YF. Of these, 95 (30.9%) died from the disease. Men were those most affected, corresponding to 244 (79.5%) cases, and women to 63 (20.5%) cases. The greatest incidence rate registered was in the city of Santa Leopoldina (380.2 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The outbreak evolved rapidly and a response was possible due to a multidisciplinary group created specifically to tackle the YF outbreak. Conclusions. The data were received and analyzed quickly and the response, consisting of immediate treatment of the cases and a blocking vaccination strategy, was developed to halt the progression of this fatal disease. In spite of these efforts, the case fatality rate of yellow fever remained high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tálib Moysés Moussallem
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gava
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro Brazil Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karla Spandl Ardisson
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Clemilda Soares Marques
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Giselle Calmon Graceli
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Aline da Penha Valadares Koski
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Gilton Luiz Almada
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Center for Strategic Information and Responses in Health Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues da Silva
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Dório Silva Hospital SerraEspírito Santo Brazil Dório Silva Hospital, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Serra, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Alves de Jesus
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Dório Silva Hospital SerraEspírito Santo Brazil Dório Silva Hospital, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Serra, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Gilsa Aparecida Pimenta Rodrigues
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Health Surveillance Management VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Health Surveillance Management, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Theresa Cristina Cardoso da Silva
- Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance VitóriaEspírito Santo Brazil Special Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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105
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Paixão GM, Nunes MCP, Beato BD, Sable C, Beaton AZ, Oliveira KK, Rezende BD, Rios JPP, Fraga CL, Pereira LS, Teixeira MRD, Oliveira NR, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Maciel GV, Brito CGX, Júnior MRL, Ribeiro ALP, Nascimento BR. Cardiac Involvement by Yellow Fever(from the PROVAR+ Study). Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:833-838. [PMID: 30545483 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of Yellow Fever (YF) has increased in Brazil, and cardiac findings such as bradyarrhythmias and conduction abnormalities have been described. We aimed to perform a comprehensive cardiac evaluation of patients with YF, and to assess the association between cardiac involvement and disease severity. Patients hospitalized with YF from February to March 2018 underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation, focused bedside echocardiography (GE Vivid IQ), electrocardiogram and, in case of alterations, 24-hours Holter. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to YF severity. Five patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and 3 had necropsy. Seventy patients had confirmed YF, 69% with severe form. Mean age was 48 ± 14 years, 63 (90%) were males and 5 (7%) died. Significant electrocardiogram abnormalities were present in 52% of patients with mild/moderate form of YF (G1) and 77% of those with severe form (G2), p = 0.046. Sinus bradycardia was observed in 24% (N = 17): G1 23% versus G2 25%, p = 0.67. Among 32 patients who underwent Holter, 14 (44%) had mean HR <60 beats per minute, being 8 from G2. Echocardiogram revealed left ventricular dysfunction in 4 (6%) patients, from G2. Left ventricular wall thickening with a hyper-refringent myocardial texture suggesting infiltration was observed in 17 patients (G1 18% vs G2 27%, p = 0.55). One magnetic resonance (G2) was suggestive of myocarditis, and one necropsy revealed areas of myocardial necrosis and acute myocarditis. In conclusion, cardiac involvement was observed in patients with YF, most commonly bradycardia and myocardial hyper-refringent texture suggestive of infiltration.
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106
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Wilke ABB, Carvajal A, Medina J, Anderson M, Nieves VJ, Ramirez M, Vasquez C, Petrie W, Cardenas G, Beier JC. Assessment of the effectiveness of BG-Sentinel traps baited with CO2 and BG-Lure for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes in Miami-Dade County, Florida. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212688. [PMID: 30794670 PMCID: PMC6386269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are an increasing issue to public health, endangering billions of people worldwide. Controlling vector mosquitoes is widely accepted as the most effective way to prevent vector-borne disease outbreaks. Mosquito surveillance is critical for the development of control strategies under the integrated vector management framework. We hypothesize that the effectiveness and reliability of using BG-Sentinel traps for the surveillance strongly depend on the bait used to attract mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of BG-Sentinel traps baited with CO2 and BG-Lure. A total of 72 traps were deployed for 48 hours once a week for four weeks. For the initial 24-hour period, the traps were baited with CO2, and then for an additional 24 hours using the BG-Lure. Collected mosquitoes were analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equation for repeated measures analysis. Biodiversity was assessed by the Shannon and Simpson indices and by individual rarefaction curves and SHE profiles. A total of 5,154 mosquitoes were collected, from which 3,514 by traps baited with CO2 and 1,640 mosquitoes by traps baited with BG-Lure. Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were the most abundant and dominant species. Results from the Generalized Estimating Equation models indicated that more than twice as many mosquitoes were attracted CO2 than to the BG-Lure. The comparison of attractiveness of CO2 and BG-Lure to Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus was non-significant, suggesting that both species were equally attracted by the baits. The individual rarefaction curves for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus imply that traps baited with BG-Lure underestimated mosquito species richness compared to those baited with CO2. BG-Lure were less effective in attracting mosquitoes with low abundances and failed to collect Cx. coronator and Cx. nigripalpus, which were consistently collected by traps baited with CO2. According to our results, CO2 significantly (P<0.05) attracted more mosquitoes (2.67 adjusted odds ratios) than the BG-Lure when adjusted for time and species, being more effective in assessing the relative abundance of vector mosquitoes and yielding more trustworthy results. Traps baited with CO2 collected not only more specimens, but also more species in a more consistent pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B. B. Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Augusto Carvajal
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Johana Medina
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Melissa Anderson
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Veronica J. Nieves
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Monica Ramirez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Chalmers Vasquez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - William Petrie
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Cardenas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - John C. Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
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107
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Amraoui F, Ben Ayed W, Madec Y, Faraj C, Himmi O, Btissam A, Sarih M, Failloux AB. Potential of Aedes albopictus to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006997. [PMID: 30763312 PMCID: PMC6392334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, the mosquito Aedes albopictus was detected in Rabat, Morocco. This invasive species can be involved in the transmission of more than 25 arboviruses. It is known that each combination of mosquito population and virus genotype leads to a specific interaction that can shape the outcome of infection. Testing the vector competence of local mosquitoes is therefore a prerequisite to assess the risks of emergence. A field-collected strain of Ae. albopictus from Morocco was experimentally infected with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), zika (ZIKV) and yellow fever (YFV) viruses. We found that this species can highly transmit CHIKV and to a lesser extent, DENV, ZIKV and YFV. Viruses can be detected in mosquito saliva at day 3 (CHIKV), day 14 (DENV and YFV), and day 21 (ZIKV) post-infection. These results suggest that the local transmission of these four arboviruses by Ae. albopictus newly introduced in Morocco is a likely scenario. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov APAFIS#6573-201606l412077987v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Amraoui
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Wiem Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinarian microbiology, Medical entomology, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Yoann Madec
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Chafika Faraj
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut National d’Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oumnia Himmi
- Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry Research Center, Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ameur Btissam
- Service de lutte Anti-vectorielle, Direction de l’Epidémiologie et de Lutte contre les Maladies, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mhammed Sarih
- Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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108
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Rocha MN, Duarte MM, Mansur SB, Silva BDME, Pereira TN, Adelino TÉR, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, Santos FM, Costa VRDM, Teixeira MM, Iani FCDM, Costa VV, Moreira LA. Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arbovirus: the case of yellow fever. Gates Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and used to be the main vector in the past. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mosquito populations is being trialed in several countries (www.worldmosquito.org)as a biocontrol method against dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Here, we studied the ability of Wolbachia to reduce the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for yellow fever virus (YFV). Methods: Two recently isolated YFV (primate and human) were used to challenge field-derived wild-type and Wolbachia-infected (wMel +) Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The YFV infection status was followed for 7, 14 and 21 days post-oral feeding (dpf). The YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes was evaluated via nano-injection of saliva into uninfected mosquitoes or by inoculation in mice. Results: We found that Wolbachia was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquitoes with YFV infected heads and thoraces for both viral isolates. Furthermore, analyses of mosquito saliva, through indirect injection into naïve mosquitoes or via interferon-deficient mouse model, indicated Wolbachia was associated with profound reduction in the YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes (14dpf). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wolbachia introgression could be used as a complementary strategy for prevention of urban yellow fever transmission, along with the human vaccination program.
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109
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Genes L, Fernandez FAS, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, da Rosa P, Fernandez E, Pires AS. Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:88-98. [PMID: 29998590 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rewilding has been an increasingly popular tool to restore plant-animal interactions and ecological processes impaired by defaunation. However, the reestablishment of such processes has seldom been assessed. We investigated the restoration of ecological interactions following the reintroduction of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) to a defaunated Atlantic forest site. We expected the reintroduction to restore plant-animal interactions and interactions between howlers and dung beetles, which promote secondary seed dispersal. We estimated the number of interactions expected to be restored by the reintroduction to provide the baseline interaction richness that could be restored. We followed the reintroduced howler monkeys twice a week for 24 months (337 hours total) to assess their diet. We used howler monkey dung in secondary seed dispersal experiments with 2484 seed mimics to estimate the removal rates by dung beetles and collected the beetles to assess community attributes. We compared the potential future contribution of howler monkeys and other frugivores to seed dispersal based on the seed sizes they disperse in other areas where they occur. In 2 years, howler monkeys consumed 60 animal-dispersed plant species out of the 330 estimated. Twenty-one dung beetle species were attracted to experimentally provided dung; most of them were tunnelers, nocturnal, and large-sized (>10 mm). On average 30% (range 0-100%) of the large seed mimics (14 mm) were moved by dung beetles. About 91% of the species consumed by howlers (size range 0.3-34.3 mm) overlapped in seed size with those removed by dung beetles. In our study area, howler monkeys may consume more large-seeded fruit species than most other frugivores, highlighting their potential to affect forest regeneration. Our results show reintroductions may effectively restore ecological links and enhance ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Genes
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP 68020, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Fernandez
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP 68020, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Z Vaz-de-Mello
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Rosa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro/CNCFlora, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fernandez
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro/CNCFlora, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Alexandra S Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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110
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Garcia GDA, Sylvestre G, Aguiar R, da Costa GB, Martins AJ, Lima JBP, Petersen MT, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Shadbolt MF, Rašić G, Hoffmann AA, Villela DAM, Dias FBS, Dong Y, O’Neill SL, Moreira LA, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Matching the genetics of released and local Aedes aegypti populations is critical to assure Wolbachia invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007023. [PMID: 30620733 PMCID: PMC6338382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional vector control approaches such as source reduction and insecticide spraying have limited effect on reducing Aedes aegypti population. The endosymbiont Wolbachia is pointed as a promising tool to mitigate arbovirus transmission and has been deployed worldwide. Models predict a rapid increase on the frequency of Wolbachia-positive Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in local settings, supported by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and high maternal transmission rate associated with the wMelBr strain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Wolbachia wMelBr strain was released for 20 consecutive weeks after receiving >87% approval of householders of the isolated community of Tubiacanga, Rio de Janeiro. wMelBr frequency plateued~40% during weeks 7-19, peaked 65% but dropped as releases stopped. A high (97.56%) maternal transmission was observed. Doubling releases and deploying mosquitoes with large wing length and low laboratory mortality produced no detectable effects on invasion trend. By investigating the lab colony maintenance procedures backwardly, pyrethroid resistant genotypes in wMelBr decreased from 68% to 3.5% after 17 generations. Therefore, we initially released susceptible mosquitoes in a local population highly resistant to pyrethroids which, associated with the over use of insecticides by householders, ended jeopardizing Wolbachia invasion. A new strain (wMelRio) was produced after backcrossing wMelBr females with males from field to introduce mostly pyrethroid resistance alleles. The new strain increased mosquito survival but produced relevant negative effects on Ae. aegypti fecundity traits, reducing egg clutche size and egg hatch. Despite the cost on fitness, wMelRio successful established where wMelBr failed, revealing that matching the local population genetics, especially insecticide resistance background, is critical to achieve invasion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Local householders support was constantly high, reaching 90% backing on the second release (wMelRio strain). Notwithstanding the drought summer, the harsh temperature recorded (daily average above 30°C) did not seem to affect the expression of maternal transmission of wMel on a Brazilian background. Wolbachia deployment should match the insecticide resistance profile of the wild population to achieve invasion. Considering pyrethroid-resistance is a widely distributed phenotype in natural Ae. aegypti populations, future Wolbachia deployments must pay special attention in maintaining insecticide resistance in lab colonies for releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Azambuja Garcia
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sylvestre
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aguiar
- Serviço de Jornalismo e Comunicação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha T. Petersen
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion F. Shadbolt
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Yi Dong
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott L. O’Neill
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luciano A. Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)/CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Heinisch MRS, Diaz-Quijano FA, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Menezes Pancetti FG, Rocha Coelho R, Dos Santos Andrade P, Urbinatti PR, de Almeida RMMS, Lima-Camara TN. Seasonal and spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a municipal urban park in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Acta Trop 2019; 189:104-113. [PMID: 30282003 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are important arboviruses present in various countries of the world, the etiological agents of which are transmitted to human-beings by the bite of infected females of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Biological aspects of these vectors, such as their distribution and abundance, are influenced by climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature. We assess the spatial and seasonal distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, during spring 2014 and spring 2015 and autumn 2015 and autumn 2016, in an urban Municipal Park, São Paulo (SP, Brazil), using 36 ovitraps. The Park was divided into three areas: internal, intermediate and peripheral, and 12 geo-referenced ovitraps were randomly installed in each area. We evaluated the association between the environmental variables maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall with oviposition rates in the park using negative binomial regression models. Further, to estimate the distribution of the species in the three areas during the seasons, we employed the geostatic interpolation method with the use of kriging. Our results show the presence of the two species in the area in both the seasons but with a greater predominance of Ae. albopictus. Both species were significantly more abundant in spring than autumn. However, our results suggested that this seasonal variation was mediated by the maximum and minimum temperatures, which were significantly associated with the oviposition rate of both species, in all regression models. Cumulative rainfall of the week of collection was not associated with the abundance of the vectors in the multiple models. Moreover, regardless of climatic variables, the oviposition of Ae. aegypti was positively associated with the peripheral area of the park compared with the internal area (oviposition rate ratio [ORR]: 4.92; 95% CI: 2.46-9.83). On the other hand, the oviposition of Ae. albopictus was negatively associated with the peripheral area as compared with the internal one (ORR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38-0.91). The spatial distribution revealed a pattern of spatial segregation, confirming the ecological preferences of each species. Green areas in urban centers can serve as important habitats for various mosquito species, including especially Ae. albopictus. Thus it is that our study highlights the importance of maintaining surveillance for the targeting of control strategies in green areas as well, since most control strategies are focused on Ae. aegypti and urban residential centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R S Heinisch
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Fredi Alexander Diaz-Quijano
- Epidemiology Department of the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto
- Epidemiology Department of the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Filipe Gabriel Menezes Pancetti
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Ronan Rocha Coelho
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela Dos Santos Andrade
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto Urbinatti
- Epidemiology Department of the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Rosa Maria Marques Sá de Almeida
- Epidemiology Department of the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Tamara Nunes Lima-Camara
- Epidemiology Department of the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil.
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Souza-Neto JA, Powell JR, Bonizzoni M. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 67:191-209. [PMID: 30465912 PMCID: PMC8135908 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary transmitter of the four viruses that have had the greatest impact on human health, the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever. Because this mosquito is easy to rear in the laboratory and these viruses grow in laboratory tissue culture cells, many studies have been performed testing the relative competence of different populations of the mosquito to transmit many different strains of viruses. We review here this large literature including studies on the effect of the mosquito microbiota on competence. Because of the heterogeneity of both mosquito populations and virus strains used, as well as methods measuring potential to transmit, it is very difficult to perform detailed meta-analysis of the studies. However, a few conclusions can be drawn: (1) almost no population of Ae. aegypti is 100% naturally refractory to virus infection. Complete susceptibility to infection has been observed for Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), but not yellow fever viruses (YFV); (2) the dose of virus used is directly correlated to the rate of infection; (3) Brazilian populations of mosquito are particularly susceptible to DENV-2 infections; (4) the Asian lineage of ZIKV is less infective to Ae. aegypti populations from the American continent than is the African ZIKV lineage; (5) virus adaptation to different species of mosquitoes has been demonstrated with CHIKV; (6) co-infection with more than one virus sometimes causes displacement while in other cases has little effect; (7) the microbiota in the mosquito also has important effects on level of susceptibility to arboviral infection; (8) resistance to virus infection due to the microbiota may be direct (e.g., bacteria producing antiviral proteins) or indirect in activating the mosquito host innate immune system; (9) non-pathogenic insect specific viruses (ISVs) are also common in mosquitoes including genome insertions. These too have been shown to have an impact on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to pathogenic viruses. One clear conclusion is that it would be a great advance in this type of research to implement standardized procedures in order to obtain comparable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Souza-Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Multiuser Central Laboratory, Botucatu, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology, Botucatu, Brazil
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de Abreu FVS, Ribeiro IP, Ferreira-de-Brito A, dos Santos AAC, de Miranda RM, Bonelly IDS, Neves MSAS, Bersot MI, dos Santos TP, Gomes MQ, da Silva JL, Romano APM, Carvalho RG, Said RFDC, Ribeiro MS, Laperrière RDC, Fonseca EOL, Falqueto A, Paupy C, Failloux AB, Moutailler S, de Castro MG, Gómez MM, Motta MDA, Bonaldo MC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Haemagogus janthinomys are the primary vectors in the major yellow fever outbreak in Brazil, 2016-2018. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:218-231. [PMID: 30866775 PMCID: PMC6455131 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1568180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The yellow fever virus (YFV) caused a severe outbreak in Brazil in 2016-2018 that rapidly spread across the Atlantic Forest in its most populated region without viral circulation for almost 80 years. A comprehensive entomological survey combining analysis of distribution, abundance and YFV natural infection in mosquitoes captured before and during the outbreak was conducted in 44 municipalities of five Brazilian states. In total, 17,662 mosquitoes of 89 species were collected. Before evidence of virus circulation, mosquitoes were tested negative but traditional vectors were alarmingly detected in 82% of municipalities, revealing high receptivity to sylvatic transmission. During the outbreak, five species were found positive in 42% of municipalities. Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus are considered the primary vectors due to their large distribution combined with high abundance and natural infection rates, concurring together for the rapid spread and severity of this outbreak. Aedes taeniorhynchus was found infected for the first time, but like Sabethes chloropterus and Aedes scapularis, it appears to have a potential local or secondary role because of their low abundance, distribution and infection rates. There was no evidence of YFV transmission by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, although the former was the most widespread species across affected municipalities, presenting an important overlap between the niches of the sylvatic vectors and the anthropic ones. The definition of receptive areas, expansion of vaccination in the most affected age group and exposed populations and the adoption of universal vaccination to the entire Brazilian population need to be urgently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Iule de Souza Bonelly
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Ignez Bersot
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Quintela Gomes
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luis da Silva
- Gerência de Estudos e Pesquisas em Antropozoonoses, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Pecego Martins Romano
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Roberta Gomes Carvalho
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental e Saúde do Trabalhador, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Sergio Ribeiro
- Superintendência de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Costa Laperrière
- Núcleo Especial de Vigilância Ambiental, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, IRD-CNRS Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Tetro JA. From hidden outbreaks to epidemic emergencies: the threat associated with neglecting emerging pathogens. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:4-9. [PMID: 29959095 PMCID: PMC7110498 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Not all infectious disease outbreaks undergo full epidemiological investigations. In certain situations, the resultant lack of knowledge has led to the development of epidemics and public health emergencies. This review will examine six emerging pathogens including their history, present status, and potential to expand to epidemics. Recommendations to improve our understanding of these hidden outbreaks and others also will be provided in the context of health systems policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tetro
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Wilke ABB, Vasquez C, Petrie W, Caban-Martinez AJ, Beier JC. Construction sites in Miami-Dade County, Florida are highly favorable environments for vector mosquitoes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209625. [PMID: 30571764 PMCID: PMC6301795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is increasing globally, and construction sites are an integral part of the urbanization process. It is unknown to what extent construction sites create favorable breeding conditions for mosquitoes. The main objectives of the present study were to identify what species of mosquitoes are present at construction sites and the respective physical features associated with their production. Eleven construction sites were cross-sectionally surveyed for the presence of mosquitoes in Miami-Dade County, Florida including in areas previously affected by the Zika virus outbreak in 2016. A total of 3.351 mosquitoes were collected; 2.680 adults and 671 immatures. Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus comprised 95% of all collected mosquitoes and were the only species found in their immature forms breeding inside construction sites. Results for the Shannon and Simpson indices, considering both immature and adult specimens, yielded the highest values for Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. The individual rarefaction curves indicated that sampling sufficiency was highly asymptotic for Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, and the plots of cumulative species abundance (ln S), Shannon index (H) and log evenness (ln E) (SHE) revealed the lack of heterogeneity of species composition, diversity and evenness for the mosquitoes found breeding in construction sites. The most productive construction site breeding features were elevator shafts, Jersey plastic barriers, flooded floors and stair shafts. The findings of this study indicate that vector mosquitoes breed in high numbers at construction sites and display reduced biodiversity comprising almost exclusively Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Such findings suggest that early phase construction sites have suitable conditions for the proliferation of vector mosquitoes. More studies are needed to identify modifiable worker- and organizational-level factors to improve mosquito control practices and guide future mosquito control strategies in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B B Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Chalmers Vasquez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - William Petrie
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Vajravijayan S, Pletnev S, Pletnev VZ, Nandhagopal N, Gunasekaran K. Crystal structure of a novel Kunitz type inhibitor, alocasin with anti-Aedes aegypti activity targeting midgut proteases. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2761-2772. [PMID: 29737039 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pesticidal properties of many Kunitz-type inhibitors have been reported previously; however, the mechanism of action is not well established. In this study, the activity of alocasin against Aedes aegypti is demonstrated and the structure-activity relationship of this Kunitz-type inhibitor is explained through X-ray structure analyses. RESULTS Alocasin was purified from mature rhizomes of Alocasia as a single polypeptide chain of ∼ 20 kDa. The structure at 2.5 Å resolution revealed a Kunitz-type fold, but variation in the loop regions makes this structure unique; one loop with a single disulfide bridge is replaced by a long loop with two bridges. Alignment of homologous sequences revealed that this long loop contains a conserved Arg residue and modeling studies showed interaction with the catalytic Ser residue of trypsin-like enzymes. The anti-Aedes aegypti activity of alocasin is examined and discussed in detail. The in vitro activity of alocasin against midgut proteases of Aedes aegypti showed profound inhibition. Further, morphological changes in larvae upon treatment with alocasin revealed its activity against Ae. aegypti. Docking studies of alocasin with trypsin (5G1), a midgut protease involved in the development cycle and blood meal digestion, illustrated its insecticidal activity. CONCLUSION The three-dimensional structure of alocasin was determined and its structure-function relationship established for its anti Ae. aegypti activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilvadivel Vajravijayan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Z Pletnev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Narayanasamy Nandhagopal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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Potential of Aedes albopictus as a bridge vector for enzootic pathogens at the urban-forest interface in Brazil. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:191. [PMID: 30482898 PMCID: PMC6258732 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The invasive species Aedes albopictus is present in 60% of Brazilian municipalities, including at the interfaces between urban settings and forests that are zoonotic arbovirus hotspots. We investigated Ae. albopictus colonization, adult dispersal and host feeding patterns in the anthropic-natural interface of three forested sites covering three biomes in Brazil in 2016. To evaluate whether an ecological overlap exists between Ae. albopictus and sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) in forests, we performed similar investigations in seven additional urban-forest interfaces where YFV circulated in 2017. We found Ae. albopictus in all forested sites. We detected eggs and adults up to 300 and 500 m into the forest, respectively, demonstrating that Ae. albopictus forest colonization and dispersal decrease with distance from the forest edge. Analysis of the host identity in blood-engorged females indicated that they fed mainly on humans and domestic mammals, suggesting rare contact with wildlife at the forest edge. Our results show that Ae. albopictus frequency declines as it penetrates into the forest and highlight its potential role as a bridge vector of zoonotic diseases at the edge of the Brazilian forests studied.
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118
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Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Guadeloupe (French West Indies) are able to transmit yellow fever virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204710. [PMID: 30265716 PMCID: PMC6161873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent yellow fever epidemic in Brazil has raised the concern of outbreaks in neighboring countries, particularly in the Caribbean region where the vector Aedes aegypti is predominant. This threat comes from the past when in the Americas, this disease caused devastating urban epidemics. We report the vector competence of Ae. aegypti from Guadeloupe for yellow fever virus by determining different parameters describing virus infection, dissemination, and transmission. The results indicate that Ae. aegypti Guadeloupe are susceptible to yellow fever virus with viral particles detected in mosquito saliva at 14 and 21 days post-infection. Local authorities and more broadly, international organizations should maintain the active surveillance of Aedes mosquitoes and the spreading of human cases from South America.
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From dengue to Zika: the wide spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Experimental Adaptation of the Yellow Fever Virus to the Mosquito Aedes albopictus and Potential risk of urban epidemics in Brazil, South America. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14337. [PMID: 30254315 PMCID: PMC6156417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of an efficient vaccine, Yellow fever (YF), a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, is still a threat. In Brazil, the yellow fever virus (YFV) has been restricted to a jungle cycle for more than 70 years. However, YFV has recently invaded populated cities in the Southeast such as Rio de Janeiro where the opportunistic mosquito Aedes albopictus is well established. Using in vivo passages of YFV in Ae. albopictus, we have selected viral strains presenting substitutions in NS1 gene. We did 10 passages of YFV-74018 on two distinct Ae. albopictus populations: (i) Manaus collected from a YFV-endemic area in Amazonia and (ii) PNMNI from a YFV-free area in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Full viral genomes were deep sequenced at each passage. We obtained two YFV strains presenting a non-synonymous substitution in the NS1 gene. Interestingly, they intervened at two different positions in NS1 gene according to the mosquito population: I2772T in Ae. albopictus Manaus and S3303N in Ae. albopictus PNMNI. Both substitutions reached fixation at the passage 10. Our data suggest that YFV has the potential for adaption to Ae. albopictus thereby posing a threat to most cities in South America where this mosquito is present.
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121
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Possas C, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Tauil PL, Pinheiro FDP, Pissinatti A, da Cunha RV, Freire M, Martins RM, Homma A. Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180278. [PMID: 30427974 PMCID: PMC6135548 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the complex eco-social factors involved in the puzzle of the unexpected rapid viral spread in the ongoing Brazilian yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which has increased the reurbanisation risk of a disease without urban cases in Brazil since 1942. Indeed, this rapid spatial viral dissemination to the Southeast and South regions, now circulating in the Atlantic Forest fragments close to peri-urban areas of the main Brazilian megalopolises (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) has led to an exponential increase in the number of yellow fever cases. In less than 18 months, 1,833 confirmed cases and 578 deaths were recorded most of them reported in the Southeast region (99,9%). Large epizooties in monkeys and other non-human primates (NHPs) were communicated in the country with 732 YF virus (YFV) laboratory confirmed events only in the 2017/2018 monitoring period. We also discuss the peculiarities and similarities of the current outbreak when compared with previous great epidemics, examining several hypotheses to explain the recent unexpected acceleration of epizootic waves in the sylvatic cycle of the YFV together with the role of human, NHPs and mosquito mobility with respect to viral spread. We conclude that the most feasible hypothesis to explain this rapidity would be related to human behavior combined with ecological changes that promoted a significant increase in mosquito and NHP densities and their contacts with humans. We emphasize the urgent need for an adequate response to this outbreak such as extending immunisation coverage to the whole Brazilian population and developing novel strategies for immunisation of NHPs confined in selected reserve areas and zoos. Finally, we stress the urgent need to improve the quality of response in order to prevent future outbreaks and a catastrophic reurbanisation of the disease in Brazil and other South American countries. Continuous monitoring of YFV receptivity and vulnerability conditions with effective control of the urban vector Aedes aegypti and significant investments in YF vaccine production capacity and research and development for reduction of adverse effects are of the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Possas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Pedro Luiz Tauil
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos Freire
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Akira Homma
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Faria NR, Kraemer MUG, Hill SC, Goes de Jesus J, Aguiar RS, Iani FCM, Xavier J, Quick J, du Plessis L, Dellicour S, Thézé J, Carvalho RDO, Baele G, Wu CH, Silveira PP, Arruda MB, Pereira MA, Pereira GC, Lourenço J, Obolski U, Abade L, Vasylyeva TI, Giovanetti M, Yi D, Weiss DJ, Wint GRW, Shearer FM, Funk S, Nikolay B, Fonseca V, Adelino TER, Oliveira MAA, Silva MVF, Sacchetto L, Figueiredo PO, Rezende IM, Mello EM, Said RFC, Santos DA, Ferraz ML, Brito MG, Santana LF, Menezes MT, Brindeiro RM, Tanuri A, Dos Santos FCP, Cunha MS, Nogueira JS, Rocco IM, da Costa AC, Komninakis SCV, Azevedo V, Chieppe AO, Araujo ESM, Mendonça MCL, Dos Santos CC, Dos Santos CD, Mares-Guia AM, Nogueira RMR, Sequeira PC, Abreu RG, Garcia MHO, Abreu AL, Okumoto O, Kroon EG, de Albuquerque CFC, Lewandowski K, Pullan ST, Carroll M, de Oliveira T, Sabino EC, Souza RP, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Trindade GS, Drumond BP, Filippis AMB, Loman NJ, Cauchemez S, Alcantara LCJ, Pybus OG. Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential. Science 2018; 361:894-899. [PMID: 30139911 PMCID: PMC6874500 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - M U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Goes de Jesus
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R S Aguiar
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F C M Iani
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J Xavier
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - L du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R D O Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C-H Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P P Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M B Arruda
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G C Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - U Obolski
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Abade
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Global Health Network, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T I Vasylyeva
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D Yi
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D J Weiss
- Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G R W Wint
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F M Shearer
- Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Funk
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - B Nikolay
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR2000: Génomique Évolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - V Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - T E R Adelino
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M A A Oliveira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M V F Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L Sacchetto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P O Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I M Rezende
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E M Mello
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R F C Said
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D A Santos
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M L Ferraz
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M G Brito
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L F Santana
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M T Menezes
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M Brindeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F C P Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Cunha
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J S Nogueira
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I M Rocco
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C da Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S C V Komninakis
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine of ABC (FMABC), Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A O Chieppe
- Coordenação de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E S M Araujo
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M C L Mendonça
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C D Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M Mares-Guia
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M R Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Sequeira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R G Abreu
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - M H O Garcia
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - A L Abreu
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - O Okumoto
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C F C de Albuquerque
- Organização Pan - Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde - (OPAS/OMS), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - K Lewandowski
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S T Pullan
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Carroll
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - T de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - E C Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R P Souza
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G S Trindade
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B P Drumond
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A M B Filippis
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR2000: Génomique Évolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - L C J Alcantara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - O G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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123
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Chippaux JP, Chippaux A. Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:20. [PMID: 30158957 PMCID: PMC6109282 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever was transported during the slave trade in the 15th and 16th centuries from Africa to the Americas where the virus encountered favorable ecological conditions that allowed creation of a sustainable sylvatic cycle. Despite effective vector control and immunization programs for nearly a century, yellow fever epidemics reemerged in many Latin American countries, particularly Brazil. The emergence or reemergence of vector-borne diseases encompasses many intricate factors. Yellow fever outbreaks occur if at least three conditions are fulfilled: the introduction of the virus into a non-immune human community, presence of competent and anthropophilic vectors and insufficiency of prevention and/or adequate management of the growing outbreak. On the other hand, two weapons are available to constrain yellow fever: vector control and immunization. In contrast, yellow fever is absent from Asia and the Pacific despite the presence of the vector and the susceptibility of human populations to the virus. Based on a review of the global history of yellow fever and its epidemiology, the authors deliver some recommendations for improving the prevention of epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- UMR216, Mother and child facing tropical diseases, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Chippaux
- Société de Pathologie Exotique, Hôpital Salpêtrière, BP50082, 75622 Paris cedex 13; 18 rue Princesse, 75006 Paris, France
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Padilha KP, Resck MEB, Cunha OATD, Teles-de-Freitas R, Campos SS, Sorgine MHF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Farnesi LC, Bruno RV. Zika infection decreases Aedes aegypti locomotor activity but does not influence egg production or viability. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180290. [PMID: 30156598 PMCID: PMC6107100 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika has emerged as a new public health threat after the explosive epidemic in Brazil in 2015. It is an arbovirus transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The knowledge of physiological, behavioural and biological features in virus-infected vectors may help the understanding of arbovirus transmission dynamics and elucidate their influence in vector capacity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the behaviour of Ae. aegypti females by analysing the locomotor activity, egg production and viability. METHODOLOGY Ae. aegypti females were orally infected with ZIKV through an artificial feeder to access egg production, egg viability and locomotor activity. For egg production and viability assays, females were kept in cages containing an artificial site for oviposition and eggs were counted. Locomotor activity assays were performed in activity monitors and an average of 5th, 6th and 7th days after infective feeding was calculated. FINDINGS No significant difference in the number of eggs laid per females neither in their viability were found between ZIKV infected and non-infected females, regardless the tested pair of mosquito population and virus strain and the gonotrophic cycles. Locomotor activity assays were performed regardless of the locomotor activity in ZIKV infected females was observed, in both LD and DD conditions. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The lower locomotor activity may reduce the mobility of the mosquitoes and may explain case clustering within households reported during Zika outbreaks such as in Rio de Janeiro 2015. Nevertheless, the mosquitoes infected with ZIKV are still able to disseminate and to transmit the disease, especially in places where there are many oviposition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pedreira Padilha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Insetos Hematófagos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Eduarda Barreto Resck
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Octávio Augusto Talyuli da Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Insetos Hematófagos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rayane Teles-de-Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Stéphanie Silva Campos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Insetos Hematófagos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Médica, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Médica, Brasil
| | - Luana Cristina Farnesi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Vieira Bruno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Médica, Brasil
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125
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Wilke ABB, de Carvalho GC, Marrelli MT. Retention of ancestral polymorphism in Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) from São Paulo, Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:333-339. [PMID: 30142383 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Culex nigripalpus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) is a native species of Brazil that is well adapted to urban environments and found extensively in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. As a native species, it has been present in this region since long before the foundation of the city, but over time Cx. nigripalpus populations have been affected by man-made changes to the environment. We hypothesize that the populations analyzed in this study constituted a large Cx. nigripalpus population that separated into smaller populations as a result of increased levels of urbanization in the city, and that such high levels of urbanization would result in a genetic homogenization effect. We therefore investigated the microgeographic genetic structure and microevolutionary processes in Cx. nigripalpus populations from seven different locations in the city of São Paulo using a set of six microsatellite primers originally developed for Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens. Our results indicate that Cx. nigripalpus did not benefit from urbanization and is currently under selective pressures caused by anthropogenic changes and that populations from areas with higher levels of urbanization exhibited similar genetic patterns and low levels of polymorphism, contrasting with the more sylvatic SHA population. These findings are likely to contribute to a better understanding of how anthropogenic selective pressures are driving population genetics and, to some extent, the dynamics of Cx. nigripalpus populations. They should also help elucidate the effects that urbanization processes have on the ecology and behavior of these mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gabriela Cristina de Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP CEP-01246-904, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP CEP-01246-904, Brazil.
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Possas C, Martins RM, Oliveira RLD, Homma A. Urgent call for action: avoiding spread and re-urbanisation of yellow fever in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:1-2. [PMID: 29185597 PMCID: PMC5719535 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Karna AK, Azar SR, Plante JA, Yun R, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC, Hansen IA, Hanley KA. Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World Mosquito Species, Shows a Low Vector Competence for Zika Virus Relative to Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2018; 10:E434. [PMID: 30115888 PMCID: PMC6116206 DOI: 10.3390/v10080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of Zika virus (ZIKV) to the Americas raised concern that the virus would spill back from human transmission, perpetuated by Aedes aegypti, into a sylvatic cycle maintained in wildlife and forest-living mosquitoes. In the Americas, Sabethes species are vectors of sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) and are therefore candidate vectors of a sylvatic ZIKV cycle. To test the potential of Sabethes cyaneus to transmit ZIKV, Sa. cyaneus and Ae. aegypti were fed on A129 mice one or two days post-infection (dpi) with a ZIKV isolate from Mexico. Sa. cyaneus were sampled at 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-feeding (dpf) and Ae. aegypti were sampled at 14 and 21 dpf. ZIKV was quantified in mosquito bodies, legs, and saliva to measure infection, dissemination, and potential transmission, respectively. Of 69 Sa. cyaneus that fed, ZIKV was detected in only one, in all body compartments, at 21 dpf. In contrast, at 14 dpf 100% of 20 Ae. aegypti that fed on mice at 2 dpi were infected and 70% had virus in saliva. These data demonstrate that Sa. cyaneus is a competent vector for ZIKV, albeit much less competent than Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K Karna
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Sasha R Azar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Rumei Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Immo A Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Julander JG, Testori M, Cheminay C, Volkmann A. Immunogenicity and Protection After Vaccination With a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever Vaccine in the Hamster Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1756. [PMID: 30116244 PMCID: PMC6082969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly efficacious live-attenuated 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccine is occasionally associated with rare life-threatening adverse events. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a non-replicating poxvirus, has been used as a vaccine platform to safely deliver various antigens. A MVA-based YF vaccine (MVA-BN-YF) was tested with and without a non-mineral oil adjuvant in a hamster model of lethal YF disease and protective efficacy of this vaccine was compared with the 17D vaccine. The vaccine candidate MVA-BN-YF generated a protective response in hamsters infected with YFV that was comparable to protection by the live 17D vaccine. Similar levels of neutralizing antibody were observed in animals vaccinated with either vaccine alone or vaccine with adjuvant. Significant improvement in survival, weight change, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in vaccinated hamsters when administered 42 and 14 days prior to challenge with Jimenez YF virus (YFV). Neutralizing antibodies induced by MVA-BN-YF were transferred to naïve hamsters prior to virus challenge. Passive administration of neutralizing antibody 24 h prior to virus infection resulted in significantly improved survival and weight change. A trend toward reduced liver enzyme levels was also observed. MVA-BN-YF, therefore, represents a safe alternative to vaccination with live-attenuated YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Moretti R, Yen PS, Houé V, Lampazzi E, Desiderio A, Failloux AB, Calvitti M. Combining Wolbachia-induced sterility and virus protection to fight Aedes albopictus-borne viruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006626. [PMID: 30020933 PMCID: PMC6066253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the strategies targeting vector control, the exploitation of the endosymbiont Wolbachia to produce sterile males and/or invasive females with reduced vector competence seems to be promising. A new Aedes albopictus transinfection (ARwP-M) was generated by introducing wMel Wolbachia in the ARwP line which had been established previously by replacing wAlbA and wAlbB Wolbachia with the wPip strain. Various infection and fitness parameters were studied by comparing ARwP-M, ARwP and wild-type (SANG population) Ae. albopictus sharing the same genetic background. Moreover, the vector competence of ARwP-M related to chikungunya, dengue and zika viruses was evaluated in comparison with ARwP. ARwP-M showed a 100% rate of maternal inheritance of wMel and wPip Wolbachia. Survival, female fecundity and egg fertility did not show to differ between the three Ae. albopictus lines. Crosses between ARwP-M males and SANG females were fully unfertile regardless of male age while egg hatch in reverse crosses increased from 0 to about 17% with SANG males aging from 3 to 17 days. When competing with SANG males for SANG females, ARwP-M males induced a level of sterility significantly higher than that expected for an equal mating competitiveness (mean Fried index of 1.71 instead of 1). The overall Wolbachia density in ARwP-M females was about 15 fold higher than in ARwP, mostly due to the wMel infection. This feature corresponded to a strongly reduced vector competence for chikungunya and dengue viruses (in both cases, 5 and 0% rates of transmission at 14 and 21 days post infection) with respect to ARwP females. Results regarding Zika virus did not highlight significant differences between ARwP-M and ARwP. However, none of the tested ARwP-M females was capable at transmitting ZIKV. These findings are expected to promote the exploitation of Wolbachia to suppress the wild-type Ae. albopictus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Moretti
- Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Pei-Shi Yen
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Houé
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Elena Lampazzi
- Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Angiola Desiderio
- Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maurizio Calvitti
- Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
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130
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Yellow fever in the diagnostics laboratory. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:129. [PMID: 30002363 PMCID: PMC6043483 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) remains a public health issue in endemic areas despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2015–2016, urban outbreaks of YF were declared in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and a sylvatic outbreak has been ongoing in Brazil since December 2016. Of great concern is the risk of urban transmission cycles taking hold in Brazil and the possible spread to countries with susceptible populations and competent vectors. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of an outbreak response, but a low vaccine stockpile has forced a sparing-dose strategy, which has thus far been implemented in affected African countries and now in Brazil. Accurate laboratory confirmation of cases is critical for efficient outbreak control. A dearth of validated commercial assays for YF, however, and the shortcomings of serological methods make it challenging to implement YF diagnostics outside of reference laboratories. We examine the advantages and drawbacks of existing assays to identify the barriers to timely and efficient laboratory diagnosis. We stress the need to develop new diagnostic tools to meet current challenges in the fight against YF.
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Levels of Resistance to Pyrethroid among Distinct kdr Alleles in Aedes aegypti Laboratory Lines and Frequency of kdr Alleles in 27 Natural Populations from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2410819. [PMID: 30112367 PMCID: PMC6077680 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2410819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Several mutations in voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) have been identified in Aedes aegypti populations worldwide. However, only few are related to knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, most of which with variations in the 1016 and 1534 NaV sites. In Brazil, at least two NaV alleles are known: NaVR1, with a substitution in the 1534 (1016 Val+ + 1534 Ilekdr) and NaVR2, with substitutions in both 1016 and sites (1016Ilekdr + 1534Cyskdr). There is also the duplication in the NaV gene, with one copy carrying the substitution Ile1011Met, although its effects on pyrethroid resistance remain to be clarified. Our goals in this study were (1) to determine the role of each kdr NaV allele and the duplication on pyrethroid resistance and (2) to screen the frequency of the kdr alleles in 27 several natural Ae. aegypti populations from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Methods Pyrethroid resistance was evaluated by a knockdown time (KdT) assay, an adaptation of the WHO test tubes with paper impregnated with deltamethrin. We used laboratory-selected Ae. aegypti lineages: R1R1 and R2R2 (homozygous for the kdr NaVR1 and NaVR2 alleles, respectively), Dup (with duplication in the NaV gene), Rockefeller (the susceptibility reference control), and F1 hybrids among them. Genotyping of both 1016 and 1534 NaV sites was performed in 811 Ae. aegypti sampled from 27 localities from Rio de Janeiro (17), Niterói (6) and Nova Iguaçu (4) cities, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a TaqMan real time PCR approach. Results The laboratory lineages R1R1, R2R2, and R1R2 were the only ones that needed more than 60 minutes to knock down all the insects exposed to the pyrethroid, being the KdT R2R2 > R1R2 > R1R1, corroborating the recessive nature of the kdr mutations. Frequency of kdr alleles NaVR1 and NaVR2 in field-caught mosquitoes varied from 0 to 52% and 43 to 86%, respectively, evidencing high levels of “resistant genotypes” (R1R1, R1R2, and R2R2), which together summed 60 to 100% in Ae. aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro. Conclusions The NaVR1 and NaVR2 kdr alleles confer resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in homozygotes and R1R2 heterozygotes, being the R2R2 most resistant genotype. The allele containing duplication in the NaV gene, with a mutation in the 1011 site, did not confer resistance under the tested conditions. The frequencies of the “resistant genotypes” are elevated in Ae. aegypti natural populations from Rio de Janeiro.
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132
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Sakamoto Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto N, Nishiura H. Modeling the elevated risk of yellow fever among travelers visiting Brazil, 2018. Theor Biol Med Model 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29961429 PMCID: PMC6027565 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-018-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike the epidemic of yellow fever from 2016 to 17 in Brazil mostly restricted to the States of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo, the epidemic from 2017 to 18 mainly involved São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and resulted in multiple international disseminations. To understand mechanisms behind this observation, the present study analyzed the distribution of imported cases from Brazil, 2018. METHODS A statistical model was employed to capture the risk of importing yellow fever by returning international travelers from Brazil. We estimated the relative risk of importation among travelers by the extent of wealth measured by GDP per capita and the relative risk obtained by random assignment of travelers' destination within Brazil by the relative population size. RESULTS Upper-half wealthier countries had 2.1 to 3.4 times greater risk of importation than remainders. Even among countries with lower half of GDP per capita, the risk of importation was 2.5 to 2.8 times greater than assuming that the risk of travelers' infection within Brazil is determined by the regional population size. CONCLUSIONS Travelers from wealthier countries were at elevated risk of yellow fever, allowing us to speculate that travelers' local destination and behavior at high risk of infection are likely to act as a key determinant of the heterogeneous risk of importation. It is advised to inform travelers over the ongoing geographic foci of transmission, and if it appears unavoidable to visit tourist destination that has the history of producing imported cases, travelers must be strongly advised to receive vaccination in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Nao Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
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Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: lessons learned from the Pacific and tropical America. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e355-e361. [PMID: 29934112 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a challenge, but history suggests that arboviral black swan events (epidemics that are difficult to predict and that have an extreme effect) will continue to occur as urban growth and globalisation expand. We briefly review unexpected arbovirus epidemics that have occurred in the past 50 years, with emphasis on the American and Pacific regions, to illustrate their unpredictability, and to highlight the need for improved global preparedness, including laboratory-based surveillance, prevention, and control programmes.
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134
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Castro MC, Han QC, Carvalho LR, Victora CG, França GVA. Implications of Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome for the number of live births in Brazil. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6177-6182. [PMID: 29844186 PMCID: PMC6004455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718476115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in microcephaly, associated with an epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, prompted the World Health Organization to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016. While knowledge on biological and epidemiological aspects of ZIKV has advanced, demographic impacts remain poorly understood. This study uses time-series analysis to assess the impact of ZIKV on births. Data on births, fetal deaths, and hospitalizations due to abortion complications for Brazilian states, from 2010 to 2016, were used. Forecasts for September 2015 to December 2016 showed that 119,095 fewer births than expected were observed, particularly after April 2016 (a reduction significant at 0.05), demonstrating a link between publicity associated with the ZIKV epidemic and the decline in births. No significant changes were observed in fetal death rates. Although no significant increases in hospitalizations were forecasted, after the ZIKV outbreak hospitalizations happened earlier in the gestational period in most states. We argue that postponement of pregnancy and an increase in abortions may have contributed to the decline in births. Also, it is likely that an increase in safe abortions happened, albeit selective by socioeconomic status. Thus, the ZIKV epidemic resulted in a generation of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) babies that reflect and exacerbate regional and social inequalities. Since ZIKV transmission has declined, it is unlikely that reductions in births will continue. However, the possibility of a new epidemic is real. There is a need to address gaps in reproductive health and rights, and to understand CZS risk to better inform conception decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Qiuyi C Han
- Statistics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Lucas R Carvalho
- Center for Development and Regional Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 96020-220, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giovanny V A França
- Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasília, 70719-040, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Klitting R, Gould EA, Paupy C, de Lamballerie X. What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E291. [PMID: 29890711 PMCID: PMC6027470 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. Yellow fever virus had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015⁻2016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions about the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at individual, local and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Abstract
Aedes aegypti, historically known as yellow fever (YF) mosquito, transmits a great number of other viruses such as Dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro and perhaps Oropouche, among others. Well established in Africa and Asia, Aedes mosquitoes are now increasingly invading large parts of the American continent, and hence the risk of urban YF resurgence in the American cities should because of great concern to public health authorities. Although no new urban cycle of YF was reported in the Americas since the end of an Aedes eradication programme in the late 1950s, the high number of non-vaccinated individuals that visit endemic areas, that is, South American jungles where the sylvatic cycle of YF is transmitted by canopy mosquitoes, and return to Aedes-infested urban areas, increases the risk of resurgence of the urban cycle of YF. We present a method to estimate the risk of urban YF resurgence in dengue-endemic cities. This method consists in (1) to estimate the number of Aedes mosquitoes that explains a given dengue outbreak in a given region; (2) calculate the force of infection caused by the introduction of one infective individual per unit area in the endemic area under study; (3) using the above estimates, calculate the probability of at least one autochthonous YF case per unit area produced by one single viraemic traveller per unit area arriving from a YF endemic or epidemic sylvatic region at the city studied. We demonstrate that, provided the relative vector competence, here defined as the capacity to being infected and disseminate the virus, of Ae. aegypti is greater than 0.7 (with respect to dengue), one infected traveller can introduce urban YF in a dengue endemic area.
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137
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Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted viruses are spread globally and present a great risk to human health. Among the many approaches investigated to limit the diseases caused by these viruses are attempts to make mosquitos resistant to virus infection. Coinfection of mosquitos with the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis from supergroup A is a recent strategy employed to reduce the capacity for major vectors in the Aedes mosquito genus to transmit viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Recently, a supergroup B Wolbachia wStri, isolated from Laodelphax striatellus, was shown to inhibit multiple lineages of ZIKV in Aedes albopictus cells. Here, we show that wStri blocks the growth of positive-sense RNA viruses DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, and yellow fever virus by greater than 99.9%. wStri presence did not affect the growth of the negative-sense RNA viruses LaCrosse virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Investigation of the stages of the ZIKV life cycle inhibited by wStri identified two distinct blocks in viral replication. We found a reduction of ZIKV entry into wStri-infected cells. This was partially rescued by the addition of a cholesterol-lipid supplement. Independent of entry, transfected viral genome was unable to replicate in Wolbachia-infected cells. RNA transfection and metabolic labeling studies suggested that this replication defect is at the level of RNA translation, where we saw a 66% reduction in mosquito protein synthesis in wStri-infected cells. This study’s findings increase the potential for application of wStri to block additional arboviruses and also identify specific blocks in viral infection caused by Wolbachia coinfection. Dengue, Zika, and yellow fever viruses are mosquito-transmitted diseases that have spread throughout the world, causing millions of infections and thousands of deaths each year. Existing programs that seek to contain these diseases through elimination of the mosquito population have so far failed, making it crucial to explore new ways of limiting the spread of these viruses. Here, we show that introduction of an insect symbiont Wolbachia wStri, into mosquito cells is highly effective at reducing yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, and Chikungunya virus production. Reduction of virus replication was attributable to decreases in entry and a strong block of virus gene expression at the translational level. These findings expand the potential use of Wolbachia wStri to block viruses and identify two separate steps for limiting virus replication in mosquitos that could be targeted via microbes or other means as an antiviral strategy.
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138
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Wilke ABB, Vasquez C, Mauriello PJ, Beier JC. Ornamental bromeliads of Miami-Dade County, Florida are important breeding sites for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:283. [PMID: 29769105 PMCID: PMC5956556 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major public health concern is the emergence and geographical spread of vector-borne diseases such as Zika and yellow fever. Ornamental bromeliads retaining water in their leaf axils represent potential breeding sites for mosquitoes. As the role of ornamental bromeliads in breeding Aedes aegypti in Miami-Dade County, Florida is unknown, we hypothesize that ornamental bromeliads are important breeding sites for Ae. aegypti. Our objective was to survey bromeliads in areas with high densities of adult Ae. aegypti, including those with 2016 local transmission of Zika virus. METHODS Ornamental bromeliads were surveyed for the presence of immature mosquitoes at 51 locations of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Bromeliads were sampled for the presence of immature stages of mosquitoes, their reservoirs were drained and screened for the presence of immature mosquitoes. Immature mosquitoes were stored in plastic containers and preserved in 70% ethanol until morphological identification. Biodiversity of species assemblages was assessed by Shannon's and Simpson's indices, and individual rarefaction curves and plots of cumulative abundance, Shannon's index and evenness profiles. RESULTS Ornamental bromeliads were present in all surveyed areas, yielding a total of 765 immature mosquitoes, comprising five taxonomic units: Ae. aegypti, Wyeomyia mitchellii, Wyeomyia vanduzeei, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex biscaynensis. The biodiversity indices point to a low diversity scenario with a highly dominant species, Ae. aegypti. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that ornamental bromeliads are contributing for the proliferation of Ae. aegypti in the County of Miami-Dade, which may indicate a shift in the paradigm of usage of bromeliads as breeding sites, highlighting that ornamental phytotelmata bromeliads are to be considered in future vector-control strategies to control Zika and other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B. B. Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | | | - Paul J. Mauriello
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL USA
- Miami-Dade County Department of Solid Waste Management, Miami, FL USA
| | - John C. Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
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139
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da Silva LRC. Zika Virus Trafficking and Interactions in the Human Male Reproductive Tract. Pathogens 2018; 7:E51. [PMID: 29751638 PMCID: PMC6027493 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) is a matter of great concern. Infectious viral particles can be shed in semen for as long as six months after infection and can be transferred to male and female sexual partners during unprotected sexual intercourse. The virus can be found inside spermatozoa and could be directly transferred to the oocyte during fertilization. Sexual transmission of ZIKV can contribute to the rise in number of infected individuals in endemic areas as well as in countries where the mosquito vector does not thrive. There is also the possibility, as has been demonstrated in mouse models, that the vaginal deposition of ZIKV particles present in semen could lead to congenital syndrome. In this paper, we review the current literature to understand ZIKV trafficking from the bloodstream to the human male reproductive tract and viral interactions with host cells in interstitial spaces, tubule walls, annexed glands and semen. We hope to highlight gaps to be filled by future research and potential routes for vaccine and antiviral development.
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140
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Is a dose of 17D vaccine in the current context of Yellow Fever enough? Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:683-684. [PMID: 29588199 PMCID: PMC6066778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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141
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Gómez MM, Abreu FVSD, Santos AACD, Mello ISD, Santos MP, Ribeiro IP, Ferreira-de-Brito A, Miranda RMD, Castro MGD, Ribeiro MS, Laterrière Junior RDC, Aguiar SF, Meira GLS, Antunes D, Torres PHM, Mir D, Vicente ACP, Guimarães ACR, Caffarena ER, Bello G, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Bonaldo MC. Genomic and structural features of the yellow fever virus from the 2016-2017 Brazilian outbreak. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:536-548. [PMID: 29469689 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeastern Brazil has been suffering a rapid expansion of a severe sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak since late 2016, which has reached one of the most populated zones in Brazil and South America, heretofore a yellow fever-free zone for more than 70 years. In the current study, we describe the complete genome of 12 YFV samples from mosquitoes, humans and non-human primates from the Brazilian 2017 epidemic. All of the YFV sequences belong to the modern lineage (sub-lineage 1E) of South American genotype I, having been circulating for several months prior to the December 2016 detection. Our data confirm that viral strains associated with the most severe YF epidemic in South America in the last 70 years display unique amino acid substitutions that are mainly located in highly conserved positions in non-structural proteins. Our data also corroborate that YFV has spread southward into Rio de Janeiro state following two main sylvatic dispersion routes that converged at the border of the great metropolitan area comprising nearly 12 million unvaccinated inhabitants. Our original results can help public health authorities to guide the surveillance, prophylaxis and control measures required to face such a severe epidemiological problem. Finally, it will also inspire other workers to further investigate the epidemiological and biological significance of the amino acid polymorphisms detected in the Brazilian 2017 YFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Iasmim Silva de Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Pereira Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Ribeiro
- Superintendência de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Antunes
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daiana Mir
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ramos Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Raul Caffarena
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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142
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Moreira-Soto A, Torres MC, Lima de Mendonça MC, Mares-Guia MA, Dos Santos Rodrigues CD, Fabri AA, Dos Santos CC, Machado Araújo ES, Fischer C, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Drosten C, Sequeira PC, Drexler JF, Bispo de Filippis AM. Evidence for multiple sylvatic transmission cycles during the 2016-2017 yellow fever virus outbreak, Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1019.e1-1019.e4. [PMID: 29427798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since December 2016, Brazil has experienced an unusually large outbreak of yellow fever (YF). Whether urban transmission may contribute to the extent of the outbreak is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize YF virus (YFV) genomes and to identify spatial patterns to determine the distribution and origin of YF cases in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, the most affected Brazilian states during the current YFV outbreak. METHODS We characterized near-complete YFV genomes from 14 human cases and two nonhuman primates (NHP), sampled from February to April 2017, retrieved epidemiologic data of cases and used a geographic information system to investigate the geospatial spread of YFV. RESULTS All YFV strains were closely related. On the basis of signature mutations, we identified two cocirculating YFV clusters. One was restricted to the hinterland of Espírito Santo state, and another formed a coastal cluster encompassing several hundred kilometers. Both clusters comprised strains from humans living in rural areas and NHP. Another NHP lineage clustered in a basal relationship. No signs of adaptation of YFV strains to human hosts were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest sylvatic transmission during the current outbreak. Additionally, cocirculation of two distinct YFV clades occurring in humans and NHP suggests the existence of multiple sylvatic transmission cycles. Increased detection of YFV might be facilitated by raised awareness for arbovirus-mediated disease after Zika and chikungunya virus outbreaks. Further surveillance is required, as reemergence of YFV from NHPs might continue and facilitate the appearance of urban transmission cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moreira-Soto
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Germany
| | - M C Torres
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M C Lima de Mendonça
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Mares-Guia
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - A A Fabri
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E S Machado Araújo
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Fischer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - R M Ribeiro Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - P Carvalho Sequeira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J F Drexler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
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143
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Romero-Alvarez D, Escobar LE. Oropouche fever, an emergent disease from the Americas. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:135-146. [PMID: 29247710 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oropouche virus is the aetiological agent of Oropouche fever, a zoonotic disease mainly transmitted by midges of the species Culicoides paraensis. Although the virus was discovered in 1955, more attention has been given recently to both the virus and the disease due to outbreaks of Oropouche fever in different areas of Brazil and Peru. Serological studies in human and wild mammals have also found Oropouche virus in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. Several mammals act as reservoirs of the disease, although the sylvatic cycle of Oropouche virus remains to be assessed properly. Oropouche fever lacks key symptoms to be differentiated from other arboviral febrile illnesses from the Americas. Sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis have also been described with good prognosis. Habitat loss can increase the likelihood of Oropouche virus emergence in the short-term in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology-Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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144
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Wilder-Smith A. Yellow fever vaccination: estimating coverage. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1109-1111. [PMID: 28822782 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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