101
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Morais CL, Herawi M, Toubaji A, Albadine R, Hicks J, Netto GJ, De Marzo AM, Epstein JI, Lotan TL. PTEN loss and ERG protein expression are infrequent in prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas and concurrent acinar carcinomas. Prostate 2015; 75:1610-9. [PMID: 26178158 PMCID: PMC4537350 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an unusual and aggressive morphologic subtype of prostate cancer. PTEN gene deletion and ERG gene rearrangement are among the most common genomic changes in acinar prostate cancers. Though ductal adenocarcinoma most commonly occurs with synchronous usual-type acinar adenocarcinoma, little is known about the molecular phenotype of these mixed tumors. METHODS We used genetically validated immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays to assess PTEN and ERG status in a group of 37 surgically treated ductal adenocarcinomas and 18 synchronous acinar adenocarcinomas where we have previously reported ERG gene rearrangement status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A group of 34 stage and grade-matched pure acinar adenocarcinoma cases was studied as a control. RESULTS ERG IHC was highly concordant with ERG FISH results, with 100% (36/36) concordance among ductal adenocarcinomas and 91% (31/34) concordance among 34 pure acinar carcinomas. Similar to previous FISH results, ERG expression by IHC was significantly less common among ductal adenocarcinomas (11% or 4/37) and their synchronous acinar tumors (6% or 1/18) compared to matched pure acinar adenocarcinoma cases (50% or 17/34; P = 0.0005 and 0.002, respectively). PTEN loss by IHC was also less common among ductal adenocarcinomas (18% or 6/34) and their synchronous acinar tumors (22% or 4/18) compared to matched pure acinar carcinomas (50% or 17/34; P = 0.01 and 0.08, respectively). As expected, PTEN loss was enriched among ERG positive compared to ERG-negative tumors in the pure acinar tumor control group (2.5-fold enrichment; P = 0.04) however this was not observed among the ductal adenocarcinomas (1.5 fold enrichment; P = NS). Of ductal adenocarcinomas with an evaluable synchronous acinar component, ERG status was concordant in 94% (17/18) and PTEN status was concordant in 94% (16/17). CONCLUSIONS Based on PTEN and ERG, ductal adenocarcinomas and their concurrent acinar carcinomas may be clonally related in some cases and show important molecular differences from pure acinar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L. Morais
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mehsati Herawi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Antoun Toubaji
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Roula Albadine
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - George J. Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan I. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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102
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Fallahabadi ZR, Noori Daloii MR, Mahdian R, Behjati F, Shokrgozar MA, Abolhasani M, Asgari M, Shahrokh H. Frequency of PTEN alterations, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and their association in prostate cancer. Gene 2015; 575:755-60. [PMID: 26424596 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene aberration and trans membrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) fusion are the most prevalent genomic events in prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to evaluate the frequency of PTEN alteration and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and possible link between these two biomarkers in Iranian men. METHODS We assessed 42 fresh frozen tissue samples of prostate cancer (PCA) obtained by radical prostatectomy, interrogating the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene along with PTEN gene status using Real Time PCR and FISH methods. RESULTS Using Real Time PCR we identified the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in 64% (27/42) of tumor samples, which was confirmed by FISH technique, giving 21 positive samples with deletion, suggesting the presence of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene. By contrast, PTEN deletion was detected in 52% (11/21) of PCA samples, which all showed low expression in Real Time. Concomitance of PTEN deletion or low expression and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was present in PCA samples (P=0.005). All of the PTEN deletion samples showed TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, (11/11, 100%) while not all of the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion positive samples showed PTEN deletion. None of 29 cases of BPH and 8 cases of normal zone of tumor tissue showed TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PTEN loss occurs in cooperation with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in PCA. While the majority of PCA samples harbor TMPRSS2-ERG fusion as well as PTEN gene deletion, normal tissues do not show these molecular aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rafiei Fallahabadi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Medical Genetics Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farhkondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Walfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Asgari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahrokh
- Department of Urology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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103
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Prognostic Significance of mTOR and PTEN in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:417210. [PMID: 26357655 PMCID: PMC4555449 DOI: 10.1155/2015/417210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic value of mTOR in ESCC is much controversial; this study aimed to determine the prognostic importance of mTOR and PTEN in patients with ESCC. A total of 148 consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy from 2010 to 2012 were included in this study, tested by western bolt and immunohistochemistry for mTOR and PTEN expression. Correlation coefficient was calculated using Pearson's correlation test. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated in relation to the two markers. 94 (63.5%) of 148 were mTOR high expression, and PTEN high expression was detected in 46 (31.1%) of the 148 patients with ESCC. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant negative correlation in two proteins (correlation coefficient = −0.189, P < 0.005). The 3-year OS and DFS time in the mTOR-high group was 23.9 and 18.4 months, respectively, and the time in the mTOR-low group was 33.9 months and 31.4 months, respectively. The difference of survival rate between the two groups remained statistically significant. mTOR-low or PTEN-high patients had better 3-year rates of OS and DFS than mTOR-high or PTEN-low group (P < 0.001 by the log-rank test). This study also found that mTOR was an independence prognostic factor by multivariate analysis.
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104
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Troyer DA, Jamaspishvili T, Wei W, Feng Z, Good J, Hawley S, Fazli L, McKenney JK, Simko J, Hurtado-Coll A, Carroll PR, Gleave M, Lance R, Lin DW, Nelson PS, Thompson IM, True LD, Brooks JD, Squire JA. A multicenter study shows PTEN deletion is strongly associated with seminal vesicle involvement and extracapsular extension in localized prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1206-15. [PMID: 25939393 PMCID: PMC4475421 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene is a promising marker of aggressive prostate cancer. Active surveillance and watchful waiting are increasingly recommended to patients with small tumors felt to be low risk, highlighting the difficulties of Gleason scoring in this setting. There is an urgent need for predictive biomarkers that can be rapidly deployed to aid in clinical decision-making. Our objectives were to assess the incidence and ability of PTEN alterations to predict aggressive disease in a multicenter study. METHODS We used recently developed probes optimized for sensitivity and specificity in a four-color FISH deletion assay to study the Canary Retrospective multicenter Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarray (TMA). This TMA was constructed specifically for biomarker validation from radical prostatectomy specimens, and is accompanied by detailed clinical information with long-term follow-up. RESULTS In 612 prostate cancers, the overall rate of PTEN deletion was 112 (18.3%). Hemizygous PTEN losses were present in 55/612 (9.0%) of cancers, whereas homozygous PTEN deletion was observed in 57/612 (9.3%) of tumors. Significant associations were found between PTEN status and pathologic stage (P < 0.0001), seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.0008), extracapsular extension (P < 0.0001), and Gleason score (P = 0.0002). In logistic regression analysis of clinical and pathological variables, PTEN deletion was significantly associated with extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle involvement, and higher Gleason score. In the 406 patients in which clinical information was available, PTEN homozygous (P = 0.009) deletion was associated with worse post-operative recurrence-free survival (number of events = 189), pre-operative prostate specific antigen (PSA) (P < 0.001), and pathologic stage (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION PTEN status assessed by FISH is an independent predictor for recurrence-free survival in multivariate models, as were seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension, and Gleason score, and preoperative PSA. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that the assay can be readily introduced at first diagnosis in a cost effective manner analogous to the use of FISH for analysis of HER2/neu status in breast cancer. Combined with published research beginning 17 years ago, both the data and tools now exist to implement a PTEN assay in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Troyer
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Pathology and Microbiology and Molecular BiologyNorfolk, Virginia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
| | - Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Ziding Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Good
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Hawley
- Canary FoundationCanary Center at Stanford, 3155 Porter DrivePalo Alto
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Prostate Center at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California
| | - Antonio Hurtado-Coll
- The Prostate Center at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Prostate Center at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond Lance
- Department of Urology, Eastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolk, Virginia
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Urology, University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, Washington
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, Washington
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford UniversityStanford, California
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão PretoBrazil
- * Correspondence to: Dr. Jeremy A. Squire, PhD, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. E-mail:
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105
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Ateeq B, Kunju LP, Carskadon SL, Pandey SK, Singh G, Pradeep I, Tandon V, Singhai A, Goel A, Amit S, Agarwal A, Dinda AK, Seth A, Tsodikov A, Chinnaiyan AM, Palanisamy N. Molecular profiling of ETS and non-ETS aberrations in prostate cancer patients from northern India. Prostate 2015; 75:1051-62. [PMID: 25809148 PMCID: PMC4832366 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular stratification of prostate cancer (PCa) based on genetic aberrations including ETS or RAF gene-rearrangements, PTEN deletion, and SPINK1 over-expression show clear prognostic and diagnostic utility. Gene rearrangements involving ETS transcription factors are frequent pathogenetic somatic events observed in PCa. Incidence of ETS rearrangements in Caucasian PCa patients has been reported, however, occurrence in Indian population is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the ETS and RAF kinase gene rearrangements, SPINK1 over-expression, and PTEN deletion in this cohort. METHODS In this multi-center study, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) PCa specimens (n = 121) were procured from four major medical institutions in India. The tissues were sectioned and molecular profiling was done using immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS ERG over-expression was detected in 48.9% (46/94) PCa specimens by IHC, which was confirmed in a subset of cases by FISH. Among other ETS family members, while ETV1 transcript was detected in one case by RNA-ISH, no alteration in ETV4 was observed. SPINK1 over-expression was observed in 12.5% (12/96) and PTEN deletion in 21.52% (17/79) of the total PCa cases. Interestingly, PTEN deletion was found in 30% of the ERG-positive cases (P = 0.017) but in only one case with SPINK1 over-expression (P = 0.67). BRAF and RAF1 gene rearrangements were detected in ∼1% and ∼4.5% of the PCa cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on comprehensive molecular profiling of the major spectrum of the causal aberrations in Indian men with PCa. Our findings suggest that ETS gene rearrangement and SPINK1 over-expression patterns in North Indian population largely resembled those observed in Caucasian population but differed from Japanese and Chinese PCa patients. The molecular profiling data presented in this study could help in clinical decision-making for the pursuit of surgery, diagnosis, and in selection of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurIndia
| | - Lakshmi P. Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Shannon L. Carskadon
- Michigan Center for Translational PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Swaroop K. Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurIndia
| | - Geetika Singh
- Department of PathologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Immanuel Pradeep
- Department of PathologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vini Tandon
- Digdarshika Pathology LaboratoryLucknowIndia
| | - Atin Singhai
- Department of PathologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of UrologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Sonal Amit
- Department of PathologyGSVM Medical CollegeKanpurIndia
| | - Asha Agarwal
- Department of PathologyGSVM Medical CollegeKanpurIndia
| | - Amit K. Dinda
- Department of PathologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Amlesh Seth
- Department of UrologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Michigan Center for Translational PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of UrologyHenry Ford Health SystemDetroitMichigan
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106
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Evodiamine inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by blocking PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1388-96. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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107
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Maiques O, Cuevas D, García Dios DA, Coenegrachts L, Santacana M, Velasco A, Romero M, Gatius S, Lambrechts D, Müller S, Pedersen HC, Dolcet X, Amant F, Matias-Guiu X. FISH analysis of PTEN in endometrial carcinoma. Comparison with SNP arrays and MLPA. Histopathology 2015; 65:371-88. [PMID: 25353038 PMCID: PMC4282383 DOI: 10.1111/his.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To check the usefulness of a standardized protocol of PTEN FISH in 31 endometrial carcinomas (ECs) in comparison with SNP array (SNPA), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and immunohistochemistry. METHODS AND RESULTS Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis showed two PTEN copies in 17 cases, three copies in nine cases, hemizygous deletion in two cases, and diverse cell populations with different PTEN copy number in three cases. A good correlation was seen between FISH and SNPA, particularly in cases with three copies. FISH identified two cases with entire deletion of chromosome 10, but did not identify a focal deletion of PTEN. Five cases with PTEN deletion and duplication of the second allele by SNPA were interpreted as normal by FISH. Concordance between FISH and MLPA was seen in 15 cases with two copies, and in two cases with PTEN deletion. Six cases were interpreted as amplified by MLPA, but showed polyploidy by FISH. FISH was superior to SNPA and MLPA in assessing the tumours with diverse cell populations with different PTEN copies. CONCLUSIONS The results show good concordance between FISH, SNPA and MLPA. SNPA was superior in tumours with deletion of one copy and duplication of the second allele. FISH was superior in assessing tumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Maiques
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Dolors Cuevas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Diego Andrés García Dios
- Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Coenegrachts
- Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Ana Velasco
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Marta Romero
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Sónia Gatius
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Centre, Vlaams Instituut voor BiotechnologieLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Müller
- Research and Development, Dako DenmarkGlostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Frederic Amant
- Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncological Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRB LleidaLleida, Spain
- Address for correspondence: X Matias-Guiu, PhD, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Av. Rovira Roure, 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain. e-mail:
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108
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Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor collaborates with loss of PTEN to promote prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1153-62. [PMID: 26028029 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among frequent events in prostate cancer are loss of the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and overexpression of prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), but the potential tumorigenic synergy between these lesions is unknown. Here, we report a new mouse model (PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ)) combining prostate-specific loss of Pten with probasin promoter-driven PSGR overexpression. By 12 months PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) mice developed invasive prostate tumors featuring Akt activation and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) tumors exhibited E-cadherin loss and increased stromal androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSGR overexpression increased LNCaP proliferation, whereas PSGR short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited proliferation and migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PSGR overexpression synergizes with loss of PTEN to accelerate prostate cancer development, and present a novel bigenic mouse model that mimics the human condition, where both PSGR overexpression and loss of PTEN occur concordantly in the majority of advanced prostate cancers, yielding an environment more relevant to studying human prostate cancer.
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109
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Current and proposed molecular diagnostics in a genitourinary service line laboratory at a tertiary clinical institution. Cancer J 2015; 20:29-42. [PMID: 24445763 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The idea that detailed knowledge of molecular oncogenesis will drive diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic clinical decision making in an increasingly multidisciplinary practice of oncologic care has been anticipated for many years. With the recent rapid advancement in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of genitourinary malignancies, this concept is now starting to take shape in the fields of prostate, kidney, bladder, testicular, and penile cancer. Such breakthroughs necessitate the development of robust clinical-grade assays that can be quickly made available for patients to facilitate diagnosis in challenging cases, risk-stratify patients for subsequent clinical management, select the appropriate targeted therapy from among increasingly diverse and numerous options, and enroll patients in advanced clinical trials. This rapid translation of basic and clinical cancer research requires a streamlined, multidisciplinary approach to clinical assay development, termed here the molecular diagnostics service line laboratory. In this review, we summarize the current state and explore the future of molecular diagnostics in genitourinary oncology to conceptualize a genitourinary service line laboratory at a tertiary clinical institution.
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110
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Heterogeneity of PTEN and ERG expression in prostate cancer on core needle biopsies: implications for cancer risk stratification and biomarker sampling. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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111
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Wang Y, Dai B. PTEN genomic deletion defines favorable prognostic biomarkers in localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5430-5437. [PMID: 26131120 PMCID: PMC4483905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PTEN (10q23.3) is a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3)/Akt survival pathway and a tumor suppressor frequently deleted in prostate cancer. PTEN genomic deletion is among the most common genetic aberrations in human prostate cancer. At present, the prognostic value of PTEN genomic deletion is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the association between PTEN genomic deletion and a higher Gleason score or a higher possibility of capsular penetration. A comprehensive, computerized literature search of PubMed was carried out until May 27, 2014. Studies were included according to specific inclusion criteria. Pooled hazard ratio was estimated using the fixed effects model or random effects model according to heterogeneity between studies. Seven eligible studies meeting the specific inclusion criteria were selected for further analysis; all were retrospective studies. Overall meta-analysis demonstrated that PTEN genomic deletion was associated with a higher Gleason score (OR 0.319; 95% confidence interval: 0.153-0.666; P = 0.000) and a higher possibility of capsular penetration (OR 0.393; 95% confidence interval: 0.185-0.837; P = 0.015). None of the studies materially altered the original results and no evidence of publication bias was found. CONCLUSION PTEN genomic deletion in operable localized prostate cancer indicates a higher Gleason score and a higher probability of capsular penetration, indicating a worse prognosis. Further studies should be conducted in order to investigate the effect of PTEN genomic deletion on clinical outcomes in different histological types of prostate cancer or its function in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 20032, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 20032, China
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112
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PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur Urol 2015; 67:795-802. [PMID: 25454616 PMCID: PMC4410287 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) occurs frequently in prostate cancers. Preclinical evidence suggests that activation of PI3K/AKT signaling through loss of PTEN can result in resistance to hormonal treatment in prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE To explore the antitumor activity of abiraterone acetate (abiraterone) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with and without loss of PTEN protein expression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We retrospectively identified patients who had received abiraterone and had hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and/or CRPC tissue available for PTEN immunohistochemical analysis. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary end point was overall survival from initiation of abiraterone treatment. Relationship with outcome was analyzed using multivariate Cox regression and log-rank analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 144 patients were identified who had received abiraterone post-docetaxel and had available tumor tissue. Overall, loss of PTEN expression was observed in 40% of patients. Matched HSPC and CRPC tumor biopsies were available for 41 patients. PTEN status in CRPC correlated with HSPC in 86% of cases. Loss of PTEN expression was associated with shorter median overall survival (14 vs 21 mo; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.55; p=0.004) and shorter median duration of abiraterone treatment (24 vs 28 wk; HR: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.12-2.28; p=0.009). PTEN protein loss, high lactate dehydrogenase, and the presence of visceral metastases were identified as independent prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that loss of PTEN expression was associated with worse survival and shorter time on abiraterone treatment. Further studies in larger and prospective cohorts are warranted. PATIENT SUMMARY PTEN is a protein often lost in prostate cancer cells. In this study we evaluated if prostate cancers that lack this protein respond differently to treatment with abiraterone acetate. We demonstrated that the survival of patients with loss of PTEN is shorter than patients with normal PTEN expression.
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Xiao GQ, Unger P, Yang Q, Kinoshita Y, Singh K, McMahon L, Nastiuk K, Sha K, Krolewski J, Burstein D. Loss of PLZF expression in prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry correlates with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121318. [PMID: 25807461 PMCID: PMC4373907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PLZF is a transcription repressor, which plays a critical role in development, spermatogenesis and oncogenesis. Down-regulation of PLZF has been found in various tumor cell lines. There has been virtually no tissue study on the expression of PLZF in prostate cancer (PCa). PCa is a heterogeneous disease, most of which are indolent and non-lethal. Currently there are no biomarkers that distinguish indolent from aggressive PCa; therefore there is an urgent need for such markers to provide clinical decision support. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PLZF by immunohistochemistry in different grade as well as metastatic PCa and to correlate the alteration of PLZF expression with PCa aggressiveness. We studied a total of 83 primary PCa from biopsies, 43 metastatic PCa and 8 paired primary and metastatic PCa from radical prostatectomies with lymph node dissection. Our results demonstrated that PLZF was strongly expressed in almost all (~100%) benign luminal cells (n=77) and low grade (Gleason pattern 3) PCa (n=70) and weak or absent (100%) in basal cells (n=70). Decreased or lost expression of PLZF was evidenced in 26% of high-grade (Gleason 4 and 5) primary PCa (n=70) and 84% metastatic PCa (n=43). The primary high grade PCa in the prostatectomies shared similar PLZF loss/decrease and histomorphology to that of paired parallel lymph node metastases. These data demonstrated that down-regulation of PLZF is an important molecular process for tumor progression and loss of PLZF expression detected by routine immunohistochemistry is a promising and valuable biomarker for PCa aggressiveness and metastasis in the personalized care of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pamela Unger
- Departments of Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qi Yang
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yayoi Kinoshita
- Departments of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyra Singh
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Loralee McMahon
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kent Nastiuk
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kai Sha
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John Krolewski
- Departments of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David Burstein
- Departments of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Kothari N, Almhanna K. Current status of novel agents in advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:60-74. [PMID: 25642339 PMCID: PMC4294823 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal (GE) adenocarcinomas are highly lethal malignancies and despite multiple chemotherapy options, 5-year survival rates remain dismal. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment but patients are often limited by toxicity and poor performance status. Because of molecular heterogeneity, it is essential to classify tumors based on the underlying oncogenic pathways and develop targeted therapies that act on individual tumors. Trastuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody, was the first such agent shown to improve response rate, progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) when added to cisplatin based chemotherapy in patients with HER2 over-expressing GE junction (GEJ) and gastric adenocarcinomas. However, HER2 over expressing GE tumors are in the minority and the need for additional targeted agents is urgent. Though many agents are in development, incorporating targeted therapy in the treatment of GE cancers comes with a unique set of challenges. In this review, we outline oncogenic pathways relevant to GE adenocarcinomas, including HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and c-Met, and discuss recent trials with agents targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kothari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Khaldoun Almhanna
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Immunohistochemical assessment of PTEN in vulvar cancer: best practices for tissue staining, evaluation, and clinical association. Methods 2015; 77-78:20-4. [PMID: 25562748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pten encodes a well-characterized protein that is important in several cancers due to its tumor suppressor function. Yet, the detection and evaluation of PTEN by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for clinical practice have not been standardized. Thus, in this study, we performed a literature review of protocols for PTEN assessment by IHC and the possible differences in evaluation, based on our experience with vulvar carcinomas. Also, we report some of our most recent findings regarding the clinical impact of PTEN in this type of tumor. METHODS In total, 150 FFPE vulvar carcinoma samples in a tissue microarray were examined by IHC with regard to PTEN, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. All evaluations were performed by slide digitalization and quantification using APERIO ImageScope software. All measurements were converted into HScore values for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Sharp and specific PTEN expression was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasmic compartments. Its HScore values ranged from 3.5 to 226, with a median of 92.5. mTOR expression was robust in all cases (mean HScore=248.1). AKT and PI3K had median HScore values of 200.5 and 156.5, respectively. In addition, PTEN expression was associated with higher rates of patient survival. CONCLUSION The preanalytical step is the first issue in the immunohistochemical evaluation of PTEN. With regard to the analytical procedure, the antigen retrieval step yielded better stains for protocols with high-pH buffers, and antibody clone 6H2.1 effected the most reliable results. PTEN is a good prognostic marker for vulvar cancer, correlating with higher rates of patient survival. Our data underscore the importance of technical standardization to ensure more reliable and reproducible evaluation of PTEN in clinical practice.
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PTEN loss is associated with upgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:128-137. [PMID: 24993522 PMCID: PMC4282985 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When distinguishing between indolent and potentially harmful prostate cancers, the Gleason score is the most important variable, but may be inaccurate in biopsies due to tumor under-sampling. This study investigated whether a molecular feature, PTEN protein loss, could help identify which Gleason score 6 tumors on biopsy are likely to be upgraded at radical prostatectomy. Seventy one patients with Gleason score 6 tumors on biopsy upgraded to Gleason score 7 or higher at prostatectomy (cases) were compared with 103 patients with Gleason score 6 on both biopsy and prostatectomy (controls). A validated immunohistochemical assay for PTEN was performed, followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect PTEN gene deletion in a subset. PTEN protein loss and clinical-pathologic variables were assessed by logistic regression. Upgraded patients were older than controls (61.8 vs 59.3 years), had higher pre-operative PSA levels (6.5 vs 5.3 ng/ml) and a higher fraction of involved cores (0.42 vs 0.36). PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry was found in 18% (13/71) of upgraded cases compared with 7% (7/103) of controls (P=0.02). Comparison between PTEN immunohistochemistry and PTEN FISH showed the assays were highly concordant, with 97% (65/67) of evaluated biopsies with intact PTEN protein lacking PTEN gene deletion, and 81% (13/16) of the biopsies with PTEN protein loss showing homozygous PTEN gene deletion. Tumors with PTEN protein loss were more likely to be upgraded at radical prostatectomy than those without loss, even after adjusting for age, preoperative PSA, clinical stage and race (odds ratio=3.04 (1.08-8.55; P=0.035)). PTEN loss in Gleason score 6 biopsies identifies a subset of prostate tumors at increased risk of upgrading at radical prostatectomy. These data provide evidence that a genetic event can improve Gleason score accuracy and highlight a path toward the clinical use of molecular markers to augment pathologic grading.
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Edlind MP, Hsieh AC. PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer progression and androgen deprivation therapy resistance. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:378-86. [PMID: 24759575 PMCID: PMC4023363 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy among men in the world. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of the disease, which develops upon resistance to first line androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Emerging evidence demonstrates a key role for the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis in the development and maintenance of CRPC. This pathway, which is deregulated in the majority of advanced PCas, serves as a critical nexus for the integration of growth signals with downstream cellular processes such as protein synthesis, proliferation, survival, metabolism and differentiation, thus providing mechanisms for cancer cells to overcome the stress associated with androgen deprivation. Furthermore, preclinical studies have elucidated a direct connection between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and androgen receptor (AR) signaling axes, revealing a dynamic interplay between these pathways during the development of ADT resistance. Thus, there is a clear rationale for the continued clinical development of a number of novel inhibitors of the PI3K pathway, which offer the potential of blocking CRPC growth and survival. In this review, we will explore the relevance of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in PCa progression and castration resistance in order to inform the clinical development of specific pathway inhibitors in advanced PCa. In addition, we will highlight current deficiencies in our clinical knowledge, most notably the need for biomarkers that can accurately predict for response to PI3K pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Krohn A, Freudenthaler F, Harasimowicz S, Kluth M, Fuchs S, Burkhardt L, Stahl P, C Tsourlakis M, Bauer M, Tennstedt P, Graefen M, Steurer S, Sirma H, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Simon R, Minner S. Heterogeneity and chronology of PTEN deletion and ERG fusion in prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1612-20. [PMID: 24762546 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2:ERG fusions, in combination with deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor, have been suggested to cooperatively drive tumor progression in prostate cancer. We utilized a novel heterogeneity tissue microarray containing samples from 10 different tumor blocks of 189 prostatectomy specimens to study heterogeneity of genomic PTEN alterations in individual foci. PTEN alterations were found in 48/123 (39%) analyzable individual tumor foci, including 40 foci with deletions, 7 with deletion and rearrangement, and 1 focus with rearrangement only. PTEN was homogeneously aberrant in only 4 (8%) and heterogeneously in 44 (92%) of the foci. We found a specific sequence of molecular events from PTEN breakage followed by deletion of DNA sequences flanking the breakpoint, resulting in homozygous deletion. The observation that 16 of 19 foci with homogeneous ERG positivity had focal PTEN alterations but none of 10 foci with PTEN alterations had focal ERG positivity (P<0.0001) suggests that PTEN alterations typically develop subsequent to ERG fusions. We demonstrate a high level of intratumoral heterogeneity of PTEN alterations with deletions and rearrangements that challenges potential PTEN routine diagnosis testing in biopsies. The observation that PTEN alterations develop subsequent to ERG fusion strongly suggests that ERG expression may directly drive development of PTEN aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Krohn
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Freudenthaler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Harasimowicz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Fuchs
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lia Burkhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Stahl
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria C Tsourlakis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Tennstedt
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hueseyin Sirma
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- 1] Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Williams JL, Greer PA, Squire JA. Recurrent copy number alterations in prostate cancer: an in silico meta-analysis of publicly available genomic data. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:474-88. [PMID: 25434580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a meta-analysis of somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) from 11 publications that examined 662 prostate cancer patient samples, which were derived from 546 primary and 116 advanced tumors. Normalization, segmentation, and identification of corresponding CNAs for meta-analysis was achieved using established commercial software. Unsupervised analysis identified five genomic subgroups in which approximately 90% of the samples were characterized by abnormal profiles with gains of 8q. The most common loss was 8p (NKX3.1). The CNA distribution in other genomic subgroups was characterized by losses at 2q, 3p, 5q, 6q, 13q, 16q, 17p, 18q, and PTEN (10q), and acquisition of 21q deletions associated with the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion rearrangement. Parallel analysis of advanced and primary tumors in the cohort indicated that genomic deletions of PTEN and the gene fusion were enriched in advanced disease. A supervised analysis of the PTEN deletion and the fusion gene showed that PTEN deletion was sufficient to impose higher levels of CNA. Moreover, the overall percentage of the genome altered was significantly higher when PTEN was deleted, suggesting that this important genomic subgroup was likely characterized by intrinsic chromosomal instability. Predicted alterations in expression levels of candidate genes in each of the recurrent CNA regions characteristic of each subgroup showed that signaling networks associated with cancer progression and genome stability were likely to be perturbed at the highest level in the PTEN deleted genomic subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Williams
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Genetics and Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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PI3K/mTOR signaling in mesothelioma patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:239-47. [PMID: 24419422 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognostic significance of activity biomarkers within the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was assessed in two independent cohorts of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients uniformly treated with a multimodal approach. We specifically assessed expression signatures in a unique set of pre- and postchemotherapy tumor samples. METHODS Biomarker expression was assessed in samples of two independent cohorts of 107 (cohort 1) and 46 (cohort 2) MPM cases uniformly treated with platinum-based induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy from two different institutions, assembled on tissue microarrays. Expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), phospho-mTOR, and p-S6 in addition to marker of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and correlated with overall survival (OAS) and progression-free survival (PFS). To assess PTEN genomic status, fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed. RESULTS Survival analysis showed that high p-S6 and Ki-67 expression in samples of treatment naïve patients of cohort 1 was associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). High Ki-67 expression after chemotherapy remained associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.03) and OAS (p = 0.02). Paired comparison of marker expression in samples before and after induction chemotherapy of cohort 1 revealed that decreased cytoplasmic PTEN and increased phospho-mTOR expression was associated with a worse OAS (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These novel data reveal a prognostic significance of expression changes of PI3K/mTOR pathway components during induction chemotherapy if confirmed in other patient cohorts and support the growing evidence to target the PI3K/mTOR pathway in the treatment of MPM.
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Mithal P, Allott E, Gerber L, Reid J, Welbourn W, Tikishvili E, Park J, Younus A, Sangale Z, Lanchbury JS, Stone S, Freedland SJ. PTEN loss in biopsy tissue predicts poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2014; 21:1209-14. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Mithal
- University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts USA
- Surgery Department; Durham VA Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Emma Allott
- Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Surgery Department; Durham VA Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
| | | | - Julia Reid
- Myriad Genetics; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | | | | | - Jimmy Park
- Myriad Genetics; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J Freedland
- Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Surgery Department; Durham VA Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
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Monsalves E, Juraschka K, Tateno T, Agnihotri S, Asa SL, Ezzat S, Zadeh G. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the pathophysiology and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R331-44. [PMID: 25052915 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial neoplasms. Patients with these tumors exhibit a wide range of clinically challenging problems, stemming either from results of sellar mass effect in pituitary macroadenoma or the diverse effects of aberrant hormone production by adenoma cells. While some patients are cured/controlled by surgical resection and/or medical therapy, a proportion of patients exhibit tumors that are refractory to current modalities. New therapeutic approaches are needed for these patients. Activation of the AKT/phophotidylinositide-3-kinase pathway, including mTOR activation, is common in human neoplasia, and a number of therapeutic approaches are being employed to neutralize activation of this pathway in human cancer. This review examines the role of this pathway in pituitary tumors with respect to tumor biology and its potential role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Monsalves
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaInstitute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Juraschka
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toru Tateno
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaInstitute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaInstitute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Institute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaInstitute of Medical ScienceDepartment of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of NeurosurgeryToronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 4W-439, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8Ontario Cancer InstitutePrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEndocrine Oncology Site GroupPrincess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shipitsin M, Small C, Giladi E, Siddiqui S, Choudhury S, Hussain S, Huang YE, Chang H, Rimm DL, Berman DM, Nifong TP, Blume-Jensen P. Automated quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence in situ imaging identifies phospho-S6 and phospho-PRAS40 as predictive protein biomarkers for prostate cancer lethality. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:40. [PMID: 25075204 PMCID: PMC4114438 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have witnessed significant progress in gene-based approaches to cancer prognostication, promising early intervention for high-risk patients and avoidance of overtreatment for low-risk patients. However, there has been less advancement in protein-based approaches, even though perturbed protein levels and post-translational modifications are more directly linked with phenotype. Most current, gene expression-based platforms require tissue lysis resulting in loss of structural and molecular information, and hence are blind to tumor heterogeneity and morphological features. Results Here we report an automated, integrated multiplex immunofluorescence in situ imaging approach that quantitatively measures protein biomarker levels and activity states in defined intact tissue regions where the biomarkers of interest exert their phenotype. Using this approach, we confirm that four previously reported prognostic markers, PTEN, SMAD4, CCND1 and SPP1, can predict lethal outcome of human prostate cancer. Furthermore, we show that two PI3K pathway-regulated protein activities, pS6 (RPS6-phosphoserines 235/236) and pPRAS40 (AKT1S1-phosphothreonine 246), correlate with prostate cancer lethal outcome as well (individual marker hazard ratios of 2.04 and 2.03, respectively). Finally, we incorporate these 2 markers into a novel 5-marker protein signature, SMAD4, CCND1, SPP1, pS6, and pPRAS40, which is highly predictive for prostate cancer-specific death. The ability to substitute PTEN with phospho-markers demonstrates the potential of quantitative protein activity state measurements on intact tissue. Conclusions In summary, our approach can reproducibly and simultaneously quantify and assess multiple protein levels and functional activities on intact tissue specimens. We believe it is broadly applicable to not only cancer but other diseases, and propose that it should be well suited for prognostication at early stages of pathogenesis where key signaling protein levels and activities are perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eldar Giladi
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Current address: Atreca, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Summar Siddiqui
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Current address: Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Yi E Huang
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hua Chang
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David M Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Peter Blume-Jensen
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Current address: XTuit Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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124
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Eguchi FC, Faria EF, Scapulatempo Neto C, Longatto-Filho A, Zanardo-Oliveira C, Taboga SR, Campos SGP. The role of TMPRSS2:ERG in molecular stratification of PCa and its association with tumor aggressiveness: a study in Brazilian patients. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5640. [PMID: 25007891 PMCID: PMC4090618 DOI: 10.1038/srep05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent gene fusions between the genes TMPRSS2 and ERG have been described in prostate cancer (PCa) and are found in 27% to 79% of radical prostatectomy. This fusion transcription results in ERG overexpression, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and provide a potential diagnostic marker for PCa. Three tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing samples from 98 patients with PCa and one TMA of 27 samples from individuals without PCa were tested for ERG immunostaining, and the presence of TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts was confirmed by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that 46.9% of tumors tested positive for ERG immunostaining, and this finding was consistent with the results of qRT-PCR testing (k = 0.694, p < 0.001). IHC had a specificity of 83.3% and a sensitivity of 81% in detecting TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Patients with PSA < 4.0 ng/mL showed positive immunoreactivity for ERG (p = 0.031). Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that ERG expression did not influence the time of biochemical recurrence. This study demonstrates that both IHC and qRT-PCR are useful tools in detecting TMPRSS2:ERG fusions. A correlation between ERG expression and clinical and pathological parameters was not found, but the frequency, specificity and recurrence of ERG in PCa suggests that it may be a potential adjunct diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia C Eguchi
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Cleyton Zanardo-Oliveira
- Group of Epidemiology and Statistics, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Vilella Street, 1331, zip code 14784-400, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Center, São Paulo State University, IBILCE/UNESP, Cristovão Colombo street, 2265, zip code 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana G P Campos
- 1] Department of Teaching and Research, Barretos Cancer Hospital [2] Microscopy and Microanalysis Center, São Paulo State University, IBILCE/UNESP, Cristovão Colombo street, 2265, zip code 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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125
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Gnanapragasam VJ. Molecular markers to guide primary radical treatment selection in localized prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:871-81. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.936851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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126
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De Velasco MA, Tanaka M, Yamamoto Y, Hatanaka Y, Koike H, Nishio K, Yoshikawa K, Uemura H. Androgen deprivation induces phenotypic plasticity and promotes resistance to molecular targeted therapy in a PTEN-deficient mouse model of prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2142-53. [PMID: 24986896 PMCID: PMC4146423 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation to castration-resistant prostate cancer drives cell plasticity that promotes intra-tumor heterogeneity and contributes to therapeutic resistance. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is an incurable heterogeneous disease that is characterized by a complex multistep process involving different cellular and biochemical changes brought on by genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes lead to the activation or overexpression of key survival pathways that also serve as potential therapeutic targets. Despite promising preclinical results, molecular targeted therapies aimed at such signaling pathways have so far been dismal. In the present study, we used a PTEN-deficient mouse model of prostate cancer to show that plasticity in castration-resistant tumors promotes therapeutic escape. Unlike castration-naïve tumors which depend on androgen receptor and PI3K/AKT signal activation for growth and survival, castration-resistant tumors undergo phenotypic plasticity leading to increased intratumoral heterogeneity. These tumors attain highly heterogeneous phenotypes that are characterized by cancer cells relying on alternate signal transduction pathways for growth and survival, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and losing their dependence on PI3K signaling. These features thus enabled castration-resistant tumors to become insensitive to the therapeutic effects of PI3K/AKT targeted therapy. Overall, our findings provide evidence that androgen deprivation drives phenotypic plasticity in prostate cancer cells and implicate it as a crucial contributor to therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, incorporating intratumoral heterogeneity in a dynamic tumor model as a part of preclinical efficacy determination could improve prediction for response and provide better rationale for the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A De Velasco
- Department of Urology and Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan,
| | - Motoyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Iga City General Hospital, Iga, Mie 518-0823, Japan and
| | | | | | | | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Promoting Center for Clinical Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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127
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Falzarano SM, Magi-Galluzzi C. ERG protein expression as a biomarker of prostate cancer. Biomark Med 2014; 7:851-65. [PMID: 24266818 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS2-ERG is a recurrent rearrangement specific for prostate cancer, leading to the overexpression of a truncated ERG protein product that is amenable to immunohistochemical detection. Two monoclonal anti-ERG antibodies have currently been validated, with comparable sensitivity and specificity for detecting ERG rearrangement. ERG immunostaining has been applied in different settings to elucidate the role of ERG rearrangement and overexpression in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and progression, as well as to investigate potential diagnostic and prognostic applications. In this article we review the literature on the topic and suggest potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moscovita Falzarano
- R.T. Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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128
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Dietrich D, Meller S, Uhl B, Ralla B, Stephan C, Jung K, Ellinger J, Kristiansen G. Nucleic acid-based tissue biomarkers of urologic malignancies. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:173-99. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.906130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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129
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Chin YR, Yuan X, Balk SP, Toker A. PTEN-deficient tumors depend on AKT2 for maintenance and survival. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:942-55. [PMID: 24838891 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Loss of PTEN is a common event in many cancers and leads to hyperactivation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The mechanisms by which AKT isoforms mediate signaling to phenotypes associated with PTEN inactivation in cancer have not been defined. Here, we show that AKT2 is exclusively required for PTEN-deficient prostate tumor spheroid maintenance, whereas AKT1 is dispensable. shRNA silencing of AKT2 but not AKT1 promotes regression of prostate cancer xenografts. Mechanistically, we show that AKT2 silencing upregulates p21 and the proapoptotic protein BAX and downregulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor-1. We also show that p21 is an effector of AKT2 in mediating prostate tumor maintenance. Moreover, AKT2 is also exclusively required for the maintenance and survival of other PTEN-deficient solid tumors, including breast cancer and glioblastoma. These findings identify a specific function for AKT2 in mediating survival of PTEN-deficient tumors and provide a rationale for developing therapeutics targeting AKT2. SIGNIFICANCE Depletion of AKT2, but not AKT1, induces potent tumor regression in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer xenografts, concomitant with upregulation of p21, which may serve as a potential biomarker for screening AKT2 activity in clinical samples. The specific role of AKT2 in tumor maintenance provides a rationale for the development of isoform-specific inhibitors for patients with PTEN-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Yuan
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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130
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Burdelski C, Matuszewska A, Kluth M, Koop C, Grupp K, Steurer S, Wittmer C, Minner S, Tsourlakis MC, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Simon R. Qualitative and Quantitative Requirements for Assessing Prognostic Markers in Prostate Cancer. MICROARRAYS 2014; 3:137-58. [PMID: 27600340 PMCID: PMC5003445 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays3020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular prognostic markers are urgently needed in order to improve therapy decisions in prostate cancer. To better understand the requirements for biomarker studies, we re-analyzed prostate cancer tissue microarray immunohistochemistry (IHC) data from 39 prognosis markers in subsets of 50 - >10,000 tumors. We found a strong association between the "prognostic power" of individual markers and the number of tissues that should be minimally included in such studies. The prognostic relevance of more than 90% of the 39 IHC markers could be detected if ≥6400 tissue samples were analyzed. Studying markers of tissue quality, including immunohistochemistry of ets-related gene (ERG) and vimentin, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), we found that 18% of tissues in our tissue microarray (TMA) showed signs of reduced tissue preservation and limited immunoreactivity. Comparing the results of Kaplan-Meier survival analyses or associations to ERG immunohistochemistry in subsets of tumors with and without exclusion of these defective tissues did not reveal statistically relevant differences. In summary, our study demonstrates that TMA-based marker validation studies using biochemical recurrence as an endpoint require at least 6400 individual tissue samples for establishing statistically relevant associations between the expression of molecular markers and patient outcome if weak to moderate prognosticators should also be reliably identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burdelski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aleksandra Matuszewska
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Grupp
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Christina Tsourlakis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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131
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Lowes LE, Allan AL. Recent advances in the molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:595-624. [PMID: 24633084 PMCID: PMC3980613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were first observed over a century ago, lack of sensitive methodology precluded detailed study of these cells until recently. However, technological advances have now facilitated the identification, enumeration, and characterization of CTCs using a variety of methods. The majority of evidence supporting the use of CTCs in clinical decision-making has been related to enumeration using the CellSearch® system and correlation with prognosis. Growing evidence also suggests that CTC monitoring can provide an early indication of patient treatment response based on comparison of CTC levels before and after therapy. However, perhaps the greatest potential that CTCs hold for oncology lies at the level of molecular characterization. Clinical treatment decisions may be more effective if they are based on molecular characteristics of metastatic cells rather than on those of the primary tumor alone. Molecular characterization of CTCs (which can be repeatedly isolated in a minimally invasive fashion) provides the opportunity for a "real-time liquid biopsy" that allows assessment of genetic drift, investigation of molecular disease evolution, and identification of actionable genomic characteristics. This review focuses on recent advances in this area, including approaches involving immunophenotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex RT-PCR, microarray, and genomic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Lowes
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
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132
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Cysteine- rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3), ERG and PTEN define a molecular subtype of prostate cancer with implication to patients' prognosis. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:21. [PMID: 24606912 PMCID: PMC3975646 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine- rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3) prognostic significance in prostate cancer (PCA) has generated mixed result. Herein, we investigated and independently validated CRISP3 expression in relation to ERG and PTEN genomic aberrations and clinical outcome. CRISP3 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry using a cohort of patients with localized PCA (n = 215) and castration resistant PCA (CRPC) (n = 46). The Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSKCC) and Swedish cohorts were used for prognostic validation. Results showed, CRISP3 protein intensity to be significantly associated with neoplastic epithelium, being highest in CRPC vs. benign prostate tissue (p < 0.0001), but was not related to Gleason score (GS). CRISP3 mRNA was significantly associated with higher GS (p = 0.022 in MSKCC, p = 1.1e-4 in Swedish). Significant association between CRISP3 expression and clinical outcome was documented at the mRNA but not the protein expression levels. CRISP3 mRNA expression was related to biochemical recurrence in the MSKCC (p = 0.038) and lethal disease in the Swedish cohort (p = 0.0086) and retained its prognostic value in the subgroup of patients with GS 6 & 7. Furthermore, CRISP3 protein and mRNA expression was significantly associated with positive ERG status and with PTEN deletions. Functional biology analysis documented phenylalanine metabolism as the most significant pathway governing high CRISP3 and ERG expression in this subtype of PCA. In conclusion, the combined status of CRISP3, ERG and PTEN define a molecular subtype of PCA with poorest and lethal outcome. Assessing their combined value may be of added value in stratifying patients into different prognostic groups and identify those with poorest clinical outcome.
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133
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Zhang Y, Perez T, Blondin B, Du J, Liu P, Escarzaga D, Coon JS, Morrison LE, Pestova K. Identification of FISH biomarkers to detect chromosome abnormalities associated with prostate adenocarcinoma in tumour and field effect environment. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:129. [PMID: 24568597 PMCID: PMC4016502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To reduce sampling error associated with cancer detection in prostate needle biopsies, we explored the possibility of using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the histologically benign prostate tissue from patients with adenocarcinoma of prostate. Methods Tumour specimens from 33 radical prostatectomy (RP) cases, histologically benign tissue from 17 of the 33 RP cases, and 26 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) control cases were evaluated with Locus Specific Identifier (LSI) probes MYC (8q24), LPL (8p21.22), and PTEN (10q23), as well as with centromere enumerator probes CEP8, CEP10, and CEP7. A distribution of FISH signals in the tumour and histologically benign adjacent tissue was compared to that in BPH specimens using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results The combination of MYC gain, CEP8 Abnormal, PTEN loss or chromosome 7 aneusomy was positive in the tumour area of all of the 33 specimens from patients with adenocarcinomas, and in 88% of adjacent histologically benign regions (15 out of 17) but in only 15% (4 out of 26) of the benign prostatic hyperplasia control specimens. Conclusions A panel of FISH markers may allow detection of genomic abnormalities that associate with adenocarcinoma in the field adjacent to and surrounding the tumour, and thus could potentially indicate the presence of cancer in the specimen even if the cancer focus itself was missed by biopsy and histology review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katerina Pestova
- Abbott Molecular, Inc, 1300 East Touhy Avenue, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA.
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134
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Van der Kwast TH. Prognostic prostate tissue biomarkers of potential clinical use. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:293-300. [PMID: 24487790 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In prostate biopsies and in prostatectomy specimens, the Gleason score remains the strongest prognosticator of prostate cancer progression, in addition to serum PSA level and DRE findings, in spite of numerous potential biomarkers discovered during the last few decades. Inter- and intratumoural heterogeneity may have limited the employment of tissue biomarkers on prostate biopsies. Nevertheless, the monoclonality of morphologically heterogeneous (Gleason score 7) tumour foci would suggest that genetic biomarkers, arising early in prostate carcinogenesis, may overcome issues related to intratumoural heterogeneity. In spite of the above limitations, a few biomarkers including the proliferation marker Ki-67 and genetic markers such as c-MYC and PTEN have consistently shown their independent prognostic impact both for biochemical recurrence and for clinical outcome parameters such as metastatic disease or prostate-specific mortality. The routine application of biomarkers requiring immunostaining (e.g. Ki-67) has particularly been hindered by the lack of standardized protocols for processing and scoring, while the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology is considered more labour intensive but better standardized. Future steps to enhance the uptake of prostate tissue biomarkers should be focused on prospective studies, particularly on prostate biopsy specimens, using protocols that are highly standardized for the processing and scoring of the biomarkers. A few recently developed RNA-based test signatures may provide an alternative to FISH or immunohistochemistry-based tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorus H Van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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135
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Lewinshtein DJ, Porter CR, Nelson PS. Genomic predictors of prostate cancer therapy outcomes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:619-36. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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136
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Mateo J, Smith A, Ong M, de Bono JS. Novel drugs targeting the androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:567-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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137
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Carvalho KC, Maia BM, Omae SV, Rocha AA, Covizzi LP, Vassallo J, Rocha RM, Soares FA. Best practice for PTEN gene and protein assessment in anatomic pathology. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:25-31. [PMID: 23746542 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of standardization of a best practice protocol for Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) assessment by immunohistochemistry in anatomic pathology routine practice. We performed immunohistochemistry for 19 antibodies against PTEN, eleven of which were excluded during the standardization step. Immunohistochemistry of the remaining eight antibodies was performed on a Tissue Microarray containing 55 prostate and 40 renal carcinoma samples. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used as reference standard for immunohistochemistry specificity evaluation. Concerning nuclear staining, polyclonal (Cat#22034-1-AP); 6H2.1 mMAb (Cat#ABM-2052), Y184 RabMAb (Cat#NB110-57441) and 217702 mMAb antibodies presented the highest agreement with fluorescent in situ hybridization (p<0.001 for all) and with regard to cytoplasmic staining, Y184 RabMAb (Cat#NB110-57441); polyclonal (Cat#22034-1-AP) and 217702 mMAb presented the highest agreement (p<0.001 for all). Our results indicate that several commercially available antibodies do not show reliability of sensitivity and specificity for PTEN evaluation and we propose 6H2.1 mMAb (Cat#ABM-2052) as the antibody of choice for laboratory standardization and best practice in clinical routine, which demonstrated excellent sensitivity for both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, specificity for PTEN by Western blot and good correlation with PTEN status by FISH with regard to nuclear staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia C Carvalho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine of Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Maia
- Research Center, Antonio Prudente Foundation, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samantha V Omae
- Research Center, Antonio Prudente Foundation, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio A Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Covizzi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rocha
- Research Center, Antonio Prudente Foundation, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando A Soares
- Research Center, Antonio Prudente Foundation, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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138
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Zhang W, Hubbard A, Brunhoeber P, Wang Y, Tang L. Automated Multiplexing Quantum Dots in Situ Hybridization Assay for Simultaneous Detection of ERG and PTEN Gene Status in Prostate Cancer. J Mol Diagn 2013; 15:754-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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139
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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140
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Leinonen KA, Saramäki OR, Furusato B, Kimura T, Takahashi H, Egawa S, Suzuki H, Keiger K, Ho Hahm S, Isaacs WB, Tolonen TT, Stenman UH, Tammela TLJ, Nykter M, Bova GS, Visakorpi T. Loss of PTEN is associated with aggressive behavior in ERG-positive prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2333-44. [PMID: 24083995 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0333-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations of ERG overexpression with clinical behavior and molecular pathways of prostate cancer are incompletely known. We assessed the association of ERG expression with AR, PTEN, SPINK1, Ki-67, and EZH2 expression levels, deletion, and mutations of chromosomal region 3p14 and TP53, and clinicopathologic variables. METHODS The material consisted of 326 prostatectomies, 166 needle biopsies from men treated primarily with endocrine therapy, 177 transurethral resections of castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), and 114 CRPC metastases obtained from 32 men. Immunohistochemistry, FISH, and sequencing was used for the measurements. RESULTS ERG expression was found in about 45% of all patient cohorts. In a multivariate analysis, ERG expression showed independent value of favorable prognosis (P = 0.019). ERG positivity was significantly associated with loss of PTEN expression in prostatectomy (P = 0.0348), and locally recurrent CRPCs (P = 0.0042). Loss of PTEN expression was associated (P = 0.0085) with shorter progression-free survival in ERG-positive, but not in negative cases. When metastases in each subject were compared, consistent ERG, PTEN, and AR expression as well as TP53 mutations were found in a majority of subjects. CONCLUSIONS A similar frequency of ERG positivity from early to late stage of the disease suggests lack of selection of ERG expression during disease progression. The prognostic significance of PTEN loss solely in ERG-positive cases indicates interaction of these pathways. The finding of consistent genetic alterations in different metastases suggests that the major genetic alterations take place in the primary tumor. IMPACT Interaction of PTEN and ERG pathways warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri A Leinonen
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Biomedical Technology and Institute of Signal Processing, Prostate Cancer Research Center, BioMediTech, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Departments of Pathology and Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo; Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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141
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Qu X, Randhawa G, Friedman C, Kurland BF, Glaskova L, Coleman I, Mostaghel E, Higano CS, Porter C, Vessella R, Nelson PS, Fang M. A three-marker FISH panel detects more genetic aberrations of AR, PTEN and TMPRSS2/ERG in castration-resistant or metastatic prostate cancers than in primary prostate tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74671. [PMID: 24098661 PMCID: PMC3787014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS2/ERG rearrangement, PTEN gene deletion, and androgen receptor (AR) gene amplification have been observed in various stages of human prostate cancer. We hypothesized that using these markers as a combined panel would allow better differentiation between low-risk and high-risk prostate cancer. We analyzed 110 primary prostate cancer samples, 70 metastatic tumor samples from 11 patients, and 27 xenograft tissues derived from 22 advanced prostate cancer patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with probes targeting the TMPRSS2/ERG, PTEN, and AR gene loci. Heterogeneity of the aberrations detected was evaluated. Genetic patterns were also correlated with transcript levels. Among samples with complete data available, the three-marker FISH panel detected chromosomal abnormalities in 53% of primary prostate cancers and 87% of metastatic (Met) or castration-resistant (CRPC) tumors. The number of markers with abnormal FISH result had a different distribution between the two groups (P<0.001). At the patient level, Met/CRPC tumors are 4.5 times more likely to show abnormalities than primary cancer patients (P<0.05). Heterogeneity among Met/CRPC tumors is mostly inter-patient. Intra-patient heterogeneity is primarily due to differences between the primary prostate tumor and the metastases while multiple metastatic sites show consistent abnormalities. Intra-tumor variability is most prominent with the AR copy number in primary tumors. AR copy number correlated well with the AR mRNA expression (rho = 0.52, P<0.001). Especially among TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-positive CRPC tumors, AR mRNA and ERG mRNA levels are strongly correlated (rho = 0.64, P<0.001). Overall, the three-marker FISH panel may represent a useful tool for risk stratification of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grace Randhawa
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Friedman
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brenda F. Kurland
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lena Glaskova
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Celestia S. Higano
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher Porter
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Vessella
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Puget Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Min Fang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phin S, Moore MW, Cotter PD. Genomic Rearrangements of PTEN in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:240. [PMID: 24062990 PMCID: PMC3775430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) on chromosome 10q23.3 is a negative regulator of the PIK3/Akt survival pathway and is the most frequently deleted tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer. Monoallelic loss of PTEN is present in up to 60% of localized prostate cancers and complete loss of PTEN in prostate cancer is linked to metastasis and androgen-independent progression. Studies on the genomic status of PTEN in prostate cancer initially used a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for PTEN copy number detection in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue preparations. More recently, a four-color FISH assay containing two additional control probes flanking the PTEN locus with a lower false-positive rate was reported. Combined with the detection of other critical genomic biomarkers for prostate cancer such as ERG, androgen receptor, and MYC, the evaluation of PTEN genomic status has proven to be invaluable for patient stratification and management. Although less frequent than allelic deletions, point mutations in the gene and epigenetic silencing are also known to contribute to loss of PTEN function, and ultimately to prostate cancer initiation. Overall, it is clear that PTEN is a powerful biomarker for prostate cancer. Used as a companion diagnostic for emerging therapeutic drugs, FISH analysis of PTEN is promisingly moving human prostate cancer closer to more effective cancer management and therapies.
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143
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Faraj SF, Albadine R, Chaux A, Gonzalez-Roibon N, Hicks J, Humphreys E, Partin A, Netto GJ. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway markers in minute adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urology 2013; 82:1083-9. [PMID: 24035134 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To asses the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in minute prostatic adenocarcinoma on the basis of the previously reported role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inactivation and mTOR pathway activation as a negative prognosticator in prostatic cancer. METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed from 42 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens with minute prostatic adenocarcinoma. Standard immunohistochemistry analysis for mTOR pathway members PTEN, phos-S6, phos-4E-BP1, phos-mTOR, phos-AKT, p27, and ERG was performed. For all markers, histologic expression score was calculated as the sum of intensity × extent of expression. In addition, for PTEN, presence of "markedly decreased" expression (any focal absence of expression) was also assessed. Expression status of all biomarkers was compared between tumor and paired benign tissue. Intercorrelation among markers was also performed. RESULTS PTEN expression was seen in all 36 evaluable minute prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cytoplasmic phos-S6 was present in 32 of 36 tumors (89%). phos-S6 expression levels were higher in tumors compared with paired benign tissue (P = .007). Cytoplasmic and nuclear phos-4E-BP1 was present in all 34 evaluable tumors. phos-4E-BP1 was significantly higher in cancer compared with normal tissue (P <.0001). Only a minority of tumors demonstrating higher phos-S6 expression and phos-4E-BP1 (2 of 32 and 2 of 34, respectively) had associated "markedly decreased" PTEN expression. CONCLUSION We found evidence of activation of mTOR pathway in minute prostatic adenocarcinoma that appears to be unrelated to "markedly decreased" PTEN expression. The latter finding suggests an alternative signaling mechanism controlling mTOR activation in minute prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila F Faraj
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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144
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Yancey D, Nelson KC, Baiz D, Hassan S, Flores A, Pullikuth A, Karpova Y, Axanova L, Moore V, Sui G, Kulik G. BAD dephosphorylation and decreased expression of MCL-1 induce rapid apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74561. [PMID: 24040284 PMCID: PMC3764099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN loss and constitutive activation of the PI3K signaling pathway have been associated with advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer. PTEN-deficient prostate cancer C42Luc cells survive in serum-free media and show relative resistance to apoptosis even in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. Yet, when ZSTK474 is combined with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide, C42Luc cells undergo apoptosis within 6 hours. We identified dephosphorylation of BAD (Bcl2-associated death promoter) as a main apoptosis-regulatory molecule downstream from PI3K, and loss of MCL-1 (Myeloid cell leukemia -1) as a major target of cycloheximide. The combination of MCL-1 knockdown and expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutant BAD2SA is sufficient to trigger rapid apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. These results establish the mechanism for the synergistic induction of apoptosis by the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and of a protein synthesis inhibitor in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Yancey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kyle C. Nelson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniele Baiz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sazzad Hassan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anabel Flores
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashok Pullikuth
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yelena Karpova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linara Axanova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victoria Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guangchao Sui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George Kulik
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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145
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Liu W, Wang L, Xu J. Somatic DNA copy number alterations and their potential clinical utility for predicting lethal prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:586-7. [PMID: 23817503 PMCID: PMC3881646 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wennuan Liu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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146
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Zu K, Martin NE, Fiorentino M, Flavin R, Lis RT, Sinnott JA, Finn S, Penney KL, Ma J, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Bismar TA, Stampfer MJ, Pollak MN, Loda M, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E. Protein expression of PTEN, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), and lethal prostate cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1984-93. [PMID: 23983239 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of PTEN has been shown to be associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancer. It is less clear that loss of PTEN also increases the risk of cancer mortality. We investigated the association between PTEN expression and prostate cancer mortality and the potential effect modification by IGF-IR, a direct activator of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. METHODS Protein expression in tumor was evaluated using tumor tissues obtained from 805 participants of the Physicians' Health and the Health Professionals Follow-up studies who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent radical prostatectomy. Proportional hazard models were used to assess PTEN expression and its interaction with IGF-IR, in relation to lethal prostate cancer (cancer-specific death or distant metastases). RESULTS Low PTEN expression was associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer [HR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98-3.2; Ptrend = 0.04]. The association was attenuated after adjustment for Gleason grade, tumor stage, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis. A significant negative interaction between PTEN and IGF-IR was found (Pinteraction = 0.03). Either reduction in PTEN or increase in IGF-IR expression was sufficient to worsen prognosis. Models including PTEN and IGF-IR expression offer additional predicting power to prostate cancer survival, compared to those only including demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Low PTEN protein expression significantly increases the risk of lethal prostate cancer, particularly when the IGF-IR expression remains at normal level. IMPACT PTEN and IGF-IR expression in tumor are promising candidates for independent prognostic factors to predict lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital; Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Molecular and Transplantation Pathology Laboratory, F. Addarii Institute of Oncology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nagle RB, Algotar AM, Cortez CC, Smith K, Jones C, Sathyanarayana UG, Yun S, Riley J, Nagy D, Dittamore R, Dalkin B, Brosh L, Pestano G. ERG overexpression and PTEN status predict capsular penetration in prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2013; 73:1233-40. [PMID: 23653096 PMCID: PMC4038303 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the combined effect of two common genetic alterations, ERG and PTEN, in prostate carcinoma progression. METHODS Prostate tissue from 90 patients having unilateral capsular penetrating lesions, and a contra-lateral organ confined second lesion, were examined by immunohistochemistry for the expression of the TMPRSS2:ERG transformation product ERG and the loss of expression of PTEN, a powerful phosphatase inhibiting the PI3 kinase pathway. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to analyze the data. RESULTS After adjusting for Gleason score, the odds of having capsular penetration were 5.19 times higher (P = 0.015) for ERG+/PTEN- group as compared to the wild type (ERG-/PTEN+). CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first evidence that ERG over expression and PTEN deletion is associated with greater risk of capsular penetration. Although further studies are needed, these results have the potential to change clinical assessment for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Ettl T, Gosau M, Brockhoff G, Schwarz-Furlan S, Agaimy A, Reichert TE, Rohrmeier C, Zenk J, Iro H. Predictors of cervical lymph node metastasis in salivary gland cancer. Head Neck 2013; 36:517-23. [PMID: 23780687 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares clinicopathological parameters with novel molecular markers for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in salivary gland cancer. METHODS Three hundred sixteen salivary gland carcinomas were included in this study. Genomic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chi-square tests, multivariate regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistics. RESULTS Nodal staging determines long-term survival. Clinicopathological parameters associated with positive neck nodes are advanced age (p = .006), T3/T4 classification, histological high-grade malignancy, and diagnosis of salivary duct carcinoma (p < .001 each). Neck node metastases also correlate with copy number gain of EGFR (p = .004) and HER2, aberration of MET, and deletion of PTEN (p < .001 each). Multivariate analysis showed SDC (p = .002) to be the strongest predictor of lymph node metastasis, followed by MET aberration (p = .009), T3/T4 classification (p = .017), PTEN deletion (p = .042), and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS; p = .047). CONCLUSION The histological subtype is crucial for decisions regarding neck dissection. New molecular parameters may also indicate elective treatment of the neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ettl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Novel dual-color immunohistochemical methods for detecting ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 status in prostate carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:835-48. [PMID: 23348902 PMCID: PMC3672354 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of new molecular markers has led to the molecular classification of prostate cancer based on driving genetic lesions. The translation of these discoveries for clinical use necessitates the development of simple, reliable and rapid detection systems to screen patients for specific molecular aberrations. We developed two dual-color immunohistochemistry-based assays for the simultaneous assessment of ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 in prostate cancer. A total of 232 cases from 184 localized and 48 metastatic prostate cancers were evaluated for ERG-PTEN and 284 cases from 228 localized and 56 metastatic prostate cancers were evaluated for ERG-SPINK1. Of the 232 cases evaluated for ERG-PTEN, 81 (35%) ERG-positive and 77 (33%) PTEN-deleted cases were identified. Of the 81 ERG-positive cases, PTEN loss was confirmed in 35 (15%) cases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). PTEN status was concordant in 203 cases (sensitivity 90% and specificity 87%; P<0.0001) by both immunohistochemisty and FISH; however, immunohistochemisty could not distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous deletion status of PTEN. Of the 284 cases evaluated for ERG-SPINK1, 111 (39%) cases were positive for ERG. In the remaining 173 ERG-negative cases, SPINK1 was positive in 26 (9%) cases. SPINK1 expression was found to be mutually exclusive with ERG expression; however, we identified two cases, of which one showed concomitant expression of ERG and SPINK1 in the same tumor foci, and in the second case ERG and SPINK1 were seen in two independent foci of the same tumor nodule. Unlike the homogenous ERG staining in cancer tissues, heterogeneous SPINK1 staining was observed in the majority of the cases. Further studies are required to understand the molecular heterogeneity of cases with concomitant ERG-SPINK1 expression. Automated dual ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 immunohistochemisty assays are simple, reliable and portable across study sites for the simultaneous assessment of these proteins in prostate cancer.
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150
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Zhou L, Yang ZX, Song WJ, Li QJ, Yang F, Wang DS, Zhang N, Dou KF. MicroRNA-21 regulates the migration and invasion of a stem-like population in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:661-9. [PMID: 23708209 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to invasion and intrahepatic metastasis, the prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes of HCC remain unclear. Cancer stem cells may be involved in early systemic dissemination and metastasis formation and side population (SP) cells isolated from diverse cancer cells possess stem cell-like properties. However, the mechanisms involved in migration and invasion of cancer stem cells are not well understood. In this study, we identified and isolated populations of SP cells from HCC cell lines using flow cyto-metry. SP cells showed higher levels of migration and invasion capability. Higher expression of miR-21 was observed in SP cells. Silencing of miR-21 led to a reduction in the migration and invasion of these cells and overexpression of miR-21 can increase in cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of miR-21 did not cause degradation of PTEN or RECK or PDCD4 mRNA but drastically inhibited its protein expression. Consistent with these results, silencing miR-21 increased the levels of PTEN, RECK and PDCD4 protein, respectively. The role of silencing miR-21 was partially attenuated by silencing of PTEN or RECK or PDCD4 mRNA. The results of this study revealed the aberrant expression of miR-21 in SP cells and showed that miR-21 regulates the expression of multiple target proteins that are associated with tumor dissemination. MiR-21 is a pro-metastatic miRNA in SP cells and raises the possibility that therapy of HCC may be improved by pharmaceutical strategies directed towards miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The 155 Central Hospital of PLA, Kaifeng, He'nan 471000, PR China
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