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Lou C, Yokoyama S, Saiki I, Hayakawa Y. Selective anticancer activity of hirsutine against HER2‑positive breast cancer cells by inducing DNA damage. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2072-6. [PMID: 25672479 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutine is one of the major alkaloids isolated from plants of the Uncaria genus and is known for its cardioprotective, anti‑hypertensive and anti-arrhythmic activities. We recently reported that hirsutine is an anti-metastatic phytochemical by targeting NF-κB activation in a murine breast cancer model. In the present study, we further examined the clinical utility of hirsutine against human breast cancer. Among six distinct human breast cancer cell lines, hirsutine showed strong cytotoxicity against HER2-positive/p53-mutated MDA-MB‑453 and BT474 cell lines. Conversely, HER2-negative/p53 wild‑type MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cell lines showed resistance against hirsutine-induced cytotoxicity. Hirsutine induced apoptotic cell death in the MDA-MB-453 cells, but not in the MCF-7 cells, through activation of caspases. Furthermore, hirsutine induced the DNA damage response in the MDA-MB-453 cells, but not in the MCF-7 cells, as highlighted by the upregulation of γH2AX expression. Along with the induction of the DNA damage response, the suppression of HER2, NF-κB and Akt pathways and the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in the MDA-MB-453 cells were observed. Considering that there was no difference between MDA-MB-453 and MCF-7 cells in regards to irinotecan‑induced DNA damage response, our present results indicate the selective anticancer activity of hirsutine in HER2-positive breast cancer by inducing a DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Lou
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ikuo Saiki
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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102
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Cullen S, Ponnappan S, Ponnappan U. Redox-regulated pathway of tyrosine phosphorylation underlies NF-κB induction by an atypical pathway independent of the 26S proteasome. Biomolecules 2015; 5:95-112. [PMID: 25671697 PMCID: PMC4384113 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative redox stimuli such as pervanadate or hypoxia/reoxygenation, induce transcription factor NF-κB by phospho-tyrosine-dependent and proteasome-independent mechanisms. While considerable attention has been paid to the absence of proteasomal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylated IκBα, there is a paucity of information regarding proteasomal regulation of signaling events distinct from tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα. To delineate roles for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the phospho-tyrosine dependent mechanism of NF-κB induction, we employed the proteasome inhibitor, Aclacinomycin, and the phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate (PV). Results from these studies demonstrate that phospho-IκBα (Tyr-42) is not subject to proteasomal degradation in a murine stromal epithelial cell line, confirming results previously reported. Correspondingly, proteasome inhibition had no discernable effect on the key signaling intermediaries, Src and ERK1/2, involved in the phospho-tyrosine mechanisms regulating PV-mediated activation of NF-κB. Consistent with previous reports, a significant redox imbalance leading to the activation of tyrosine kinases, as occurs with pervanadate, is required for the induction of NF-κB. Strikingly, our studies demonstrate that proteasome inhibition can potentiate oxidative stress associated with PV-stimulation without impacting kinase activation, however, other cellular implications for this increase in intracellular oxidation remain to be fully delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Subramaniam Ponnappan
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Usha Ponnappan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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103
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MUNTEAN BRIANS, JIN XINGJIAN, WILLIAMS FREDERICKE, NAULI SURYAM. Primary cilium regulates CaV1.2 expression through Wnt signaling. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1926-34. [PMID: 24700505 PMCID: PMC11036877 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that provide a feedback mechanism to restrict Wnt signaling in the absence of endogenous Wnt activators. Abnormal Wnt signaling has been shown to result in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) although the exact mechanism has been debated. Previously, we reported that the calcium channel CaV1.2 functions in primary cilia. In this study, we show that CaV1.2 expression level is regulated by Wnt signaling. This occurs through modulation of mitochondrial mass and activity resulting in increased reactive oxygen species which generate oxidative DNA lesions. We found that the subsequent cellular DNA damage response triggers increased CaV1.2 expression. In the absence of primary cilia where Wnt signaling is upregulated, we found that CaV1.2 is overexpressed as a compensatory mechanism. We show for the first time that CaV1.2 knockdown in zebrafish results in classic primary cilia defects including renal cyst formation, hydrocephalus, and left-right asymmetry defects. Our study shows that suppressed Wnt signaling prevents CaV1.2 expression ultimately resulting in PKD phenotypes. Thus, CaV1.2 expression is tightly regulated through Wnt signaling and plays an essential sensory role in primary cilia necessary for cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRIAN S. MUNTEAN
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - XINGJIAN JIN
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - SURYA M. NAULI
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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104
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Transcriptomic profiling of gametogenesis in triploid Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas: towards an understanding of partial sterility associated with triploidy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112094. [PMID: 25375782 PMCID: PMC4222980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triploidy can occur in many animal species but is often lethal. Among invertebrates, amphibians and fishes, triploids are viable although often sterile or infertile. Most triploids of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas are almost sterile (named "3nβ") yet a low but significant proportion show an advanced gametogenesis (named "3nα"). These oysters thus constitute an interesting model to study the effect of triploidy on germ cell development. We used microarrays to compare the gonad transcriptomes of diploid 2n and the abovementioned triploid 3nβ and 3nα male and female oysters throughout gametogenesis. RESULTS All triploids displayed an upregulation of genes related to DNA repair and apoptosis and a downregulation of genes associated with cell division. The comparison of 3nα and 3nβ transcriptomes with 2n revealed the likely involvement of a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis in the successful but delayed development of gonads in 3nα individuals. In contrast, a disruption of sex differentiation mechanisms may explain the sterility of 3nβ individuals with 3nβ females expressing male-specific genes and 3nβ males expressing female-specific genes. CONCLUSIONS The disruption of sex differentiation and mitosis may be responsible for the impaired gametogenesis of triploid Pacific oysters. The function of the numerous candidate genes identified in our study should now be studied in detail in order to elucidate their role in sex determination, mitosis/meiosis control, pachytene cell cycle checkpoint, and the control of DNA repair/apoptosis.
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105
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Samba-Louaka A, Pereira JM, Nahori MA, Villiers V, Deriano L, Hamon MA, Cossart P. Listeria monocytogenes dampens the DNA damage response. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004470. [PMID: 25340842 PMCID: PMC4207825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an essential signaling pathway that detects DNA lesions, which constantly occur upon either endogenous or exogenous assaults, and maintains genetic integrity. An infection by an invading pathogen is one such assault, but how bacteria impact the cellular DDR is poorly documented. Here, we report that infection with Listeria monocytogenes induces host DNA breaks. Strikingly, the signature response to these breaks is only moderately activated. We uncover the role of the listerial toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) in blocking the signaling response to DNA breaks through degradation of the sensor Mre11. Knocking out or inactivating proteins involved in the DDR promotes bacterial replication showing the importance of this mechanism for the control of infection. Together, our data highlight that bacterial dampening of the DDR is critical for a successful listerial infection. In eukaryotic cells both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV radiation can cause DNA lesions or mutations. The ability of a cell to restore integrity to its genome is vital, and depends on a signaling cascade called the DNA damage response (DDR) that both senses and responds to the assaults. Bacterial infection is one such assault, but its effect on the DDR of the invaded cell remains elusive. Here we used the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to study its effect on host DNA damage and its impact on the DDR. Our results show that although Listeria is able to induce DNA damage, the ensuing response is surprisingly low, demonstrating that this bacterium is able to dampen the DDR. We have also shown that the listerial toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) is responsible for the observed block in the DDR. In fact, we find that LLO induces protein degradation of the main DNA damage sensor, Mre11, thereby blocking downstream signaling. Furthermore, we have studied the impact of mutating the DDR on the infectious process and find that it negatively regulates infection with Listeria. In conclusion, our findings reveal that dampening of the DDR is crucial for a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascel Samba-Louaka
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Jorge M. Pereira
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Nahori
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Veronique Villiers
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Deriano
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire développement Lymphocytaire et Oncogénèse, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Paris, France
| | - Mélanie A. Hamon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MAH); (PC)
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, France
- The French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MAH); (PC)
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106
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Jian C, Dong W, Wang J, Guo K, Ning P, Zhang Y. Retracted article: Using firefly luciferase-based apoptosis detection to determine the participation of rotavirus NSP4-induced NF-κB activation in apoptosis. Jian et al. 2014, Virus Genes. Virus Genes 2014; 50:349. [PMID: 25216914 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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107
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TANG WEIWEI, SU GUANGJIAN, LI JIEYU, LIAO JINRONG, CHEN SHUPING, HUANG CHUANZHONG, LIU FANG, CHEN QIANG, YE YUNBIN. Enhanced anti-colorectal cancer effects of carfilzomib combined with CPT-11 via downregulation of nuclear factor-κB in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:995-1010. [PMID: 24968890 PMCID: PMC4121410 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) accelerates tumor growth, whereas, irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced NF-κB activation reduces chemosensitivity and weakens the anti-colorectal cancer function itself, while proteasome inhibitors can inhibit NF-κB and improve the effect of chemotherapy. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a novel proteasome inhibitor that has been recently approved by the FDA and is in clinical use for the treatment of multiple myeloma, but little is known about its activity against CRC. The aim of the present study was to explore whether CFZ alone or in combination with CPT-11 is effective in CRC treatment. We evaluated the novel therapeutic ability and mechanism of action of CFZ in CRC in vitro and in vivo. SW620 cells were incubated with CFZ alone or in combination with CPT-11. Cell proliferation was assessed by WST-1 and clonogenic assays, the cytotoxic interaction was assessed with a combination index (CI). Cell cycle progression was analysed with flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by detecting the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) ratio, caspase 3 and CD95 expression, and with TUNEL staining. Cell migration and invasion was determined with a wound-healing assay and a Transwell matrix penetration assay. A CRC xenograft model was established to monitor tumor growth. EMSA was used to analyse NF-κB activation and western blot analysis was used to detect the protein levels of related signaling factors. CFZ significantly inhibited the growth of SW620 cells, and had synergistic inhibitory effects with CPT-11 on survival and colony formation; possibly by inhibition of NF-κB activation, MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathway factor dephosphorylation and survivin downregulation. Co-administration of CFZ and CPT-11 induced G2/M arrest, increased p21WAF1/CIP, and decreased mutant p53 and cdc25c expression. Induction of apoptosis was accompanied by marked increases in PARP cleavage, caspase 3 activation, an increase of CD95 and p-p38, and ATF3 activation. Combination treatment lowered the invasive and migration ability of SW620 cells, reduced MMP and increased TIMP protein expression. Finally, co-administration of CFZ and CPT-11 suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis compared with single-agent treatment in SW620 xenograft models correlated with NF-κB downregulation. Carfilzomib alone or in combination with CPT-11 is effective against colorectal cancer through inhibition of multiple mechanisms related to NF-κB, and could be a potential novel therapy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- WEIWEI TANG
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - GUANGJIAN SU
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - JIEYU LI
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - JINRONG LIAO
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - SHUPING CHEN
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - CHUANZHONG HUANG
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - FANG LIU
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - QIANG CHEN
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - YUNBIN YE
- Graduate School of Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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108
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Shin JS, Tut TG, Ho V, Lee CS. Predictive markers of radiotherapy-induced rectal cancer regression. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:859-64. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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109
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Cooks T, Harris CC, Oren M. Caught in the cross fire: p53 in inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1680-90. [PMID: 24942866 PMCID: PMC4123652 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a major tumor suppressor, whose diverse activities serve to ensure genome stability and inhibit neoplastic processes. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that p53 also plays a broader role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as contributing to tissue homeostasis in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Chronic inflammation is a potential cancer-promoting condition, and as such is also within the radar of p53, which mounts a multifaceted attempt to prevent the escalation of chronic tissue imbalance into neoplasia. Recent understanding of the p53 pathway and other family members reveals a broad interaction with inflammatory elements such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, infectious agents and major immune-regulatory pathways like nuclear factor-kappaB. This complex cross talk is highly dependent on p53 status, as different p53 isoforms and p53 mutants can mediate different responses and even promote chronic inflammation and associated cancer, acting in the tumor cells as well as in the stromal and immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Cooks
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
The activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was initially described as ultraviolet- and oncogene-induced kinase activity on c-Jun. Shortly after this initial discovery, JNK activation was reported for a wider variety of DNA-damaging agents, including γ-irradiation and chemotherapeutic compounds. As the DNA damage response mechanisms were progressively uncovered, the mechanisms governing the activation of JNK upon genotoxic stresses became better understood. In particular, a recent set of papers links the physical breakage in DNA, the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, the secretion of TNF-α, and an autocrine activation of the JNK pathway. In this review, we will focus on the pathway that is initiated by a physical break in the DNA helix, leading to JNK activation and the resultant cellular consequences. The implications of these findings will be discussed in the context of cancer therapy with DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Picco
- Biomedical Research Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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111
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Zhao H, Zhu M, Dou G, Zhao H, Zhu B, Li J, Liao J, Xu X. BCL10 regulates RNF8/RNF168-mediated ubiquitination in the DNA damage response. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1777-87. [PMID: 24732096 PMCID: PMC4111724 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and proper cellular response to DNA damage is essential for maintenance of genome stability and integrity. B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (BCL10) facilitates ubiquitination of NEMO in the cytosol, activating NFκB signaling. Translocation and/or point mutations of BCL10 associate with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas and other malignancies. However, the mechanisms by which the resulting aberrant expression of BCL10 leads to cellular oncogenesis are poorly understood. In this report, we found that BCL10 in the nucleus is enriched at the DNA damage sites in an ATM- and RNF8-dependent manner. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of BCL10 promotes its interaction with and presentation of UBC13 to RNF8, and RNF8-mediated ubiquitination of BCL10 enhances binding of BCL10 and UBC13 to RNF168. This allows mono-ubiquitination on H2AX by RNF168 and further poly-ubiquitination by the RNF8/RNF168-containing complex. Depletion of BCL10 compromised homology recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair because of insufficient recruitment of BRCA1, RAD51, and the ubiquitinated DNA damage response factors. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel function of BCL10 in delivering UBC13 to RNF8/RNF168 to regulate ubiquitination-mediated DSB signaling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Gelin Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Bingtao Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Ji Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
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112
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Singh R, Shankar BS, Sainis KB. TGF-β1-ROS-ATM-CREB signaling axis in macrophage mediated migration of human breast cancer MCF7 cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1604-15. [PMID: 24705025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment play an important role in tumor cell survival. They influence the tumor cell to proliferate, invade into surrounding normal tissues and metastasize to local and distant sites. In this study, we evaluated the effect of conditioned medium from monocytes and macrophages on growth and migration of breast cancer cells. Macrophage conditioned medium (MϕCM) containing elevated levels of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 had a differential effect on non-invasive (MCF7) and highly invasive (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. MϕCM induced the secretion of TGF-β1 in MCF7 cells. This was associated with apoptosis in a fraction of cells and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and DNA damage in the remaining cells. This, in turn, increased expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and vimentin resulting in migration of cells. These effects were inhibited by neutralization of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, inhibition of ROS and RNS, DNA damage and siRNA mediated knockdown of ATM. In contrast, MDA-MB-231 cells which had higher basal levels of pCREB were not affected by MϕCM. In summary, we have found that pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages induce TGF-β1 in tumor cells, which activate pCREB signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) responses and enhanced migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshri Singh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
| | - Krishna B Sainis
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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113
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Abstract
Treatment failure in high risk neuroblastoma is largely due to development of chemoresistance. NF-κB activation is one of the resistance mechanisms for cancer cells to escape from chemotherapy-induced cell-death. TAK1 is an essential component in genotoxic stresses-induced NF-κB activation; however, the role of TAK1 in the development of chemoresistance in neuroblastoma remains unknown. Using a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines, we found that TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol significantly augmented the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (Dox) and etoposide (VP-16) on neuroblastoma cell lines. TAK1 inhibition also enhanced the inhibitory effect of Dox and VP-16 on anchorage-independent growth. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol blocked Dox- and VP16-induced NF-κB activation and enhanced Dox- and VP16-induced apoptosis. Moreover, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol was able to overcome the established chemoresistance in LA-N-6 neuroblastoma cells. Using an orthotopic neuroblastoma mouse model, we found that 5Z-7-oxozeaenol significantly enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy in vivo. Together, our results provide a proof-of-concept that TAK1 inhibition significantly increases the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to chemotherapy-induced cell-death and can serve as an effective adjunct to current chemotherapeutic regimens for high risk diseases.
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Korean Red Ginseng saponin fraction modulates radiation effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:208-14. [PMID: 25378996 PMCID: PMC4213838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous work, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng saponin fraction (RGSF) showed anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The present study investigated the radioprotective properties of RGSF by examining its effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-enhanced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses in murine macrophage cells. RESULTS RGSF induced strong downregulation of IR-enhanced and LPS-induced proinflammatory responses such as nitric oxide (NO) production (Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) = 5.1 ± 0.8 μM) and interleukin-1β levels. RGSF was found to exert its radioprotective effects by inhibition of a signaling cascade that activated checkpoint kinase 2-nuclear factor-κB. In addition, RGSF strongly inhibited IR-enhanced LPS-induced expression of hemoxyganase-1, implying that the latter may be a potential target of RGSF. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data suggest that RGSF can be considered and developed for use as an effective radioprotective agent with minimal adverse effects.
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Kumari A, Cacan E, Greer SF, Garnett-Benson C. Turning T cells on: epigenetically enhanced expression of effector T-cell costimulatory molecules on irradiated human tumor cells. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:17. [PMID: 24829753 PMCID: PMC4019910 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-lethal doses of radiation can alter the phenotype of target tissue by modulating gene expression and making tumor cells more susceptible to T-cell-mediated immune attack. We have previously shown that sub-lethal tumor cell irradiation enhances killing of colorectal carcinoma cells by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells by unknown mechanisms. Recent data from our lab indicates that irradiation of tumor cells results in the upregulation of OX40L and 41BBL, and that T cells incubated with irradiated tumor cells displayed improved CTL survival, activation and effector activity. The objective of this current study was to determine the mechanism of enhanced OX40L and 41BBL expression in human colorectal tumor cells. METHODS Two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and SW620, were examined for changes in the expression of 41BBL and OX40L in response to inhibition of histone deacetylases (using TSA) and DNA methyltransferases (using 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) to evaluate if epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression can modulate these genes. Tumor cells were treated with radiation, TSA, or 5-Aza-dC, and subsequently evaluated for changes in gene expression using RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Moreover, we assessed levels of histone acetylation at the 41BBL promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in irradiated HCT116 cells. RESULTS Our data indicate that expression of 41BBL and OX40L can indeed be epigenetically regulated, as inhibition of histone deacetylases and of DNA methyltransferases results in increased OX40L and 41BBL mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of tumor cells with TSA enhanced the expression of these genes more than treatment with 5-Aza-dC, and co-incubation of T cells with TSA-treated tumor cells enhanced T-cell survival and activation, similar to radiation. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed significantly increased histone H3 acetylation of 41BBL promoters specifically following irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Full understanding of specific mechanisms of immunogenic modulation (altered expression of immune relevant genes) of irradiated tumor cells will be required to determine how to best utilize radiation as a tool to enhance cancer immunotherapy approaches. Overall, our results suggest that radiation can be used to make human tumors more immunogenic through epigenetic modulation of genes stimulatory to effector T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanna F Greer
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charlie Garnett-Benson
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Štraser A, Filipič M, Žegura B. Cylindrospermopsin induced transcriptional responses in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1809-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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118
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Ikebe E, Kawaguchi A, Tezuka K, Taguchi S, Hirose S, Matsumoto T, Mitsui T, Senba K, Nishizono A, Hori M, Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Ueno T, Tanaka Y, Sawa H, Hall W, Minami Y, Jeang KT, Ogata M, Morishita K, Hasegawa H, Fujisawa J, Iha H. Oral administration of an HSP90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG, intervenes tumor-cell infiltration into multiple organs and improves survival period for ATL model mice. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e132. [PMID: 23955587 PMCID: PMC3763384 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from the carriers of the human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) or the patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated antiapoptotic signals are constitutively activated primarily by the HTLV-1-encoded oncoprotein Tax. Tax interacts with the I κB kinase regulatory subunit NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) to activate NF-κB, and this interaction is maintained in part by a molecular chaperone, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), and its co-chaperone cell division cycle 37 (CDC37). The antibiotic geldanamycin (GA) inhibits HSP90's ATP binding for its proper interaction with client proteins. Administration of a novel water-soluble and less toxic GA derivative, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride (17-DMAG), to Tax-expressing ATL-transformed cell lines, C8166 and MT4, induced significant degradation of Tax. 17-DMAG also facilitated growth arrest and cellular apoptosis to C8166 and MT4 and other ATL cell lines, although this treatment has no apparent effects on normal PBLs. 17-DMAG also downregulated Tax-mediated intracellular signals including the activation of NF-κB, activator protein 1 or HTLV-1 long terminal repeat in Tax-transfected HEK293 cells. Oral administration of 17-DMAG to ATL model mice xenografted with lymphomatous transgenic Lck-Tax (Lck proximal promoter-driven Tax transgene) cells or HTLV-1-producing tumor cells dramatically attenuated aggressive infiltration into multiple organs, inhibited de novo viral production and improved survival period. These observations identified 17-DMAG as a promising candidate for the prevention of ATL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ikebe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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119
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Gourzones-Dmitriev C, Kassambara A, Sahota S, Rème T, Moreaux J, Bourquard P, Hose D, Pasero P, Constantinou A, Klein B. DNA repair pathways in human multiple myeloma: role in oncogenesis and potential targets for treatment. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2760-73. [PMID: 23966156 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, cells are faced with thousands of DNA lesions, which have to be repaired to preserve cell survival and function. DNA repair is more or less accurate and could result in genomic instability and cancer. We review here the current knowledge of the links between molecular features, treatment, and DNA repair in multiple myeloma (MM), a disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells producing a monoclonal immunoglobulin. Genetic instability and abnormalities are two hallmarks of MM cells and aberrant DNA repair pathways are involved in disease onset, primary translocations in MM cells, and MM progression. Two major drugs currently used to treat MM, the alkylating agent Melphalan and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib act directly on DNA repair pathways, which are involved in response to treatment and resistance. A better knowledge of DNA repair pathways in MM could help to target them, thus improving disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gourzones-Dmitriev
- CHU Montpellier; Institute of Research in Biotherapy; Montpellier, France; INSERM; U1040; Montpellier, France
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120
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Jeong JB, Choi J, Baek SJ, Lee SH. Reactive oxygen species mediate tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:168-75. [PMID: 23896517 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown substantial evidences that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert anticancer effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tolfenamic acid (TA) is one of the traditional NSAIDs widely used for treatment of migraine. TA has anti-cancer activities in several human cancer models. In this study, we report that generation of ROS by TA leads to apoptosis through modulation of several pathways in human colorectal cancer cells. TA induced rapid generation of intracellular ROS and led to an increase of phosphorylation of H2AX, a tail moment of comet and distribution of fragmented genomic DNA traces. Treatment of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) abolished TA-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and apoptosis. Treatment of TA resulted in an increase of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity through inhibitor of kappa B (IκB-α) degradation and subsequent p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, TA increased apoptosis-inducing activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression. However, the treatment of NAC abolished TA-mediated NF-κB activation and ATF3 expression and chemical inhibition of NF-κB or knockdown of p65 significantly attenuated TA-induced ATF3 expression. Our finding indicates that ROS-mediated DNA damage and subsequent activation of NF-κB and ATF3 expression plays a significant role in TA-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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121
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Kojima H, Inoue T, Kunimoto H, Nakajima K. IL-6-STAT3 signaling and premature senescence. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25763. [PMID: 24416650 PMCID: PMC3876432 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play several roles in developing and/or reinforcing premature cellular senescence of young cells. One such cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), regulates senescence in some systems in addition to its known functions of immune regulation and promotion of tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe recent advances in studies on the roles of IL-6 and its downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in regulating premature cellular senescence. IL-6/sIL-6Rα stimulation forms a senescence-inducing circuit involving the STAT3-insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) as a key axis triggering and reinforcing component in human fibroblasts. We describe how cytokines regulate the process of senescence by activating STAT3 in one system and anti-senescence or tumorigenesis in other systems. The roles of other STAT members in premature senescence also will be discussed to show the multiple mechanisms leading to cytokine-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Kojima
- Department of Immunology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Inoue
- Division of Human Genome Science; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunimoto
- Department of Immunology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakajima
- Department of Immunology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka, Japan
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122
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Vlachostergios PJ, Voutsadakis IA, Papandreou CN. The role of ubiquitin-proteasome system in glioma survival and growth. Growth Factors 2013; 31:106-13. [PMID: 23688106 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.799156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas represent a group of aggressive brain tumors with poor prognosis due to an inherent capacity of persistent cell growth and survival. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is an intracellular machinery responsible for protein turnover. Emerging evidence implicates various proteins targeted for degradation by the UPS in key survival and proliferation signaling pathways of these tumors. In this review, we discuss the involvement of UPS in the regulation of several mediators and effectors of these pathways in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
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123
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Shin JS, Tut TG, Yang T, Lee CS. Radiotherapy response in microsatellite instability related rectal cancer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:1-8. [PMID: 23482947 PMCID: PMC3589603 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative radiotherapy may improve the resectability and subsequent local control of rectal cancers. However, the extent of radiation induced regression in these tumours varies widely between individuals. To date no reliable predictive marker of radiation sensitivity in rectal cancer has been identified. At the cellular level, radiation injury initiates a complex molecular network of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways that leads to cell cycle arrest, attempts at re-constituting the damaged DNA and should this fail, then apoptosis. This review presents the details which suggest the roles of DNA mismatch repair proteins, the lack of which define a distinct subset of colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI), in the DDR pathways. Hence routine assessment of the MSI status in rectal cancers may potentially serve as a predictor of radiotherapy response, thereby improving patient stratification in the administration of this otherwise toxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Shik Shin
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Western Sydney School of Medicine, Liverpool, NSW, Australia. ; Cancer Pathology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia. ; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney South West Area Pathology Service, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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124
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Bhattacharyya S, Pal PB, Sil PC. A 35 kD Phyllanthus niruri protein modulates iron mediated oxidative impairment to hepatocytes via the inhibition of ERKs, p38 MAPKs and activation of PI3k/Akt pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:119-30. [PMID: 23435124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the herb, Phyllanthus niruri, possess antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-asthmatic, anti-diuretic, anti-soresis and many more beneficial activities. The goal of our present study was to evaluate the protective role of a 35 kD protein (PNP) isolated from this herb against iron-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Exposure of hepatocytes to iron (FeSO4) caused elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, depleted glutathione levels, decreased the antioxidant power (FRAP) of the cells and reduced cell viability. Iron mediated cytotoxicity disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and thereby caused apoptosis mainly by the intrinsic pathway via the down-regulation of IκBα with a concomitant up-regulation of NF-kB as well as the phosphorylation of ERKs and p38 MAP kinases. In addition, iron-induced cytotoxicity disrupted the normal balance of Bcl-2 family proteins in hepatocytes. Incubation of hepatocytes with PNP, however, protected the cells from apoptosis by stabilizing the mitochondria and arresting the release of cytochrome c. It also suppressed caspase activation and cleavage of PARP. Moreover, this protein has strong free radical scavenging activity and thereby scavenged ROS extensively. Combining all, results suggest that simultaneous treatment with PNP might suppress the iron-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bhattacharyya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
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125
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Effect of the leptin receptor Q223R polymorphism on the host transcriptome following infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1460-70. [PMID: 23429533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01383-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to amebiasis is associated with a polymorphism in the leptin receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that humans with the ancestral Q223 leptin receptor allele were nearly four times less likely to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica than those carrying the mutant R223 allele. We hypothesized that the Q223 allele protected against E. histolytica via STAT3-mediated transcription of genes required for mucosal immunity. To test this, mice containing the humanized LEPR Q or R allele at codon 223 were intracecally infected with E. histolytica. Susceptibility to amebiasis was assessed, and cecal tissues were analyzed for changes in gene expression. By 72 h postchallenge, all Q223 mice had cleared E. histolytica, whereas 39% of 223R mice were infected. Thirty-seven genes were differentially expressed in response to infection at 72 h, including proinflammatory genes (CXCL2, S100A8/9, PLA2G7, ITBG2, and MMP9) and functions pertaining to the movement and activity of immune cells. A comparison at 12 h postchallenge of infected Q223 versus R223 mice identified a subset of differentially expressed genes, many of which were closely linked to leptin signaling. Further analyses indicated that the Q223 gene expression pattern was consistent with a suppressed apoptotic response to infection, while 223R showed increased cellular proliferation and recruitment. These studies are the first to illuminate the downstream effects of leptin receptor polymorphisms on intestinal infection by E. histolytica. As such, they are important for the insight that they provide into this previously uncharacterized mechanism of mucosal immunity.
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126
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Tamatani T, Takamaru N, Hara K, Kinouchi M, Kuribayashi N, Ohe G, Uchida D, Fujisawa K, Nagai H, Miyamoto Y. Bortezomib-enhanced radiosensitization through the suppression of radiation-induced nuclear factor-κB activity in human oral cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:935-44. [PMID: 23340716 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer cells have a significantly augmented nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and the inhibition of this activity suppresses tumor growth. Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor and a drug used for molecular-targeted therapy (targets NF-κB). In this study, we investigated whether bortezomib would be effective as an inhibitor of proliferation and a radiosensitizer for the treatment of oral cancer. We demonstrate that bortezomib inhibits NF-κB activity and cell proliferation. The combined treatment with bortezomib and radiation (RT) suppressed NF-κB activity and cell growth in vitro and in vivo compared with RT treatment alone. To investigate the mechanisms by which bortezomib suppresses tumor growth, the expression of signaling molecules downstream of NF-κB were examined by ELISA. The combined treatment significantly inhibited the radiation-induced production of angiogenic factors and decreased the number of blood vessels in the tumor tissues. Although the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins was upregulated by RT, bortezomib downregulated the RT-induced expression of these proteins. Moreover, the expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro and in vivo was enhanced by bortezomib, indicating that bortezomib inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. This study clearly demonstrates that bortezomib significantly inhibits tumor growth and that the combined treatment with bortezomib and RT results in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. The mechanisms underlying the inhibition of tumor growth by bortezomib include the suppression of angiogenesis and the induction of apoptosis. A novel molecular targeting therapy including bortezomib may be effective in the treatment of oral cancer by suppressing NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tamatani
- Department of Oral Surgery, Subdivision of Molecular Oral Medicine, Division of Integrated Sciences of Translational Research, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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127
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Liu Y, Hawkins OE, Su Y, Vilgelm AE, Sobolik T, Thu YM, Kantrow S, Splittgerber RC, Short S, Amiri KI, Ecsedy JA, Sosman JA, Kelley MC, Richmond A. Targeting aurora kinases limits tumour growth through DNA damage-mediated senescence and blockade of NF-κB impairs this drug-induced senescence. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:149-66. [PMID: 23180582 PMCID: PMC3569660 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence can provide a protective mechanism against tumour progression. However, production of cytokines and growth factors by senescent cells may contribute to tumour development. Thus, it is unclear whether induction of senescence represents a viable therapeutic approach. Here, using a mouse model with orthotopic implantation of metastatic melanoma tumours taken from 19 patients, we observed that targeting aurora kinases with MLN8054/MLN8237 impaired mitosis, induced senescence and markedly blocked proliferation in patient tumour implants. Importantly, when a subset of tumour-bearing mice were monitored for tumour progression after pausing MLN8054 treatment, 50% of the tumours did not progress over a 12-month period. Mechanistic analyses revealed that inhibition of aurora kinases induced polyploidy and the ATM/Chk2 DNA damage response, which mediated senescence and a NF-κB-related, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Blockade of IKKβ/NF-κB led to reversal of MLN8237-induced senescence and SASP. Results demonstrate that removal of senescent tumour cells by infiltrating myeloid cells is crucial for inhibition of tumour re-growth. Altogether, these data demonstrate that induction of senescence, coupled with immune surveillance, can limit melanoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Oriana E Hawkins
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna E Vilgelm
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Tammy Sobolik
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Yee-Mon Thu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara Kantrow
- Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan C Splittgerber
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Short
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Katayoun I Amiri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jeffery A Sosman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark C Kelley
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
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128
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Park JH, Yoon DS, Choi HJ, Hahm DH, Oh SM. Phosphorylation of IκBα at serine 32 by T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase is essential for chemoresistance against doxorubicin in cervical cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3585-93. [PMID: 23250755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is known to be up-regulated in cancer cells and appears to contribute to cancer cell proliferation and survival. However, the molecular mechanism by which TOPK regulates cancer cell survival still remains elusive. Here we show that TOPK directly interacted with and phosphorylated IκBα at Ser-32, leading to p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB activation. We also revealed that doxorubicin promoted the interaction between nonphosphorylated or phosphorylated TOPK and IκBα and that TOPK-mediated IκBα phosphorylation was enhanced in response to doxorubicin. Also, exogenously overexpressed TOPK augmented transcriptional activity driven by either NF-κB or inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) promoters. On the other hand, NF-κB activity including IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, as well as cIAP2 gene expression, was markedly diminished in TOPK knockdown HeLa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis was noticeably increased in TOPK knockdown HeLa cells, compared with control cells, which resulted from caspase-dependent signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that TOPK is a molecular target of doxorubicin and mediates doxorubicin chemoresistance of HeLa cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for TOPK barrier of doxorubicin-mediated cervical cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Korea
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129
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Bock FJ, Krumschnabel G, Manzl C, Peintner L, Tanzer MC, Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier G, Llacuna L, Yelamos J, Villunger A. Loss of PIDD limits NF-κB activation and cytokine production but not cell survival or transformation after DNA damage. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:546-57. [PMID: 23238565 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells) in response to DNA damage is considered to contribute to repair of genetic lesions, increased cell survival and cytokine release. The molecular mechanisms orchestrating this cytoplasmic event involve core components of the nuclear DNA damage response machinery, including ATM-kinase (ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase) and PARP-1 (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1). The physiological consequences of defective NF-κB activation in this context, however, remain poorly investigated. Here we report on the role of the 'p53-induced protein with a death domain', PIDD, which appears rate limiting in this process, as is PARP-1. Despite impaired NF-κB activation, DNA damage did not increase cell death or reduce clonal survival of various cell types lacking PIDD, such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts or stem and progenitor cells of the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, lymphomagenesis induced by γ-irradiation (IR) was unaffected by deficiency for PIDD or PARP-1, indicating that loss of DNA damage-triggered NF-κB signalling does not affect IR-driven tumorigenesis. However, loss of either gene compromised cytokine release after acute IR injury. Hence, we propose that NF-κB's most notable function after DNA damage in primary cells is related to the release of cytokines, thereby contributing to sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Bock
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
An α-particle, a (4)He nucleus, is exquisitely cytotoxic and indifferent to many limitations associated with conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. The exquisite cytotoxicity of α-radiation, the result of its high mean energy deposition [high linear energy transfer (LET)] and limited range in tissue, provides for a highly controlled therapeutic modality that can be targeted to selected malignant cells [targeted α-therapy (TAT)] with minimal normal tissue effects. A burgeoning interest in the development of TAT is buoyed by the increasing number of ongoing clinical trials worldwide. The short path length renders α-emitters suitable for treatment and management of minimal disease such as micrometastases or residual tumor after surgical debulking, hematologic cancers, infections, and compartmental cancers such as ovarian cancer or neoplastic meningitis. Yet, despite decades of study of high LET radiation, the mechanistic pathways of the effects of this modality remain not well defined. The modality is effectively presumed to follow a simple therapeutic mechanism centered on catastrophic double-strand DNA breaks without full examination of the actual molecular pathways and targets that are activated that directly affect cell survival or death. This Molecular Pathways article provides an overview of the mechanisms and pathways that are involved in the response to and repair of TAT-induced DNA damage as currently understood. Finally, this article highlights the current state of clinical translation of TAT as well as other high-LET radionuclide radiation therapy using α-emitters such as (225)Ac, (211)At, (213)Bi, (212)Pb, and (223)Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwamena E Baidoo
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, ROB, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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131
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Fedor Y, Vignard J, Nicolau-Travers ML, Boutet-Robinet E, Watrin C, Salles B, Mirey G. From single-strand breaks to double-strand breaks during S-phase: a new mode of action of theEscherichia coli Cytolethal Distending Toxin. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:1-15. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fedor
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - J. Vignard
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - M.-L. Nicolau-Travers
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - E. Boutet-Robinet
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - C. Watrin
- INRA; USC 1360; F-31300 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP); F-31400 Toulouse France
- Inserm; UMR1043; F-31300 Toulouse France
- CNRS; UMR5282; F-31400 Toulouse France
| | - B. Salles
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - G. Mirey
- INRA; UMR1331; Toxalim; Research Centre in Food Toxicology; F-31027 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim; F-31062 Toulouse France
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132
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Nuclear lamina defects cause ATM-dependent NF-κB activation and link accelerated aging to a systemic inflammatory response. Genes Dev 2012; 26:2311-24. [PMID: 23019125 DOI: 10.1101/gad.197954.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the architecture and dynamics of the nuclear lamina have a causal role in normal and accelerated aging through both cell-autonomous and systemic mechanisms. However, the precise nature of the molecular cues involved in this process remains incompletely defined. Here we report that the accumulation of prelamin A isoforms at the nuclear lamina triggers an ATM- and NEMO-dependent signaling pathway that leads to NF-κB activation and secretion of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in two different mouse models of accelerated aging (Zmpste24(-/-) and Lmna(G609G/G609G) mice). Causal involvement of NF-κB in accelerated aging was demonstrated by the fact that both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB signaling prevents age-associated features in these animal models, significantly extending their longevity. Our findings provide in vivo proof of principle for the feasibility of pharmacological modulation of the NF-κB pathway to slow down the progression of physiological and pathological aging.
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133
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Choi S, Srivas R, Fu KY, Hood BL, Dost B, Gibson GA, Watkins SC, Van Houten B, Bandeira N, Conrads TP, Ideker T, Bakkenist CJ. Quantitative proteomics reveal ATM kinase-dependent exchange in DNA damage response complexes. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4983-91. [PMID: 22909323 DOI: 10.1021/pr3005524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ATM is a protein kinase that initiates a well-characterized signaling cascade in cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). However, the role for ATM in coordinating critical protein interactions and subsequent exchanges within DNA damage response (DDR) complexes is unknown. We combined SILAC-based tandem mass spectrometry and a subcellular fractionation protocol to interrogate the proteome of irradiated cells treated with or without the ATM kinase inhibitor KU55933. We developed an integrative network analysis to identify and prioritize proteins that were responsive to KU55933, specifically in chromatin, and that were also enriched for physical interactions with known DNA repair proteins. This analysis identified 53BP1 and annexin A1 (ANXA1) as strong candidates. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that the exchange of GFP-53BP1 in DDR complexes decreased with KU55933. Further, we found that ANXA1 knockdown sensitized cells to IR via a mechanism that was not potentiated by KU55933. Our study reveals a role for ATM kinase activity in the dynamic exchange of proteins in DDR complexes and identifies a role for ANXA1 in cellular radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah Choi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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134
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Liang L, Fan Y, Cheng J, Cheng D, Zhao Y, Cao B, Ma L, An L, Jia W, Su X, Yang J, Zhang H. TAK1 ubiquitination regulates doxorubicin-induced NF-κB activation. Cell Signal 2012; 25:247-54. [PMID: 22981905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents- and radiation therapy-induced NF-κB activation in cancer cells contributes to aggressive tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation during cancer treatment. TAK1 has been shown to be required for genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation. However, whether TAK1 ubiquitination is involved in genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that TAK1 ubiquitination plays an important role in the positive and negative regulation of doxorubicin (Dox)-induced NF-κB activation. We found that TAK1 was required for Dox-induced NF-κB activation. At the early stage of Dox treatment, Dox induced Lys63-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination at lysine 158 residue. USP4 inhibited Dox-induced TAK1 Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and knockdown of USP4 enhanced Dox-induced NF-κB activation. At the late stage of Dox treatment, Dox induced Lys48-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination to promote TAK1 degradation. ITCH inhibited Dox-induced NF-κB activation by promoting Lys48-linked TAK1 polyubiquitination and its subsequent degradation. Our study indicates that TAK1 ubiquitination plays critical roles in the regulation of Dox-induced NF-κB activation. Thus, intervention of TAK1 kinase activity or TAK1 Lys63-linked polyubiquitination pathways might greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy and Radiation Sickness in Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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135
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Baldwin AS. Regulation of cell death and autophagy by IKK and NF-κB: critical mechanisms in immune function and cancer. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:327-45. [PMID: 22435564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to survive or to undergo death is fundamental to the benefit of the organism, and errors in this process can lead to autoimmunity and cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) functions to block cell death through transcriptional induction of genes encoding anti-apoptotic and antioxidant proteins. This is essential for survival of activated cells of the immune system and for cells undergoing a DNA damage response. In Ras-transformed cells and tumors as well as other cancers, NF-κB functions to suppress apoptosis--a hallmark of cancer. Critical prosurvival roles for inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) family members, including IKKε and TBK1, have been reported, which are both NF-κB-dependent and -independent. While the roles of NF-κB in promoting cell survival in lymphocytes and in cancers is relatively clear, evidence has been presented that NF-κB can promote cell death in particular contexts. Recently, IKK was shown to play a critical role in the induction of autophagy, a metabolic response typically associated with cell survival but which can lead to cell death. This review provides an historical perspective, along with new findings, regarding the roles of the IKK and NF-κB pathways in regulating cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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136
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Sfikas A, Batsi C, Tselikou E, Vartholomatos G, Monokrousos N, Pappas P, Christoforidis S, Tzavaras T, Kanavaros P, Gorgoulis VG, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. The canonical NF-κB pathway differentially protects normal and human tumor cells from ROS-induced DNA damage. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2007-23. [PMID: 22750558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage responses (DDR) invoke senescence or apoptosis depending on stimulus intensity and the degree of activation of the p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) axis; but the functional impact of NF-κB signaling on these different outcomes in normal vs. human cancer cells remains poorly understood. We investigated the NF-κB-dependent effects and mechanism underlying reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DDR outcomes of normal human lung fibroblasts (HDFs) and A549 human lung cancer epithelial cells. To activate DDR, ROS accumulation was induced by different doses of H(2)O(2). The effect of ROS induction caused a G2 or G2-M phase cell cycle arrest of both human cell types. However, ROS-mediated DDR eventually culminated in different end points with HDFs undergoing premature senescence and A549 cancer cells succumbing to apoptosis. NF-κB p65/RelA nuclear translocation and Ser536 phosphorylation were induced in response to H(2)O(2)-mediated ROS accumulation. Importantly, blocking the activities of canonical NF-κB subunits with an IκBα super-repressor or suppressing canonical NF-κB signaling by IKKβ knock-down accelerated HDF premature senescence by up-regulating the p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) axis; but inhibiting the canonical NF-κB pathway exacerbated H(2)O(2)-induced A549 cell apoptosis. HDF premature aging occurred in conjunction with γ-H2AX chromatin deposition, senescence-associated heterochromatic foci and beta-galactosidase staining. p53 knock-down abrogated H(2)O(2)-induced premature senescence of vector control- and IκBαSR-expressing HDFs functionally linking canonical NF-κB-dependent control of p53 levels to ROS-induced HDF senescence. We conclude that IKKβ-driven canonical NF-κB signaling has different functional roles for the outcome of ROS responses in the contexts of normal vs. human tumor cells by respectively protecting them against DDR-dependent premature senescence and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sfikas
- Cell and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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137
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Ai L, Skehan RR, Saydi J, Lin T, Brown KD. Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated (ATM)/Nuclear Factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling controls basal and DNA damage-induced transglutaminase 2 expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18330-41. [PMID: 22493284 PMCID: PMC3365769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that cross-links proteins and its overexpression, linked to a drug resistant phenotype, is commonly observed in cancer cells. Further, up-regulation of TG2 expression occurs during response to various forms of cell stress; however, the molecular mechanisms that drive inducible expression of the TG2 gene (TGM2) require elucidation. Here we show that genotoxic stress induces TG2 expression through the Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated (ATM)/Nuclear Factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling pathway. We further document that NFκB is both necessary and sufficient to drive constitutive TG2 expression in cultured cell lines. Additionally, shRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the ATM kinase results in reduced constitutive TG2 expression and NFκB transcriptional activity. We document that the NFκB subunit p65 (RelA) interacts with two independent consensus NFκB binding sites within the TGM2 promoter, that mutation of either site or pharmacological inhibition of NFκB reduces TGM2 promoter activity, and genotoxic stress drives heightened association of p65 with the TGM2 promoter. Finally, we observed that knockdown of either p65 or ATM in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells expressing recombinant TG2 partially reduces resistance to doxorubicin, indicating that the drug resistance linked to overexpression of TG2 functions, in part, through p65 and ATM. This work establishes a novel ATM-dependent signaling loop where TG2 and NFκB activate each other resulting in sustained activation of NFκB and acquisition of a drug-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbao Ai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Ryan R. Skehan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - John Saydi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Tong Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Kevin D. Brown
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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138
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Kroonen J, Artesi M, Capraro V, Nguyen-Khac MT, Willems M, Chakravarti A, Bours V, Robe PA. Casein kinase 2 inhibition modulates the DNA damage response but fails to radiosensitize malignant glioma cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:776-82. [PMID: 22614258 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of casein kinase 2 (CK2), a regulator of cell proliferation and mediator of the DNA damage response, are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. Apigenin was capable of inhibiting the activation of CK2 following γ irradiation in LN18 and U87 malignant glioma cells. Apigenin and siRNA-mediated CK2 protein depletion further inhibited NF-κB activation and altered the Tyr68 phosphorylation of Chk2 kinase, a DNA damage response checkpoint kinase, following irradiation. However, CK2 inhibition did not decrease the ability of these glioma cells to repair double-strand DNA breaks, as assessed by COMET assays and γ-H2Ax staining. Likewise, apigenin and siRNA-induced depletion of CK2 failed to sensitize glioma cells to the cytotoxic effect of 2 to 10 G-rays of γ irradiation, as assessed by clonogenic assays. These results contrast with those found in other cancer types, and urge to prudence regarding the inclusion of malignant glioma patients in clinical trials that assess the radiosensitizing role of CK2 inhibitors in solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kroonen
- Department of Human Genetics and GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
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139
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Kwak JH, Jung JK, Lee H. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors; a patent review (2006-2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1897-910. [PMID: 22098320 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.638285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, as transcription factor, is linked to the expression of various genes and plays an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal NF-κB signaling results in human diseases, such as immune disorders, inflammation and various cancers. Therefore, regulation of NF-κB may treat or improve the symptoms in human disorders. AREAS COVERED This review provides information on recent NF-κB inhibitor-related patents from 2006 to 2010. The patents are explained and categorized by mechanism. The reader will gain an understanding of NF-κB function and the structure and biological activity of recently developed NF-κB inhibitors that may be new drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION NF-κB plays an essential role in the human body and thus regulation of NF-κB is very important for the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, patented compounds and peptides are available as lead compounds in drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kwak
- Chungbuk National University, College of Pharmacy, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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140
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Gordon RR, Nelson PS. Cellular senescence and cancer chemotherapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:123-31. [PMID: 22365330 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate or acquired resistance to cancer therapeutics remains an important area of biomedical investigation that has clear ramifications for improving cancer specific death rates. Importantly, clues to key resistance mechanisms may lie in the well-orchestrated and highly conserved cellular and systemic responses to injury and stress. Many anti-neoplastic therapies typically rely on DNA damage, which engages potent DNA damage response signaling pathways that culminate in apoptosis or growth arrest at checkpoints to allow for damage repair. However, an alternative cellular response, senescence, can also be initiated when challenged with these internal/external pressures and in ideal situations acts as a self-protecting mechanism. Senescence-induction therapies are an attractive concept in that they represent a normal, highly conserved and commonly invoked tumor-suppressing response to overwhelming genotoxic stress or oncogene activation. Yet, such approaches should ensure that senescence by-pass or senescence re-emergence does not occur, as emergent cells appear to have highly drug resistant phenotypes. Further, cell non-autonomous senescence responses may contribute to therapy-resistance in certain circumstances. Here we provide an overview of mechanisms by which cellular senescence plausibly contributes to therapy resistance and concepts by which senescence responses can be influenced to improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Gordon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 91809, United States
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141
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Xia Y, Yeddula N, Leblanc M, Ke E, Zhang Y, Oldfield E, Shaw RJ, Verma IM. Reduced cell proliferation by IKK2 depletion in a mouse lung-cancer model. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:257-65. [PMID: 22327365 PMCID: PMC3290728 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading cancer malignancies, with a five-year survival rate of only ~15%. We have developed a lentiviral-vector-mediated mouse model, which enables generation of non-small-cell lung cancer from less than 100 alveolar epithelial cells, and investigated the role of IKK2 and NF-κB in lung-cancer development. IKK2 depletion in tumour cells significantly attenuated tumour proliferation and significantly prolonged mouse survival. We identified Timp1, one of the NF-κB target genes, as a key mediator for tumour growth. Activation of the Erk signalling pathway and cell proliferation requires Timp-1 and its receptor CD63. Knockdown of either Ikbkb or Timp1 by short hairpin RNAs reduced tumour growth in both xenograft and lentiviral models. Our results thus suggest the possible application of IKK2 and Timp-1 inhibitors in treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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142
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Fenouille N, Grosso S, Yunchao S, Mary D, Pontier-Bres R, Imbert V, Czerucka D, Caroli-Bosc FX, Peyron JF, Lagadec P. Calpain 2-dependent IκBα degradation mediates CPT-11 secondary resistance in colorectal cancer xenografts. J Pathol 2012; 227:118-29. [PMID: 22069124 DOI: 10.1002/path.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CPT-11 (irinotecan), the first-line chemotherapy for advanced stage colorectal cancer, remains inactive in about half of patients (primary chemoresistance) and almost all initial responders develop secondary resistance after several courses of treatment (8 months on average). Nude mice bearing HT-29 colon cancer xenografts were treated with CPT-11 and/or an NF-κB inhibitor for two courses. We confirm that NF-κB inhibition potentiated CPT-11 anti-tumoural effect after the first course of treatment. However, tumours grew again at the end of the second course of treatment, generating resistant tumours. We observed an increase in the basal NF-κB activation in resistant tumours and in two resistant sublines, either obtained from resistant HT-29 tumours (HT-29R cells) or generated in vitro (RSN cells). The decrease of NF-κB activation in HT-29R and RSN cells by stable transfections with the super-repressor form of IκBα augmented their sensitivity to CPT-11. Comparing gene expression profiles of HT-29 and HT-29R cells, we identified the S100A10/Annexin A2 complex and calpain 2 as over-expressed potential NF-κB inducers. SiRNA silencing of calpain 2 but not of S100A10 and/or annexin A2, resulted in a decrease in NF-κB activation, an increase in cellular levels of IκBα and a partial restoration of the CPT-11 sensitivity in both HT-29R and RSN cells, suggesting that calpain 2-dependent IκBα degradation mediates CPT-11 secondary resistance. Thus, targeted therapies directed against calpain 2 may represent a novel strategy to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of CPT-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Fenouille
- INSERM, U895, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Equipe Inflammation, Cancer, Cellules Souches Cancéreuses, Nice, France
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143
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Gamble C, McIntosh K, Scott R, Ho KH, Plevin R, Paul A. Inhibitory kappa B Kinases as targets for pharmacological regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:802-19. [PMID: 21797846 PMCID: PMC3312479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory kappa B kinases (IKKs) are well recognized as key regulators of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) cascade and as such represent a point of convergence for many extracellular agents that activate this pathway. The IKKs generally serve to transduce pro-inflammatory and growth stimulating signals that contribute to major cellular processes but also play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases. Therefore, the catalytic IKKs represent attractive targets for intervention with small molecule kinase inhibitors. IKK isoforms are assembled as variable multi-subunit IKK complexes that regulate not only NF-κB dimers, but also protein substrates out-with this cascade. Consequently, close consideration of how these individual complexes transduce extracellular signals and more importantly what impact small molecule inhibitors of the IKKs have on functional outcomes are demanded. A number of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive IKKβ-selective inhibitors have been developed but have demonstrated a lack of activity against IKKα. A number of these chemicals have also exhibited detrimental outcomes such as cellular toxicity and immuno-suppression. The impact of small molecule inhibitors of IKK catalytic activity will therefore be reappraised, examining the advantages and potential disadvantages to this type of intervention strategy in the treatment of diseases such as arthritis, intestinal inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, we will outline some emerging strategies, particularly the disruption of protein-protein interactions within the IKK complex, as an alternative route towards the development of novel pharmacological agents. Whether these alternatives may negate the limitations of ATP-competitive molecules and potentially avoid the issues of toxicity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Gamble
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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144
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Bock FJ, Peintner L, Tanzer M, Manzl C, Villunger A. P53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD): master of puppets? Oncogene 2012; 31:4733-9. [PMID: 22266869 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
P53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD) has been described as primary p53 target gene, induced upon DNA damage. More than 10 years after its discovery, its physiological role in the DNA damage response remains enigmatic, as it seems to be able to execute life-death decisions in vitro, yet genetic ablation in mice failed to reveal an obvious phenotype. Nonetheless, evidence is accumulating that it contributes to the fine-tuning of the DNA-damage response by orchestrating critical processes such as caspase activation or nuclear factor κB translocation and can also exert additional nuclear functions, for example, the modulation of translesion synthesis. In this review, we aim to integrate these observations and propose possible unexplored functions of PIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Bock
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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145
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Lee MH, Mabb AM, Gill GB, Yeh ETH, Miyamoto S. NF-κB induction of the SUMO protease SENP2: A negative feedback loop to attenuate cell survival response to genotoxic stress. Mol Cell 2012; 43:180-91. [PMID: 21777808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of NF-κB, pivotal for immunity and oncogenesis, is tightly controlled by multiple feedback mechanisms. In response to DNA damage, SUMOylation of NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) is critical for NF-κB activation; however, the SUMO proteases and feedback mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that among the six known Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs), only SENP2 can efficiently associate with NEMO, deSUMOylate NEMO, and inhibit NF-κB activation induced by DNA damage. We further show that NF-κB induces SENP2 (and SENP1) transcription selectively in response to genotoxic stimuli, which involves ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent histone methylation of SENP2 promoter κB regions and NF-κB recruitment. SENP2 null cells display biphasic NEMO SUMOylation and activation of IKK and NF-κB, and higher resistance to DNA damage-induced cell death. Our study establishes a self-attenuating feedback mechanism selective to DNA damage-induced signaling to limit NF-κB-dependent cell survival responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hee Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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147
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Cuzzocrea S, Iavicoli I, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Hormesis, cellular stress response and vitagenes as critical determinants in aging and longevity. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:279-304. [PMID: 22020114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of aging and determinants of life span will help to reduce age-related morbidity and facilitate healthy aging. Average lifespan has increased over the last centuries, as a consequence of medical and environmental factors, but maximal life span remains unchanged. Extension of maximal life span is currently possible in animal models with measures such as genetic manipulations and caloric restriction (CR). CR appears to prolong life by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage. But ROS formation, which is positively implicated in cellular stress response mechanisms, is a highly regulated process controlled by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. By sensing the intracellular nutrient and energy status, the functional state of mitochondria, and the concentration of ROS produced in mitochondria, the longevity network regulates life span across species by co-ordinating information flow along its convergent, divergent and multiply branched signaling pathways, including vitagenes which are genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as carnosine, carnitines or polyphenols, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. The hormetic dose-response, challenges long-standing beliefs about the nature of the dose-response in a lowdose zone, having the potential to affect significantly the design of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials as well as strategies for optimal patient dosing in the treatment of numerous diseases. Given the broad cytoprotective properties of the heat shock response there is now strong interest in discovering and developing pharmacological agents capable of inducing stress responses. In this review we discuss the most current and up to date understanding of the possible signaling mechanisms by which caloric restriction, as well hormetic caloric restriction-mimetics compounds by activating vitagenes can enhance defensive systems involved in bioenergetic and stress resistance homeostasis with consequent impact on longevity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy.
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148
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Arora H, Qureshi R, Jin S, Park AK, Park WY. miR-9 and let-7g enhance the sensitivity to ionizing radiation by suppression of NFκB1. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:298-304. [PMID: 21464588 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.5.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B1 (NFkB1) in cancer cells may confer resistance to ionizing radiation (IR). To enhance the therapeutic efficiency of IR in lung cancer, we screened for microRNAs (miRNAs) that suppress NFkB1 and observed their effects on radiosensitivity in a human lung cancer cell line. From time series data of miRNA expression in γ-irradiated H1299 human lung cancer cells, we found that the expression of miR-9 was inversely correlated with that of NFκB1. Overexpression of miR-9 down-regulated the level of NFκB1 in H1299 cells, and the surviving fraction of γ-irradiated cells was decreased. Interestingly, let-7g also suppressed the expression of NFκB1, although there was no canonical target site for let-7g in the NFκB1 3' untranslated region. From these results, we conclude that the expression of miR-9 and let-7g could enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy for lung cancer treatment through the inhibition of NFκB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Arora
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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149
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Importance of PIKKs in NF-κB activation by genotoxic stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1371-83. [PMID: 21872579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of the genome integrity leads to the activation of a vast network of cellular responses named "DNA damage response". Three kinases from the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like protein kinase family regulate this network; ATM and DNA-PK both activated by DNA double-strand breaks and ATR activated by replication blocks. "DNA damage response" pathway coordinates cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and the activation of transcription factors such as p53 and NF-κB. It controls senescence/apoptosis/survival of the damaged cells. Cell death or survival result from a tightly regulated balance between antagonist pro- and anti-apoptotic signals. NF-κB is a key transcription factor involved in immunity, inflammation and cell transformation. When activated by DNA double-strand breaks, NF-κB has most often a pro-survival effect and thereof interferes with chemotherapy treatments that often rely on DNA damage to induce tumor cell death (i.e. topoisomerase inhibitors and ionizing radiation). NF-κB is thus an important pharmaceutical target. Agents leading to replication stress induce a pro-apoptotic NF-κB. The molecular mechanisms initiated by DNA lesions leading to NF-κB nuclear translocation have been extensively studied these last years. In this review, we will focus on ATM, ATR and DNA-PK functions both in the IKKα/IKKβ/NEMO-dependent or -independent signaling pathways and on the regulation they can exercise at the promoter level of NF-κB regulated genes.
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150
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LUBAC regulates NF-κB activation upon genotoxic stress by promoting linear ubiquitination of NEMO. EMBO J 2011; 30:3741-53. [PMID: 21811235 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) regulates various cellular processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. The NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO/IKKγ) is indispensable for NF-κB activation by diverse stimuli including genotoxic stress. Here, we show that NEMO linear ubiquitination on K285/309 is critical for genotoxic NF-κB activation. The E3 ligase linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) facilitates NEMO linear ubiquitination upon genotoxic stress. Inhibiting LUBAC function interrupts the genotoxic NF-κB signalling cascade by attenuating the activation of IKK and TAK1 in response to DNA damage. We further show that the linear ubiquitination of NEMO is a cytoplasmic event, potentially downstream of NEMO nuclear exportation. Moreover, ELKS ubiquitination appears to facilitate linear ubiquitination of NEMO through stabilizing NEMO:LUBAC association upon DNA damage. Deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD inhibits NEMO linear ubiquitination, possibly by disassembling both K63-linked and linear polyubiquitin. We also found that abrogating linear ubiquitination of NEMO significantly increased genotoxin-induced apoptosis, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to chemodrug in cancer cells. Therefore, LUBAC-dependent NEMO linear ubiquitination is critical for genotoxic NF-κB activation and protects cells from DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
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