101
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Ajmo CT, Vernon DOL, Collier L, Hall AA, Garbuzova-Davis S, Willing A, Pennypacker KR. The spleen contributes to stroke-induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2227-34. [PMID: 18381759 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, a cerebrovascular injury, is the leading cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world. Recent reports indicate that inhibiting the inflammatory response to stroke enhances neurosurvival and limits expansion of the infarction. The immune response that is initiated in the spleen has been linked to the systemic inflammatory response to stroke, contributing to neurodegeneration. Here we show that removal of the spleen significantly reduces neurodegeneration after ischemic insult. Rats splenectomized 2 weeks before permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion had a >80% decrease in infarction volume in the brain compared with those rats that were subjected to the stroke surgery alone. Splenectomy also resulted in decreased numbers of activated microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils present in the brain tissue. Our results demonstrate that the peripheral immune response as mediated by the spleen is a major contributor to the inflammation that enhances neurodegeneration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Ajmo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33216, USA
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102
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Legos JJ, Lenhard SC, Haimbach RE, Schaeffer TR, Bentley RG, McVey MJ, Chandra S, Irving EA, Andrew A. Parsons, Barone FC. SB 234551 selective ETA receptor antagonism: Perfusion/Diffusion MRI used to define treatable stroke model, time to treatment and mechanism of protection. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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103
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Lin Z, Zhu D, Yan Y, Yu B. Herbal formula FBD extracts prevented brain injury and inflammation induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:140-147. [PMID: 18486376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to verify neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of FBD, a herbal formula composed of Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala and Angelica sinensis, in ICR mice subjected to repetitive 10 min of common carotid arteries occlusion followed 24 h reperfusion. Intragastrical pretreatment with supercritical carbon dioxide extract (FBD-CO(2), 37.5 mg/kg) twice daily for 3.5 d, significantly reduced Evans Blue influx, neuron specific enolase (NSE) efflux, brain infarction (all p<0.05), also inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) infiltration (p<0.001), suppressed secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in blood (p<0.05), interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-8 in brain (both p<0.01), and down-regulated cerebral expression of phosphor-IkappaB-alpha and phosphor-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), whether coupled with aqueous extract (FBD-H(2)O, 150 mg/kg) or not. Moreover, FBD-CO(2) (0.1-10 microg/ml) inhibited 0.1 microM phorbol myristate acetate-evoked oxidative burst in rat PMNs, 20 ng/ml TNF-alpha-triggered PMNs adhesion to ECV304 endothelial cells, and PMNs neurotoxicity to PC12 neuron-like cells as well as NSE release (IC(50) 1.30, 0.98, 0.24 and 0.82 microg/ml, respectively). Our study demonstrated that FBD-CO(2) prevented brain ischemia/reperfusion injury, at least in part, by limiting PMNs infiltration and neurotoxicity mediated by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8, via inhibition on NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Prescription, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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104
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Microglia cells protect neurons by direct engulfment of invading neutrophil granulocytes: a new mechanism of CNS immune privilege. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5965-75. [PMID: 18524901 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0060-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells maintain the immunological integrity of the healthy brain and can exert protection from traumatic injury. During ischemic tissue damage such as stroke, peripheral immune cells acutely infiltrate the brain and may exacerbate neurodegeneration. Whether and how microglia can protect from this insult is unknown. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are a prominent immunologic infiltrate of ischemic lesions in vivo. Here, we show in organotypic brain slices that externally applied invading PMNs massively enhance ischemic neurotoxicity. This, however, is counteracted by additional application of microglia. Time-lapse imaging shows that microglia exert protection by rapid engulfment of apoptotic, but, strikingly, also viable, motile PMNs in cell culture and within brain slices. PMN engulfment is mediated by integrin- and lectin-based recognition. Interference with this process using RGDS peptides and N-acetyl-glucosamine blocks engulfment of PMNs and completely abrogates the neuroprotective function of microglia. Thus, engulfment of invading PMNs by microglia may represent an entirely new mechanism of CNS immune privilege.
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105
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Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Nozako M, Hazekawa M, Mishima S, Fujioka M, Orito K, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Delayed Treatment With Minocycline Ameliorates Neurologic Impairment Through Activated Microglia Expressing a High-Mobility Group Box1–Inhibiting Mechanism. Stroke 2008; 39:951-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.495820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Hayakawa
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Nozako
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mai Hazekawa
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Mishima
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujioka
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Orito
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- From the Department of Neuropharmacology (K.H., K.M., M.N., M.H., S.M., M. Fujioka, N.E., K.I., M.F.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Advanced Materials Institute (K.I., M. Fujwara), Fukuoka University, Fukuoka; and the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology (K.O.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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106
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Radi ZA, Khan NK. Expression of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS and p38 in Human Brain with Stroke Lesions. INT J PHARMACOL 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.108.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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107
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Denes A, Vidyasagar R, Feng J, Narvainen J, McColl BW, Kauppinen RA, Allan SM. Proliferating resident microglia after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1941-53. [PMID: 17440490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia usually results in the rapid death of neurons within the immediate territory of the affected artery. Neuronal loss is accompanied by a sequence of events, including brain oedema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and neuroinflammation, all of which contribute to further neuronal death. Although the role of macrophages and mononuclear phagocytes in the expansion of ischaemic injury has been widely studied, the relative contribution of these cells, either of exogenous or intrinsic central nervous system (CNS) origin is still not entirely clear. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to use different durations of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in the mouse to investigate fully post-occlusion BBB permeability and cellular changes in the brain during the 72 h post-MCAo period. This was achieved using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cell labelling techniques. Our results show that BBB breakdown and formation of the primary ischaemic damage after tMCAo is not associated with significant infiltration of neutrophils, although more are observed with longer periods of MCAo. In addition, we observe very few infiltrating exogenous macrophages over a 72 h period after 30 or 60 mins of occlusion, instead a profound increase in proliferating resident microglia cells was observed. Interestingly, the more severe injury associated with 60 mins of MCAo leads to a markedly reduced proliferation of resident microglial cells, suggesting that these cells may play a protective function, possibly through phagocytosis of infiltrating neutrophils. These data further support possible beneficial actions of microglial cells in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Denes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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108
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Oh JK, Jung JW, Oh HR, Han YN, Ryu JH. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract, GBB, in the Transient Ischemic Rat Model. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2007.15.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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109
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Sharma AB, Barlow MA, Yang SH, Simpkins JW, Mallet RT. Pyruvate enhances neurological recovery following cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation. Resuscitation 2007; 76:108-19. [PMID: 17618729 PMCID: PMC2737333 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebral oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction impede neurological recovery from cardiac arrest-resuscitation. Pyruvate, a potent antioxidant and energy-yielding fuel, has been shown to protect against oxidant- and ischemia-induced neuronal damage. This study tested whether acute pyruvate treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can prevent neurological dysfunction and cerebral injury following cardiac arrest. METHODS Anesthetized, open-chest mongrel dogs underwent 5 min cardiac arrest, 5 min open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC), defibrillation and 3-day recovery. Pyruvate (n=9) or NaCl volume control (n=8) were given (0.125 mmol kg(-1) min(-1) i.v.) throughout OCCC and the first 55 min recovery. Sham dogs (n=6) underwent surgery and recovery without cardiac arrest-resuscitation. RESULTS Neurological deficit score (NDS), evaluated at 2-day recovery, was sharply increased in NaCl-treated dogs (10.3+/-3.5) versus shams (1.2+/-0.4), but pyruvate treatment mitigated neurological deficit (NDS=3.3+/-1.2; P<0.05 versus NaCl). Brain samples were taken for histological examination and evaluation of inflammation and cell death at 3-day recovery. Loss of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 subregion was greater in the NaCl controls than in pyruvate-treated dogs (11.7+/-2.3% versus 4.3+/-1.2%; P<0.05). Cardiac arrest increased caspase-3 activity, matrix metalloproteinase activity, and DNA fragmentation in the CA1 subregion; pyruvate prevented caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation, and suppressed matrix metalloproteinase activity. CONCLUSION Intravenous pyruvate therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation prevents initial oxidative stress and neuronal injury and enhances neurological recovery from cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti B. Sharma
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew A. Barlow
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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110
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Morkos AA, Hopper AO, Deming DD, Yellon SM, Wycliffe N, Ashwal S, Sowers LC, Peverini RL, Angeles DM. Elevated total peripheral leukocyte count may identify risk for neurological disability in asphyxiated term neonates. J Perinatol 2007; 27:365-70. [PMID: 17443199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the relationship between neurologic outcome and total circulating white blood cell (WBC) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) in the first week of life in term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). STUDY DESIGN Long-term neurologic outcome at 18 months was measured retrospectively in 30 term neonates with HIE using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale (PCPCS) score with outcomes dichotomized as either good or poor. We then compared white blood cell and ANC levels during the first 4 days of life and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained within the first month life between the two PCPCS groups. MRI was quantified using a validated scoring system. RESULTS Neonates with good long-term outcomes had significantly lower MRI scores (indicating lesser injury) than neonates with poor outcomes. More importantly, neonates with poor outcomes had significantly higher WBC and ANC levels as early as12 h after birth and up to 96 h after birth compared to those with good outcomes. These data suggest that elevated peripheral neutrophil counts in the first 96 h of life may signal or predict adverse long-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that elevated peripheral neutrophil counts in the first 96 h of life in term infants with HIE may contribute to abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Morkos
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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111
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Lee MY, Kuan YH, Chen HY, Chen TY, Chen ST, Huang CC, Yang IP, Hsu YS, Wu TS, Lee EJ. Intravenous administration of melatonin reduces the intracerebral cellular inflammatory response following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2007; 42:297-309. [PMID: 17349029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that exogenous melatonin improves the preservation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Recent evidence indicates that postischemic microglial activation exaggerates the damage to the BBB. Herein, we explored whether melatonin mitigates the cellular inflammatory response after transient focal cerebral ischemia for 90 min in rats. Melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was given intravenously at reperfusion onset. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis were used to evaluate the cellular inflammatory response at 48 hr after reperfusion. Relative to controls, melatonin-treated animals did not have significantly changed systemic cellular inflammatory responses in the bloodstream (P > 0.05). Melatonin, however, significantly decreased the cellular inflammatory response by 41% (P < 0.001) in the ischemic hemisphere. Specifically, melatonin effectively decreased the extent of neutrophil emigration (Ly6G-positive/CD45-positive) and macrophage/activated microglial infiltration (CD11b-positive/CD45-positive) by 51% (P < 0.01) and 66% (P < 0.01), respectively, but did not significantly alter the population composition of T lymphocyte (CD3-positive/CD45-positive; P > 0.05). This melatonin-mediated decrease in the cellular inflammatory response was accompanied by both reduced brain infarction and improved neurobehavioral outcome by 43% (P < 0.001) and 50% (P < 0.001), respectively. Thus, intravenous administration of melatonin upon reperfusion effectively decreased the emigration of circulatory neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes into the injured brain and inhibited focal microglial activation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The finding demonstrates melatonin's inhibitory ability against the cellular inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and further supports its pleuripotent neuroprotective actions suited either as a monotherapy or an add-on to the thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Lee
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center and Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
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112
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Matsumoto H, Kumon Y, Watanabe H, Ohnishi T, Takahashi H, Imai Y, Tanaka J. Expression of CD200 by macrophage-like cells in ischemic core of rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:44-8. [PMID: 17403569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia causes the death of neurons and glial cells. Such brain cells are believed to inevitably undergo degeneration in the core of ischemic lesions, whereas neurons and glial cells may survive in the region surrounding the core that is often referred to as the ischemic penumbra. However, many cells, particularly immune cells infiltrate and survive in the core. In this study, we characterized macrophage-like cells that accumulated in the ischemic core of a rat brain whose right middle cerebral artery was transiently occluded for 90 min. At 7 days post-reperfusion, we observed macrophage-like cells expressing CD200, a cell surface glycoprotein belonging to an immunoglobulin superfamily and that elicits suppressive effects on myeloid cells including microglia by interacting with the CD200 receptor (CD200R). RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses revealed the presence of CD200-mRNA and protein in the ischemic core as well as in the contralateral region. As revealed by immunohistochemistry, CD200 is located on the cell membrane of spherical Iba1(+) cells with many cytoplasmic granules. CD200(-)/Iba1(+) macrophage-like cells were also present, which have a more irregular shape than CD200(+)/Iba1(+) cells. CD200 was detected in isolated spherical Iba1(+) macrophage-like cells. Thus, CD200 is expressed in some populations of macrophage-like cells that may be responsible for the suppression of CD200R(+) myeloid cell functions in the ischemic core.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/etiology
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/pathology
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Microglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
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113
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Matsumoto H, Kumon Y, Watanabe H, Ohnishi T, Shudou M, Ii C, Takahashi H, Imai Y, Tanaka J. Antibodies to CD11b, CD68, and lectin label neutrophils rather than microglia in traumatic and ischemic brain lesions. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:994-1009. [PMID: 17265469 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resident quiescent microglia have been thought to respond rapidly to various pathologic events in the brain by proliferating and producing many bioactive substances, including proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we investigated the reaction of microglia in traumatic and ischemic lesions caused by stab wounds and the transient 90-min occlusion of middle cerebral artery in a mature rat brain. Although many Iba1(+) resident microglia underwent apoptotic degeneration in the lesion core within 24 hr after the onset of the brain insult as revealed by TUNEL staining, numerous small, round, isolectin B4(+)/CD11b(+)/CD68(+) cells were localized in the lesion core. These small, round cells with diameters of 7-9 mum and polymorph nuclei expressed neutrophil-specific elastase, alkaline phosphatase, and platelet-activating factor receptor. Accordingly, they were not activated microglia but neutrophils. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to inducible NO synthase (iNOS) showed that most iNOS(+) cells were neutrophils. The results from spatial and kinetic analyses using RT-PCR and immunoblotting were consistent with the immunohistochemical observations. These results suggest the necessity of reevaluating the traditional view on the roles of activated microglia in severe neuropathologic events. Note that the traditional microglial markers isolectin B4, CD11b, and CD68 are not specific for microglia, particularly in a pathologic brain.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain Infarction/immunology
- Brain Infarction/pathology
- Brain Infarction/physiopathology
- Brain Injuries/immunology
- Brain Injuries/pathology
- Brain Injuries/physiopathology
- Brain Ischemia/immunology
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- CD11 Antigens/analysis
- CD11 Antigens/immunology
- CD11 Antigens/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Female
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/immunology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Leukocyte Elastase/metabolism
- Male
- Microglia/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Plant Lectins/immunology
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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114
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Weston RM, Jarrott B, Ishizuka Y, Callaway JK. AM-36 modulates the neutrophil inflammatory response and reduces breakdown of the blood brain barrier after endothelin-1 induced focal brain ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:712-23. [PMID: 17016500 PMCID: PMC2014659 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Following transient focal stroke, rapid accumulation and activation of neutrophils in the ischaemic region is deleterious due to release of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The purpose of this study was to examine whether AM-36, both a Na+ channel blocker and an antioxidant, afforded neuroprotection by modulating neutrophil accumulation into brain, following endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in conscious rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AM-36 was administered at 3 and 24 h after ET-1-induced MCAo. Functional recovery was determined using grid-walking and cylinder tests. Image analysis of brain sections was used to determine infarct volume. The effect of AM-36 on neutrophil infiltration and their interaction with macrophages was examined in rats at 48 h following MCAo by both an MPO assay and double-label immunofluorescence. Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was measured by the area stained by intravenous Evans Blue. KEY RESULTS AM-36 reduced functional deficits in both tests such that no difference existed from pre-ischaemic values at 48 h. Neutrophil infiltration, assessed by MPO activity, and infarct volume were significantly reduced following AM-36 administration by 54 and 60% respectively. Similarly, immunofluorescence revealed that AM-36 reduced neutrophil infiltration by approximately 50% in selected brain regions, when compared to controls, and also modulated macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils. Breakdown of the BBB was significantly reduced by 60% following AM-36 treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that AM-36 can directly modulate the neutrophil inflammatory response and reduce BBB breakdown following MCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Weston
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, Australia
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia
| | - B Jarrott
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia
| | - Y Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Miyazaki Medical College Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - J K Callaway
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
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