101
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Dai LC, Xu DY, Yao X, Min LS, Zhao N, Xu BY, Xu ZP, Lu YL. Construction of a fusion protein expression vector MK-EGFP and its subcellular localization in different carcinoma cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7649-53. [PMID: 17171794 PMCID: PMC4088047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i47.7649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct an expression plasmid encoding human wild-type midkine (MK) and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) fusion protein (MK-EGFP), and to analyze the subcellular localization of MK in different carcinoma cell lines.
METHODS: Two kinds of MK coding sequences with or without signal peptide were cloned into plasmid pEGFP-N2, and the recombinant plasmids constructed were introduced into HepG2, MCF7 and DU145 cells, respectively, by transfection. With the help of laser scanning confocal microscopy, the expression and subcellular localization of MK-GFP fusion protein could be detected.
RESULTS: Compared with the GFP control, in which fluorescence was detected diffusely over the entire cell body except in the nucleolus, both kinds of fusion protein MK-GFP were localized exclusively to the nucleus and accumulated in the nucleolus in the three kinds of cancer cell lines.
CONCLUSION: This study reveals the specific nucleolar translocation independent of signal peptide, which may be involved in the mechanism that MK works. It provides valuable evidence for further study on the functions of MK in nucleus and its possible mechanisms, in which ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosome assembly are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Dai
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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102
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Branca M, Giorgi C, Ciotti M, Santini D, Di Bonito L, Costa S, Benedetto A, Bonifacio D, Di Bonito P, Paba P, Accardi L, Mariani L, Ruutu M, Syrjänen S, Favalli C, Syrjänen K. Upregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is related to the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, but is not an independent predictor of high-risk human papillomavirus or disease outcome in cervical cancer. Diagn Cytopathol 2006; 34:555-63. [PMID: 16850495 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has a pivotal function in controlling a wide variety of gene functions, and has shown to be constitutively activated in many human cancers. The molecular links of NF-kappaB to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and its prognostic value in cervical cancer (CC) are incompletely understood. As part of our HPV-PathogenISS study, a series of 150 squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 152 CIN lesions were examined using immunohistochemical staining for NF-kappaB, and tested for HPV using PCR with three primer sets (MY09/11, GP5+/GP6+, and SPF). Follow-up data were available from all SCC patients, and 67 CIN lesions had been monitored with serial PCR for HPV clearance/persistence after cone treatment. Cytoplasmic NF-kappaB expression was associated with CIN3/cancer at OR 3.55 (95% CI, 1.79-7.05), while nuclear NF-kappaB expression had an OR of 21.90 (95% CI, 2.96-161.74) (P = 0.0001). Strong nuclear expression was a rare event (8.8%) also in CC, but it was related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) detection, with OR 2.15 (95% CI, 1.08-4.30) (P = 0.022). This association was confounded, however, by the histological grade (Mantel-Haenszel common OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 0.70-3.03) (P = 0.308). Cytoplasmic or nuclear NF-kappaB expression did not predict clearance/persistence of HR-HPV after treatment of CIN, and neither one proved to be a prognostic predictor in CC. Overexpression of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB is significantly associated with progression to CIN3 and cancer. This is paralleled by only a slight increase in nuclear expression of NF-kappaB, which could be explained by the mechanisms whereby HR-HPVs escape from the transcriptional control of NF-kappaB, i.e., E7-mediated impaired nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB, and E6-conditioned attenuated NF-kappaB (p65)-dependent transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Branca
- Unità Citoistopatologia, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
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103
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Yu M, Yeh J, Van Waes C. Protein kinase casein kinase 2 mediates inhibitor-kappaB kinase and aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB activation by serum factor(s) in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6722-31. [PMID: 16818647 PMCID: PMC1839920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that the signal transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is aberrantly activated and that inhibition of NF-kappaB induces cell death and inhibits tumorigenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Thus, identification of specific kinases underlying the activation of NF-kappaB could provide targets for selective therapy. Inhibitor-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase (IKK) is known to activate NF-kappaB by inducing NH(2)-terminal phosphorylation and degradation of its endogenous inhibitor, IkappaB. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) was previously reported to be overexpressed in HNSCC cells and to be a COOH-terminal IKK, but its relationship to NF-kappaB activation in HNSCC cells is unknown. In this study, we examined the contribution of IKK and CK2 in the regulation of NF-kappaB in HNSCC in vitro. NF-kappaB activation was specifically inhibited by kinase-dead mutants of the IKK1 and IKK2 subunits or small interfering RNA targeting the beta subunit of CK2. CK2 and IKK kinase activity, as well as NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, was shown to be serum responsive, indicating that these kinases mediate aberrant activation of NF-kappaB in response to serum factor(s) in vitro. Recombinant CK2alpha was shown to phosphorylate recombinant IKK2 as well as to promote immunoprecipitated IKK complex from HNSCC to phosphorylate the NH(2)-terminal S32/S36 of IkappaBalpha. We conclude that the aberrant NF-kappaB activity in HNSCC cells in response to serum is partially through a novel mechanism involving CK2-mediated activation of IKK2, making these kinases candidates for selective therapy to target the NF-kappaB pathway in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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104
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Santhi WS, Sebastian P, Varghese BT, Prakash O, Pillai MR. NF-kappaB and COX-2 during oral tumorigenesis and in assessment of minimal residual disease in surgical margins. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 81:123-30. [PMID: 16822500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a major health problem in many parts of the world including India. The molecular mechanisms involved in oral tumorigenesis are not completely understood. Although surgery continues to be the most common treatment modality for this cancer, survival rates of oral cancer patients have still not significantly improved over the last few decades. Classical diagnostic methods are still not sensitive enough in detecting completeness of surgery and assessing minimal residual disease. This study investigated the role of NF-kappaB and COX-2 both in oral cancer progression and assessment of minimal residual disease. Expression of NF-kappaB proteins and its inhibitory protein IkappaB-alpha was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, ELISA and EMSA, while RT-PCR was used to detect COX-2 expression. Cytoplasmic expression as well as nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins increased with histological progression of oral cancer (from normal to leukoplakia to cancer). A similar pattern of expression was observed for COX-2 also. NF-kappaB proteins, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, had a significant negative correlation from tumor to surgical margin to extra margin; COX-2 paralleled the expression of NF-kappaB proteins. Our results thus point to NF-kappaB and COX-2 as participants in oral tumor progression and also to the validation of these two molecular markers in assessing minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Santhi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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105
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Tian F, Zang WD, Hou WH, Liu HT, Xue LX. Nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway constitutively activated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of growth of cells by small interfering RNA. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:318-26. [PMID: 16680372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although constitutive nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation has been reported in many human tumors, the role of the NF-kappaB pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been known. In this study, NF-kappaB pathway in two ESCC cell lines was investigated using immunocytochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding was determined by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. RNA interference was used to specifically inhibit the expression of p65. Growth of cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The results showed that p50, p65, IkappaBalpha p-IkappaBalpha and IkappaB kinase beta were expressed and mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed the constitutive expressions of p50, p65 and IkappaBalpha mRNA in the two ESCC cell lines. Furthermore, the nuclear extracts revealed that p50 and p65 translocated to the nucleus had DNA-binding activity. Finally, small interfering RNA of p65 decreased the expression of p65, and the viability of cells transfected with p65 small interfering RNA was significantly suppressed at the same concentration of 5-fluorouracil (P < 0.05) compared to untransfected cells. The results of this study showed that there was the constitutively activated NF-kB signaling pathway in the ESCC cell lines. RNA interference targeting at p65 increased the sensitivity of the ESCC cell lines to 5-fluorouracil, suggesting that NF-kappaB might be a good target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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106
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Domingo-Domenech J, Mellado B, Ferrer B, Truan D, Codony-Servat J, Sauleda S, Alcover J, Campo E, Gascon P, Rovira A, Ross JS, Fernández PL, Albanell J. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in human prostate carcinogenesis and association to biochemical relapse. Br J Cancer 2006; 93:1285-94. [PMID: 16278667 PMCID: PMC2361509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB/p65 regulates the transcription of a wide variety of genes involved in cell survival, invasion and metastasis. We characterised by immunohistochemistry the expression of NF-κB/p65 protein in six histologically normal prostate, 13 high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 86 prostate adenocarcinoma specimens. Nuclear localisation of p65 was used as a measure of NF-κB active state. Nuclear localisation of NF-κB was only seen in scattered basal cells in normal prostate glands. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias exhibited diffuse and strong cytoplasmic staining but no nuclear staining. In prostate adenocarcinomas, cytoplasmic NF-κB was detected in 57 (66.3%) specimens, and nuclear NF-κB (activated) in 47 (54.7%). Nuclear and cytoplasmic NF-κB staining was not correlated (P=0.19). By univariate analysis, nuclear localisation of NF-κB was associated with biochemical relapse (P=0.0009; log-rank test) while cytoplasmic expression did not. On multivariate analysis, serum preoperative prostate specific antigen (P=0.02), Gleason score (P=0.03) and nuclear NF-κB (P=0.002) were independent predictors of biochemical relapse. These results provide novel evidence for NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation in the transition from PIN to prostate cancer. Our findings also indicate that nuclear localisation of NF-κB is an independent prognostic factor of biochemical relapse in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Mellado
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Ferrer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Truan
- Departments of Urology, Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Codony-Servat
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sauleda
- Blood Bank Center, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alcover
- Departments of Urology, Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Campo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Gascon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Rovira
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J S Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P L Fernández
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Albanell
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (ICMHO), Hospital Clinic & Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail:
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107
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Bindhu OS, Ramadas K, Sebastian P, Pillai MR. High expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B and gelatinases in the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2006; 28:916-25. [PMID: 16823875 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular mechanisms involved in transformation of a premalignant/potentially malignant oral lesion to a malignant one remain unclear. Previous studies have documented a direct involvement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) overexpression in the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MMP activation, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, observed in different cancers, has been shown to be mediated via the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). The present study analyzes the clinical significance of gelatinases and NF-kappaB in various histologic phases of human oral tumor progression. METHODS Methodology included immunohistochemistry for MMP2, MMP9, p50, and p65 components of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha (inhibitor kappaBalpha). Gelatin zymography was carried out to determine the extent of gelatinolytic activity. Western blotting was used to confirm the gelatinolytic bands of zymogram, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was carried out to confirm NF-kappaB activation. RESULTS A gradual increase was evident in the intensity of the expression and gelatinolytic activity of gelatinase paralleling the histologic progression of malignancy. This finding supports the histologic evidence of tumor invasion occurring in the transition between premalignancy and invasive cancer. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (p50-p65 form) gradually progresses through the premalignant phase of oral tissue to the invasive phase, showing NF-kappaB activation during oral tumorigenesis. NF-kappaB activation correlatively paralleled the pattern of expression of gelatinases. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest a regulatory role for NF-kappaB on activation of gelatinases during malignant transformation in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Bindhu
- Regional Cancer Centre, Molecular Medicine, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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108
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Tichelaar JW, Zhang Y, leRiche JC, Biddinger PW, Lam S, Anderson MW. Increased staining for phospho-Akt, p65/RELA and cIAP-2 in pre-neoplastic human bronchial biopsies. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:155. [PMID: 16332260 PMCID: PMC1325242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of non-small cell lung carcinoma proceeds through a series of well-defined pathological steps before the appearance of invasive lung carcinoma. The molecular changes that correspond with pathology changes are not well defined and identification of the molecular events may provide clues on the progression of intraepithelial neoplasia in the lung, as well as suggest potential targets for chemoprevention. The acquisition of anti-apoptotic signals is critical for the survival of cancer cells but the pathways involved are incompletely characterized in developing intra-epithelial neoplasia (IEN). Methods We used immunohistochemistry to determine the presence, relative levels, and localization of proteins that mediate anti-apoptotic pathways in developing human bronchial neoplasia. Results Bronchial epithelial protein levels of the phosphorylated (active) form of AKT kinase and the caspase inhibitor cIAP-2 were increased in more advanced grades of bronchial IEN lesions than in normal bronchial epithelium. Additionally, the percentage of biopsies with nuclear localization of p65/RELA in epithelial cells increased with advancing pathology grade, suggesting that NF-κB transcriptional activity was induced more frequently in advanced IEN lesions. Conclusion Our results indicate that anti-apoptotic pathways are elevated in bronchial IEN lesions prior to the onset of invasive carcinoma and that targeting these pathways therapeutically may offer promise in prevention of non-small cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Tichelaar
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267 USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237 USA
| | - Jean C leRiche
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z4E6. USA
| | - Paul W Biddinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267. USA
| | - Stephen Lam
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z4E6. USA
| | - Marshall W Anderson
- Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237 USA
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109
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the most common female malignancy in the world. While cervical cancer is a worldwide disease, oral cancer has the highest incidence in developing countries, especially among tobacco and alcohol users and betel quid chewers. A strong association of cervical and oral cancer with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 infections underlines the importance of the virus in the pathogenesis of these squamous cell carcinomas. Functionally high-risk HPV infection contributes to carcinogenesis and tumor progression predominantly through the actions of two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7. The E6 and E7 genes have been studied in different patient populations and a number of variants have been described. More than 40 variants have been classified and may be related to differences in progression of squamous intraepithelial lesions. The transcription factor, NFkappaB and its activation pathways are frequently targeted by viruses and aberrant constitutive activation of NFkappaB is frequently found in human tumors of diverse tissue origin. Diet-gene interactions are also likely to contribute considerably to the observed inter-individual variations in HPV associated cancer risk, in response to exposures to the nutritional factors that have the potential to promote or protect against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Drug Development and Chemoinformatics, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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110
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Venkatraman M, Anto RJ, Nair A, Varghese M, Karunagaran D. Biological and chemical inhibitors of NF-kappaB sensitize SiHa cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mol Carcinog 2005; 44:51-9. [PMID: 16044419 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent, is known to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. We examined the role of NF-kappaB during cisplatin-induced apoptosis in two human cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and SiHa, known to differ in their response to cisplatin treatment. We found that SiHa cells were relatively more resistant than HeLa cells to the cytotoxic effects induced by cisplatin as measured by MTT assays. HeLa cells were more sensitive to the apoptotic effects induced by cisplatin as shown by increases in annexin staining, DNA fragmentation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Similarly the activities of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and cleavage of PARP induced by cisplatin were more in HeLa than SiHa cells. Cisplatin induced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in HeLa and SiHa cells but not in primary cervical cells and the active DNA binding complex in SiHa cells consists of p50 and RelA heterodimers. However, when NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was blocked by chemical (curcumin, PDTC, or salicylic acid) or biological inhibitors (NIK-KM or IKK-beta DN), the cell viability was less in SiHa cells with cisplatin treatment, but these effects were not observed in HeLa cells. Similarly upon treatment with cisplatin SiHa cells had more activation of caspases compared to that seen in HeLa cells under conditions of NF-kappaB inhibition by biological or chemical inhibitors. These results suggest that NF-kappaB may contribute to the resistance of human cervical cancer cells to cisplatin and highlight the potential use of combination therapy involving cisplatin and NF-kappaB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Venkatraman
- Division of Cancer Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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111
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Lee BL, Lee HS, Jung J, Cho SJ, Chung HY, Kim WH, Jin YW, Kim CS, Nam SY. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation correlates with better prognosis and Akt activation in human gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2518-25. [PMID: 15814628 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because the biological significance of constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in human gastric cancer is unclear, we undertook this study to clarify the regulatory mechanism of NF-kappaB activation and its clinical significance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemistry for NF-kappaB/RelA was done on 290 human gastric carcinoma specimens placed on tissue array slides. The correlations between NF-kappaB activation and clinicopathologic features, prognosis, Akt activation, tumor suppressor gene expression, or Bcl-2 expression were analyzed. We also did luciferase reporter assay, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcription-PCR using the SNU-216 human gastric cancer cell line transduced with retroviral vectors containing constitutively active Akt or the NF-kappaB repressor mutant of IkappaBalpha. RESULTS Nuclear expression of RelA was found in 18% of the gastric carcinomas and was higher in early-stage pathologic tumor-node-metastasis (P = 0.019). A negative correlation was observed between NF-kappaB activation and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.034) and a positive correlation between NF-kappaB activation and overall survival rate of gastric cancer patients (P = 0.0228). In addition, NF-kappaB activation was positively correlated with pAkt (P = 0.047), p16 (P = 0.004), adenomatous polyposis coli (P < 0.001), Smad4 (P = 0.002), and kangai 1 (P < 0.001) expression. An in vitro study showed that NF-kappaB activity in gastric cancer cells is controlled by and controls Akt. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappaB activation was frequently observed in early-stage gastric carcinoma and was significantly correlated with better prognosis and Akt activation. These findings suggest that NF-kappaB activation is a valuable prognostic variable in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Lan Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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112
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Shukla S, Maclennan GT, Marengo SR, Resnick MI, Gupta S. Constitutive activation of P I3 K-Akt and NF-kappaB during prostate cancer progression in autochthonous transgenic mouse model. Prostate 2005; 64:224-39. [PMID: 15712212 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer progression is usually facilitated by independent growth signals that may lead to increased cell survival and evasion of apoptosis. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (P I3 K)-Akt and transcription factor NF-kappaB are important signaling molecules and key survival factors involved in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. Although P I3 K-Akt and NF-kappaB have been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer, expression of these molecules during progression of autochthonous disease has not been elucidated. METHODS Prostate cancer growth and progression in autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice and male non-transgenic littermates were observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Expression patterns of P I3 K-Akt, NF-kappaB, I kappaB, and associated signaling molecules during different stages of cancer progression in these mice were examined by Western blot analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), kinase assay, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sequential MRI and gross analysis of prostate gland exhibited increasing prostate volume associated with the development and progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma in TRAMP mice, compared to male non-transgenic littermates. Differential protein expression of P I3 K, phosphorylated-Akt (Ser 473), I kappa Balpha and its phosphorylation, IKK kinase activity, NF-kappaB/p65, p50, DNA binding, and transcriptional-regulated genes, viz., Bc l2, cyclin D1, MMP-9, and VEGF were observed during prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice, compared to male non-transgenic littermates. Expressions of these molecules were significantly increased during cancer progression observed at 24 and 32 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression pattern of P I3 K-Akt, NF-kappaB and I kappaB during prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice suggest that these molecules represent potential molecular targets for prevention and/or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
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113
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Dolcet X, Llobet D, Pallares J, Matias-Guiu X. NF-kB in development and progression of human cancer. Virchows Arch 2005; 446:475-82. [PMID: 15856292 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-1264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) comprises a family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of a wide variety of biological responses. NF-kB plays a well-known function in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation, but growing evidences support a major role in oncogenesis. NF-kB regulates the expression of genes involved in many processes that play a key role in the development and progression of cancer such as proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Aberrant or constitutive NF-kB activation has been detected in many human malignancies. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on elucidating the functional consequences of NF-kB activation as well as its signaling mechanisms. NF-kB has turned out to be an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, Av Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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114
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Shukla S, MacLennan GT, Fu P, Patel J, Marengo SR, Resnick MI, Gupta S. Nuclear factor-kappaB/p65 (Rel A) is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma and correlates with disease progression. Neoplasia 2005; 6:390-400. [PMID: 15256061 PMCID: PMC1502112 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. In this study, we determined whether NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma, and, if so, whether increased NF-kappaB activation and its binding to DNA influence tumor progression. Using tissue samples obtained during transurethral prostatic resection and paraffin-embedded sections of benign and cancer specimens, we determined the nuclear expression of NF-kappaB/p65 and NF-kappaB/p50, cytoplasmic expression of IkappaBalpha, its phosphorylation, and expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes, specifically Bcl2, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A progressive increase in the expression of NF-kappaB/p65 (but not of p50) was observed in cancer specimens compared to benign tissue, which correlated with increasing levels of IkappaBalpha and its phosphorylation. NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity increased with increasing tumor grade and the binding complex mainly consisted of NF-kappaB/p65-p50 heterodimers. Immunohistochemical analysis showed enhanced nuclear staining for NF-kappaB/p65 in both high-grade (P <.0001) and low-grade (P <.003) cancer specimens, compared to benign tissue. The nuclear levels of NF-kappaB/p65 correlated with concurrent increase in cytosolic levels of IkappaBalpha along with NF-kappaB-dependent expression of Bcl2, cyclin D1, MMP-9, and VEGF. These results demonstrate that NF-kappaB/p65 is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma and is related to tumor progression due to transcriptional regulation of NF-kappaB-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jigar Patel
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan R. Marengo
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Martin I. Resnick
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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115
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Padma S, Sowjanya AP, Poli UR, Jain M, Rao BN, Ramakrishna G. Downregulation of calcineurin activity in cervical carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2005; 5:7. [PMID: 15801986 PMCID: PMC1087859 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Calcineurin (CaN) is an important serine-threonine phosphatase (PP2B), which plays a crucial role in calcium-calmodulin mediated signal transduction events. Calcineurin has been implicated in pathogenesis of various diseases cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic neuropathy and Alzheimer's, however its role in neoplasia remains unclear. RESULTS: In view of this we evaluated the calcineurin activity in serum and biopsy samples collected from women diagnosed with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. A significant reduction was observed in the calcineurin activity in cancer cervix patients compared to the control group. However the calcineurin activity remained unaltered in the cervical scrapes obtained from patients diagnosed with low-grade squamous intra epithelial lesions (LSIL). Interestingly the downregulation of calcineurin activity in squamous cell carcinomas was not accompanied by any significant change in DNA-binding affinity of the transcriptional factor NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells). All the squamous cell carcinoma samples used in the present study were positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the downregulation of calcineurin activity in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix with high risk HPV infection. We conclude that perturbations in calcineurin-mediated pathway may be involved in development of cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Padma
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - A Pavani Sowjanya
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - Usha Rani Poli
- M.N.J Institute of Oncology and Regional cancer centre, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | | | - BN Rao
- M.N.J Institute of Oncology and Regional cancer centre, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
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116
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Nuclear Factor-κB/p65 (Rel A) Is Constitutively Activated in Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Correlates with Disease Progression. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.10.1593/neo.04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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117
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Shukla S, Gupta S. Suppression of Constitutive and Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Induced Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB Activation and Induction of Apoptosis by Apigenin in Human Prostate Carcinoma PC-3 Cells: Correlation with Down-Regulation of NF-κB-Responsive Genes. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3169-78. [PMID: 15131058 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of androgen independence and resistance to apoptosis in prostate cancer are often correlated with high levels of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in these patients. The loss of sensitivity to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in androgen-insensitive prostate carcinoma cells is due in part to constitutive activation of Rel/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factors that regulate several cell survival and antiapoptotic genes. Our previous studies have demonstrated growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of apigenin, a common plant flavonoid, in a variety of human prostate carcinoma cells. Here we examined whether apigenin is effective in inhibiting NF-kappaB expression in androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells exhibiting high constitutive levels of NF-kappaB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, the effect of apigenin was assessed on NF-kappaB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and reporter gene assay. Expression of NF-kappaB subunits p65 and p50, IkappaBalpha, p-IkappaBalpha, in-beads kinase assay and NF-kappaB-regulated genes were determined by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining after fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. RESULTS Treatment of cells with 10-40- micro M doses of apigenin inhibited DNA binding and reduced nuclear levels of the p65 and p50 subunits of NF-kappaB. Apigenin inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and significantly decreased IKKalpha kinase activity. Apigenin also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via the IkappaBalpha pathway, thereby sensitizing the cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation correlated with a decreased expression of NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene and suppressed expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes [specifically, Bcl2, cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor]. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inhibition of NF-kappaB by apigenin may lead to prostate cancer suppression by transcriptional repression of NF-kappaB-responsive genes as well as selective sensitization of prostate carcinoma cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, The James and Eillen Dicke Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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118
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:948-950. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i4.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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119
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Belka C, Jendrossek V, Pruschy M, Vink S, Verheij M, Budach W. Apoptosis-modulating agents in combination with radiotherapy-current status and outlook. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:542-54. [PMID: 14751526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To increase the therapeutic efficacy of ionizing radiation or to reduce radiation-mediated side effects, diverse research centers for translational radiation oncology have headed for a specific modulation of defined cellular death pathways. In this regard, several signaling systems have proved to be of high potential value. RESULTS It has previously been shown that apoptotic pathways induced by ionizing radiation are distinct from death pathways triggered by death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The combination of both radiation and TRAIL was highly efficient in vitro and in preclinical mouse models. However, several aspects of normal tissue toxicity have not been solved, and no Phase I data are available yet. A second approach tested in a Phase I trial is based on the observation that synthetic phospholipid derivatives (alkyllysophospholipids and alkylphosphocholines) strongly enhance apoptotic effects by modulating the balance among the mitogenic, anti-apoptotic MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and the pro-apoptotic SAPK/JNK signaling pathways. Furthermore, others have provided evidence that inhibition of anti-apoptotic signals generated by mitogenic stimuli may increase radiation responses. In this context, controversial data are available regarding the influence of a pharmacologic abrogation of MEK1, Erk1/2 signaling on apoptotic sensitivity but no Phase I trials of MEK inhibitors either alone or in combination with radiation have yet been published. However, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt survival pathway using compounds such as the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor PKC412 has been shown to induce apoptosis or to increase the apoptotic sensitivity of tumor cells. Therefore, these drugs may be used alone or in combination with radiation to increase tumor control; however, Phase I data are lacking. Several other drugs, including cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, betulinic acid, and proteasome inhibitors, have been shown to interact with apoptotic signal transduction. Again, most of the drugs have not been tested in combination with radiation in vivo or-in the case of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors-exert pleiotropic effects. CONCLUSION Although the examples do not reflect all available strategies, it is clear that several promising approaches targeting defined cell death pathways have been developed and entered into clinical trials. The use of synthetic phospholipid derivatives in a Phase I trial is an important example, proving that basic research in radiation biology finally guides the development of new treatment strategies. This, and other approaches, will hopefully increase tumor control rates and reduce side effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Kumar D, Gokhale P, Broustas C, Chakravarty D, Ahmad I, Kasid U. Expression of SCC-S2, an antiapoptotic molecule, correlates with enhanced proliferation and tumorigenicity of MDA-MB 435 cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:612-6. [PMID: 14724590 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCC-S2/GG2-1/NDED is a recently discovered antiapoptotic molecule induced by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Here we have examined a role of SCC-S2 in cell growth regulation in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting using an antipeptide antibody revealed endogenous SCC-S2 as a approximately 21 kDa cytosolic protein in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231) and renal carcinoma cells (RCC-RS). The immunofluorescence detection method showed the cytosolic localization of FLAG-tagged human SCC-S2 in COS-1 transfectants. MDA-MB 435 human cancer cells stably transfected with the FLAG-tagged SCC-S2 cDNA exhibited increased growth rate as compared to control vector transfectants, as measured by the cell viability (>twofold; n=3; P<0.005) and thymidine-labeling procedures ( approximately sixfold; n=3; P<0.0001). SCC-S2 transfectants also displayed an increase in cell migration in collagen I as compared to control transfectants ( approximately twofold; n=3; P<0.005). In athymic mice, SCC-S2 transfectants showed significantly enhanced tumor growth as compared to control transfectants (mean tumor volumes, day 16: control, 56.86+/-19.82 mm(3); SCC-S2, 127.54+/-18.78 mm(3); n=5; P<0.03). The examination of a limited number of clinical specimens revealed higher expression levels of SCC-S2 protein in certain human tumor tissues as compared to the matched normal adjacent tissues. Taken together, the present studies demonstrate SCC-S2 as a novel oncogenic factor in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation mediates cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2004; 119:139-73. [PMID: 15164877 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-7847-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Shishodia
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Mandell JW. Phosphorylation state-specific antibodies: applications in investigative and diagnostic pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1687-98. [PMID: 14578166 PMCID: PMC1892416 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the investigation of protein phosphorylation was limited to biochemical studies of enzyme activities in homogenized tissues. The availability of hundreds of phosphorylation state-specific antibodies (PSSAs) now makes possible the study of protein phosphorylation in situ, and is opening many exciting opportunities in investigative and diagnostic pathology. This review illustrates the power of PSSAs, especially in immunohistochemical applications to human disease and animal models. Technical considerations, including antibody specificity and lability of phosphoepitopes, are covered, along with potential pitfalls, illustrated by a case study. In the arena of oncology, PSSAs may prove especially valuable in directly demonstrating the efficacy of chemotherapies targeted at protein kinase cascades. Novel applications of PSSAs are also beginning to reveal molecular mechanisms of inflammatory, degenerative, and toxin-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Mandell
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology) and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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