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Improving the dissolution and bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine via co-crystallization with isonicotinamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1036-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cocrystal screening of hydroxybenzamides with benzoic acid derivatives: A comparative study of thermal and solution-based methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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103
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Arkhipov SG, Boldyreva EV. An algorithm to identify the existence and reproducibly obtain single crystals of salts and mixed crystals of amino acids suitable for single crystal XRD and Raman spectroscopy experiments. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476614040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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104
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Surov AO, Voronin AP, Manin AN, Manin NG, Kuzmina LG, Churakov AV, Perlovich GL. Pharmaceutical cocrystals of diflunisal and diclofenac with theophylline. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3707-15. [PMID: 25184906 DOI: 10.1021/mp5004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diflunisal (DIF) and diclofenac (DIC) with theophylline (THP) were obtained, and their crystal structures were determined. In both of the crystal structures, molecules form a hydrogen bonded supramolecular unit consisting of a centrosymmetric dimer of THP and two molecules of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Crystal lattice energy calculations showed that the packing energy gain of the [DIC + THP] cocrystal is derived mainly from the dispersion energy, which dominates the structures of the cocrystals. The enthalpies of cocrystal formation were estimated by solution calorimetry, and their thermal stability was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The cocrystals showed an enhancement of apparent solubility compared to the corresponding pure APIs, while the intrinsic dissolution rates are comparable. Both cocrystals demonstrated physical stability upon storing at different relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O Surov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS , 153045, Ivanovo, Russia
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105
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Cherukuvada S, Nangia A. Eutectics as improved pharmaceutical materials: design, properties and characterization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:906-23. [PMID: 24322207 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eutectics are a long known class of multi-component solids with important and useful applications in daily life. In comparison to other multi-component crystalline solids, such as salts, solid solutions, molecular complexes and cocrystals, eutectics are less studied in terms of molecular structure organization and bonding interactions. Classically, a eutectic is defined based on its low melting point compared to the individual components. In this article, we attempt to define eutectics not just based on thermal methods but from a structural organization view point, and discuss their microstructures and properties as organic materials vis-a-vis solid solutions and cocrystals. The X-ray crystal structure of a cocrystal is different from that of the individual components whereas the unit cell of a solid solution is similar to that of one of the components. Eutectics are closer to the latter species in that their crystalline arrangement is similar to the parent components but they are different with respect to the structural integrity. A solid solution possesses structural homogeneity throughout the structure (single phase) but a eutectic is a heterogeneous ensemble of individual components whose crystal structures are like discontinuous solid solutions (phase separated). Thus, a eutectic may be better defined as a conglomerate of solid solutions. A structural analysis of cocrystals, solid solutions and eutectics has led to an understanding that materials with strong adhesive (hetero) interactions between the unlike components will lead to cocrystals whereas those having stronger cohesive (homo/self) interactions will more often give rise to solid solutions (for similar structures of components) and eutectics (for different structures of components). We demonstrate that the same crystal engineering principles which have been profitably utilized for cocrystal design in the past decade can now be applied to make eutectics as novel composite materials, illustrated by stable eutectics of the hygroscopic salt of the anti-tuberculosis drug ethambutol as a case study. A current gap in the characterization of eutectic microstructure may be fulfilled through pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of X-ray diffraction data, which could be a rapid signature technique to differentiate eutectics from their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayan Cherukuvada
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Central University PO, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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106
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Zhou JH, Chen MB, Chen WM, Shi LW, Zhang CY, Li HZ. Virtual screening of cocrystal formers for CL-20. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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108
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Lin HL, Zhang GC, Huang YT, Lin SY. An Investigation of Indomethacin–Nicotinamide Cocrystal Formation Induced by Thermal Stress in the Solid or Liquid State. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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109
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Manin AN, Voronin AP, Manin NG, Vener MV, Shishkina AV, Lermontov AS, Perlovich GL. Salicylamide cocrystals: screening, crystal structure, sublimation thermodynamics, dissolution, and solid-state DFT calculations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6803-14. [PMID: 24861612 DOI: 10.1021/jp5032898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new cocrystal of 2-hydroxybenzamide (A) with 4-acetamidobenzoic acid (B) has been obtained by the DSC screening method. Thermophysical analysis of the aggregate [A:B] has been conducted and a fusion diagram has been plotted. Cocrystal formation from melts was studied by using thermomicroscopy. A cocrystal single-crystal was grown and its crystal structure was determined. The pattern of noncovalent interactions has been quantified using the solid-state DFT computations coupled with the Bader analysis of the periodic electron density. The sublimation processes of A-B cocrystal have been studied and its thermodynamic functions have been calculated. The classical method of substance transfer by inert gas-carrier was chosen to investigate sublimation processes experimentally. The lattice energy is found to be 143 ± 4 kJ/mol. It is lower than the sum of the corresponding values of the cocrystal pure components. The theoretical value of the lattice energy, 156 kJ/mol, is in reasonable agreement with the experimental one. A ternary phase diagram of solubility (A-B-ethanol) has been plotted and the areas with solutions for growing thermodynamically stable cocrystals have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Manin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 1, Academicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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Li HR, Shu YJ, Song C, Chen L, Xu RJ, Ju XH. The smart precursors of energetic–energetic cocrystals from eutectic precursors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Yamashita H, Hirakura Y, Yuda M, Terada K. Coformer screening using thermal analysis based on binary phase diagrams. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1946-57. [PMID: 24522816 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The advent of cocrystals has demonstrated a growing need for efficient and comprehensive coformer screening in search of better development forms, including salt forms. Here, we investigated a coformer screening system for salts and cocrystals based on binary phase diagrams using thermal analysis and examined the effectiveness of the method. METHODS Indomethacin and tenoxicam were used as models of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Physical mixtures of an API and 42 kinds of coformers were analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray DSC. We also conducted coformer screening using a conventional slurry method and compared these results with those from the thermal analysis method and previous studies. RESULTS Compared with the slurry method, the thermal analysis method was a high-performance screening system, particularly for APIs with low solubility and/or propensity to form solvates. However, this method faced hurdles for screening coformers combined with an API in the presence of kinetic hindrance for salt or cocrystal formation during heating or if there is degradation near the metastable eutectic temperature. CONCLUSIONS The thermal analysis and slurry methods are considered complementary to each other for coformer screening. Feasibility of the thermal analysis method in drug discovery practice is ensured given its small scale and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamashita
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 350-8585, Japan,
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Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Tiago J, Velaga SP, Matos HA, Azevedo EGD. Tuning physicochemical properties of theophylline by cocrystallization using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization technique. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Polymorphism in cocrystals: a review and assessment of its significance. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fischer F, Scholz G, Benemann S, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Evaluation of the formation pathways of cocrystal polymorphs in liquid-assisted syntheses. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small but important: the kind of solvent added in liquid-assisted grinding syntheses of cocrystals influences the final product and the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Brook-Taylor-Str. 2
| | - Gudrun Scholz
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Brook-Taylor-Str. 2
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Benemann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rademann
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Brook-Taylor-Str. 2
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Moradiya HG, Islam MT, Halsey S, Maniruzzaman M, Chowdhry BZ, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. Continuous cocrystallisation of carbamazepine and trans-cinnamic acid via melt extrusion processing. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High quality carbamazepine–trans–cinnamic acid cocrystals were produced by hot melt extrusion. The extruded cocrystals showed improved dissolution rates. In-line NIR showed that cocrystals were formed gradually along the mixing zones of the extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren G. Moradiya
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
| | - Muhammad T. Islam
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
| | - Sheelagh Halsey
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
- Molecular Spectroscopy and Material Characterization
- Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
| | - Babur Z. Chowdhry
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
| | - Martin J. Snowden
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
| | - D. Douroumis
- School of Science
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich
- Chatham, UK
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Li P, Chu Y, Wang L, Wenslow RM, Yu K, Zhang H, Deng Z. Structure determination of the theophylline–nicotinamide cocrystal: a combined powder XRD, 1D solid-state NMR, and theoretical calculation study. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the theophylline–nicotinamide cocrystal is determined for the first time by using a combined multi-technique approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Yueying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | | | - Kaichao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Hailu Zhang
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zongwu Deng
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123, PR China
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117
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Lin HL, Zhang GC, Hsu PC, Lin SY. A portable fiber-optic Raman analyzer for fast real-time screening and identifying cocrystal formation of drug-coformer via grinding process. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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118
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Tomaszewska I, Karki S, Shur J, Price R, Fotaki N. Pharmaceutical characterisation and evaluation of cocrystals: Importance of in vitro dissolution conditions and type of coformer. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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119
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André V, Martins I, Quaresma S, Martins M, Duarte MT. Transforming aspirin into novel molecular salts of salicylic acid. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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120
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Nijhawan M, Santhosh A, Babu PRS, Subrahmanyam CVS. Solid state manipulation of lornoxicam for cocrystals--physicochemical characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1163-72. [PMID: 23829186 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.804834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lornoxicam is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug of choice and belongs to Class II (low solubility) of BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System). Thus bioavailabilities problems are predominant. OBJECTIVE Through crystal engineering approach, a method was developed for obtaining multi-component cocrystals of lornoxicam using pharmaceutically acceptable compounds as guests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lornoxicam guest-free form was obtained from solution crystallization. Supramolecular synthon approach indicated that lornoxicam was in orthorhombic form. Further presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding with layered structures was identified. Solvent drop grinding method permitted the formation of cocrystals of lornoxicam with catechol, resorcinol, benzoic acid, hydroxyquinone and 2,4 dihydroxy benzoic acid, all are capable of forming hydrogen bonding. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lornoxicam cocrystals exhibited the difference in melting points and decomposition characteristics. The analysis of infrared (IR) indicated the shifting of characteristic bands of lornoxicam. The XPRD (X-Ray Powder Diffraction) pattern indicated the crystallinity of cocrystals and significant difference in 2θ value of intense peaks. Differential scanning calorimetry spectra of cocrystals denoted the changes in fusion endotherms, which are in agreements with melting points. The pH solubility profile of lornoxicam showed sigmoidal curve, which substantiated the pKa-dependent solubility. Lornoxicam cocrystals also exhibited a similar pH-solubility profile. Thus pairing of lornoxicam and coformers in the solution at high pH media was assumed. The in vitro dissolution studies of cocrystals were conducted at pH 4.0. The rapid rate of dissolution of cocrystals was observed in initial 10 min. The extent of dissolution was enhanced by 20% on account of cocrystallization. CONCLUSION The lornoxicam cocrystals were obtained with improved physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nijhawan
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India , and
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Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Smith G, Wermuth UD. Proton-transfer compounds with 4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (sulfamethazine): the structures and hydrogen bonding in the salts with 5-nitrosalicylic acid and picric acid. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:538-43. [PMID: 23629910 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of the anhydrous proton-transfer compounds of the sulfa drug sulfamethazine with 5-nitrosalicylic acid and picric acid, namely 2-(4-aminobenzenesulfonamido)-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoate, C12H15N4O2S(+)·C7H4NO4(-), (I), and 2-(4-aminobenzenesulfonamido)-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, C12H15N4O2S(+)·C6H2N3O7(-), (II), respectively, have been determined. In the asymmetric unit of (I), there are two independent but conformationally similar cation-anion heterodimer pairs which are formed through duplex intermolecular N(+)-H···O(carboxylate) and N-H···O(carboxylate) hydrogen-bond pairs, giving a cyclic motif [graph set R2(2)(8)]. These heterodimers form separate and different non-associated substructures through aniline N-H···O hydrogen bonds, one one-dimensional, involving carboxylate O-atom acceptors, the other two-dimensional, involving both carboxylate and hydroxy O-atom acceptors. The overall two-dimensional structure is stabilized by π-π interactions between the pyrimidinium ring and the 5-nitrosalicylate ring in both heterodimers [minimum ring-centroid separation = 3.4580 (8) Å]. For picrate (II), the cation-anion interaction involves a slightly asymmetric chelating N-H···O R2(1)(6) hydrogen-bonding association with the phenolate O atom, together with peripheral conjoint R1(2)(6) interactions between the same N-H groups and O atoms of the ortho-related nitro groups. An inter-unit amine N-H···O(sulfone) hydrogen bond gives one-dimensional chains which extend along a and inter-associate through π-π interactions between the pyrimidinium rings [centroid-centroid separation = 3.4752 (9) Å]. The two structures reported here now bring to a total of four the crystallographically characterized examples of proton-transfer salts of sulfamethazine with strong organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Smith
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
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Alhalaweh A, Kaialy W, Buckton G, Gill H, Nokhodchi A, Velaga SP. Theophylline cocrystals prepared by spray drying: physicochemical properties and aerosolization performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:265-76. [PMID: 23297166 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to characterize theophylline (THF) cocrystals prepared by spray drying in terms of the physicochemical properties and inhalation performance when aerosolized from a dry powder inhaler. Cocrystals of theophylline with urea (THF-URE), saccharin (THF-SAC) and nicotinamide (THF-NIC) were prepared by spray drying. Milled THF and THF-SAC cocrystals were also used for comparison. The physical purity, particle size, particle morphology and surface energy of the materials were determined. The in vitro aerosol performance of the spray-dried cocrystals, drug-alone and a drug-carrier aerosol, was assessed. The spray-dried particles had different size distributions, morphologies and surface energies. The milled samples had higher surface energy than those prepared by spray drying. Good agreement was observed between multi-stage liquid impinger and next-generation impactor in terms of assessing spray-dried THF particles. The fine particle fractions of both formulations were similar for THF, but drug-alone formulations outperformed drug-carrier formulations for the THF cocrystals. The aerosolization performance of different THF cocrystals was within the following rank order as obtained from both drug-alone and drug-carrier formulations: THF-NIC>THF-URE>THF-SAC. It was proposed that micromeritic properties dominate over particle surface energy in terms of determining the aerosol performance of THF cocrystals. Spray drying could be a potential technique for preparing cocrystals with modified physical properties.
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Lin HL, Hsu PC, Lin SY. Theophylline–citric acid co-crystals easily induced by DSC–FTIR microspectroscopy or different storage conditions. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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125
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Frenette M, Cosa G, Friščić T. Characterisation of organic solid forms and real-time in situ monitoring of their transformations using solid-state fluorescence. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bučar DK, Day GM, Halasz I, Zhang GGZ, Sander JRG, Reid DG, MacGillivray LR, Duer MJ, Jones W. The curious case of (caffeine)·(benzoic acid): how heteronuclear seeding allowed the formation of an elusive cocrystal. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocrystallization is an effective crystal engineering approach for modifying the crystal structure and properties of drugs. The number of examples of solving drug formulation and manufacture problems by cocrystallization is rapidly growing. An updated review that systematically examines the cocrystal research in the context of drug delivery is timely and valuable. AREAS COVERED Topics covered in this review include nature of cocrystal, impact of cocrystallization on key pharmaceutical properties (both enhancement and deterioration), cocrystal preparation method and future directions in this field. The focus of this review is on the crystal engineering and pharmaceutical literature in the last 5 years. However, classical literature is also examined when relevant. EXPERT OPINION The most effective cocrystal research relies on both in-depth understanding of structure-property relationship and efficient preparation of desired cocrystals. The future cocrystal research will see growth in the areas of designing ternary and higher-order structures, cocrystals between neutral and ionic species, cocrystal polymorphism, cocrystal glasses and thermodynamics of cocrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Calvin Sun
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Thakuria R, Delori A, Jones W, Lipert MP, Roy L, Rodríguez-Hornedo N. Pharmaceutical cocrystals and poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23207015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years cocrystal formation has emerged as a viable strategy towards improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this review the success of numerous pharmaceutical cocrystals for the improvement of the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs is demonstrated using various examples taken from the literature. The role of crystal engineering principles in the selection of appropriate coformers and the nature of the supramolecular synthons present within the crystals are described. Evidence for improved animal pharmacokinetic data is given for several systems. A summary is provided of our current understanding of the relationship between cocrystal structure and solution phase interactions on solubility as well as those factors that influence overall cocrystal thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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129
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Fast dissolving eutectic compositions of curcumin. Int J Pharm 2012; 439:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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130
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Ober CA, Gupta RB. Formation of itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals by gas antisolvent cocrystallization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1396-406. [PMID: 23054991 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystals of itraconazole, an antifungal drug with poor bioavailability, and succinic acid, a water-soluble dicarboxylic acid, were formed by gas antisolvent (GAS) cocrystallization using pressurized CO(2) to improve itraconazole dissolution. In this study, itraconazole and succinic acid were simultaneously dissolved in a liquid solvent, tetrahydrofuran, at ambient conditions. The solution was then pressurized with CO(2), which decreased the solvating power of tetrahydrofuran and caused crystallization of itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals. The cocrystals prepared by GAS cocrystallization were compared to those produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent, n-heptane, for crystallinity, chemical structure, thermal behavior, size and surface morphology, potential clinical relevance, and stability. Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals with physical and chemical properties similar to cocrystals produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent technique can be prepared by CO(2) antisolvent cocrystallization. The dissolution profile of itraconazole was significantly enhanced through GAS cocrystallization with succinic acid, achieving over 90% dissolution in less than 2 h. The cocrystals appeared stable against thermal stress for up to 4 weeks under accelerated stability conditions, showing only moderate decreases in their degree of crystallinity but no change in their crystalline structure. This study shows the utility of an itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystal for improving itraconazole bioavailability while also demonstrating the potential for CO(2) to replace traditional liquid antisolvents in cocrystal preparation, thus making cocrystal production more environmentally benign and scale-up more feasible.
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131
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group, P.O. Box 526, Lafayette, Indiana 47902, United States
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132
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Yamashita H, Hirakura Y, Yuda M, Teramura T, Terada K. Detection of cocrystal formation based on binary phase diagrams using thermal analysis. Pharm Res 2012; 30:70-80. [PMID: 22907418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a number of studies have reported that cocrystals can form by heating a physical mixture of two components, details surrounding heat-induced cocrystal formation remain unclear. Here, we attempted to clarify the thermal behavior of a physical mixture and cocrystal formation in reference to a binary phase diagram. METHODS Physical mixtures prepared using an agate mortar were heated at rates of 2, 5, 10, and 30 °C/min using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Some mixtures were further analyzed using X-ray DSC and polarization microscopy. RESULTS When a physical mixture consisting of two components which was capable of cocrystal formation was heated using DSC, an exothermic peak associated with cocrystal formation was detected immediately after an endothermic peak. In some combinations, several endothermic peaks were detected and associated with metastable eutectic melting, eutectic melting, and cocrystal melting. In contrast, when a physical mixture of two components which is incapable of cocrystal formation was heated using DSC, only a single endothermic peak associated with eutectic melting was detected. CONCLUSION These experimental observations demonstrated how the thermal events were attributed to phase transitions occurring in a binary mixture and clarified the relationship between exothermic peaks and cocrystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamashita
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 350-8585, Japan.
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133
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Solid-state thermal behavior and stability studies of theophylline–citric acid cocrystals prepared by neat cogrinding or thermal treatment. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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134
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Zhang GC, Lin HL, Lin SY. Thermal analysis and FTIR spectral curve-fitting investigation of formation mechanism and stability of indomethacin-saccharin cocrystals via solid-state grinding process. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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135
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Kawakami K. Modification of physicochemical characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients and application of supersaturatable dosage forms for improving bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:480-95. [PMID: 22265844 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
New chemical entities are required to possess physicochemical characteristics that result in acceptable oral absorption. However, many promising candidates need physicochemical modification or application of special formulation technology. This review discusses strategies for overcoming physicochemical problems during the development at the preformulation and formulation stages with emphasis on overcoming the most typical problem, low solubility. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be improved by employing metastable states, salt forms, or cocrystals. Since the usefulness of salt forms is well recognized, it is the normal strategy to select the most suitable salt form through extensive screening in the current developmental study. Promising formulation technologies used to overcome the low solubility problem include liquid-filled capsules, self-emulsifying formulations, solid dispersions, and nanosuspensions. Current knowledge for each formulation is discussed from both theoretical and practical viewpoints, and their advantages and disadvantages are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsaku Kawakami
- National Institute for Materials Science, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Biomaterials Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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136
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Limwikrant W, Nagai A, Hagiwara Y, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Formation mechanism of a new carbamazepine/malonic acid cocrystal polymorph. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:237-40. [PMID: 22537807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new 2/1 carbamazepine (CBZ)/malonic acid (MA) cocrystal polymorph form C was formed using a vibrational rod mill, whereas the known cocrystal polymorph form A was prepared using a ball mill. IR measurements showed that the interaction between CBZ and MA in cocrystal form C was formed by amide-carboxylic acid heterosynthons, similar to that in cocrystal form A. However, NMR results showed that the molecular states of CBZ at the dibenzazepine ring appeared to be different, which could be due to variation in either the conjugation of the aromatic rings or the π-π interaction of CBZ. Factors affecting the formation of cocrystal polymorphs, such as heat and force, were investigated to clarify the formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waree Limwikrant
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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137
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Alhalaweh A, George S, Basavoju S, Childs SL, Rizvi SAA, Velaga SP. Pharmaceutical cocrystals of nitrofurantoin: screening, characterization and crystal structure analysis. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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138
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Cherukuvada S, Nangia A. Fast dissolving eutectic compositions of two anti-tubercular drugs. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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139
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Moribe K, Nagai A, Hagiwara Y, Limwikrant W, Higashi K, Yamamoto K. Carbamazepine-dicarboxylic Acid Cocrystal Formation Induced by Multicomponent Cogrinding and Exchange Reaction of Dicarboxylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4164/sptj.49.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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140
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Delori A, Friščić T, Jones W. The role of mechanochemistry and supramolecular design in the development of pharmaceutical materials. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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141
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Kiran MSRN, Varughese S, Ramamurty U, Desiraju GR. Effect of dehydration on the mechanical properties of sodium saccharin dihydrate probed with nanoindentation. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05656e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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142
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Liu X, Lu M, Guo Z, Huang L, Feng X, Wu C. Improving the chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion with cocrystal technique by hot melt extrusion. Pharm Res 2011; 29:806-17. [PMID: 22009589 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore in-situ forming cocrystal as a single-step, efficient method to significantly depress the processing temperature and thus minimize the thermal degradation of heat-sensitive drug in preparation of solid dispersions by melting method (MM) and hot melt extrusion (HME). METHODS Carbamazepine (CBZ)-nicotinamide (NIC) cocrystal solid dispersions were prepared with polymer carriers PVP/VA, SOLUPLUS and HPMC by MM and/or HME. The formation of cocrystal was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage polarized optical microscopy. State of CBZ in solid dispersion was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and optical microscopy. Interactions between CBZ, NIC and polymers were investigated by FTIR. Dissolution behaviors of solid dispersions were compared with that of pure CBZ. RESULTS CBZ-NIC cocrystal with melting point of 160°C was formed in polymer carriers during heating process, and the preparation temperature of amorphous CBZ solid dispersion was therefore depressed to 160°C. The dissolution rate of CBZ-NIC cocrystal solid dispersion was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS By in-situ forming cocrystal, chemically stable amorphous solid dispersions were prepared by MM and HME at a depressed processing temperature. This method provides an attractive opportunity for HME of heat-sensitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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143
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Daurio D, Medina C, Saw R, Nagapudi K, Alvarez-Núñez F. Application of twin screw extrusion in the manufacture of cocrystals, part I: four case studies. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:582-600. [PMID: 24310598 PMCID: PMC3857084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of twin screw extrusion (TSE) as a scalable and green process for the manufacture of cocrystals was investigated. Four model cocrystal forming systems, Caffeine-Oxalic acid, Nicotinamide-trans cinnamic acid, Carbamazepine-Saccharin, and Theophylline-Citric acid, were selected for the study. The parameters of the extrusion process that influenced cocrystal formation were examined. TSE was found to be an effective method to make cocrystals for all four systems studied. It was demonstrated that temperature and extent of mixing in the extruder were the primary process parameters that influenced extent of conversion to the cocrystal in neat TSE experiments. In addition to neat extrusion, liquid-assisted TSE was also demonstrated for the first time as a viable process for making cocrystals. Notably, the use of catalytic amount of benign solvents led to a lowering of processing temperatures required to form the cocrystal in the extruder. TSE should be considered as an efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly process for the manufacture of cocrystals with little to no solvent requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.N.); (F.A.-N.); Tel.: +1-805-313-5023; Fax: +1-805-447-3259
| | - Fernando Alvarez-Núñez
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.N.); (F.A.-N.); Tel.: +1-805-313-5023; Fax: +1-805-447-3259
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144
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Qiao N, Li M, Schlindwein W, Malek N, Davies A, Trappitt G. Pharmaceutical cocrystals: an overview. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:1-11. [PMID: 21827842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are emerging as a new class of solid drugs with improved physicochemical properties, which has attracted increased interests from both industrial and academic researchers. In this paper a brief and systematic overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals is provided, with particular focus on cocrystal design strategies, formation methods, physicochemical property studies, characterisation techniques, and recent theoretical developments in cocrystal screening and mechanisms of cocrystal formations. Examples of pharmaceutical cocrystals are also summarised in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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145
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Simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy used to screen and detect the co-crystal formation in real time. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3148-51. [PMID: 21450466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We first report that the formation of pharmaceutical co-crystal can be synchronously screened and confirmed by a simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopic system, in which this combined unique system giving spectroscopic and thermodynamic information could provide a easy and direct way for one step screening and qualitative detection of the co-crystal formation in real time.
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146
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Mohammad MA, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP. Hansen solubility parameter as a tool to predict cocrystal formation. Int J Pharm 2011; 407:63-71. [PMID: 21256944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the miscibility of a drug and coformer, as predicted by Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), can indicate cocrystal formation and guide cocrystal screening. It was also our aim to evaluate various HSPs-based approaches in miscibility prediction. HSPs for indomethacin (the model drug) and over thirty coformers were calculated according to the group contribution method. Differences in the HSPs between indomethacin and each coformer were then calculated using three established approaches, and the miscibility was predicted. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the experimental miscibility and cocrystal formation. The formation of cocrystals was also verified using liquid-assisted grinding. All except one of the drug-coformers that were predicted to be miscible were confirmed experimentally as miscible. All tested theoretical approaches were in agreement in predicting miscibility. All systems that formed cocrystals were miscible. Remarkably, two new cocrystals of indomethacin were discovered in this study. Though it may be necessary to test this approach in a wide range of different coformer and drug compound types for accurate generalizations, the trends with tested systems were clear and suggest that the drug and coformer should be miscible for cocrystal formation. Thus, predicting the miscibility of cocrystal components using solubility parameters can guide the selection of potential coformers prior to exhaustive cocrystal screening work.
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147
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148
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Peterson ML, Stanton MK, Kelly RC, Staples R, Cheng A. Preparation, solid state characterization, and single crystal structure analysis of N-(4-(6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetamide crystal forms. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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149
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Bag PP, Patni M, Malla Reddy C. A kinetically controlled crystallization process for identifying new co-crystal forms: fast evaporation of solvent from solutions to dryness. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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150
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Aher S, Dhumal R, Mahadik K, Paradkar A, York P. Ultrasound assisted cocrystallization from solution (USSC) containing a non-congruently soluble cocrystal component pair: Caffeine/maleic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:597-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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