101
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Hare DJ, Kysenius K, Paul B, Knauer B, Hutchinson RW, O'Connor C, Fryer F, Hennessey TP, Bush AI, Crouch PJ, Doble PA. Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190025 PMCID: PMC5352277 DOI: 10.3791/55042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a specific anatomical region. Within the brain, metals have a highly compartmentalized distribution, depending on the primary function they play within the central nervous system. Imaging the spatial distribution of metals has provided unique insight into the biochemical architecture of the brain, allowing direct correlation between neuroanatomical regions and their known function with regard to metal-dependent processes. In addition, several age-related neurological disorders feature disrupted metal homeostasis, which is often confined to small regions of the brain that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Here, we describe a comprehensive method for quantitatively imaging metals in the mouse brain, using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and specially designed image processing software. Focusing on iron, copper and zinc, which are three of the most abundant and disease-relevant metals within the brain, we describe the essential steps in sample preparation, analysis, quantitative measurements and image processing to produce maps of metal distribution within the low micrometer resolution range. This technique, applicable to any cut tissue section, is capable of demonstrating the highly variable distribution of metals within an organ or system, and can be used to identify changes in metal homeostasis and absolute levels within fine anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne;
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | - Beate Knauer
- Research School, Ruhr University; Department of Physiology, Monash University
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Philip A Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney
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102
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Ackerman CM, Lee S, Chang CJ. Analytical Methods for Imaging Metals in Biology: From Transition Metal Metabolism to Transition Metal Signaling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:22-41. [PMID: 27976855 PMCID: PMC5827935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M. Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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103
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Rasheed OK, McDouall JJW, Muryn CA, Raftery J, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Quayle P. The assembly of “S3N”-ligands decorated with an azo-dye as potential sensors for heavy metal ions. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:5229-5239. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and complexation of azo dye-S3N crown conjugates with Ag(i), Cu(ii) and Hg(ii) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. K. Rasheed
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - C. A. Muryn
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - J. Raftery
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - P. Quayle
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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104
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Öhrvik H, Aaseth J, Horn N. Orchestration of dynamic copper navigation – new and missing pieces. Metallomics 2017; 9:1204-1229. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A general principle in all cells in the body is that an essential metal – here copper – is taken up at the plasma membrane, directed through cellular compartments for use in specific enzymes and pathways, stored in specific scavenging molecules if in surplus, and finally expelled from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
- Norway
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105
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Castillo-Michel HA, Larue C, Pradas Del Real AE, Cotte M, Sarret G. Practical review on the use of synchrotron based micro- and nano- X-ray fluorescence mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the interactions between plants and engineered nanomaterials. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 110:13-32. [PMID: 27475903 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in commercial products and the continuous development of novel applications, is leading to increased intentional and unintentional release of ENMs into the environment with potential negative impacts. Particularly, the partition of nanoparticles (NPs) to waste water treatment plant (WWTP) sludge represents a potential threat to agricultural ecosystems where these biosolids are being applied as fertilizers. Moreover, several applications of ENMs in agriculture and soil remediation are suggested. Therefore, detailed risk assessment should be done to evaluate possible secondary negative impacts. The impact of ENMS on plants as central component of ecosystems and worldwide food supply is of primary relevance. Understanding the fate and physical and chemical modifications of NPs in plants and their possible transfer into food chains requires specialized analytical techniques. Due to the importance of both chemical and physical factors to consider for a better understanding of ENMs behavior in complex matrices, these materials can be considered a new type of analyte. An ideal technique should require minimal sample preparation, be non-destructive, and offer the best balance between sensitivity, chemical specificity, and spatial resolution. Synchrotron radiation (SR) techniques are particularly adapted to investigate localization and speciation of ENMs in plants. SR X-ray fluorescence mapping (SR-XFM) offers multi-elemental detection with lateral resolution down to the tens of nm, in combination with spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) speciation. This review will focus on important methodological aspects regarding sample preparation, data acquisition and data analysis of SR-XFM/XAS to investigate interactions between plants and ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Larue
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana E Pradas Del Real
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, Grenoble 38100, France; ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble 38100, France
| | - Marine Cotte
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, Grenoble 38100, France
| | - Geraldine Sarret
- ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble 38100, France
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106
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Šala M, Šelih VS, van Elteren JT. Gelatin gels as multi-element calibration standards in LA-ICP-MS bioimaging: fabrication of homogeneous standards and microhomogeneity testing. Analyst 2017; 142:3356-3359. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of homogeneous multi-element gelatin standards for quantification purposes in 2D/3D LA-ICP-MS imaging and development of a microhomogeneity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- National Institute of Chemistry
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Vid S. Šelih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- National Institute of Chemistry
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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107
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Aschner M, Palinski C, Sperling M, Karst U, Schwerdtle T, Bornhorst J. Imaging metals in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metallomics 2017; 9:357-364. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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108
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Portbury SD, Hare DJ, Sgambelloni C, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA. A time-course analysis of changes in cerebral metal levels following a controlled cortical impact. Metallomics 2016; 8:193-200. [PMID: 26689359 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complicated by a sudden and dramatic change in brain metal levels, including iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Specific 'metallo-pathological' features of TBI include increased non-heme bound Fe and the liberation of free Zn ions, both of which may contribute to the pathogenesis of TBI. To further characterise the metal dyshomeostasis that occurs following brain trauma, we performed a quantitative time-course survey of spatial Fe, Cu and Zn distribution in mice receiving a controlled cortical impact TBI. Images of brain metal levels produced using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the upper quadrant of the ipsilateral hemisphere were compared to the corresponding contralateral hemisphere, together with regional areas radiating toward the center of the brain from the site of lesion. Significant regional and time point specific elevations in Fe, Zn and Cu were detected immediately and up to 28 days after TBI. The magnitude and timeframe of many of these changes suggest that TBI results in a pronounced and sustained alteration in normal metal levels within the brain. Such alterations are likely to play a role in both the short- and long-term consequences of head trauma and suggest that pharmacological modulation to normalize these metal levels may be efficacious in improving functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Portbury
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. and Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Thomas Street, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Charlotte Sgambelloni
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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109
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Hare DJ, Jones MWM, Wimmer VC, Jenkins NL, de Jonge MD, Bush AI, McColl G. High-resolution complementary chemical imaging of bio-elements in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metallomics 2016; 8:156-60. [PMID: 26567696 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a sub-μm multimodal approach to image essential elements in Caenorhabditis elegans. A combination of chemical imaging technologies reveals total metal concentration, chemical state and the protein to which an element is associated. This application of distinct yet complementary chemical imaging techniques provided unique insight into essential and trace elements at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael W M Jones
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Jenkins
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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110
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Tram DTN, Wang H, Sugiarto S, Li T, Ang WH, Lee C, Pastorin G. Advances in nanomaterials and their applications in point of care (POC) devices for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1275-1288. [PMID: 27686397 PMCID: PMC7127209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained much attention over the last decades, as it offers unique opportunities for the advancement of the next generation of sensing tools. Point-of-care (POC) devices for the selective detection of biomolecules using engineered nanoparticles have become a main research thrust in the diagnostic field. This review presents an overview on how the POC-associated nanotechnology, currently applied for the identification of nucleic acids, proteins and antibodies, might be further exploited for the detection of infectious pathogens: although still premature, future integrations of nanoparticles with biological markers that target specific microorganisms will enable timely therapeutic intervention against life-threatening infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Thien Nhan Tram
- Pharmacy Department National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering, Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Sigit Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering, Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Pharmacy Department National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NanoCore, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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111
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In-Field, In Situ, and In Vivo 3-Dimensional Elemental Mapping for Plant Tissue and Soil Analysis Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101764. [PMID: 27782074 PMCID: PMC5087548 DOI: 10.3390/s16101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensing and mapping element distributions in plant tissues and its growth environment has great significance for understanding the uptake, transport, and accumulation of nutrients and harmful elements in plants, as well as for understanding interactions between plants and the environment. In this study, we developed a 3-dimensional elemental mapping system based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy that can be deployed in- field to directly measure the distribution of multiple elements in living plants as well as in the soil. Mapping is performed by a fast scanning laser, which ablates a micro volume of a sample to form a plasma. The presence and concentration of specific elements are calculated using the atomic, ionic, and molecular spectral characteristics of the plasma emission spectra. Furthermore, we mapped the pesticide residues in maize leaves after spraying to demonstrate the capacity of this method for trace elemental mapping. We also used the system to quantitatively detect the element concentrations in soil, which can be used to further understand the element transport between plants and soil. We demonstrate that this method has great potential for elemental mapping in plant tissues and soil with the advantages of 3-dimensional and multi-elemental mapping, in situ and in vivo measurement, flexible use, and low cost.
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112
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Jones MWM, Phillips NW, van Riessen GA, Abbey B, Vine DJ, Nashed YSG, Mudie ST, Afshar N, Kirkham R, Chen B, Balaur E, de Jonge MD. Simultaneous X-ray fluorescence and scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy at the Australian Synchrotron XFM beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:1151-1157. [PMID: 27577770 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516011917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its extreme sensitivity, quantitative mapping of elemental distributions via X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) has become a key microanalytical technique. The recent realisation of scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy (SXDM) meanwhile provides an avenue for quantitative super-resolved ultra-structural visualization. The similarity of their experimental geometries indicates excellent prospects for simultaneous acquisition. Here, in both step- and fly-scanning modes, robust, simultaneous XFM-SXDM is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W M Jones
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Phillips
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Grant A van Riessen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Brian Abbey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J Vine
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Youssef S G Nashed
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stephen T Mudie
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nader Afshar
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Robin Kirkham
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bo Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Eugeniu Balaur
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Martin D de Jonge
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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113
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Carpenter MC, Lo MN, Palmer AE. Techniques for measuring cellular zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:20-29. [PMID: 27580940 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and improvement of fluorescent Zn2+ sensors and Zn2+ imaging techniques have increased our insight into this biologically important ion. Application of these tools has identified an intracellular labile Zn2+ pool and cultivated further interest in defining the distribution and dynamics of labile Zn2+. The study of Zn2+ in live cells in real time using sensors is a powerful way to answer complex biological questions. In this review, we highlight newly engineered Zn2+ sensors, methods to test whether the sensors are accessing labile Zn2+, and recent studies that point to the challenges of using such sensors. Elemental mapping techniques can complement and strengthen data collected with sensors. Both mass spectrometry-based and X-ray fluorescence-based techniques yield highly specific, sensitive, and spatially resolved snapshots of metal distribution in cells. The study of Zn2+ has already led to new insight into all phases of life from fertilization of the egg to life-threatening cancers. In order to continue building new knowledge about Zn2+ biology it remains important to critically assess the available toolset for this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Maria N Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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114
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Wong JK, Ast S, Yu M, Flehr R, Counsell AJ, Turner P, Crisologo P, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,8-Disubstituted-Cyclam/Naphthalimide Conjugates as Probes for Metal Ions. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:375-85. [PMID: 27547648 PMCID: PMC4981059 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes for metal ions have a raft of potential applications in chemistry and biomedicine. We report the synthesis and photophysical characterisation of 1,8‐disubstituted‐cyclam/naphthalimide conjugates and their zinc complexes. An efficient synthesis of 1,8‐bis‐(2‐azidoethyl)cyclam has been developed and used to prepare 1,8‐disubstituted triazolyl‐cyclam systems, in which the pendant group is connected to triazole C4. UV/Vis and fluorescence emission spectra, zinc binding experiments, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurements and pH titrations of the resultant bis‐naphthalimide ligand elucidate a complex pattern of photophysical behaviour. Important differences arise from the inclusion of two fluorophores in the one probe and from the variation of triazole substitution pattern (dye at C4 vs. N1). Introducing a second fluorophore greatly extends fluorescence lifetimes, whereas the altered substitution pattern at the cyclam amines exerts a major influence on fluorescence output and metal binding. Crystal structures of two key zinc complexes evidence variations in triazole coordination that mirror the solution‐phase behaviour of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Ast
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Roman Flehr
- Institute for ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht St. 24—2514476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Peter Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- Crystal Structure Analysis FacilityThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | | | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
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115
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Murray KK, Seneviratne CA, Ghorai S. High resolution laser mass spectrometry bioimaging. Methods 2016; 104:118-26. [PMID: 26972785 PMCID: PMC4937799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was introduced more than five decades ago with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and a decade later with laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Large biomolecule imaging by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was developed in the 1990s and ambient laser MS a decade ago. Although SIMS has been capable of imaging with a moderate mass range at sub-micrometer lateral resolution from its inception, laser MS requires additional effort to achieve a lateral resolution of 10μm or below which is required to image at the size scale of single mammalian cells. This review covers untargeted large biomolecule MSI using lasers for desorption/ionization or laser desorption and post-ionization. These methods include laser microprobe (LDI) MSI, MALDI MSI, laser ambient and atmospheric pressure MSI, and near-field laser ablation MS. Novel approaches to improving lateral resolution are discussed, including oversampling, beam shaping, transmission geometry, reflective and through-hole objectives, microscope mode, and near-field optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | | | - Suman Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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116
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van Elteren JT, Izmer A, Šelih VS, Vanhaecke F. Novel Image Metrics for Retrieval of the Lateral Resolution in Line Scan-Based 2D LA-ICPMS Imaging via an Experimental-Modeling Approach. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7413-20. [PMID: 27349804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The quality of elemental image maps obtained via line scan-based LA-ICPMS is a function of the temporal response of the entire system, governed by the design of the system and mapping and acquisition conditions used, next to the characteristics of the sample. To quantify image degradation, ablation targets with periodic gratings are required for the construction of a modulation transfer function (MTF) and subsequent determination of the lateral resolution as a function of image noise and contrast. Since such ablation targets, with suitable matrix composition, are not readily available, computer-generated periodic gratings were virtually ablated via a computational process based on a two-step discrete-time convolution procedure using empirical/experimental input data. This experimental-modeling procedure simulates LA-ICPMS imaging based on two consecutive processes, viz., LA sampling (via ablation crater profiles [ACP]) and aerosol washout/transfer/ICPMS measurement (via single pulse responses [SPR]). By random selection of experimental SPRs from a large database for each individual pulse during the simulation, the convolution procedure simulates an accurate elemental image map of the periodic gratings with realistic (proportional or flicker) noise. This facilitates indirect retrieval of the experimental lateral resolution for the matrix targeted without performing actual line scanning on periodic gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Teun van Elteren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrei Izmer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vid Simon Šelih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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117
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Hare DJ, Raven EP, Roberts BR, Bogeski M, Portbury SD, McLean CA, Masters CL, Connor JR, Bush AI, Crouch PJ, Doble PA. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging of white and gray matter iron distribution in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex. Neuroimage 2016; 137:124-131. [PMID: 27233149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition in the brain is a feature of normal aging, though in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, the rate of iron accumulation is more advanced than in age-matched controls. Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging we present here a pilot study that quantitatively assessed the iron content of white and gray matter in paraffin-embedded sections from the frontal cortex of Alzheimer's and control subjects. Using the phosphorus image as a confirmed proxy for the white/gray matter boundary, we found that increased intrusion of iron into gray matter occurs in the Alzheimer's brain compared to controls, which may be indicative of either a loss of iron homeostasis in this vulnerable brain region, or provide evidence of increased inflammatory processes as a response to chronic neurodegeneration. We also observed a trend of increasing iron within the white matter of the frontal cortex, potentially indicative of disrupted iron metabolism preceding loss of myelin integrity. Considering the known potential toxicity of excessive iron in the brain, our results provide supporting evidence for the continuous development of novel magnetic resonance imaging approaches for assessing white and gray matter iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Erika P Raven
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, United States; Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirjana Bogeski
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart D Portbury
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Australia; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip A Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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118
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Clède S, Cowan N, Lambert F, Bertrand HC, Rubbiani R, Patra M, Hess J, Sandt C, Trcera N, Gasser G, Keiser J, Policar C. Bimodal X-ray and Infrared Imaging of an Organometallic Derivative of Praziquantel inSchistosoma mansoni. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1004-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clède
- École Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; LBM; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7203 LBM; 75005 Paris France
| | - Noemi Cowan
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel; P. O. Box 4003 Basel Switzerland
| | - François Lambert
- École Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; LBM; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7203 LBM; 75005 Paris France
| | - Hélène C. Bertrand
- École Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; LBM; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7203 LBM; 75005 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Rubbiani
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL; L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin B. P. 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Nicolas Trcera
- Synchrotron SOLEIL; L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin B. P. 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel; P. O. Box 4003 Basel Switzerland
| | - Clotilde Policar
- École Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; LBM; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7203 LBM; 75005 Paris France
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119
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metals play major roles in children's health and are associated with negative health outcomes via deficiency, overload, or toxicity. Constantly evolving analytical technology can provide new insight into how metal metabolism and exposure biology are intertwined in a range of biological matrices. RECENT FINDINGS Exposure can occur prenatally as many metals cross the placental barrier. The placenta is permeable to many metal species, some through tightly regulated transporters, and others because of a limited capacity for detoxification. Postbirth, metal exposure continues to exert long-term health effects, ranging from exposure to exogenous heavy metals, such as lead, to overload of otherwise essential metals, including manganese. Increasing evidence supports the existence of critical developmental windows when susceptibility to toxicants and nutritional deficiencies is highest. Elemental imaging technology provides microspatial information on metal uptake and retention across tissue architecture, which provides important insights into exposure and biologic response. SUMMARY Imaging the spatial distribution of elements, both essential and toxic, provides information that bulk measures cannot, including cell-specific distributions and timing of exposure.
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120
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Niedzwiecki MM, Austin C, Remark R, Merad M, Gnjatic S, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Espejel-Nuñez A, Borboa-Olivares H, Guzman-Huerta M, Wright RJ, Wright RO, Arora M. A multimodal imaging workflow to visualize metal mixtures in the human placenta and explore colocalization with biological response markers. Metallomics 2016; 8:444-52. [PMID: 26987553 PMCID: PMC5010873 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to essential and toxic metals can influence life-long health trajectories. The placenta regulates chemical transmission from maternal circulation to the fetus and itself exhibits a complex response to environmental stressors. The placenta can thus be a useful matrix to monitor metal exposures and stress responses in utero, but strategies to explore the biologic effects of metal mixtures in this organ are not well-developed. In this proof-of-concept study, we used laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to measure the distributions of multiple metals in placental tissue from a low-birth-weight pregnancy, and we developed an approach to identify the components of metal mixtures that colocalized with biological response markers. Our novel workflow, which includes custom-developed software tools and algorithms for spatial outlier identification and background subtraction in multidimensional elemental image stacks, enables rapid image processing and seamless integration of data from elemental imaging and immunohistochemistry. Using quantitative spatial statistics, we identified distinct patterns of metal accumulation at sites of inflammation. Broadly, our multiplexed approach can be used to explore the mechanisms mediating complex metal exposures and biologic responses within placentae and other tissue types. Our LA-ICP-MS image processing workflow can be accessed through our interactive R Shiny application 'shinyImaging', which is available at or through our laboratory's website, .
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Niedzwiecki
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Romain Remark
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | - Aurora Espejel-Nuñez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mario Guzman-Huerta
- Maternal Fetal Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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122
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A new copper(II) selective fluorescence probe based on naphthalimide: Synthesis, mechanism and application in living cells. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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123
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James SA, Hare DJ, Jenkins NL, de Jonge MD, Bush AI, McColl G. φXANES: In vivo imaging of metal-protein coordination environments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20350. [PMID: 26861174 PMCID: PMC4748213 DOI: 10.1038/srep20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy method using fluorescence detection for visualizing in vivo coordination environments of metals in biological specimens. This approach, which we term fluorescence imaging XANES (φXANES), allows us to spatially depict metal-protein associations in a native, hydrated state whilst avoiding intrinsic chemical damage from radiation. This method was validated using iron-challenged Caenorhabditis elegans to observe marked alterations in redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Nicole L Jenkins
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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124
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James SA, Burke R, Howard DL, Spiers KM, Paterson DJ, Murphy S, Ramm G, Kirkham R, Ryan CG, de Jonge MD. Visualising coordination chemistry: fluorescence X-ray absorption near edge structure tomography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11834-11837. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we develop a measurement scheme to determine the abundance, distribution, and coordination environment of biological copper complexes in situ, without need for complex sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Burke
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | | | | | | | - S. Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - G. Ramm
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - R. Kirkham
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation
- Clayton 3168
- Australia
| | - C. G. Ryan
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation
- Clayton 3168
- Australia
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125
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Smith DG, Sajid N, Rehn S, Chandramohan R, Carney IJ, Khan MA, New EJ. A library-screening approach for developing a fluorescence sensing array for the detection of metal ions. Analyst 2016; 141:4608-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A four-membered array based on fluorescent thiophenes is capable of distinguishing transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Smith
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Naveed Sajid
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Simone Rehn
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | | | - Isaac J. Carney
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Misbahul A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
- Bahawalpur
- Pakistan
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126
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Ganio K, James SA, Hare DJ, Roberts BR, McColl G. Accurate biometal quantification per individual Caenorhabditis elegans. Analyst 2016; 141:1434-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of complementary methods to quantify biometals per individual for analytical biochemical studies using microscopic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ganio
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Simon A. James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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127
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Hare DJ, New EJ. On the outside looking in: redefining the role of analytical chemistry in the biosciences. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8918-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry has much to offer to an improved understanding of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology Sydney
- Broadway
- Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
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128
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Cao F, Donnarumma F, Murray KK. Particle size measurement from infrared laser ablation of tissue. Analyst 2015; 141:183-90. [PMID: 26630332 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The concentration and size distribution were measured for particles ablated from tissue sections using an infrared optical parametric oscillator laser system. A scanning mobility particle sizer and light scattering particle sizer were used in parallel to realize a particle sizing range from 10 nm to 20 μm. Tissue sections from rat brain and lung ranging in thickness between 10 and 50 μm were mounted on microscope slides and irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses at 3 μm wavelength and fluences between 7 and 21 kJ m(-2) in reflection geometry. The particle size distributions were characterized by a bimodal distribution with a large number of particles 100 nm in diameter and below and a large mass contribution from particles greater than 1 μm in diameter. The large particle contribution dominated the ablated particle mass at high laser fluence. The tissue type, thickness, and water content did not have a significant effect on the particle size distributions. The implications of these results for laser ablation sampling and mass spectrometry imaging under ambient conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 70803, USA.
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