101
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Tao L, Liu XF, Ren BH, Wang H, Sun HQ, Zhang K, Teng YQ, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang WZ. Electroreductive Ring-Opening Carboxylation of 1,3-Oxazolidin-2-ones with CO 2 for Accessing β-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38189289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrocarboxylation of the C(sp3)-O bond in 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones with CO2 to achieve β-amino acids is developed. The C-O bond in substrates can be selectively cleaved via the single electron transfer on the surface of a cathode or through a CO2• - intermediate under additive-free conditions. A great diversity of β-amino acids can be obtained in a moderate to excellent yield and readily converted to various biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
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102
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S, Ghafouri K. Scalable Diastereoselective Electrosynthesis of Spiro[benzofuran-2,2'-furan]-3-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:425-432. [PMID: 38085534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Spirobenzofuran scaffolds, because of their three-dimensional structure, are incorporated into several valuable natural products and drug candidate molecules. Herein, with the assistance of electrosynthesis, we introduce a novel electrochemical approach for achieving spirobenzofurans in a user-friendly and operationally simple undivided cell setup under constant current. This metal-catalyst-free electrochemical procedure afforded spiro[benzofuran-2,2'-furan]-3-ones with high diastereoselectivity. Compatibility with gram-scale synthesis along with the convenient accessibility of reaction instruments and starting materials collectively raised the importance of this protocol compared to previous challenging methods. Furthermore, mechanistic cognizance of this reaction is obtained by the investigation of the cyclic voltammetry spectra of reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Kiyana Ghafouri
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
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103
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Garbini M, Brunetti A, Pedrazzani R, Monari M, Marcaccio M, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Reductive cyclodimerization of chalcones: exploring the "self-adaptability" of galvanostatic electrosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:404-407. [PMID: 38084060 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The "self-adaptability" of galvanostatic electrolysis was shown to assist a multistage unprecedented chemo- and diastereoselective electrochemically promoted cyclodimerization of chalcones. The process, all involving the reductive events, delivered densely functionalized cyclopentanes featuring five contiguous stereocenters (25 examples, yields of up to 95%, dr values up to >20 : 1). Dedicated and combined experimental as well as electrochemical investigation revealed the key role of a dynamic kinetic resolution of the aldol intermediate for the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Garbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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104
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Zhou W, Li ZQ, Cheng C, Lu L, Yang R, Song XR, Luo MJ, Xiao Q. Electrochemical Arene Radical Cation Promoted Spirocyclization of Biaryl Ynones: Access to Alkoxylated Spiro[5,5]trienones. Org Lett 2023; 25:9158-9163. [PMID: 38101415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel electrochemical arene radical cation promoted dearomative spirocyclization of biaryl ynones with alcohols is described, providing a conceptually novel transformation mode for producing diverse alkoxylated spiro[5,5]trienones. The catalyst- and chemical-oxidant-free spirocyclization protocol features broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the generation of arene radical cation via anodic single-electron oxidation is crucial, with sequential 6-endo-dig cyclization, dissociation of hemiketal, anodic oxidation, and nucleophilic attack of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zi-Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chaozhihui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ruchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
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105
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Feng Q, He T, Qian S, Xu P, Liao S, Huang S. Electroreductive hydroxy fluorosulfonylation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8278. [PMID: 38092768 PMCID: PMC10719349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An electroreductive strategy for radical hydroxyl fluorosulfonylation of alkenes with sulfuryl chlorofluoride and molecular oxygen from air is described. This mild protocol displays excellent functional group compatibility, broad scope, and good scalability, providing convenient access to diverse β-hydroxy sulfonyl fluorides. These β-hydroxy sulfonyl fluoride products can be further converted to valuable aliphatic sulfonyl fluorides, β-keto sulfonyl fluorides, and β-alkenyl sulfonyl fluorides. Further, some of these products showed excellent inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea or Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which could be useful for potent agrochemical discovery. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation is achieved through rapid O2 interception by the alkyl radical and subsequent reduction of the peroxy radical, which outcompete other side reactions such as chlorine atom transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and Russell fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shencheng Qian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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106
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Shukla G, Singh M, Kumar Yadav A, Shankar Singh M. Aromatic C(sp 2 )-H Functionalization by Consecutive Paired Electrolysis: Dibromination of Aryl Amines with Dibromoethane at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2023:e202303179. [PMID: 38078727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a facile and efficient electrochemical method for the dibromination of aryl amines by double functionalization of aromatic C(sp2 )-H (both para and ortho) under metal- and external oxidant-free conditions at room temperature for the first time. The reaction is demonstrated using 1,2-dibromoethane to dibrominate a wide range of N-substituted aryl amines in a simple setup with C(+)/Pt(-) electrodes under mild reaction conditions. This transformation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope affording the valuable and versatile N-substituted 2,4-dibromoanilines in moderate to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. In this paired electrolysis, cathodic reduction of 1,2-DBE followed by anodic oxidation generates bromonium intermediates, which then couple with anilines to furnish the dibrominated products. It represents a distinctive approach to challenging redox-neutral reactions. The versatility of the electrochemical ortho-, para-dibromination was reflected by unique regioselectivities for challenging aryl amines and gram-scale electrosynthesis without the use of a stoichiometric oxidant or an activating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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107
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Xie F, Han F, Yan Y, Li H, Hao J, Jing L, Han P. Difluoromethylation-Carboxylation and -Deuteration of Alkenes Triggered by Electroreduction of Difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38056421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
It is significant to develop novel difluoromethylation methods because of the important roles of difluoromethyl groups in the medicinal chemistry and material industries. Here, we developed a novel difluoromethylation-carboxylation and difluoromethylation-deuteration method triggered by a difluoromethyl radical generated by electroreduction of stable and easily available difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Various molecules containing difluoromethyl and carboxyl or deuterium groups can be synthesized through this method. The establishment of this method will provide an alternative to radical difluoromethylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Fen Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Yunying Yan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Haiqiong Li
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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108
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Zou L, Xiang S, Sun R, Lu Q. Selective C(sp 3)-H arylation/alkylation of alkanes enabled by paired electrocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7992. [PMID: 38042911 PMCID: PMC10693613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a combination of electrocatalysis and photoredox catalysis to perform selective C(sp3)-H arylation/alkylation of alkanes, in which a binary catalytic system based on earth-abundant iron and nickel is applied. Reaction selectivity between two-component C(sp3)-H arylation and three-component C(sp3)-H alkylation is tuned by modulating the applied current and light source. Importantly, an ultra-low anodic potential (~0.23 V vs. Ag/AgCl) is applied in this protocol, thus enabling compatibility with a variety of functional groups (>70 examples). The robustness of the method is further demonstrated on a preparative scale and applied to late-stage diversification of natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Xiang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.
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109
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Lu J, Yao Y, Li L, Fu N. Dual Transition Metal Electrocatalysis: Direct Decarboxylative Alkenylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38029443 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct decarboxylative alkenylation of widely available aliphatic carboxylic acids with vinyl halides for the synthesis of alkenes with all substitution patterns has been accomplished by means of Ce/Ni dual transition metal electrocatalysis. The reactions employ alkyl acids as the limiting reagents and exhibit a broad scope with respect to both coupling partners. Notably, simple primary alkyl carboxylic acids could be readily engaged as carbon-centered radical precursors in the reaction. This new alkenylation protocol has been successfully demonstrated in direct modification of naturally occurring complex acids and is amenable to the enantioselective decarboxylative alkenylation of arylacetic acid. Mechanistic studies, including a series of controlled experiments and cyclic voltammetry data, allow us to probe the key intermediates and the pathway of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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110
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Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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111
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Alam T, Patel BK. Electrochemical N-Aroylation of Sulfoximines by Using Benzoyl Hydrazines with H 2 Generation. Chemistry 2023:e202303444. [PMID: 37990751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Developed here is a robust electrochemical cross-coupling reaction between aroyl hydrazine and NH-sulfoximine via concomitant cleavage and formation of C(sp2 )-N bonds with the evolution of H2 and N2 as innocuous by-products. This sustainable protocol avoids the use of toxic reagents and occurs at room temperature. The reaction proceeds via the generation of an aroyl and a sulfoximidoyl radical via anodic oxidation under constant current electrolysis (CCE), affording N-aroylated sulfoximine. The strategy is applied to late-stage sulfoximidation of L-menthol, (-)-borneol, D-glucose, vitamin-E derivatives, and marketed drugs such as probenecid, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ciprofibrate, and sulindac. In addition, the present methodology is mild, high functional group tolerance with broad substrate scope and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
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112
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Zhou X, Wang J, Shen Y, Ma D, Zhao Y, Wu J. Cp 2Fe-Mediated Electrochemical Synthesis of Phosphorylated Oxindoles and Indolo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37990818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated oxindoles and indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones mediated by readily available Cp2Fe has been developed, which illustrated a broad substrate scope and diverse functional group compatibility. This protocol featured an external oxidant-free process and was at room temperature, which was proposed to be driven by the anodic oxidation of Cp2Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yirui Shen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Dumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
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113
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Zhang W, Guan W, Wang Y, Lin S, See KA. Enabling Al sacrificial anodes in tetrahydrofuran electrolytes for reductive electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13108-13118. [PMID: 38023497 PMCID: PMC10664456 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Al0 is widely used as a sacrificial anode in organic electrosynthesis. However, there remains a notable knowledge gap in the understanding of Al anode interface chemistry under electrolysis conditions. We hypothesize that Al interfacial chemistry plays a pivotal role in the discernible bias observed in solvent selections for reductive electrosynthesis. The majority of existing methodologies that employ an Al sacrificial anode use N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the preferred solvent, with only isolated examples of ethereal solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF). Given the crucial role of the solvent in determining the efficiency and selectivity of an organic reaction, limitations on solvent choice could significantly hinder substrate reactivity and impede the desired transformations. In this study, we aim to understand the Al metal interfaces and manipulate them to improve the performance of an Al sacrificial anode in THF-based electrolytes. We have discovered that the presence of halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) in the electrolyte is crucial for efficient Al stripping. By incorporating halide additive, we achieve bulk Al stripping in THF-based electrolytes and successfully improve the cell potentials of electrochemically driven reductive methodologies. This study will encourage the use of ethereal solvents in systems using Al sacrificial anodes and guide future endeavors in optimizing electrolytes for reductive electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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114
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Wei Y, Lin LQH, Lee BC, Koh MJ. Recent Advances in First-Row Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions for π-Bond Functionalization and C-Glycosylation. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3292-3312. [PMID: 37917928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusEfficient construction of ubiquitous carbon-carbon bonds between two electrophiles has garnered interest in recent decades, particularly if it is mediated by nonprecious, first-row transition metals. Reductive coupling has advantages over traditional cross-coupling by obviating the need for stoichiometric air- and moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. By harnessing transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling as a powerful tool, intricate molecular architectures can be readily assembled through the installation of two C-C bonds across π systems (alkenes/alkynes) via reaction with two appropriate electrophiles. Despite advances in reductive alkene difunctionalization, there remains significant potential for the discovery of novel reaction pathways. In this regard, development of reductive protocols that enable the union of challenging alkyl/alkynyl electrophiles in high regio- and chemoselectivity remains a highly sought-after goal.Apart from π-bond functionalization, reductive coupling has found application in carbohydrate chemistry, particularly in the synthesis of valuable C-glycosyl compounds. In this vein, suitable glycosyl donors can be used to generate reactive glycosyl radical intermediates under reductive conditions. Through elaborately designed reactions, these intermediates can be trapped to furnish pharmaceutically relevant glycoconjugates. Consequently, diversification in C-glycosyl compound synthesis using first-row transition metal catalysis holds strong appeal.In this Account, we summarize our efforts in the development of first-row transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions for applications in alkene/alkyne functionalization and C-glycosylation. We will first discuss the nickel (Ni)-catalyzed reductive difunctionalization of alkenes, aided by an 8-aminoquinoline (AQ) directing auxiliary. Next, we highlight the Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of alkenyl amides tethered with a similar AQ-derived directing auxiliary. Lastly, we discuss an efficient synthesis of 1,3-enynes involving site- and stereoselective reductive coupling of terminal alkynes with alkynyl halides and NHPI esters.Beyond alkene dicarbofunctionalization, we extended the paradigm of transition metal-catalyzed reductive coupling toward the construction of C-glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates. By employing an earth-abundant iron (Fe)-based catalyst, we show that useful glycosyl radicals can be generated from glycosyl chlorides under reductive conditions. These intermediates can be captured in C-C bond formation to furnish valuable C-aryl, C-alkenyl, and C-alkynyl glycosyl compounds with high diastereoselectivity. Our Ni-catalyzed multicomponent union of glycosyl chlorides, aryl/alkyl iodides, and isobutyl chloroformate under reductive conditions led to the stereoselective synthesis of C-acyl glycosides. In addition to Fe and Ni, we discovered a Ti-catalyzed/Mn-promoted synthetic route to access C-alkyl and C-alkenyl glycosyl compounds, through the reaction of glycosyl chlorides with electron-deficient alkenes/alkynes. We further developed an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) photoactivation system leveraging decarboxylative and deaminative strategies for C-glycosylation under Ni catalysis. This approach has been demonstrated to selectively activate carboxyl and amino motifs to furnish glycopeptide conjugates. Finally, through two distinct catalytic transformations of bench-stable heteroaryl glycosyl sulfones, we achieved stereodivergent access to both α- and β-anomers of C-aryl glycosides, one of which involves a Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling with aryl iodides.The findings presented in this Account are anticipated to have far-reaching implications beyond our research. We foresee that these results will pave the way for new transformations founded on the concept of reductive coupling, leading to the discovery of novel applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Leroy Qi Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
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115
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Wang Q, Chen YX, Ji SH, Zhou JM, Li RH, Cai YR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Phenothiazinone as Fluorophore and Its Application in Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302124. [PMID: 37658481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazinone is a promising yet underutilized fluorophore, possibly due to the lack of a general accessibility. This study reports a robust and scalable TEMPO-mediated electrochemical method to access a variety of phenothiazinones from 2-aminothiophenols and quinones. The electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple cell architecture under mild condition, and notably carbon-halogen bond in quinones remains compared to conventional methods, enabling orthogonal downstream functionalization. Mechanistic studies corroborate that TEMPO exerts a protective effect in avoiding product decomposition at the cathode. In particular, benzophenothiazinones show intriguing luminescence in both solid and solution state, and thus their photophysical properties are scrutinized in detail. Further bio-imaging of the lipid droplets in living cells highlights the considerable promise of benzophenothiazinones as fluorescent dye in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Hao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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116
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Zhang M, Luo Z, Tang X, Yu L, Pei J, Wang J, Lu C, Huang B. Electrochemical selenocyclization of 2-ethynylanilines with diselenides: facile and efficient access to 3-selenylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8918-8923. [PMID: 37906112 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical selenocyclization strategy for the synthesis of 3-selenylindoles from 2-ethynylanilines and diselenides has been developed in simple tube- or beaker-type undivided cells under ambient conditions. Notably, these sustainable transformations are completed within a short time with low equivalents of charges, diselenides and electrolytes, exhibiting a broad substrate scope with excellent functional group compatibility. Moreover, a gram-scale electrosynthesis and late-stage functionalization of complex molecules further demonstrate the practical synthetic potential of this facile electrochemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Xinye Tang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Linmin Yu
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Jinglin Pei
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Junlei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550000, China.
| | - Caicai Lu
- Experiment and Practice Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
- College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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117
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Li HR, Guo XY, Guo MZ, Liu K, Wen LR, Li M, Zhang LB. Electrochemical chemoselective hydrogenation of 1,4-enediones with HFIP as the hydrogen donor: scalable access to 1,4-diketones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8646-8650. [PMID: 37870475 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward electrochemical protocol for efficient hydrogenation of unsaturated CC bonds has been reported in an undivided cell. A series of versatile 1,4-diketones are smoothly generated under metal-free and external-reductant-free electrolytic conditions. Moreover, the tolerance of various functional groups and decagram-scale experiments have shown the practicability and potential applications of this methodology. Moreover, a range of heterocyclic compounds were easily prepared through follow-up procedures of 1,4-diketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-Zhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Kui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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118
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Su F, Lu F, Tang K, Lv X, Luo Z, Che F, Long H, Wu X, Chi YR. Organocatalytic C-H Functionalization of Simple Alkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310072. [PMID: 37731165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds to form carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds offers vast potential for chemical synthesis and therefore receives increasing attention. At present, most successes come from strategies using metal catalysts/reagents or photo/electrochemical processes. The use of organocatalysis for this purpose remains scarce, especially when dealing with challenging C-H bonds such as those from simple alkanes. Here we disclose the first organocatalytic direct functionalization/acylation of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds of completely unfunctionalized alkanes. Our approach involves N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst-mediated carbonyl radical intermediate generation and coupling with simple alkanes (through the corresponding alkyl radical intermediates generated via a hydrogen atom transfer process). Unreactive C-H bonds are widely present in fossil fuel feedstocks, commercially important organic polymers, and complex molecules such as natural products. Our present study shall inspire a new avenue for quick functionalization of these molecules under the light- and metal-free catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Su
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fengfei Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kun Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaokang Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhongfu Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fengrui Che
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongyan Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of chemistry, chemical engineering, and biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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119
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Yang K, Feng T, Qiu Y. Organo-Mediator Enabled Electrochemical Deuteration of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312803. [PMID: 37698174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of the deuterium isotope effect, selective deuterium labeling of chemical molecules remains a major challenge. Herein, a facile and general electrochemically driven, organic mediator enabled deuteration of styrenes with deuterium oxide (D2 O) as the economical deuterium source was reported. Importantly, this transformation could be suitable for various electron rich styrenes mediated by triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reaction proceeded under mild conditions without transition-metal catalysts, affording the desired products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (D-inc, up to >99 %). Mechanistic investigations by means of isotope labeling experiments and cyclic voltammetry tests provided sufficient support for this transformation. Notably, this method proved to be a powerful tool for late-stage deuteration of biorelevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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120
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Yu J, Liu T, Sun W, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Elimination of Carboxylic Acids to Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7816-7821. [PMID: 37870311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the decarboxylative elimination of carboxylic acids to alkenes at room temperature has been developed. This mild and oxidant-free method provides a green alternative to traditional thermal decarboxylation reactions. Structurally diverse aliphatic carboxylic acids, including biologically active drugs, underwent smooth conversion to the corresponding alkenes in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiage Yu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wanhao Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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121
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Qi J, Xu J, Ang HT, Wang B, Gupta NK, Dubbaka SR, O'Neill P, Mao X, Lum Y, Wu J. Electrophotochemical Synthesis Facilitated Trifluoromethylation of Arenes Using Trifluoroacetic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37920956 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The trifluoromethyl (CF3) group is an essential moiety in medicinal chemistry due to its unique physicochemical properties. While trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an inexpensive and easily accessible reagent, its use as a source of CF3 is highly challenging due to its high oxidation potential. In this study, we present a novel electrophotochemical approach that enables the use of TFA as the CF3 source for the selective, catalyst- and oxidant-free trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes. Key to our approach is the selective oxidation of TFA over arenes, generating CF3 radicals through oxidative decarboxylation. This strategy enables the sustainable and environmentally-friendly synthesis of CF3-, CF2H- and perfluoroalkyl-containing (hetero)arenes with a broad range of substrates. Importantly, our results demonstrate significantly improved chemoselectivity by light irradiation, opening up new possibilities for the synthetic and medicinal applications of TFA as an ideal yet underutilized CF3 source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ting Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Nipun Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Reddy Dubbaka
- Pfizer Asia Manufacturing Pte Ltd., Manufacturing Technology Development Centre (MTDC), Synapse Building, #05-17, 3 Biopolis Drive, 138623, Singapore
| | - Patrick O'Neill
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, Process Development Centre, Ringaskiddy (PDC), Co-Cork 637578, Ireland
| | - Xianwen Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore,9 Engineering Drive 1117575, Singapore
| | - Yanwei Lum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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122
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Lv JF, Tan YF, Zhao YN, Yang D, He YH, Guan Z. Electrochemical C(sp 2)-H/N-H "formal" cross-dehydrogenative coupling of olefins with benzotriazoles for synthesis of N-vinyl benzotriazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8488-8493. [PMID: 37855422 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01300f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The paper details an electrochemical method that couples olefins with benzotriazoles to form C(sp2)-N bonds, enabling the synthesis of N-vinyl benzotriazoles in moderate to good yields. nBu4NI functions as both an electrolyte and an iodine mediator, and the method does not require oxidants or metals. It is a highly atom-economical and clean reaction, with hydrogen as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yu-Fang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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123
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Hodgson JW, Folgueiras-Amador AA, Pletcher D, Harrowven DC, Denuault G, Brown RCD. Spatio-temporal detachment of homogeneous electron transfer in controlling selectivity in mediated organic electrosynthesis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:302-323. [PMID: 37522856 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In electrosynthesis, electron transfer (ET) mediators are normally chosen such that they are more easily reduced (or oxidised) than the substrate for cathodic (or anodic) processes; setting the electrode potential to the mediator therefore ensures selective heterogeneous ET with the mediator at the electrode, rather than the substrate. The current work investigates the opposite, and counter intuitive, situation for a successful mediated electroreductive process where the mediator (phenanthrene) has a reduction potential that is negative to that of the substrate, and the cathode potential is set negative to both (Eele < EM < Es). Simulations reveal a complex interplay between mass transport, the relative concentrations of the mediator and substrate as well as the heterogeneous and homogeneous rate constants for multiple steps, which under suitable conditions, leads to separation of the homogeneous chemistry in a reaction layer detached from the electrode. Reaction layer detachment is a spatio-temporal effect arising due to opposing fluxes of the mediator radical anion M˙- and the substrate 1, which ultimately prevents 1 from reaching the electrode, thereby affording a different reaction pathway. Simulations representative of unstirred batch (1D) and flow (2D) electrolysis are presented, which qualitatively reproduce the experimental selectivity outcomes for mediated and unmediated electroreductive cyclisation of aryl iodide 1. The potential to use highly reducing homogeneous ET agents, possessing reduction potentials beyond those of the substrates, offers exciting opportunities in mediated electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Hodgson
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Derek Pletcher
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Guy Denuault
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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124
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Struwe J, Ackermann L. Photoelectrocatalyzed undirected C-H trifluoromethylation of arenes: catalyst evaluation and scope. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:79-86. [PMID: 37466161 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, photoelectrocatalysis has evolved as an increasingly viable tool for molecular synthesis. Despite several recent reports on the undirected C-H functionalization of arenes, thus far, a detailed comparison of different catalysts is still missing. To address this, more than a dozen different mediators were employed in the trifluoromethylation of (hetero-)arenes to compare them in their efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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125
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Liu F, Ding W, Lin J, Cheng X. Scandium-Catalyzed Electrochemical Synthesis of α-Pyridinyl Tertiary Amino Acids and Esters. Org Lett 2023; 25:7617-7621. [PMID: 37824579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
α-Pyridyl tertiary amino acids have potential pharmaceutical applications because of their structural features. However, their synthesis is still highly limited. Herein, we report a straightforward approach for the electrochemical synthesis of tertiary α-substituted amino acid derivatives via three-component reductive coupling. Using gaseous ammonia as both the N and H source, the α-keto ester reacts directly with 4-CN-pyridine. The application of scandium catalysis is the key for achieving chemoselectivity among various side reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijie Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiacong Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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126
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Jiang W, Wang B, Song C, Liu J. Electrocatalytic Desulfurizative Amination of Thioureas to Guanidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14601-14609. [PMID: 37788335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine has been known as an important class of N-containing molecules with a wide range of applications. Described here is a selective and efficient electrochemical approach to the synthesis of guanidines from easily accessible thioureas and amines. The key to success for this reaction is the in situ generation of a hypervalent iodine reagent as a catalyst from iodoarene by anodic oxidation. This mild desulfurizative amination presents ample substrate scope and good functional group tolerance without the use of extra stoichiometric chemical oxidants. As only electrons serve as the oxidation reagents, this method offers a more straightforward and sustainable manner toward versatile guanidines, including late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, China
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127
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Lu L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhang W, See KA, Lin S. Three-Component Cross-Electrophile Coupling: Regioselective Electrochemical Dialkylation of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22298-22304. [PMID: 37801465 PMCID: PMC10625357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The cross-electrophile dialkylation of alkenes enables the formation of two C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds from readily available starting materials in a single transformation, thereby providing a modular and expedient approach to building structural complexity in organic synthesis. Herein, we exploit the disparate electronic and steric properties of alkyl halides with varying degrees of substitution to accomplish their selective activation and addition to alkenes under electrochemical conditions. This method enables regioselective dialkylation of alkenes without the use of a transition-metal catalyst and provides access to a diverse range of synthetically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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128
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Ren T, Qu R, Song L. Electrochemical Fe-catalysed radical cyclization for the synthesis of oxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8089-8093. [PMID: 37779504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01370g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient and sustainable electrocatalytic approach for the synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted 2-oxindoles bearing ester groups from readily accessible N-arylacrylamides and carbazates. The reaction proceeds through an electrochemical iron-catalyzed radical addition/cyclization sequence with a commercially available iron catalyst and carbazates as alkoxycarbonyl radical precursors. This mild and operationally simple method transforms a wide range of structurally diverse N-arylacrylamides into oxindole derivatives in good yields and can be smoothly scaled up for the preparation of synthetically valuable oxindoles that are key intermediates for the synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruina Qu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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129
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Palkowitz MD, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS. A Paradigm Shift in Catalysis: Electro- and Photomediated Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2851-2865. [PMID: 37772915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, facilitating strategic bond formations for accessing natural products, organic materials, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Redox chemistry enables access to elusive cross-coupling mechanisms through single-electron processes as an alternative to classical two-electron strategies predominated by palladium catalysis. The seminal reports of Baran, MacMillan, Doyle, Molander, Weix, Lin, Fu, Reisman, and others in merging redox perturbation (photochemical, electrochemical, and purely chemical) with catalysis are pivotal to the current resurgence and mechanistic understanding of first-row transition metal-based catalysis. The hallmark of this redox platform is the systematic modulation of transition-metal oxidation states by a photoredox catalyst or at a heterogeneous electrode surface. Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis enhance transition metal catalysis' capacity for bond formation through electron- or energy-transfer processes that promote otherwise challenging elementary steps or elusive mechanisms. Cross-coupling conditions promoted by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are mild, and bond formation proceeds with exceptionally high chemoselectivity and wide functional group tolerance. The interfacing of abundant first-row transition-metal catalysis with electrocatalysis and photocatalysis has brought about a paradigm shift in cross-coupling technology as practitioners are quickly applying these tools in synthesizing fine chemicals and pharmaceutically relevant motifs. In particular, the merger of Ni catalysis with electro- and photochemistry ushered in a new era for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-couplings with expanded generality compared to their thermally driven counterparts. Over the past decade, we have developed enabling photo- and electrochemical methods throughout our combined research experience in industry (BMS, AstraZeneca) and academia (Professor Baran, Scripps Research) in cross-disciplinary collaborative environments. In this Account, we will outline recent progress from our past and present laboratories in photo- and electrochemically mediated Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings. By highlighting these cross-coupling methodologies, we will also compare mechanistic features of both electro- and photochemical strategies for forging C(sp2)-C(sp3), C(sp3)-C(sp3), C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds. Through these side-by-side comparisons, we hope to demystify the subtle differences between the two complementary tools to enact redox control over transition metal catalysis. Finally, building off the collective experience of ourselves and the rest of the community, we propose a tactical user guide to photo- and electrochemically driven cross-coupling reactions to aid the practitioner in rapidly applying such tools in their synthetic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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130
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An Y, Cao W, Ouyang M, Chen S, Wang G, Chen X. Substantial impact of surface charges on electrochemical reaction kinetics on S vacancies of MoS2 using grand-canonical iteration method. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144702. [PMID: 37811830 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface charges of catalysts have intricate influences on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Herein, we develop a grand-canonical iteration method based on density functional theory calculations to explore the effect of surface charges on reaction kinetics beyond the traditional Butler-Volmer picture. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction on S vacancies of MoS2 as an example, we show how to track the change of surface charge in a reaction and to analyze its influence on the kinetics. Protons adsorb on S vacancies in a tough and charge-insensitive water splitting manner, which explains the observed large Tafel slope. Grand-canonical calculations report an unanticipated surface charge-induced change of the desorption pathway from the Heyrovsky route to a Volmer-Tafel route. During an electrochemical reaction, a net electron inflow into the catalyst may bring two effects, i.e., stabilization of the canonical energy and destabilization of the charge-dependent grand-canonical part. On the contrary, a net outflow of electrons from the catalyst can reverse the two effects. This surface charge effect has substantial impacts on the overpotential and the Tafel slope. We suggest that the surface charge effect is universal for all electrochemical reactions and significant for those involving interfacial proton transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi An
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Guangjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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131
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Gu X, Wang T, Yan K. Solvent-Free Mechanoradical-Mediated Minisci-Type C-H Alkylation of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7287-7292. [PMID: 37787464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly new C-H alkylation method of N-heteroarenes facilitated by mechanochemistry is described. Under solvent-free ball-milling, mechanoradicals (SO4•-) were generated from persulfate via in situ homolysis in the solid state, at as low as -50 °C. These highly oxidizing radicals readily transform alkyl trifluoroborate salts to their corresponding carbon-based radicals for subsequent C-C bond formation with N-heterocycles. Mechanistic studies unambiguously confirmed the involvement of both oxygen- and alkyl-radical-based intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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132
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Liu M, Feng T, Wang Y, Kou G, Wang Q, Wang Q, Qiu Y. Metal-free electrochemical dihydroxylation of unactivated alkenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6467. [PMID: 37833286 PMCID: PMC10575955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a metal-free electrochemical dihydroxylation of unactivated alkenes is described. The transformation proceeds smoothly under mild conditions with a broad range of unactivated alkenes, providing valuable and versatile dihydroxylated products in moderate to good yields without the addition of costly transition metals and stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants. Moreover, this method can be applied to a range of natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives, further demonstrating its synthetic utility. Mechanistic studies have revealed that iodohydrin and epoxide intermediate are formed during the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guangsheng Kou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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133
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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134
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Jana S, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Photo- and Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysed Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Hydrofunctionalisation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304882. [PMID: 37184388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogen atom transfer from metal-hydrides to alkenes allows feedstock olefins to be used as alkyl radical precursors. The chemoselectivity of this process makes it an attractive synthetic tool and as such it has been regularly used in synthesis of complex molecules. However, onwards reactivity is limited by compatibility with the conditions which form the key metal-hydride species. Now, through the merger with photocatalysis or electrochemistry, milder methods are emerging which can unlock entirely new reactivity and offer perspectives on expanding these methods in unprecedented directions. This review outlines the most recent developments in electro- and photochemical cobalt catalysed methods and offers suggestions on the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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135
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Lu YH, Mu SY, Jiang J, Zhou MH, Wu C, Ji HT, He WM. Paraformaldehyde as C1 Synthon: Electrochemical Three-Component Synthesis of Tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones in Aqueous Ethanol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300523. [PMID: 37728196 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
A green and practical method for the electrochemical synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones through the three-component reaction of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, N-arylglycines and paraformaldehyde was reported. In this strategy, EtOH played dual roles (eco-friendly solvent and waste-free pre-catalyst) and the in situ generated ethoxide promoted triple sequential deprotonations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Lu
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Si-Yu Mu
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Min-Hang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hong-Tao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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136
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Wan Q, Chen K, Dong X, Ruan X, Yi H, Chen S. Elucidating the Underlying Reactivities of Alternating Current Electrosynthesis by Time-Resolved Mapping of Short-Lived Reactive Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306460. [PMID: 37593930 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) electrolysis is an emerging field in synthetic chemistry, however its mechanistic studies are challenged by the effective characterization of the elusive intermediate processes. Herein, we develop an operando electrochemical mass spectrometry platform that allows time-resolved mapping of stepwise electrosynthetic reactive intermediates in both direct current and alternating current modes. By dissecting the key intermediate processes of electrochemical functionalization of arylamines, the unique reactivities of AC electrosynthesis, including minimizing the over-oxidation/reduction through the inverse process, and enabling effective reaction of short-lived intermediates generated by oxidation and reduction in paired electrolysis, were evidenced and verified. Notably, the controlled kinetics of reactive N-centered radical intermediates in multistep sequential AC electrosynthesis to minimize the competing reactions was discovered. Overall, this work provides direct evidence for the mechanism of AC electrolysis, and clarifies the underlying reasons for its high efficiency, which will benefit the rational design of AC electrosynthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xianqin Ruan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Suming Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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137
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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138
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Liu G, Chen Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Zhang M, Shen G, Qi P, Li J, Ma D, Yu F, Huang X. Indirect Electrocatalysis S─N/S─S Bond Construction by Robust Polyoxometalate Based Foams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304716. [PMID: 37392073 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Indirect electrocatalytic conversion of cheap organic raw materials via the activation of S─H and N─H bonds into the value-added S─N/S─S bonds chemicals for industrial rubber production is a promising strategy to realize the atomic economic reaction, during which the kinetic inhibition that is associated with the electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface in traditional direct electrocatalysis can be eliminated to achieve higher performance. In this work, a series of di-copper-substituted phosphotungstatebased foams (PW10 Cu2 @CMC) are fabricated with tunable loadings (17 to 44 wt%), which can be successfully applied in indirect electrocatalytic syntheses of sulfenamides and disulfides. Specifically, the optimal PW10 Cu2 @CMC (44 wt%) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the construction of S─N/S─S bonds (yields up to 99%) coupling with the efficient production of H2 (≈50 µmol g-1 h-1 ). Remarkably, it enables the scale-up production (≈14.4 g in a batch experiment) and the obtained products can serve as rubber vulcanization accelerators with superior properties to traditional industrial rubber additives in real industrial processes. This powerful catalysis system that can simultaneously produce rubber vulcanization accelerator and H2 may inaugurate a new electrocatalytic avenue to explore polyoxometalate-based foam catalysts in electrocatalysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yifa Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jikun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271021, P. R. China
| | - Delong Ma
- National Rubber Additive Engineering Technology Center, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
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139
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Murtaza A, Ulhaq Z, Shirinfar B, Rani S, Aslam S, Martins GM, Ahmed N. Arenes and Heteroarenes C-H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300119. [PMID: 37255348 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ulhaq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
- West Herts College, Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFS Car, 13565-905, São Carlos -SP, Brazil
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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140
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Sun B, Wang ZH, Wang YZ, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Parallel paired electrolysis-enabled asymmetric catalysis: simultaneous synthesis of aldehydes/aryl bromides and chiral alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2033-2041. [PMID: 37507259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed asymmetric electro-reductive couplings have emerged as a powerful tool for organic synthesis, wherein a sacrificial anode is typically required. Herein, a parallel paired electrolysis (PPE)-enabled asymmetric catalysis has been developed, and the alcohols and ketones could be simultaneously converted to the corresponding aldehydes and chiral tertiary alcohols with high yields and enantioselectivity in an undivided cell. Additionally, this Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive coupling can well match the anodic oxidative C-H bond bromination of (hetero)arenes. This protocol opens an alternative avenue for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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141
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Li SS, Jiang YS, Chen LN, Chen DN, Luo XL, Pan CX, Xia PJ. The Merger of Halogen Atom Transfer (XAT) and Energy Transfer Catalysis (EnT) for the Modular 1,2-Iminylalkylation of Diazenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7009-7013. [PMID: 37708359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The 1,2-iminylalkylation of diazenes using alkyl iodides in combination with an O-benzoyl oxime is reported. In this transformation, O-benzoyl oxime acted as a radical precursor and XAT mediator. In addition to common alkyl iodides, other alkyl iodides such as iodomethane, iodomethane-d3, trifluoroiodomethane, ethyl difluoroiodoacetate, and iodoalkanes containing unprotected hydroxyl and amide groups can also serve as C-radical precursors in the 1,2-iminylalkylation with electrophilic diazenes as radical acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Shi Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ning Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ling Luo
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xue Pan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Ju Xia
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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142
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He H, Wan Q, Hou ZW, Zhou Q, Wang L. Organoelectrophotocatalytic Generation of Acyl Radicals from Formamides and Aldehydes: Access to Acylated 3-CF 3-2-Oxindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:7014-7019. [PMID: 37721400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Organoelectrophotocatalytic generation of acyl radicals from formamides and aldehydes to synthesize acylated 3-CF3-2-oxindoles has been developed. This protocol features a monocatalytic system using 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) both as a catalyst and as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, which avoids the use of an external HAT reagent, metal reagent, and oxidant. A variety of acylated 3-CF3-2-oxindoles have been obtained in satisfactory yields from CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides via a tandem radical cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
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143
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Zhou W, Chen P, Li ZQ, Xiao LT, Bai J, Song XR, Luo MJ, Xiao Q. Electrochemical 1,3-Alkyloxylimidation of Arylcyclopropane Radical Cations: Four-Component Access to Imide Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:6919-6924. [PMID: 37695045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a general electrochemical radical-cation-mediated four-component ring-opening 1,3-alkyloxylimidation of arylcyclopropanes, acetonitrile, carboxylic acids, and alcohols is described, providing a facile and sustainable approach to quickly construct structurally diverse imide derivatives from easily available raw materials in an operationally simple undivided cell. This metal-catalyst- and oxidant-free single-electron oxidation strategy offers a green alternative for the formation of highly reactive cyclopropane-derived radical cations, and this protocol features a broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Zi-Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Li-Tong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Jiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
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144
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Fang S, Zhong K, Zeng S, Hu X, Sun P, Ruan Z. The electrochemically enabled α-C(sp 3)-H azolation of ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11425-11428. [PMID: 37671488 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
C-H/N-H cross-coupling has become a key technology for the selective conjugation of azole drug molecules. However, the development of new synthetic models and green chemical methods is imperative to enhance the construction of multi-functional compounds and compounds with unique functional groups. We herein reported an electrochemical synthesis of α-tetrazolyl ketones with excellent yields and broad substrate scope, encompassing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups of aryl ketones, heterocycles, and alkyl and various ketone drugs. It was further proved that α-iodoketone was involved in this transformation of the reaction as a critical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Fang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Kaihui Zhong
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Xinwei Hu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Pinghua Sun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
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145
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Matsumoto A, Maeda N, Maruoka K. Bidirectional Elongation Strategy Using Ambiphilic Radical Linchpin for Modular Access to 1,4-Dicarbonyls via Sequential Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20344-20354. [PMID: 37490759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules that can be connected to multiple substrates by sequential C-C bond formations can be utilized as linchpins in multicomponent processes. While they are useful for rapidly increasing molecular complexity, most of the reported linchpin coupling methods rely on the use of organometallic species as strong carbon nucleophiles to form C-C bonds, which narrows the functional group compatibility. Here, we describe a metal-free, radical-mediated coupling approach using a formyl-stabilized phosphonium ylide as a multifunctional linchpin under visible-light photoredox conditions. The present method uses the ambiphilic character of the phosphonium ylide, which serves as both a nucleophilic and an electrophilic carbon-centered radical source. The stepwise and controllable generation of these radical intermediates allows sequential photocatalysis involving two mechanistically distinct radical additions, both of which are initiated by the same photocatalyst in one pot with high functional group tolerance. The methodology enables a bidirectional assembly of the linchpin with two electronically differentiated alkene fragments and thus offers rapid and modular access to 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds as versatile synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Natsumi Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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146
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Hu X, Tao M, Gong K, Feng Q, Hu X, Li Y, Sun S, Liang D. Electrochemical or Photoelectrochemical Alkenylpolyfluoroalkylation of 3-Aza-1,5-dienes: Regioselective Entry to Polyfluoroalkylated 4-Pyrrolin-2-ones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12935-12948. [PMID: 37673796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical or photoelectrochemical regioselective polyfluoroalkylation/cyclization cascade of 3-aza-1,5-dienes with sodium fluoroalkanesulfinates is presented. This protocol proceeds with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance under mild, oxidant-free, transition-metal-free, and electrolyte-free conditions to provide 3-polyfluoroalkylated 4-pyrrolin-2-ones in one step from readily available N-vinylacrylamides, and it is readily scalable to the Gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Minglin Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Kaixing Gong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Shaoguang Sun
- Medical College, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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147
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Hu M, Zhang S, Qin C, Nie H, Xiong Z, Shi X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Selective Electrochemical Halogenation of Functionalized Quinolone. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12958-12970. [PMID: 37620989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an effective C3-H halogenation of quinoline-4(1H)-ones under electrochemical conditions, in which potassium halides serve as both halogenating agents and electrolytes. The protocol provides expedient access to different halogenated quinoline-4(1H)-ones with unique regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis employing convenient, environmentally friendly electrolysis, in an undivided cell. Mechanism studies have shown that halogen radicals can promote the activation of N-H bonds in quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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148
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Fastie C, Li L, Bätcher M, Hilt G. Pre-electrolysis of LiClO 4 in Acetonitrile: Electrochemically Induced Protolytic Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation of Benzylic Ethers and Acetals with Allyl Trimethylsilane and Other Carbon Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12526-12530. [PMID: 37594465 PMCID: PMC10476155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The pre-electrolysis of LiClO4 in acetonitrile in an undivided cell applying only "catalytic" amounts of current (e.g., 0.05 F) led to the formation of a strong acidic medium for the activation of benzylic ethers and acetals. The activated primary and secondary benzylic ethers and acetals could be converted with a range of carbon nucleophiles, such as allyl trimethylsilane, silyl enol ethers, and enol acetates, for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. A chemoselective reaction was observed when electron-deficient benzylic acetals were converted with allyl trimethylsilane to the monoallylated products, whereas an electron-rich benzylic acetal led to the double allylated product under activation of both ether groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Fastie
- Institut für Chemie,
Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, Oldenburg D-26129, Germany
| | - Luomo Li
- Institut für Chemie,
Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, Oldenburg D-26129, Germany
| | - Moritz Bätcher
- Institut für Chemie,
Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, Oldenburg D-26129, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie,
Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, Oldenburg D-26129, Germany
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149
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Chen SJ, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylation and Sulfonylation of N-Allylamides: Synthesis of Oxazoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12630-12640. [PMID: 37579302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines by electrochemical radical cascade cyclizations of N-allylamides with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate or sulfonylhydrazines. This protocol provides a green and useful strategy to synthesize trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines with a broad substrate scope under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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150
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Zou L, Xu R, Wang H, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li M. Chemical recycling of polyolefins: a closed-loop cycle of waste to olefins. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad207. [PMID: 37601241 PMCID: PMC10437089 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unsuitable disposal of plastic wastes has caused serious environmental pollution, and finding a green manner to address this problem has aroused wide concern. Plastic wastes, especially polyolefin wastes, are rich in carbon and hydrogen, and chemical recycling shows distinct advantages in their conversion into olefins and realizes a closed-loop cycling of plastic wastes. Plastic wastes should be labeled before disposal. The necessity for, and methods of, pretreatment are introduced in this paper and the whole recycling process of polyolefin wastes is also summarized. As the core technology pyrolysis, including thermal, catalytic and solvolysis processes, is introduced in detail due to its potential for future development. We also briefly describe the feasible strategies of pyrolytic oil refining and life cycle assessment of the chemical recycling process. In addition, suggestions and perspectives concerning the industrial improvement of polyolefin chemical recycling are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zou
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Run Xu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- 2060 Research Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- 2060 Research Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
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