101
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Wu ZM, Ling L, Zhou LY, Guo XD, Jiang W, Qian Y, Luo KQ, Zhang LJ. Novel preparation of PLGA/HP55 nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:299. [PMID: 22682064 PMCID: PMC3436866 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop the PLGA/HP55 nanoparticles with improved hypoglycemic effect for oral insulin delivery. The insulin-loaded PLGA/HP55 nanoparticles were produced by a modified multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical characteristics, in vitro release of insulin, and in vivo efficacy in diabetic rats of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The insulin encapsulation efficiency was up to 94%, and insulin was released in a pH-dependent manner under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. When administered orally (50 IU/kg) to diabetic rats, the nanoparticles can decrease rapidly the blood glucose level with a maximal effect between 1 and 8 h. The relative bioavailability compared with subcutaneous injection (5 IU/kg) in diabetic rats was 11.3% ± 1.05%. This effect may be explained by the fast release of insulin in the upper intestine, where it is better absorbed by the high gradient concentration of insulin than other regions. These results show that the PLGA/HP55 nanoparticles developed in the study might be employed as a potential method for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Min Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Li Juan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Macromolecular therapeutics, in particular, many biologics, is the most advancing category of drugs over conventional chemical drugs. The potency and specificity of the biologics for curing certain disease made them to be a leading compound in the pharmaceutical industry. However, due to their intrinsic nature, including high molecular weight, hydrophilicity and instability, they are difficult to be administered via non-invasive route. This is a major quest especially in biologics, as they are frequently used clinically for chronic disorders, which requires long-term administration. Therefore, many efforts have been made to develop formulation for non-invasive administration, in attempt to improve patient compliance and convenience. In this review, strategies for non-invasive delivery, in particular, oral, pulmonary and nasal delivery, that are recently adopted for delivery of biologics are discussed. Insulin, calcitonin and heparin were mainly focused for the discussion as they could represent protein, polypeptide and polysaccharide drugs, respectively. Many recent attempts for non-invasive delivery of biologics are compared to provide an insight of developing successful delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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103
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Meetoo D, McAllister G, West A, Turnbull M. In pursuit of excellence in diabetes care: trends in insulin delivery. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2012; 21:588-595. [PMID: 22875294 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.10.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been estimated to affect 2.9 million people in the UK. Large-scale clinical trials conclusively demonstrate that elevated blood glucose levels are associated with an increased risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. The high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition demonstrate how important effective glycaemic control is. Subcutaneous insulin injection continues to be the mainstay of therapy for all people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the majority of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there are a number of barriers to insulin therapy. For example, conventional insulin delivery is arguably time consuming. Furthermore, it has been associated with common errors, such as inaccurate dosing and administration (National Patient Safety Agency, 2010). Insulin pen devices have various advantages over conventional delivery. Their ease of use and incorporation into busy lifestyles may improve diabetes control with much less effort, while maintaining adherence and quality of life. Research in insulin delivery shows there is a prospect of needle-free delivery in the near future. Despite such progress, the role of the healthcare professionals in involving, assessing, supporting and educating people having insulin therapy, including the attainment of the agreed blood glucose levels, cannot be overestimated.
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104
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Sung HW, Sonaje K, Liao ZX, Hsu LW, Chuang EY. pH-responsive nanoparticles shelled with chitosan for oral delivery of insulin: from mechanism to therapeutic applications. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:619-29. [PMID: 22236133 DOI: 10.1021/ar200234q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in drug-delivery technologies, successful oral administration of protein drugs remains an elusive challenge. When protein drugs are administered orally, they can rapidly denature or degrade before they reach their targets. Such drugs also may not absorb adequately within the small intestine. As a protein drug for treating diabetes, insulin is conventionally administered via subcutaneous (SC) injection, yet often fails to achieve the glucose homeostasis observed in nondiabetic subjects. Some of this difference may relate to insulin transport: normally, endogenously secreted insulin moves to the liver via portal circulation. When administered subcutaneously, insulin moves through the body via peripheral circulation, which can produce a peripheral hyperinsulinemia. In addition, because SC treatment requires multiple daily injections of insulin, patients often do not fully comply with treatment. Oral administration of exogenous insulin would deliver the drug directly into the liver through portal circulation, mimicking the physiological fate of endogenously secreted insulin. This characteristic may offer the needed hepatic activation, while avoiding hyperinsulinemia and its associated long-term complications. This Account demonstrates the feasibility of using chitosan nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems may provide an alternative means of orally administering protein drugs. In addition to protecting the drugs against a harmful gastric environment, the encapsulation of protein drugs in particulate carriers can avert enzymatic degradation, while controlling the drug release and enhancing their absorption in the small intestine. Our recent study described a pH-responsive NP system composed of chitosan (CS) and poly(γ-glutamic acid) for oral delivery of insulin. As a nontoxic, soft-tissue compatible, cationic polysaccharide, CS also adheres to the mucosal surface and transiently opens the tight junctions (TJs) between contiguous epithelial cells. Therefore, drugs made with CS NPs would have delivery advantages over traditional tablet or powder formulations. This Account focuses on the premise that these CS NPs can adhere to and infiltrate the mucus layer in the small intestine. Subsequently, the infiltrated CS NPs transiently open the TJs between epithelial cells. Because they are pH-sensitive, the nanoparticles become less stable and disintegrate, releasing the loaded insulin. The insulin then permeates through the opened paracellular pathway and moves into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Kiran Sonaje
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (ROC)
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105
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Sonaje K, Chuang EY, Lin KJ, Yen TC, Su FY, Tseng MT, Sung HW. Opening of epithelial tight junctions and enhancement of paracellular permeation by chitosan: microscopic, ultrastructural, and computed-tomographic observations. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1271-9. [PMID: 22462641 DOI: 10.1021/mp200572t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of chitosan (CS) on the opening of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and paracellular transport at microscopic, ultrastructural, and computed-tomographic levels in Caco-2 cell monolayers and animal models. Using immunofluorescence staining, CS treatment was observed to be associated with the translocation of JAM-1 (a trans-membrane TJ protein), resulting in the disruption of TJs; the removal of CS was accompanied by the recovery of JAM-1. Ultrastructural observations by TEM reveal that CS treatment slightly opened the apical intercellular space, allowing lanthanum (an electron-dense tracer) to stain the intercellular surface immediately beneath the TJs, suggesting the opening of TJs. Following the removal of CS, the TJs were completely recovered. Similar microscopic and ultrastructural findings were obtained in animal studies. CS nanoparticles were prepared as an insulin carrier. The in vivo fluorescence-microscopic results demonstrate that insulin could be absorbed into the systemic circulation, while most CS was retained in the microvilli scaffolds. These observations were verified in a biodistribution study following the oral administration of isotope-labeled nanoparticles by single-photon emission computed tomography. Above results reveal that CS is a safe permeation enhancer and is an effective carrier for oral protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sonaje
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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106
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Yang J, Sun H, Song C. Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of pH-sensitive oral insulin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid) nanoparticles. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:358-64. [PMID: 22151795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oral administration of insulin is a promising drug delivery system for diabetic patients as it is convenient and reduces pain, two of the major contributors to non-compliance. METHODS In this study, insulin was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) by using double-emulsion/solvent evaporation technique and analyses on its release kinetics were carried out using both in vitro and in vivo methods. RESULTS First, only by this simple methods, release speed of insulin from NPs can be controlled in different pH solution. The rate of release of insulin was found to be slower in acidic pH; about 90% of insulin was released in 11 days at pH 1.0. In alkaline conditions, the release was faster; about 90% release was observed to occur within 3 days at pH 7.8. The insulin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PINPs) were administered orally to diabetes mellitus-induced rats and the response of blood glucose and insulin levels was estimated. Blood glucose decreased and the concentration of insulin in animal blood increased. In diabetic animals which were administered intermittent insulin, every 8 h, blood glucose levels were maintained equivalently with those of healthy rats. CONCLUSION These experimental results indicated that oral PINPs are able to deliver insulin effectively and decrease animal blood sugar; in conclusion, this may be a promising delivery system for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Tianjin, China
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107
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Zhang A, Wu X, Chen L, He C, Zhuang X, Chen X. Biodegradable pH-Dependent Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogels for Oral Insulin Delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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108
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Abstract
This article highlights selected milestones in insulin discovery and its continued development as a pivotal therapy for diabetes. The last 90 years have witnessed tremendous progress in insulin therapy, from the initial crude, yet life-saving, animal insulin extracts to novel human insulin analogues. Although the complete physiologic replacement of insulin is inherently difficult to achieve with open-loop subcutaneously administered insulin, the continued development of improved injectable insulin formulations with superior pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will enhance glucose control, and represents important clinical advances in the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Borgoño
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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109
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Woitiski CB, Neufeld RJ, Soares AF, Figueiredo IV, Veiga FJ, Carvalho RA. Evaluation of hepatic glucose metabolism via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis after oral administration of insulin nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1441-50. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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110
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Liu Y, Cheng XJ, Dang QF, Ma FK, Chen XG, Park HJ, Kim BK. Preparation and evaluation of oleoyl-carboxymethy-chitosan (OCMCS) nanoparticles as oral protein carriers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:375-384. [PMID: 22139537 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oleoyl-carboxymethy chitosan (OCMCS) nanoparticles based on chitosan with different molecular weights (50, 170 and 820 kDa) were prepared by self-assembled method. The nanoparticles had spherical shape, positive surface charges and the mean diameters were 157.4, 274.1 and 396.7 nm, respectively. FITC-labeled OCMCS nanoparticles were internalized via the intestinal mucosa and observed in liver, spleen, intestine and heart following oral deliverance to carps (Cyprinus carpio). Extracellular products (ECPs) of Aeromonas hydrophila as microbial antigen was efficiently loaded to form OCMCS-ECPs nanoparticles and shown to be sustained release in PBS. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) antigen-specific antibodies were detected in serum after orally immunized with OCMCS-ECPs nanoparticles than that immunized with ECPs alone and non-immunized in control group in carps. These results implied that amphiphilic modified chitosan nanoparticles had great potential to be applied as carriers for the oral administration of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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111
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Oda K, Yumoto R, Nagai J, Katayama H, Takano M. Enhancement Effect of Poly(amino acid)s on Insulin Uptake in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:570-8. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Since its discovery, insulin has been used as highly specific and effective therapeutic protein to treat type 1 diabetes and later was associated to oral antidiabetic agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Generally, insulin is administered parenterally. Although this route is successful, it still has several limitations, such as discomfort, pain, lipodystrophy at the injection sites and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, which may be the cause of side effects and some complications. Thus, alternative routes of administration have been developed, namely, those based on nanotechnologies. Nanoparticles, made of synthetic or natural materials, have been shown to successfully overcome the inherent barriers for insulin stability, degradation, and uptake across the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal membranes. This review describes some of the many attempts made to develop alternative and more convenient routes for insulin delivery.
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113
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Cohen S, Coué G, Beno D, Korenstein R, Engbersen JF. Bioreducible poly(amidoamine)s as carriers for intracellular protein delivery to intestinal cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:614-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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114
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Sun S, Liang N, Kawashima Y, Xia D, Cui F. Hydrophobic ion pairing of an insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3049-56. [PMID: 22162661 PMCID: PMC3230571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin was complexed with sodium deoxycholate to form an insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex (Ins-SD-Comp) using an hydrophobic ion pairing method in aqueous phase to enhance the liposolubility of insulin. In order to obtain the maximal complexation efficiency, the molar ratio of sodium deoxycholate to insulin was found. The zeta potential method was used to confirm the optimal ratio for formation of Ins-SD-Comp. The structural characteristics of Ins-SD-Comp were assessed using the Fourier transform infrared method. The apparent partition coefficient of insulin increased upon the formation of Ins-SD-Comp. Based on the preliminary study, Ins-SD-Comp was encapsulated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles using an emulsion solvent diffusion method. The maximal encapsulation efficiency of Ins-SD-Comp into PLGA nanoparticles was 93.6% ± 2.81%, drug loading was about 4.8% ± 0.32%, and the mean diameter of the nanoparticles was 278 ± 13 nm. Biological activity and in vivo results revealed that the bioactivity of insulin was not destroyed during the preparation process. Ins-SD-Comp-loaded PLGA nanoparticles have the potential to reduce serum glucose levels and increase the oral bioavailability of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Sun
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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115
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Eldar-Finkelman H, Martinez A. GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:32. [PMID: 22065134 PMCID: PMC3204427 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity via pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The known GSK-3 inhibitors are of diverse chemotypes and mechanisms of action and include compounds isolated from natural sources, cations, synthetic small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, and substrate-competitive inhibitors. Here we describe the variety of GSK-3 inhibitors with a specific emphasis on their biological activities in neurons and neurological disorders. We further highlight our current progress in the development of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of GSK-3. The available data raise the hope that one or more of these drug design approaches will prove successful at stabilizing or even reversing the aberrant neuropathology and cognitive deficits of certain central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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116
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Katsumi H, Takashima M, Sano JI, Nishiyama K, Kitamura N, Sakane T, Hibi T, Yamamoto A. Development of Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Alendronate, a Novel Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate Derivative: Evaluation of Absorption, Safety, and Effects After Intrapulmonary Administration in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3783-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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117
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Sukhotnik I, Shamir R, Bashenko Y, Mogilner JG, Chemodanov E, Shaoul R, Coran AG, Shehadeh N. Effect of oral insulin on diabetes-induced intestinal mucosal growth in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2566-74. [PMID: 21374061 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the intestinal response to the induction of diabetes and to oral insulin (OI) administration in a rat. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups: control rats, CONTR-INS rats that were treated with OI given in drinking water for 7 days, diabetic rats that were injected with one dose of streptozotocin, and diabetic rats treated with OI. Intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation and enterocyte apoptosis, bax and bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels, insulin receptor expression and ERK protein levels were determined at sacrifice. A one-way ANOVA for comparison, followed by Tukey's test for pair-wise comparison, were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Induction of diabetes resulted in a significant increase in bowel and mucosal weight (P < 0.05), mucosal protein (P < 0.05), villus height and crypt depth in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), and mucosal DNA in ileum (P < 0.05) (vs. control animals). Diabetes also enhances ERK-induced cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and concomitant bax/bcl-2 induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Treatment of diabetic rats with OI resulted in a significant decrease in jejunal protein content (P < 0.05), jejunal and ileal villus height (P < 0.05), and jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05), as well as an inhibition of ERK-related cell proliferation in ileum (P < 0.05). Expression of insulin receptor was down-regulated following OI administration in both control and diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS Experimental STZ-induced diabetes causes intestinal mucosal growth and enhances enterocyte turnover in a rat model. OI administration diminishes diabetes-accelerated cell turnover and diabetes-induced mucosal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sukhotnik
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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118
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Insights in regulated bioanalysis of human insulin and insulin analogs by immunoanalytical methods. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:883-98. [PMID: 21510762 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the long and illustrious history of insulin and insulin analogs as important biotherapeutics, the regulated bioanalysis (in this article, regulated bioanalysis refers to the formalized process for generating bioanalytical data to support pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic assessments intended for development of insulin and insulin analogs as biotherapeutics, as opposed to the analytical process used for measuring insulin as a biomarker) of these peptides remains a challenging endeavor for a number of reasons. Paramount is the fact that the therapeutic concentrations are often low in serum/plasma and not too dissimilar from the endogenous level, particularly in patients with insulin resistance, such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, this perspective was written to provide helpful background information for the design and conduct of immunoassays to support regulated bioanalysis of insulin and insulin analogs. Specifically, it highlights the technical challenges for determination of insulin and insulin analogs by immunoanalytical methods that are intended to support evaluations of pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics. In a broader sense, this perspective describes the general bioanalytical issues that are common to regulated bioanalysis of peptides and articulates some of the bioanalytical differences between conventional monoclonal antibodies and peptide therapeutics.
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119
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Pérez-López S, Blanco-Vila N, Vila-Romeu N. Bovine Insulin–Phosphatidylcholine Mixed Langmuir Monolayers: Behavior at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9387-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2033627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pérez-López
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Faculty of Sciences in Ourense, University of Vigo; Campus As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - N.M. Blanco-Vila
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Faculty of Sciences in Ourense, University of Vigo; Campus As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - N. Vila-Romeu
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Faculty of Sciences in Ourense, University of Vigo; Campus As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense, Spain
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120
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Avadi MR, Sadeghi AMM, Mohamadpour Dounighi N, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Ex vivo evaluation of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and arabic gum. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2011; 2011:860109. [PMID: 22389865 PMCID: PMC3263712 DOI: 10.5402/2011/860109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric delivery systems based on nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for peroral insulin delivery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the release of insulin nanoparticulate systems and ex vivo studies. The nanoparticles were prepared by the ion gelation method. Particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of the nanoparticles were determined. It was found that the nanoparticles carried positive charges and showed a size distribution in the range of 170–200 nm. The electrostatic interactions between the positively charged group of chitosan and negatively charged groups of Arabic gum play an important role in the association efficiency of insulin in nanoparticles.
In vitro insulin release studies showed an initial burst followed by a slow release of insulin. The mucoadhesion of the nanosystem was evaluated using excised rat jejunum. Ex vivo studies have shown a significant increase in absorption of insulin in the presence of chitosan nanoparticles in comparison with free insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Avadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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121
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Ertunç Ö, Köksoy Ç, Wachtel H, Delgado A. A method for the aerodynamic design of dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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122
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Jin Y, Zhou D, Yang HY, Zhu X, Wang XR, Zhang ZR, Huang Y. Effects of degree of quaternization on the preparation and characterization of insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes optimized by central composite design. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 17:719-29. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.580757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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123
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Migalska K, Morrow DIJ, Garland MJ, Thakur R, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF. Laser-Engineered Dissolving Microneedle Arrays for Transdermal Macromolecular Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1919-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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124
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Balabushevich NG, Pechenkin MA, Zorov IN, Shibanova ED, Larionova NI. Mucoadhesive polyelectrolyte microparticles containing recombinant human insulin and its analogs aspart and lispro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:327-31. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takano M, Ryoko Y. Transport of Proteins and Peptides and its Regulation in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5360/membrane.36.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Escobar-Chávez JJ, Bonilla-Martínez D, Villegas-González MA, Molina-Trinidad E, Casas-Alancaster N, Revilla-Vázquez AL. Microneedles: a valuable physical enhancer to increase transdermal drug delivery. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 51:964-77. [PMID: 21148047 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010378859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injection. However, the stratum corneum acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances through the skin. Recently, the use of micron-scale needles in increasing skin permeability has been proposed and shown to dramatically increase transdermal delivery. Microneedles have been fabricated with a range of sizes, shapes, and materials. Most in vitro drug delivery studies have shown these needles to increase skin permeability to a broad range of drugs that differ in molecular size and weight. In vivo studies have demonstrated satisfactory release of oligonucleotides and insulin and the induction of immune responses from protein and DNA vaccines. Microneedles inserted into the skin of human subjects were reported to be painless. For all these reasons, microneedles are a promising technology to deliver drugs into the skin. This review presents the main findings concerning the use of microneedles in transdermal drug delivery. It also covers types of microneedles, their advantages and disadvantages, enhancement mechanisms, and trends in transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan Escobar-Chávez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Sección de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1° de Mayo s/n. Col. Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, C.P. 54740 México.
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Becquemin MH, Chaumuzeau JP. Inhaled insulin: A model for pulmonary systemic absorption? Rev Mal Respir 2010; 27:e54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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128
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Hamishehkar H, Emami J, Najafabadi AR, Gilani K, Minaiyan M, Hassanzadeh K, Mahdavi H, Koohsoltani M, Nokhodchi A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of controlled release insulin loaded PLGA microcapsules using dry powder inhaler in diabetic rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 31:189-201. [PMID: 20238376 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary route is an alternative route of administration for the systemic delivery of peptide and proteins with short-half lives. A long-acting formulation of insulin was prepared by encapsulation of protein into respirable, biodegradable microcapsules prepared by an oil in oil emulsification/solvent evaporation method. Insulin-loaded PLGA microcapsules prepared as a dry powder inhaler formulation were administered via the pulmonary route to diabetic rats and serum insulin and glucose concentrations were monitored. Control treatments consisted of respirable spray-dried insulin (RSDI) powder administered by intratracheal insufflation, insulin-loaded PLGA microcapsules and NPH (long-acting) insulin administered by subcutaneous (SC) administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that insulin administered in PLGA microcapsules illustrated a sustained release profile which resulted in a longer mean residence time, 4 and 5 fold longer than those after pulmonary administration of RSDI and SC injection of NPH insulin, respectively. Accordingly, the hypoglycemic profile followed a stable and sustained pattern which remained constant between 10 and 48 h. Results of the in vitro experiments were in good agreement with those of in vivo studies. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis indicated that microcapsules administration did not increase the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and total protein. However, histological examination of the lung tissue indicated a minor but detectable effect on the normal physiology of the rat lung. These findings suggest that the encapsulation of peptides and proteins into PLGA microcapsules technique could be a promising controlled delivery system for pulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hamishehkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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129
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Dhuria SV, Hanson LR, Frey WH. Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1654-73. [PMID: 19877171 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), posing a significant challenge to drug development efforts to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. Intranasal delivery is a noninvasive and convenient method that rapidly targets therapeutics to the CNS, bypassing the BBB and minimizing systemic exposure. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying intranasal delivery to the CNS, with a discussion of pathways from the nasal cavity to the CNS involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, the vasculature, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the lymphatic system. In addition to the properties of the therapeutic, deposition of the drug formulation within the nasal passages and composition of the formulation can influence the pathway a therapeutic follows into the CNS after intranasal administration. Experimental factors, such as head position, volume, and method of administration, and formulation parameters, such as pH, osmolarity, or inclusion of permeation enhancers or mucoadhesives, can influence formulation deposition within the nasal passages and pathways followed into the CNS. Significant research will be required to develop and improve current intranasal treatments and careful consideration should be given to the factors discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyeilla V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Henkin RI. Inhaled insulin-intrapulmonary, intranasal, and other routes of administration: mechanisms of action. Nutrition 2010; 26:33-9. [PMID: 20005465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After discovery of insulin as a hypoglycemic agent in 1921 various routes of administration to control blood glucose were attempted. These included subcutaneous, oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal, transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular, intrapulmonary and intranasal delivery systems. While each delivery system controlled hyperglycemia the subcutaneous route was given priority until 2006 when the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first commercially available pulmonary inhaled insulin. METHODS A review of major publications dealing with intrapulmonary administration of insulin was made to understand the physiological basis for its use, its efficacy in controlling hyperglycemia, its side effects and a comparison of its efficacy with other delivery methods. RESULTS The large surface area of the lung, its good vascularization, capacity for solute exchange and ultra thin membranes of alveolar epithelia are unique features that facilitate pulmonary insulin delivery. Large lung surface area ( approximately 75 m(2)) and thin alveolar epithelium ( approximately 0.1-0.5 microm) permit rapid drug absorption. First pass metabolism avoids gastrointestinal tract metabolism. Lung drug delivery depends upon a complex of factors including size, shape, density, charge and pH of delivery entity, velocity of entry, quality of aerosol deposition, character of alveoli, binding characteristics of aerosol on the alveolar surface, quality of alveolar capillary bed and its subsequent vascular tree. Many studies were performed to optimize each of these factors using several delivery systems to enhance pulmonary absorption. Availability was about 80% of subcutaneous administration with peak activity within 40-60 min of administration. Intranasal insulin delivery faces a smaller surface area ( approximately 180 cm(2)) with quite different absorption characteristics in nasal epithelium and its associated vasculature. Absorption depends upon many factors including composition and character of nasal mucus. Absorption of intranasal insulin resulted in a faster absorption time course than with subcutaneous insulin. INTERPRETATION After many studies the FDA approved Pfizer's product, Exubera, for intrapulmonary insulin delivery. While the system was effective its expense and putative side effects caused the drug company to withdraw the drug from the marketplace. Attempts by other pharmaceutical companies to use intrapulmonary insulin delivery are presently being made as well as some minor attempts to use intranasal delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Henkin
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory Disorders, The Taste and Smell Clinic, Washington, DC, USA.
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131
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Sonaje K, Chen YJ, Chen HL, Wey SP, Juang JH, Nguyen HN, Hsu CW, Lin KJ, Sung HW. Enteric-coated capsules filled with freeze-dried chitosan/poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Damgé C, Socha M, Ubrich N, Maincent P. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/eudragit nanoparticles for oral delivery of aspart-insulin in the treatment of diabetes. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:879-89. [PMID: 19691099 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles prepared with a blend of a biodegradable polyester (poly(epsilon-caprolactone)) and a polycationic nonbiodegradable acrylic polymer (Eudragit RS) have been used as a drug carrier for oral administration of a short-acting insulin analogue, aspart-insulin. Insulin-loaded nanoparticles, about 700 nm in diameter, encapsulated 97.5% of insulin and were able to release about 70% of their content in vitro in a neutral medium over 24 h. When administered orally to diabetic rats, insulin-loaded nanoparticles (50 IU/kg) decreased fasted glycemia for a prolonged period of time and improved the glycemic response to glucose in a time-dependent manner, with a maximal effect between 12 and 24 h after their administration. In parallel, plasma insulin levels increased. However, higher (100 IU/kg) and lower (25 IU/kg) doses of insulin did not exert any biological effect. It is concluded that polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/Eudragit RS are able to preserve the biological activity of the insulin analogue aspart-insulin; however, the postprandial peak suppression was prolonged more than 24 h by comparison with regular insulin working only 6-8 h. This effect may be explained by the monomeric configuration of aspart-insulin, which is probably better taken up by the intestinal mucosa than regular insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Damgé
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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133
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Manosroi A, Khanrin P, Werner RG, Götz F, Manosroi W, Manosroi J. Entrapment enhancement of peptide drugs in niosomes. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:272-80. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903131293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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134
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Sun S, Liang N, Piao H, Yamamoto H, Kawashima Y, Cui F. Insulin-S.O (sodium oleate) complex-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization andin vivoevaluation. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:471-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903515490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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135
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Li YZ, Quan YS, Zang L, Jin MN, Kamiyama F, Katsumi H, Tsutsumi S, Yamamoto A. Trypsin as a novel potential absorption enhancer for improving the transdermal delivery of macromolecules. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to assess the effect of trypsin on the transdermal delivery of macromolecules by applying its specific biochemical properties to the stratum corneum of the skin.
Methods
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled dextrans (FDs), with molecular weights of 4 to 250 kDa, and FITC-insulin were used as model macromolecules and a model polypeptide, and the in-vitro transdermal permeation experiments, with or without trypsin (0.1–2.5%), were carried out using rat skin and cultured human epidermis. The mechanism for the enhancement of trypsin was also studied using fluorescence and conventional light microscopy.
Key findings
Trypsin significantly increased the transdermal permeability of all FDs through the rat skin (2.0- to 10.0-fold). It also markedly enhanced the permeation of FD4 through three-dimensional cultured human epidermis (3.1-fold), which was used to evaluate the transport pathways other than the transfollicular route. Furthermore, the permeation flux of FITC-insulin was increased by 10.0-fold with trypsin pretreatment (from 0.02 ± 0.00 to 0.20 ± 0.07 μg/cm2 per h). Mechanistic studies indicated that trypsin affects both the intercellular pathway and the hair follicular route, and may alter stratum corneum protein structures, thereby affecting skin barrier properties.
Conclusions
This study suggests that trypsin could be effective as a biochemical enhancer for the transdermal delivery of macromolecules including peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-zhe Li
- Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ying-shu Quan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 448-5 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lei Zang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Mei-na Jin
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Fumio Kamiyama
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 448-5 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
| | - Sadami Tsutsumi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan
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Wei W, Ma GH, Wang LY, Wu J, Su ZG. Hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres increase the therapeutic effect of orally administered insulin. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:205-9. [PMID: 19505595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of insulin by non-parenteral routes has gained significant attention over the last two decades. In the present study, we prepared hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres by the SPG membrane emulsification technique and glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. The structural properties, as well as the uniform size and autofluorescence, enabled us to develop oral delivery of insulin which conserved the bioactivity of the encapsulated insulin, achieving bioadhesion of microspheres, increasing the loading ability and optimizing the release profile. In vivo evaluation also saw an optimal reduction in blood glucose level and powerful therapeutic effects after treatment with the designed microspheres, which further confirmed the feasibility of using hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres as insulin carriers for oral administration.
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137
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Lin CC, Anseth KS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 functionalized PEG hydrogels promote survival and function of encapsulated pancreatic beta-cells. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2460-7. [PMID: 19586041 PMCID: PMC2745231 DOI: 10.1021/bm900420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Encapsulating pancreatic islets in a semipermeable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel membrane holds potential as an immuno-isolation barrier for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The semipermeable PEG hydrogel not only permits free diffusion of nutrients, metabolic waste, and insulin produced from the encapsulated β-cells, but also provides a size-exclusion effect to prevent direct contact of entrapped islets to host immune cells and antibodies. However, the use of unmodified PEG hydrogels for islet encapsulation is not ideal, as there is no bioactive cue to promote the long-term survival and function of the encapsulated cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a bioactive glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, namely, GLP-1-cysteine or GLP-1C, and the fabrication of functional GLP-1 immobilized PEG hydrogels via a facile thiol−acrylate photopolymerization. The immobilization of bioactive GLP-1C within PEG hydrogels is efficient and does not alter the bulk hydrogel properties. Further, the GLP-1 immobilized PEG hydrogels enhance the survival and insulin secretion of encapsulated islets. Overall, this study demonstrates a strategy to modify PEG hydrogels with bioactive peptide moieties that can significantly enhance the efficacy of islet encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, 424 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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138
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasal insulin has proven useful to control hyperglycemia in diabetics but its mechanism of action has not been well defined. We attempted to understand several aspects of human insulin metabolism by measurement of and interaction of insulin and its associated moieties in nasal mucus, saliva and blood plasma under various physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS Insulin, insulin receptors, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth receptor 3 (IGFR3) were measured in nasal mucus, saliva and blood plasma in normal subjects, in thin and obese subjects and in diabetics under fasting and fed conditions. RESULTS There are complex relationships among each of these moieties in each biological fluid. Insulin and its associated moieties are present in both nasal mucus and saliva. These moieties in nasal mucus and saliva report on physiological and pathological changes in glucose metabolism as do these moieties in plasma. Indeed, insulin and its associated moieties in nasal mucus may offer specific data on how insulin enters the brain and thereby play essential roles in control of insulin metabolism. INTERPRETATION These data support the concept that insulin is synthesized not only in parotid glands but also in nasal serous glands. They also support the concept that insulin enters the brain following intranasal administration either 1) by direct entry through the cribriform plate, along the olfactory nerves and into brain parenchyma, 2) by entry through specific receptors in blood-brain barrier and thereby into the brain or 3) some combination of 1) and 2). Conversely, data also show that insulin introduced directly into the brain is secreted out of brain into the peripheral circulation. Data in this study demonstrate for the first time that insulin and its associated moieties are present not only in saliva but also in nasal mucus. How these complex relationships among nasal mucus, saliva and plasma occur are unclear but results demonstrate these relationships play separate yet interrelated roles in physiology and pathology of human insulin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Henkin
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory Disorders, The Taste and Smell Clinic, Washington, DC, USA.
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139
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Peppas NA, Carr DA. Impact of Absorption and Transport on Intelligent Therapeutics and Nano-scale Delivery of Protein Therapeutic Agents. Chem Eng Sci 2009; 64:4553-4565. [PMID: 20161384 PMCID: PMC2782827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of materials design and advances in nanotechnology has led to the development of new therapeutic protein delivery systems. The pulmonary, nasal, buccal and other routes have been investigated as delivery options for protein therapy, but none result in improved patient compliances and patient quality of life as the oral route. For the oral administration of these new systems, an understanding of protein transport is essential because of the dynamic nature of the gastrointestinal tract and the barriers to transport that exist.Models have been developed to describe the transport between the gastrointestinal lumen and the bloodstream, and laboratory techniques like cell culture provide a means to investigate the absorption and transport of many therapeutic agents. Biomaterials, including stimuli-sensitive complexation hydrogels, have been investigated as promising carriers for oral delivery. However, the need to develop models that accurately predict protein blood concentration as a function of the material structure and properties still exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Peppas
- Center of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition, Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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140
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Socha M, Sapin A, Damgé C, Maincent P. Influence of polymers ratio on insulin-loaded nanoparticles based on poly-ε-caprolactone and Eudragit®RS for oral administration. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:430-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10717540903223442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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141
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Hoshino M, Haraguchi Y, Mizushima I, Sakai M. Recent progress in mechanical artificial pancreas. J Artif Organs 2009; 12:141-9. [PMID: 19894087 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-009-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Hoshino
- Department of Surgery, Shisei Hospital, Sayama-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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142
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Ihlo CA, Aksglaede KB, Laursen T, Lauritzen T, Christiansen JS. Serum insulin aspart concentrations following high-dose insulin aspart administered directly into the duodenum of healthy subjects: an open-labeled, single-blinded, and uncontrolled exploratory trial. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:1183-91. [PMID: 20144435 PMCID: PMC2769913 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the bioavailability of high-dose insulin aspart administered directly into the duodenum of healthy subjects. METHODS In a pilot study, four subjects each received four escalating doses of a 1-ml solution of insulin aspart (100, 300, 600, and 1000 IU, respectively) directly into the duodenum. In the following main study, eight subjects each received two identical doses of insulin aspart of 1000 IU, in 4- and 8-ml solutions, respectively, directly into the duodenum. Subjects in the main study also received an intravenous and a subcutaneous injection of 4 to 6 IU of insulin aspart. RESULTS A considerable number of samples and, in some cases, consecutive samples revealed significantly increased concentrations of serum insulin aspart. Despite the significant serum insulin aspart concentrations, no significant changes of plasma glucose were measured. Moreover, no significant suppression of endogenous insulin secretion was detected, as assessed by the levels of serum human insulin. CONCLUSIONS Administration of high-dose insulin aspart directly into the duodenum of healthy subjects resulted in significantly increased serum insulin aspart concentrations in a high number of consecutive samples using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, no significant changes in the levels of plasma glucose or serum human insulin were observed. Thus, the study did not provide any evidence of biological activity of the original insulin aspart molecule after high-dose administration directly into the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Ihlo
- Department of Endocrinology M, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Nørrebrogade, Aarhus, Denmark.
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143
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Avadi MR, Sadeghi AMM, Mohammadpour N, Abedin S, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and Arabic gum with ionic gelation method. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:58-63. [PMID: 19447202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the past decade, many strategies have been developed to enhance oral protein delivery. The aim of the current work was to develop a nanoparticulate system based on ionic gelation between chitosan and Arabic gum for loading of insulin. Various formulations were prepared using 2(3) factorial designs. The optimum association efficiency was obtained for formulations F2, F5, and F8. The release profile of insulin in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 6.5 and pH 7.2) is completely different than that in acidic medium (pH 1.2). Increased solubility of chitosan in acidic medium and better swelling of Arabic gum chains at pH >6.5 resulted in lower insulin release of nanoparticles at pH 6.5 in comparison with that of the other pH mediums. The values of the exponent n were 0.49 and 0.82 for formulations F8 and F5, respectively, indicating a non-Fickian transport. This suggests that release is possibly controlled by diffusion or relaxation of the polymer chains. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This paper summarizes the development of a nanoparticulate system based on ionic gelation between chitosan and gum Arabic for oral delivery of insulin. If preclinical studies in animal models will indicate reliable and quantifiable delivery of insulin, this method may pave the way to a novel and less invasive way of administering insulin to diabetes patients.
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144
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Abstract
Despite the availability of modern insulin injection devices with needles that are so sharp and thin that practically no injection pain takes place, it is still the dream of patients with diabetes to, for example, swallow a tablet with insulin. This is not associated with any pain and would allow more discretion. Therefore, availability of oral insulin would not only ease insulin therapy, it would certainly increase compliance. However, despite numerous attempts to develop such a "tablet" in the past 85 years, still no oral insulin is commercially available. Buccal insulin is currently in the last stages of clinical development by one company and might become available in the United States and Europe in the coming years (it is already on the market in some other countries). The aim of this review is to critically describe the different approaches that are currently under development. Optimal coverage of prandial insulin requirements is the aim with both routes of insulin administration (at least with most approaches). The speed of onset of metabolic effect seen with some oral insulin approaches is rapid, but absorption appears to be lower when the tablet is taken immediately prior to a meal. With all approaches, considerable amounts of insulin have to be applied in order to induce therapeutically relevant increases in the metabolic effect because of the low relative biopotency of buccal insulin. Unfortunately, the number of publications about clinical-experimental and clinical studies is surprisingly low. In addition, there is no study published in which the variability of the metabolic effect induced (with and without a meal) was studied adequately. In summary, after the failure of inhaled insulin, oral insulin and buccal insulin are hot candidates to come to the market as the next alternative routes of insulin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Heinemann
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung, Neuss, Germany.
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145
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Sonaje K, Lin YH, Juang JH, Wey SP, Chen CT, Sung HW. In vivo evaluation of safety and efficacy of self-assembled nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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146
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Kamei N, Morishita M, Takayama K. Importance of intermolecular interaction on the improvement of intestinal therapeutic peptide/protein absorption using cell-penetrating peptides. J Control Release 2009; 136:179-86. [PMID: 19250953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous reports showed that the absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins was significantly improved by coadministration of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as the physical mixture. However, the mechanisms for this improvement are not clear. In the present study, we verified the hypothesis that the electrostatic interaction between drug and CPP is related to the enhancing effect of the CPP on the intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins. In this study, the intermolecular binding was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based binding assay, and the effect of CPPs on the intestinal absorption of peptide drugs was examined by in situ absorption study using a rat intestinal loop. Among the 16 peptide drugs possessing different isoelectric points, it was observed that only gastrin, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) bound to D-R8 (D-form arginine octamer, a typical CPP), and subsequently their intestinal absorption increased by coadministration of D-R8. In contrast, the intestinal absorption of other peptide drugs that did not bind to D-R8 was not affected in the presence of D-R8. Thus, this study suggests that intermolecular binding between drug and CPP is an important factor governing the enhancing effect of the CPP on the intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Kamei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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147
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Reis CP, Veiga FJ, Ribeiro AJ, Neufeld RJ, Damgé C. Nanoparticulate biopolymers deliver insulin orally eliciting pharmacological response. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:5290-305. [PMID: 18384153 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate a novel oral insulin nanoparticulate system based on alginate-dextran sulfate core, complexed with a chitosan-polyethylene glycol-albumin shell. Insulin-loaded nanospheres (25, 50, 100 IU/kg) administered orally to diabetic rats reduced glycemia in a dose dependent manner. This effect lasted over 24 h with a maximal effect after 14 h. Nanospheres increased insulin plasma level and improved glycemic response to an oral glucose overload. After 4 days oral administration (50 IU/kg/day), the metabolic status of diabetic rats improved with a reduction in water intake, urine excretion and proteinuria. FITC-insulin-loaded nanospheres administered to an isolated intestinal loop were taken up by the intestinal mucosa. They strongly adhered to villus apical enterocytes and markedly labeled Peyer's patches. It is concluded that nanospheres preserve insulin and exert an antidiabetic effect after oral administration. This is explained by a protective effect against proteolytic enzymes by the albumin coating, by the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-polyethylene glycol, and by the possibility of chitosan reversibly altering tight junctions leading to an improved absorption of insulin. This formulation demonstrates beneficial effects on diabetic symptoms and will be of interest in the treatment of diabetes with oral insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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148
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Ikehata M, Yumoto R, Kato Y, Nagai J, Takano M. Mechanism of Insulin Uptake in Rat Alveolar Type II and Type I-Like Epithelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1765-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ikehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Junya Nagai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
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149
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Lin YH, Sonaje K, Lin KM, Juang JH, Mi FL, Yang HW, Sung HW. Multi-ion-crosslinked nanoparticles with pH-responsive characteristics for oral delivery of protein drugs. J Control Release 2008; 132:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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150
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome characterized by disturbed
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It is a chronic
metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of
insulin. It presents with very different medical and psychosocial
issues in children. Epidemiological studies indicate that there is gradual but steady
increase in the incidence of both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type
2 diabetes (T2DM) in both developed and developing countries.
The manifestations, therapy goals, clinical course, susceptibility to
complications of diabetes differ among childhood cases. T1DM accounts for the majority of cases of diabetes in children.
Diabetic ketoacidosis may be the initial presentation of T1DM in
many children particularly in Africa probably due to low level of
awareness. The focus of this review on T1DM is to provide an overview of the
major advances in the aetiology, pathogenesis, and clinical
management of newly diagnosed children and their subsequent
management with the aim of ensuring optimal growth and
development as well as preventing acute and chronic complications.
The advances in insulin therapy and regimens and the presentation
and management of diabetic ketoacidosis are discussed. The
prospects for the cure of the disease are also highlighted in this
review.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Ayoola
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan & Endocrine Sciences Research Group, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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