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Abstract
Through years of evolutionary selection pressures, organisms have developed potent toxins that coincidentally have marked antineoplastic activity. These natural products have been vital for the development of multiagent treatment regimens currently employed in cancer chemotherapy, and are used in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review catalogs recent advances in natural product-based drug discovery via the examination of mechanisms of action and available clinical data to highlight the utility of these novel compounds in the burgeoning age of precision medicine. The review also highlights the recent development of antibody-drug conjugates and other immunotoxins, which are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic agents previously deemed too toxic to elicit therapeutic benefit preferentially to neoplastic cells. Finally, the review examines natural products not currently used in the clinic that have novel mechanisms of action, and may serve to supplement current chemotherapeutic protocols.
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102
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Yoo YJ, Kim H, Park SR, Yoon YJ. An overview of rapamycin: from discovery to future perspectives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:537-553. [PMID: 27613310 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced from several actinomycete species. Besides its immunosuppressive activity, rapamycin and its analogs have additional therapeutic potentials, including antifungal, antitumor, neuroprotective/neuroregenerative, and lifespan extension activities. The core structure of rapamycin is derived from (4R,5R)-4,5-dihydrocyclohex-1-ene-carboxylic acid that is extended by polyketide synthase. The resulting linear polyketide chain is cyclized by incorporating pipecolate and further decorated by post-PKS modification enzymes. Herein, we review the discovery and biological activities of rapamycin as well as its mechanism of action, mechanistic target, biosynthesis, and regulation. In addition, we introduce the many efforts directed at enhancing the production of rapamycin and generating diverse analogs and also explore future perspectives in rapamycin research. This review will also emphasize the remarkable pilot studies on the biosynthesis and production improvement of rapamycin by Dr. Demain, one of the world's distinguished scientists in industrial microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ji Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseong Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sung Ryeol Park
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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103
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Dou Y, Guo J, Chen Y, Han S, Xu X, Shi Q, Jia Y, Liu Y, Deng Y, Wang R, Li X, Zhang J. Sustained delivery by a cyclodextrin material-based nanocarrier potentiates antiatherosclerotic activity of rapamycin via selectively inhibiting mTORC1 in mice. J Control Release 2016; 235:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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104
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Abstract
The authors discuss the mechanism of action, clinical trial data, and economic impact of both the paclitaxel and sirolimus drug eluting stents (DESs). Both DESs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of native coronary arteries to prevent in-stent restenosis (ISR), which patients have experienced since the advent of balloon angioplasty and the bare metal stent. In-stent restenosis, which manifests itself as ischemic symptoms in patients, occurs as a result of the healing process after stent implantation. Until now, there has not been an effective method to prevent ISR. The sirolimus and paclitaxel DESs elute agents that act locally by different mechanisms to reduce neointimal hyperplasia, which is primarily responsible for ISR. Both DESs are capable of reducing the rate of ISR. There are certain physical and mechanistic differences between the 2 stents; the stents have not been compared head to head. Currently, they are indicated for uncomplicated native coronary lesions. Further investigation is needed to define their roles in the treatment of more complex lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Alvarez
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 600 North Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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105
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Deletion of the gene Pip4k2c, a novel phosphatidylinositol kinase, results in hyperactivation of the immune system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7596-601. [PMID: 27313209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600934113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase (PI5P4K) converts phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Mammals have three enzymes PI5P4Kα, PI5P4Kβ, and PI5P4Kγ, and these enzymes have been implicated in metabolic control, growth control, and a variety of stress responses. Here, we show that mice with germline deletion of type 2 phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase gamma (Pip4k2c), the gene encoding PI5P4Kγ, appear normal in regard to growth and viability but have increased inflammation and T-cell activation as they age. Immune cell infiltrates increased in Pip4k2c(-/-) mouse tissues. Also, there was an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNγ, interleukin 12, and interleukin 2 in plasma of Pip4k2c(-/-) mice. Pip4k2c(-/-) mice had an increase in T-helper-cell populations and a decrease in regulatory T-cell populations with increased proliferation of T cells. Interestingly, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was hyperactivated in several tissues from Pip4k2c(-/-) mice and treating Pip4k2c(-/-) mice with rapamycin reduced the inflammatory phenotype, resulting in a decrease in mTORC1 signaling in tissues and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines in plasma. These results indicate that PI5P4Kγ plays a role in the regulation of the immune system via mTORC1 signaling.
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106
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Sharlow ER, Leimgruber S, Lira A, McConnell MJ, Norambuena A, Bloom GS, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Lazo JS. A Small Molecule Screen Exposes mTOR Signaling Pathway Involvement in Radiation-Induced Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1428-37. [PMID: 26938669 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are at risk of exposure to acute ionizing radiation (IR) from a nuclear accident or terrorism, but we lack effective therapies to mitigate the lethal IR effects. In the current study, we exploited an optimized, cell-based, high throughput screening assay to interrogate a small molecule library comprising 3437 known pharmacologically active compounds for mitigation against IR-induced apoptosis. Thirty-three library compounds significantly reduced apoptosis when administered 1 h after 4 Gy IR. Two- or three-dimensional computational structural analyses of the compounds indicated only one or two chemical clusters with most of the compounds being unique structures. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin, was the most potent compound, and it mitigated apoptosis by 50% at 200 ± 50 pM. Other mTOR inhibitors, namely everolimus, AZD8055, and torin 1, also suppressed apoptosis, providing additional pharmacological evidence for mTOR pathway involvement in regulating cell death after IR. Everolimus and torin 1 treatment after IR decreased the S phase population and enforced both G1 and G2 phase arrest. This prorogation of cell cycle progression was accompanied by decreased IR-induced DNA damage measured by γH2AX phosphorylation at Ser139. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the respective mTORC1 and mTORC2 subunits, Raptor or Rictor, also mitigated IR-induced apoptosis. Collectively, this study suggests a central role for the mTOR signaling in the cytotoxic response to IR and offers a useful platform to probe for additional agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Gelbard
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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108
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Choi B, Tan W, Jia W, White SM, Moy WJ, Yang BY, Zhu J, Chen Z, Kelly KM, Nelson JS. The Role of Laser Speckle Imaging in Port-Wine Stain Research: Recent Advances and Opportunities. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 2016:6800812. [PMID: 27013846 PMCID: PMC4800318 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2493961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review our current knowledge on the etiology and treatment of port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. Current treatment options have significant limitations in terms of efficacy. With the combination of 1) a suitable preclinical microvascular model, 2) laser speckle imaging (LSI) to evaluate blood-flow dynamics, and 3) a longitudinal experimental design, rapid preclinical assessment of new phototherapies can be translated from the lab to the clinic. The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and pulsed-dye laser (PDL) irradiation achieves a synergistic effect that reduces the required radiant exposures of the individual phototherapies to achieve persistent vascular shutdown. PDL combined with anti-angiogenic agents is a promising strategy to achieve persistent vascular shutdown by preventing reformation and reperfusion of photocoagulated blood vessels. Integration of LSI into the clinical workflow may lead to surgical image guidance that maximizes acute photocoagulation, is expected to improve PWS therapeutic outcome. Continued integration of noninvasive optical imaging technologies and biochemical analysis collectively are expected to lead to more robust treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Choi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, and the Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wenbin Tan
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Sean M. White
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wesley J. Moy
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Bruce Y. Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | | | | | - Kristen M. Kelly
- Department of Dermatology and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - J. Stuart Nelson
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
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109
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Togha M, Jahanshahi M, Alizadeh L, Jahromi SR, Vakilzadeh G, Alipour B, Gorji A, Ghaemi A. Rapamycin Augments Immunomodulatory Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2445-2457. [PMID: 26971291 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been considered as an appropriate candidate for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have revealed that treatment with BM-MSCs may modulate immune responses and alleviate the symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine immunomodulatory effects of BM-MSCs in the treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of C57BL mice, cultured with DMEM/F12, and characterized with flow cytometry for the presence of cell surface markers for BM-MSCs. Following three passages, BM-MSCs were injected intraperitoneally into EAE mice alone or in combination with rapamycin. Immunological and histopathological effects of BM-MSCs and addition of rapamycin to BM-MSCs were evaluated. The results demonstrated that adding rapamycin to BM-MSCs transplantation in EAE mice significantly reduced inflammation infiltration and demyelination, enhanced the immunomodulatory functions, and inhibited progress of neurological impairments compared to BM-MSC transplantation and control groups. The immunological effects of rapamycin and BM-MSC treatments were associated with the inhibition of the Ag-specific lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ cytolytic activity, and the Th1-type cytokine (gamma-interferon (IFN-γ)) and the increase of Th-2 cytokine (interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10) production. Addition of rapamycin to BM-MSCs was able to ameliorate neurological deficits and provide neuroprotective effects in EAE. This suggests the potential of rapamycin and BM-MSC combined therapy to play neuroprotective roles in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Togha
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Center-Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Alipour
- Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 49175-1141, Gorgan, Iran. .,Department of Virology, Institute Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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110
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Butler JR, Wang ZY, Martens GR, Ladowski JM, Li P, Tector M, Tector AJ. Modified glycan models of pig-to-human xenotransplantation do not enhance the human-anti-pig T cell response. Transpl Immunol 2016; 35:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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111
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Petho Z, Balajthy A, Bartok A, Bene K, Somodi S, Szilagyi O, Rajnavolgyi E, Panyi G, Varga Z. The anti-proliferative effect of cation channel blockers in T lymphocytes depends on the strength of mitogenic stimulation. Immunol Lett 2016; 171:60-9. [PMID: 26861999 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are crucially important for the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, and thus, for the function of the immune system. Previous studies on the effects of channel blockers on T cell proliferation reported variable effectiveness due to differing experimental systems. Therefore our aim was to investigate how the strength of the mitogenic stimulation influences the efficiency of cation channel blockers in inhibiting activation, cytokine secretion and proliferation of T cells under standardized conditions. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were activated via monoclonal antibodies targeting the TCR-CD3 complex and the co-stimulator CD28. We applied the blockers of Kv1.3 (Anuroctoxin), KCa3.1 (TRAM-34) and CRAC (2-Apb) channels of T cells either alone or in combination with rapamycin, the inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Five days after the stimulation ELISA and flow cytometric measurements were performed to determine IL-10 and IFN-γ secretion, cellular viability and proliferation. Our results showed that ion channel blockers and rapamycin inhibit IL-10 and IFN-γ secretion and cell division in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous application of the blockers for each channel along with rapamycin was the most effective, indicating synergy among the various activation pathways. Upon increasing the extent of mitogenic stimulation the anti-proliferative effect of the ion channel blockers diminished. This phenomenon may be important in understanding the fine-tuning of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Petho
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andras Balajthy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Bartok
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Bene
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sandor Somodi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szilagyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE-NAP B Ion Channel Structure-Function Research Group, RCMM, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Hungary
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112
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Zheng H, Wang M, Wu J, Wang ZM, Nan HJ, Sun H. Inhibition of mTOR enhances radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells and protects normal lung cells against radiation. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:213-20. [PMID: 26999331 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used for a long time as a standard therapy for cancer; however, there have been no recent research breakthroughs. Radioresistance and various side-effects lead to the unexpected outcomes of radiation therapy. Specific and accurate targeting as well as reduction of radioresistance have been major challenges for irradiation therapy. Recent studies have shown that rapamycin shows promise for inhibiting tumorigenesis by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We found that the combination of rapamycin with irradiation significantly diminished cell viability and colony formation, and increased cell apoptosis, as compared with irradiation alone in lung cancer cell line A549, suggesting that rapamycin can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy by sensitizing cancer cells to irradiation. Importantly, we observed that the adverse effects of irradiation on a healthy lung cell line (WI-38) were also offset. No enhanced protein expression of mTOR signaling was observed in WI-38 cells, which is normally elevated in lung cancer cells. Moreover, DNA damage was significantly less with the combination therapy than with irradiation therapy alone. Our data suggest that the incorporation of rapamycin during radiation therapy could be a potent way to improve the sensitivity and effectiveness of radiation therapy as well as to protect normal cells from being damaged by irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Miao Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.,b National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, New Drug Research and Development Centre of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050015, China
| | - Jing Wu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wang
- b National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, New Drug Research and Development Centre of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050015, China
| | - Hai-Jun Nan
- c School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - He Sun
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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113
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The Neuroprotective Effect of Rapamycin as a Modulator of the mTOR-NF-κB Axis during Retinal Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146517. [PMID: 26771918 PMCID: PMC4714903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The determination of the molecular mechanism underlying retinal pathogenesis and visual dysfunction during innate inflammation, and the treatment effect of rapamycin thereon. Methods The endotoxin-induced uveitis and retinitis mouse model was established by injecting lipopolysaccharide. The mice were subsequently treated with rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. The rhodopsin mRNA and protein expression level in the retina and the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) length in immunohistochemical stainings were measured, and visual function was recorded by electroretinography. Inflammatory cytokines, their related molecules, mTOR, and LC3 levels were measured by real-time PCR and/or immunoblotting. Leukocyte adhesion during inflammation was analyzed using concanavalin A lectin. Results The post-transcriptional reduction in the visual pigment of rod photoreceptor cells, rhodopsin, OS shortening, and rod photoreceptor cell dysfunction during inflammation were suppressed by rapamycin. Activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and induction of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the activation of the downstream signaling protein, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which reduces rhodopsin in the retina during inflammation, were attenuated by rapamycin. Increased leukocyte adhesion was also attenuated by rapamycin. Interestingly, although mTOR activation was observed after NF-κB activation, mTOR inhibition suppressed NF-κB activation at the early phase, indicating that the basal level of activated mTOR was sufficient to activate NF-κB in the retina. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB suppressed mTOR activation, suggesting a positive feedback loop of mTOR and NF-κB during inflammation. The ratio of LC3II to LC3I, which reflects autophagy induction, was not changed by inflammation but was increased by rapamycin. Conclusions Our results propose the potential use of rapamycin as a neuroprotective therapy to suppress local activated mTOR levels, related inflammatory molecules, and the subsequent visual dysfunction during retinal inflammation.
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114
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Kojima-Yuasa A, Huang X, Matsui-Yuasa I. Synergistic Anticancer Activities of Natural Substances in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diseases 2015; 3:260-281. [PMID: 28943624 PMCID: PMC5548258 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly resistant to currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The clinical outcome of HCC treatment remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, new effective and well-tolerated therapy strategies are needed. Natural products are excellent sources for the development of new medications for disease treatment. Recently, we and other researchers have suggested that the combined effect of natural products may improve the effect of chemotherapy treatments against the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, many combination treatments with natural products augmented intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review we will demonstrate the synergistic anticancer effects of a combination of natural products with chemotherapeutic agents or natural products against human HCC and provide new insight into the development of novel combination therapies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Xuedan Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirogane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Isao Matsui-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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115
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Pinelli DF, Wakeman BS, Wagener ME, Speck SH, Ford ML. Rapamycin ameliorates the CTLA4-Ig-mediated defect in CD8(+) T cell immunity during gammaherpesvirus infection. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2576-87. [PMID: 25989700 PMCID: PMC5389899 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Latent viral infections are a major concern among immunosuppressed transplant patients. During clinical trials with belatacept, a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein, patients showed an increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, thought to be due to a deficient primary CD8(+) T cell response to the virus. Using a murine model of latent viral infection, we observed that rapamycin treatment alone led to a significant increase in virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, as well as increased functionality of these cells, including the ability to make multiple cytokines, while CTLA4-Ig treatment alone significantly dampened the response and inhibited the generation of polyfunctional antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, the addition of rapamycin to the CTLA4-Ig regimen was able to quantitatively and qualitatively restore the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response to the virus. This improvement was physiologically relevant, in that CTLA4-Ig treated animals exhibited a greater viral burden following infection that was reduced to levels observed in untreated immunocompetent animals by the addition of rapamycin. These results reveal that modulation of T cell differentiation though inhibition of mTOR signaling can restore virus-specific immune competence even in the absence of CD28 costimulation, and have implications for improving protective immunity in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- DF Pinelli
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - ME Wagener
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA
| | - SH Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - ML Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA,Corresponding author: Mandy Ford,
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116
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Sirolimus-related anal ulceration in a female patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 51:132-3. [PMID: 26367228 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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117
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Immunosuppressive drugs affect high-mannose/hybrid N-glycans on human allostimulated leukocytes. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:324980. [PMID: 26339568 PMCID: PMC4538311 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation plays an important role in the majority of physiological and pathological processes occurring in the immune system. Alteration of the type and abundance of glycans is an element of lymphocyte differentiation; it is also common in the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The N-glycosylation process is very sensitive to different environmental agents, among them the pharmacological environment of immunosuppressive drugs. Some results show that high-mannose oligosaccharides have the ability to suppress different stages of the immune response. We evaluated the effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) and rapamycin (Rapa) on high-mannose/hybrid-type glycosylation in human leukocytes activated in a two-way mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). CsA significantly reduced the number of leukocytes covered by high-mannose/hybrid N-glycans, and the synergistic action of CsA and Rapa led to an increase of these structures on the remaining leukocytes. This is the first study indicating that β1 and β3 integrins bearing high-mannose/hybrid structures are affected by Rapa and CsA. Rapa taken separately and together with CsA changed the expression of β1 and β3 integrins and, by regulating the protein amount, increased the oligomannose/hybrid-type N-glycosylation on the leukocyte surface. We suggest that the changes in the glycosylation profile of leukocytes may promote the development of tolerance in transplantation.
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Pérez-Gil G, Landa-Cardeña A, Coutiño R, García-Román R, Sampieri CL, Mora SI, Montero H. 4EBP1 Is Dephosphorylated by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Intervirology 2015; 58:205-8. [PMID: 26305094 DOI: 10.1159/000435774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) requires protein biosynthesis machinery to generate progeny. There is evidence that RSV might alter some translation components since stress granules are formed in their host cells. Consistent with these observations, we found that RSV induces dephosphorylation of 4EBP1 (eIF4E-binding protein), an important cellular translation factor. Our results show no correlation between the 4EBP1 dephosphorylation time and the decrease in the global rate of protein synthesis. Interestingly, treatment with rapamycin stimulates virus generation. The results suggest that RSV is a virus that still contains unknown mechanisms involved in the translation of their mRNAs through the alteration or modification of some translation factors, such as 4EBP1, possibly to favor its replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pérez-Gil
- Instituto de Salud Px00FA;blica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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Chang GR, Chiu YS, Wu YY, Lin YC, Hou PH, Mao FC. Rapamycin impairs HPD-induced beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3793-804. [PMID: 25884889 PMCID: PMC4523336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rapamycin, which is used clinically to treat graft rejection, has also been proposed to have an effect on metabolic syndrome; however, very little information is available on its effects in lean animals/humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize further the effects of the continuous use of rapamycin on glucose homeostasis in lean C57BL6/J mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed a high-protein diet (HPD) for 12 weeks to develop a lean model and then were treated daily with rapamycin for 5 weeks while remaining on a HPD. Metabolic parameters, endocrine profiles, glucose tolerance tests, insulin sensitivity index, the expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4 and chromium distribution were measured in vivo. KEY RESULTS Lower body weight gain as well as a decreased caloric intake, fat pads, fatty liver scores, adipocyte size and glucose tolerance test values were observed in HPD-fed mice compared with mice fed a high-fat or standard diet. Despite these beneficial effects, rapamycin-treated lean mice showed greater glucose intolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, lower muscle GLUT4 expression and changes in chromium levels in tissues even with high insulin levels. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings demonstrate that continuous rapamycin administration may lead to the development of diabetes syndrome, as it was found to induce hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance in a lean animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Ruei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Division of Residual Control, Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substance Research Institute, Council of AgricultureTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shin Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Hou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Frank Chiahung Mao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Yang J, Zhao X, Patel A, Potru R, Azizi-Ghannad S, Dolinger M, Cao J, Bartholomew C, Mazurkiewicz J, Conti D, Jones D, Huang Y, Zhu XC. Rapamycin Inhibition of mTOR Reduces Levels of the Na+/H+ Exchanger 3 in Intestines of Mice and Humans, Leading to Diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:151-62. [PMID: 25836987 PMCID: PMC4849539 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The immunosuppressant rapamycin frequently causes noninfectious diarrhea in organ transplant recipients. We investigated the mechanisms of this process. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of renal transplant recipients treated with rapamycin from 2003 through 2010 at Albany Medical College, collecting data on serum levels of rapamycin. Levels of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) were measured in human ileal biopsy specimens from patients who did and did not receive rapamycin (controls), in ileum tissues from rats or mice given rapamycin, and in mice with intestine-specific disruption of mammalian target of rapamycin (Mtor) (mTOR(f/f):Villin-cre mice) or Atg7 (Atg7(flox/flox); Villin-Cre). Exchange activity and intestinal water absorption were measured using a pH-sensitive dye and small intestine perfusion, respectively. RESULTS Episodes of noninfectious diarrhea occurred in organ recipients after increases in serum levels of rapamycin. The expression of NHE3 was reduced in the ileal brush border of patients with diarrhea. In rats and mice, continuous administration of low doses of rapamycin reduced levels of NHE3 in intestinal tissues; this effect was not observed in mice with intestinal deletion of ATG7, indicating that autophagy is required for the reduction. Administration of single high doses of rapamycin to mice, to model the spikes in rapamycin levels that occur in patients with severe diarrheal episodes, resulted in reduced phosphorylation of S6 and AKT in ileal tissues, indicating inhibition of the mTOR complex (mTORC1 and mTORC2). The intestines of mice with intestine-specific deletion of mTOR were dilated and contained large amounts of liquid stools; they also had reduced levels of total NHE3 and NHERF1 compared with control mice. We observed a significant reduction in Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity in ileum tissues from these mice. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin inhibition of mTOR reduces levels of NHE3 and Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity in intestinal tissues of patients and rodents. This process appears to require the autophagic activity mediated by ATG7. Loss of mTOR regulation of NHE3 could mediate the development of diarrhea in patients undergoing rapamycin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Center of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Center of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Archana Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Rachana Potru
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Sadra Azizi-Ghannad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Michael Dolinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - James Cao
- Center of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Catherine Bartholomew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Joseph Mazurkiewicz
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - David Conti
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - David Jones
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Yunfei Huang
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Xinjun Cindy Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Center of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
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122
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Age-Dependent Changes in Sirolimus Metabolite Formation in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:395-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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123
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Pecoraro A, Troia A, Calzolari R, Scazzone C, Rigano P, Martorana A, Sacco M, Maggio A, Di Marzo R. Efficacy of Rapamycin as Inducer of Hb F in Primary Erythroid Cultures from Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia Patients. Hemoglobin 2015; 39:225-9. [PMID: 26016899 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1036882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic improvement of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia (β-thal) has been shown in patients with high levels of Hb F. Among the drugs proposed to increase Hb F production, hydroxyurea (HU) is currently the only one proven to improve the clinical course of these diseases. However, Hb F increase and patient's response are highly variable, indicating that new pharmacological agents could be useful for patients not responding to HU or showing a reduction of response during long-term therapy. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of rapamycin, a lypophilic macrolide used for the prevention of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients, as an inducer of Hb F production. The analyses were performed in cultured erythroid progenitors from 25 sickle cell disease and 25 β-thal intermedia (β-TI) patients. The use of a quantitative Real-Time-polymerase chain reaction ReTi-PCR technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed us to determine the increase in γ-globin mRNA expression and Hb F production in human erythroid cells treated with rapamycin. The results of our study demonstrated an increase in vitro of γ-globin mRNA expression in 15 sickle cell disease and 14 β-TI patients and a corresponding Hb F increase. The induction by rapamycin, even if lower or similar in most of samples analyzed, in some cases was higher than HU. These data suggest that rapamycin could be a good candidate to be used in vivo for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pecoraro
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Unitá Operativa Complessa Ematologia per le Malattie Rare del Sangue e degli Organi Ematopoietici, Azienda Ospedaliera "Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello" , Palermo , Italia and
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Fisher JD, Acharya AP, Little SR. Micro and nanoparticle drug delivery systems for preventing allotransplant rejection. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:24-35. [PMID: 25937032 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of advances in transplant immunology, tissue damage caused by acute allograft rejection remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the transplant recipient. Moreover, the long-term sequelae of lifelong immunosuppression leaves patients at risk for developing a host of other deleterious conditions. Controlled drug delivery using micro- and nanoparticles (MNPs) is an effective way to deliver higher local doses of a given drug to specific tissues and cells while mitigating systemic effects. Herein, we review several descriptions of MNP immunotherapies aimed at prolonging allograft survival. We also discuss developments in the field of biomimetic drug delivery that use MNP constructs to induce and recruit our bodies' own suppressive immune cells. Finally, we comment on the regulatory pathway associated with these drug delivery systems. Collectively, it is our hope the studies described in this review will help to usher in a new era of immunotherapy in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Fisher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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125
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Cellular and molecular targeting for nanotherapeutics in transplantation tolerance. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:14-23. [PMID: 25805659 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The induction of donor-specific tolerance to transplanted cells and organs, while preserving immune function as a whole, remains a highly sought after and elusive strategy for overcoming transplant rejection. Tolerance necessitates modulating a diverse array of cell types that recognize and respond to alloantigens, including antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Nanotherapeutic strategies that employ cellular and biomaterial engineering represent an emerging technology geared towards the goal of inducing transplant tolerance. Nanocarriers offer a platform for delivering antigens of interest to specific cell types in order to achieve tolerogenic antigen presentation. Furthermore, the technologies also provide an opportunity for local immunomodulation at the graft site. Nanocarriers delivering a combination of antigens and immunomodulating agents, such as rapamycin, provide a unique technology platform with the potential to enhance outcomes for the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Wang F, Ni J, Wang X, Xie B, Feng C, Zhao S, Saeed Y, Qing H, Deng Y. Salsolinol Damaged Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Induce Proliferation of Human Monocyte THP-1 Cells Through the mTOR Pathway in a Co-culture System. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:932-41. [PMID: 25773262 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to study the inflammatory process in the central nervous system of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, little is known about the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in PD. In the present study, we used an in vitro co-culture system to study the role of the human monocyte cell line THP-1 in medium conditioned by the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y damaged with the endogenous neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (Salsolinol, Sal) in co-culture with the human glioma cell line U87. For this purpose, SH-SY5Y and U87 co-cultures were treated with Sal, and this conditioned medium containing mediators, including the potential effector CCL2, was isolated and applied to THP-1 cells. This treatment resulted in approximately 19 % cell proliferation as well as activation of mTOR and induction of phosphorylated 4E-BP1, S6K1, PI3K, and AKT proteins. Treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, attenuated the proliferation of THP-1 cells. U87 glial cells were essential for this as medium conditioned without them had no effect on THP-1 cells. These results suggest a positive effect of THP-1 cells on Sal-induced neurotoxicity in a cellular model of PD and this is likely mediated by the enhancement of cell proliferation through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Hence, PBMCs and their mTOR signaling pathway could be of therapeutic benefit in treating the endogenous neurotoxin-induced neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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Namba DR, Ma G, Samad I, Ding D, Pandian V, Powell JD, Horton MR, Hillel AT. Rapamycin inhibits human laryngotracheal stenosis-derived fibroblast proliferation, metabolism, and function in vitro. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152:881-8. [PMID: 25754184 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815573708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if rapamycin inhibits the growth, function, and metabolism of human laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS)-derived fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN Controlled in vitro study. SETTING Tertiary care hospital in a research university. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fibroblasts isolated from biopsies of 5 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis were cultured. Cell proliferation, histology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism of LTS-derived fibroblasts were assessed in 4 conditions: (1) fibroblast growth medium, (2) fibroblast growth medium with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (3) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-10) M (low-dose) rapamycin dissolved in DMSO, and (4) fibroblast growth medium with 10(-9) M (high-dose) rapamycin dissolved in DMSO. RESULTS The LTS fibroblast count and DNA concentration were reduced after treatment with high-dose rapamycin compared to DMSO (P = .0007) and normal (P = .0007) controls. Collagen I expression decreased after treatment with high-dose rapamycin versus control (P = .0051) and DMSO (P = .0093) controls. Maximal respiration decreased to 68.6 pMoles of oxygen/min/10 mg/protein from 96.9 for DMSO (P = .0002) and 97.0 for normal (P = .0022) controls. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production decreased to 66.8 pMoles from 88.1 for DMSO (P = .0006) and 83.3 for normal (P = .0003) controls. Basal respiration decreased to 78.6 pMoles from 108 for DMSO (P = .0002) and 101 for normal (P = .0014) controls. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin demonstrated an anti-fibroblast effect by significantly reducing the proliferation, metabolism, and collagen deposition of human LTS fibroblast in vitro. Rapamycin significantly decreased oxidative phosphorylation of LTS fibroblasts, suggesting at a potential mechanism for the reduced proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, rapamycin's anti-fibroblast effects indicate a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryan R Namba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Garret Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Idris Samad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dacheng Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinciya Pandian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Law BJC, Struck AW, Bennett MR, Wilkinson B, Micklefield J. Site-specific bioalkylation of rapamycin by the RapM 16- O-methyltransferase. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2885-2892. [PMID: 29403635 PMCID: PMC5729408 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of natural products by S-adenosyl methionine (AdoMet, also known as SAM)-dependent methyltransferase enzymes is a common tailoring step in many biosynthetic pathways. The introduction of methyl substituents can affect the biological and physicochemical properties of the secondary metabolites produced. Recently it has become apparent that some AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases exhibit promiscuity and will accept AdoMet analogues enabling the transfer of alternative alkyl groups. In this study we have characterised a methyltransferase, RapM, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the potent immunosuppressive agent rapamycin. We have shown that recombinant RapM regioselectively methylates the C16 hydroxyl group of desmethyl rapamycin precursors in vitro and is promiscuous in accepting alternative co-factors in addition to AdoMet. A coupled enzyme system was developed, including a mutant human enzyme methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT), along with RapM, which was used to prepare alkylated rapamycin derivatives (rapalogs) with alternative ethyl and allyl ether groups, derived from simple S-ethyl or S-allyl methionine analogues. There are two other methyltransferases RapI and RapQ which provide methyl substituents of rapamycin. Consequently, using the enzymatic approach described here, it should be possible to generate a diverse array of alkylated rapalogs, with altered properties, that would be difficult to obtain by traditional synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J C Law
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Anna-Winona Struck
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Matthew R Bennett
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , John Innes Centre , Norwich , NR4 7UH , UK.,Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd , Science Village, Chesterford Research Park , Cambridge , CB10 1XL , UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
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Guduru SKR, Jimmidi R, Deora GS, Arya P. Stereoselective Synthesis of Rapamycin Fragment To Build a Macrocyclic Toolbox. Org Lett 2015; 17:480-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5034833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravikumar Jimmidi
- Dr.
Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Girdhar Singh Deora
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Dr.
Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Fracchia KM, Walsh CM. Metabolic mysteries of the inflammatory response: T cell polarization and plasticity. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:3-18. [PMID: 25398050 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.974748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While simultaneously maintaining homeostasis and reducing further harm to the host, the immune system is equipped to eliminate both tumors and pathogenic microorganisms. Bifurcated into cell-mediated and humoral immunity, the adaptive immune system requires a series of complex and coordinated signals to drive the proliferation and differentiation of appropriate subsets. These include signals that modulate cellular metabolism. When first published in the 1920s, "the Warburg effect" was used to describe a phenomenon in which most cancer cells relied on aerobic glycolysis to meet their biosynthetic demands. Despite the early observations of Warburg and his colleagues, targeting cancer cell metabolism for therapeutic purposes still remains theoretical. Notably, many T cells exhibit the same Warburg metabolism as cancer cells and the therapeutic benefit of targeting their metabolic pathways has since been reexamined. Emerging evidence suggests that specific metabolic alterations associated with T cells may be ancillary to their subset differentiation and influential in their inflammatory response. Thus, T cell lymphocyte activation leads to skewing in metabolic plasticity, and issue that will be the subject of this review.
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131
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Moraco AH, Kornfeld H. Cell death and autophagy in tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:497-511. [PMID: 25453227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has succeeded in infecting one-third of the human race though inhibition or evasion of innate and adaptive immunity. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that uses the niche provided by mononuclear phagocytes for its advantage. Complex interactions determine whether the bacillus will or will not be delivered to acidified lysosomes, whether the host phagocyte will survive infection or die, and whether the timing and mode of cell death works to the advantage of the host or the pathogen. Here we discuss cell death and autophagy in TB. These fundamental processes of cell biology feature in all aspects of TB pathogenesis and may be exploited to the treatment or prevention of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Moraco
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Weiss B, Widemann BC, Wolters P, Dombi E, Vinks A, Cantor A, Perentesis J, Schorry E, Ullrich N, Gutmann DH, Tonsgard J, Viskochil D, Korf B, Packer RJ, Fisher MJ. Sirolimus for progressive neurofibromatosis type 1-associated plexiform neurofibromas: a neurofibromatosis Clinical Trials Consortium phase II study. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:596-603. [PMID: 25314964 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors that arise in one-third of individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). They may cause significant disfigurement, compression of vital structures, neurologic dysfunction, and/or pain. Currently, the only effective management strategy is surgical resection. Converging evidence has demonstrated that the NF1 tumor suppressor protein, neurofibromin, negatively regulates activity in the mammalian Target of Rapamycin pathway. METHODS We employed a 2-strata clinical trial design. Stratum 1 included subjects with inoperable, NF1-associated progressive PN and sought to determine whether sirolimus safely and tolerably increases time to progression (TTP). Volumetric MRI analysis conducted at regular intervals was used to determine TTP relative to baseline imaging. RESULTS The estimated median TTP of subjects receiving sirolimus was 15.4 months (95% CI: 14.3-23.7 mo), which was significantly longer than 11.9 months (P < .001), the median TTP of the placebo arm of a previous PN clinical trial with similar eligibility criteria. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that sirolimus prolongs TTP by almost 4 months in patients with NF1-associated progressive PN. Although the improvement in TTP is modest, given the lack of significant or frequent toxicity and the availability of few other treatment options, the use of sirolimus to slow the growth of progressive PN could be considered in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Weiss
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Brigitte C Widemann
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Pamela Wolters
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Eva Dombi
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Alexander Vinks
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Alan Cantor
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - John Perentesis
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Schorry
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Nicole Ullrich
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - David H Gutmann
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - James Tonsgard
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - David Viskochil
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Bruce Korf
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Roger J Packer
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
| | - Michael J Fisher
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio (B.W., J.P.); Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (E.S.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.V.); National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland (B.C.W, E.D., P.W.); Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (B.K.); Department of Preventitive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (A.C.); Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (N.U.); Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.H.G.); Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC (R.J.P.); Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F.); Division of Genetics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.V.); Division of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (J.T.)
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Guo N, Yan A, Gao X, Chen Y, He X, Hu Z, Mi M, Tang X, Gou X. Berberine sensitizes rapamycin‑mediated human hepatoma cell death in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3132-8. [PMID: 25310356 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is clinically used as an immunosuppressant. Increasing evidence suggests that rapamycin has an important inhibitory role in the development and progression of different types of cancer and that it is a promising candidate for cancer chemotherapy. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from medicinal plant species, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine with no significant side effects. Recent research has demonstrated that berberine has anticancer activity against various types of cancer, mediated through the suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro synergistic anticancer effect of combined treatment of rapamycin at various concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 nM) and berberine (62.5 µM) in SMMC7721 and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, and the potential underlying molecular mechanism. The combined use of rapamycin and berberine was found to have a synergistic cytotoxic effect, with berberine observed to maintain the cyotoxic effect of rapamycin on HCC cells at a lower rapamycin concentration. Moreover, the cells treated with the combination of the two agents exhibited significantly decreased protein levels of phosphorylated (p)‑p70S6 kinase 1 (Thr389), the downstream effector of mTOR, compared with the cells treated with rapamycin or berberine alone. Furthermore, overexpression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 147, a transmembrance glycoprotein associated with the anticancer effects of berberine, was found to upregulate p‑mTOR expression and inhibit cell death in SMMC7721 cells co‑treated with rapamycin and berberine. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that the combined use of rapamycin and berberine may improve HCC therapy through synergistically inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, which is at least in part, mediated through CD147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Aili Yan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yanke Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinying He
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Hu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Man Mi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, Sichuan 721000, P.R. China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, X'ian Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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Rapamycin attenuated cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol and maintained energy homeostasis via inhibiting NF-κB activation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:868753. [PMID: 25045214 PMCID: PMC4089551 DOI: 10.1155/2014/868753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection organ (especially kidney) transplantation. However, little is known about the role of Rapa in cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol and its underlying mechanism. In this study, Rapa was administrated intraperitoneally for one week after the rat model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol established. Rapa was demonstrated to attenuate isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, maintain the structure integrity and functional performance of mitochondria, and upregulate genes related to fatty acid metabolism in hypertrophied hearts. To further study the implication of NF-κB in the protective role of Rapa, cardiomyocytes were pretreated with TNF-α or transfected with siRNA against NF-κB/p65 subunit. It was revealed that the upregulation of extracellular circulating proinflammatory cytokines induced by isoproterenol was able to be reversed by Rapa, which was dependent on NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and maintaining energy homeostasis by Rapa in cardiomyocytes may be attributed to the inactivation of NF-κB. Our results shed new light on mechanisms underlying the protective role of Rapa against cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol, suggesting that blocking proinflammatory response by Rapa might contribute to the maintenance of energy homeostasis during the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Vella LJ, Andrews MC, Behren A, Cebon J, Woods K. Immune consequences of kinase inhibitors in development, undergoing clinical trials and in current use in melanoma treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1107-23. [PMID: 24939732 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.929943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma is a frequently fatal cancer. In recent years substantial therapeutic progress has occurred with the development of targeted kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutics. Targeted therapies often result in rapid clinical benefit however responses are seldom durable. Immune therapies can result in durable disease control but responses may not be immediate. Optimal cancer therapy requires both rapid and durable cancer control and this can likely best be achieved by combining targeted therapies with immunotherapeutics. To achieve this, a detailed understanding of the immune consequences of the various kinase inhibitors, in development, clinical trial and currently used to treat melanoma is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immuno-biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
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Weiss B, Widemann BC, Wolters P, Dombi E, Vinks AA, Cantor A, Korf B, Perentesis J, Gutmann DH, Schorry E, Packer R, Fisher MJ. Sirolimus for non-progressive NF1-associated plexiform neurofibromas: an NF clinical trials consortium phase II study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:982-6. [PMID: 24851266 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) have an increased risk of developing tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including plexiform neurofibromas (PN), which are benign nerve sheath tumors that are among the most debilitating complications of NF1. There are no standard treatment options for PN other than surgery, which is often difficult due to the extensive growth and invasion of surrounding tissues. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) acts as a master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism and controls protein translation, angiogenesis, cell motility, and proliferation. The NF1 tumor suppressor, neurofibromin, regulates the mTOR pathway activity. Sirolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits mTOR activity. PROCEDURE We conducted a 2-stratum phase II clinical trial. In stratum 2, we sought to determine whether the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus in subjects with NF1 results in objective radiographic responses in inoperable PNs in the absence of documented radiographic progression at trial entry. RESULTS No subjects had better than stable disease by the end of six courses. However, the children's self-report responses on health-related quality of life questionnaires indicated a significant improvement in the mean scores of the Emotional and School domains from baseline to 6 months of sirolimus. CONCLUSIONS This study efficiently documented that sirolimus does not cause shrinkage of non-progressive PNs, and thus should not be considered as a treatment option for these tumors. This study also supports the inclusion of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical trials to assess areas of benefit that are not addressed by the medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Weiss
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | - Pamela Wolters
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Eva Dombi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Alexander A. Vinks
- Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Alan Cantor
- Department of Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Albama
| | - Bruce Korf
- Department of Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Albama
| | - John Perentesis
- Division of Oncology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - David H. Gutmann
- Department of Neurology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Elizabeth Schorry
- Department of Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Roger Packer
- Children's National Medical Center; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Michael J. Fisher
- Division of Oncology; Philadelphia Children's Hospital; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Regulation of anti-HLA antibody-dependent natural killer cell activation by immunosuppressive agents. Transplantation 2014; 97:294-300. [PMID: 24342979 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000438636.52085.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was demonstrated that human natural killer (NK) cells, via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-like mechanism, increase IFNγ production after exposure to alloantigens. This finding was associated with an increased risk for antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). Although the effects of various immunosuppressive drugs on T cells and B cells have been extensively studied, their effects on NK cells are less clear. This study reports the effect of immunosuppressive agents on antibody-mediated NK cell activation in vitro. METHODS Whole blood from normal individuals was incubated with irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) pretreated with anti-HLA antibody+ sera (in vitro ADCC), with or without immunosuppressive agents. The %IFNγ+ and CD107a+ (degranulation marker) in CD56+ NK cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus significantly reduced IFNγ production in a dose-dependent manner (53%-83%), but showed minimal effect on degranulation (20%). Prednisone significantly reduced both IFNγ production and degranulation (50%-66% reduction at maximum therapeutic levels). Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) in combination with prednisone additively suppressed IFNγ production and degranulation. The effect of sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil on NK cells was minimal. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that potent suppressive effects of CNIs and prednisone on antibody-mediated NK cell activation may contribute to the reduction of ADCC in sensitized patients and possibly reduce the risk for ADCC-mediated ABMR. These further underscore the importance of medication compliance in prevention of ABMR and possibly chronic rejection, and suggest that ADCC-mediated injury may increase in strategies aimed at CNI or steroid minimization or avoidance.
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Rapamycin regulates iTreg function through CD39 and Runx1 pathways. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:989434. [PMID: 24741640 PMCID: PMC3988749 DOI: 10.1155/2014/989434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that rapamycin is able to significantly increase the expression of FoxP3 and suppress activity in induced Treg (iTreg) cells in vivo and in vitro. CD39 is a newly determined Treg marker that relates to cell suppression. Runx1, a regulator of FoxP3, controls the expression of adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene, which is found recently in the downstream of CD39 pathway in trophoblast cells. Whether rapamycin would influence CD39 pathway and regulate the expression of Runx1 remains to be
determined. The addition of rapamycin to human CD4+ naïve cells in the presence of IL-2, TGF-β promotes the expression of FoxP3. In this paper, we found that CD39 positively correlated with the FoxP3 expression in iTreg cells. Rapamycin induced iTreg cells showed a stronger CD39/Runx1 expression with the enhanced suppressive function. These data suggested that CD39 expression was involved in iTreg generation and the enhanced suppressive ability of rapamycin induced Treg was partly due to Runx1 pathway. We conclude that rapamycin favors CD39/Runx1 expression in human iTreg and provides a novel insight into the mechanisms of iTreg generation enhanced by rapamycin.
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Murray B, Hawes E, Lee RA, Watson R, Roederer MW. Genes and beans: pharmacogenomics of renal transplant. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:783-98. [PMID: 23651025 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the management of patients after solid organ transplantation have led to dramatic decreases in rates of acute rejection, but long-term graft and patient survival have remained unchanged. Individualized therapy after transplant will ideally provide adequate immunosuppression while limiting the adverse effects of drug therapy that significantly impact graft survival. Therapeutic drug monitoring represents the best approximation of individualized drug therapy in transplant at this time; however, obtaining pharmacogenomic data in transplant patients has the potential to enhance our current practice. Polymorphisms of target genes that impact pharmacokinetics have been identified for most immunosuppressants, including tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, azathioprine and sirolimus. In the future, pre-emptive assessment of a patient's genetic profile may inform drug selection and provide information on specific doses that will improve efficacy and limit toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Murray
- Critical Care Clinical Specialist, UNC Hospitals & Clinics, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7600, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7600, USA.
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Abou-Gharbia M, Childers WE. Discovery of Innovative Therapeutics: Today’s Realities and Tomorrow’s Vision. 2. Pharma’s Challenges and Their Commitment to Innovation. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5525-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401564r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery
Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Wayne E. Childers
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery
Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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141
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Kukreja A, Tandon S, Mishra A, Tiwari A. Piceatannol: a potential futuristic natural stilbene as fetal haemoglobin inducer. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:3028-31. [PMID: 24551719 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6239.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Beta thalassaemia is an autosomal recessive inherited blood disorder which results in abnormal formation of Haemoglobin molecule and ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients need to be dependent on habitual blood transfusion and on unaffordable exorbitant therapies for continued existence. It has been hypothesized that if the level of foetal Haemoglobin increases, it compensates the need of adult Haemoglobin and hence, ameliorates clinical symptoms associated with beta thalassaemia major. Illation from previous studies has proved that reactivation of foetal Haemoglobin with the aid of natural compounds is a better alternative therapy for patients of beta thalassaemia because of its cost effectiveness and occurrence in natural eatables. Piceatannol, a naturally occurring stilbene, is less studied compound in comparison to resveratrol, but it shows a wide range of biological activities. This article has mainly focused on piceatannol and its application as a foetal Haemoglobin inducer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Kukreja
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University , Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462033, India
| | - Samarth Tandon
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University , Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462033, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University , Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462033, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University , Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462033, India
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Inhibition of protein kinase C delta attenuates allergic airway inflammation through suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1 alpha/VEGF pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81773. [PMID: 24312355 PMCID: PMC3843701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease. VEGF expression is regulated by a variety of stimuli such as nitric oxide, growth factors, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Recently, inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown to alleviate cardinal asthmatic features, including airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation, and increased vascular permeability in asthma models. Based on these observations, we have investigated whether mTOR is associated with HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression in allergic asthma. In studies with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, we have elucidated the stimulatory role of a mTOR-HIF-1α-VEGF axis in allergic response. Next, the mechanisms by which mTOR is activated to modulate this response have been evaluated. mTOR is known to be regulated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt or protein kinase C-delta (PKC δ) in various cell types. Consistent with these, our results have revealed that suppression of PKC δ by rottlerin leads to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt activity and the subsequent blockade of a mTOR-HIF-1α-VEGF module, thereby attenuating typical asthmatic attack in a murine model. Thus, the present data indicate that PKC δ is necessary for the modulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, resulting in a tight regulation of HIF-1α activity and VEGF expression. In conclusion, PKC δ may represent a valuable target for innovative therapeutic treatment of allergic airway disease.
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143
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Beneficial role of rapamycin in experimental autoimmune myositis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74450. [PMID: 24265670 PMCID: PMC3827074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We developed an experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) mouse model of polymyositis where we outlined the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Rapamycin, this immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, is known to spare Treg. Our aim was to test the efficacy of rapamycin in vivo in this EAM model and to investigate the effects of the drug on different immune cell sub-populations. METHODS EAM is induced by 3 injections of myosin emulsified in CFA. Mice received rapamycin during 25 days starting one day before myosin immunization (preventive treatment), or during 10 days following the last myosin immunization (curative treatment). RESULTS Under preventive or curative treatment, an increase of muscle strength was observed with a parallel decrease of muscle inflammation, both being well correlated (R(2) = -0.645, p<0.0001). Rapamycin induced a general decrease in muscle of CD4 and CD8 T cells in lymphoid tissues, but spared B cells. Among T cells, the frequency of Treg was increased in rapamycin treated mice in draining lymph nodes (16.9 ± 2.2% vs. 9.3 ± 1.4%, p<0.001), which were mostly activated regulatory T cells (CD62L(low)CD44(high): 58.1 ± 5.78% vs. 33.1 ± 7%, treated vs. untreated, p<0.001). In rapamycin treated mice, inhibition of proliferation (Ki-67(+)) is more important in effector T cells compared to Tregs cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, during preventive treatment, rapamycin increased the levels of KLF2 transcript in CD44(low) CD62L(high) naive T cell and in CD62L(low) CD44(high) activated T cell. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin showed efficacy both as curative and preventive treatment in our murine model of experimental myositis, in which it induced an increase of muscle strength with a parallel decrease in muscle inflammation. Rapamycin administration was also associated with a decrease in the frequency of effector T cells, an increase in Tregs, and, when administered as preventive treatment, an upregulation of KFL2 in naive and activated T cells.
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Onyesom I, Lamprou DA, Sygellou L, Owusu-Ware SK, Antonijevic M, Chowdhry BZ, Douroumis D. Sirolimus encapsulated liposomes for cancer therapy: physicochemical and mechanical characterization of sirolimus distribution within liposome bilayers. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4281-93. [PMID: 24099044 DOI: 10.1021/mp400362v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sirolimus has recently been introduced as a therapeutic agent for breast and prostate cancer. In the current study, conventional and Stealth liposomes were used as carriers for the encapsulation of sirolimus. The physicochemical characteristics of the sirolimus liposome nanoparticles were investigated including the particle size, zeta potential, stability and membrane integrity. In addition atomic force microscopy was used to study the morphology, surface roughness and mechanical properties such as elastic modulus deformation and deformation. Sirolimus encapsulation in Stealth liposomes showed a high degree of deformation and lower packing density especially for dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Stealth liposomes compared to unloaded. Similar results were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies; sirolimus loaded liposomes were found to result in a distorted state of the bilayer. X-ray photon electron (XPS) analysis revealed a uniform distribution of sirolimus in multilamellar DPPC Stealth liposomes compared to a nonuniform, greater outer layer lamellar distribution in distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) Stealth liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichioma Onyesom
- School of Science, University of Greenwich , Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
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Cheng PH, Lian S, Zhao R, Rao XM, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Combination of autophagy inducer rapamycin and oncolytic adenovirus improves antitumor effect in cancer cells. Virol J 2013; 10:293. [PMID: 24059864 PMCID: PMC3850263 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combination of oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) and chemotherapy drugs has shown promising therapeutic results and is considered as a potential approach for cancer therapy. We previously have shown that autophagy may generate decomposed cellular molecules that can be used as nutrition to support virus replication in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated a unique combination of the novel oncolytic Ad-cycE with rapamycin, an autophagy inducer and first-line chemotherapeutic drug. Methods The combination of oncolytic Ad-cycE and the autophagy inducer rapamycin was assessed for enhanced antitumor effect. We also evaluated the combined effects of rapamycin and Ad-cycE on cancer cell viability. The interaction between Ad-cycE and rapamycin was analyzed with Calcusyn (Biosoft, Ferguson, MO). Results We show that rapamycin induces autophagy, enhances Ad E1A expression and increases Ad oncolytic replication. Combination of rapamycin and Ad-cycE elicits stronger cytotoxicity than single treatment alone. The analyzed data indicates that the Ad-cycE and rapamycin combination has a significantly synergistic antitumor effect. Conclusions Our study provides a new insight into vector development and demonstrates the novel roles of autophagy in adenovirus replication. The combination of autophagy-induced chemotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy may be a new approach to improve future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Kukreja A, Wadhwa N, Tiwari A. Therapeutic role of natural agents in beta-thalassemia: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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147
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Abstract
Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic procedure for the treatment of end‐stage pulmonary parenchymal and vascular disease. Despite improved survival rates over the decades, lung transplant recipients have lower survival rates than other solid organ transplant recipients. The morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation is largely due to infection‐ and rejection‐related complications. This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. The epidemiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment and outcomes for the different microbial pathogens will be reviewed. The effects of infection on lung transplant rejection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Burguete
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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148
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Lebwohl D, Anak Ö, Sahmoud T, Klimovsky J, Elmroth I, Haas T, Posluszny J, Saletan S, Berg W. Development of everolimus, a novel oral mTOR inhibitor, across a spectrum of diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1291:14-32. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lebwohl
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Florham Park New Jersey
| | | | - Tarek Sahmoud
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Saletan
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover New Jersey
| | - William Berg
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover New Jersey
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149
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Ghassemieh B, Ahya VN, Baz MA, Valentine VG, Arcasoy SM, Love RB, Seethamraju H, Alex CG, Bag R, DeOliveira NC, Vigneswaran WT, Charbeneau J, Garrity ER, Bhorade SM. Decreased incidence of cytomegalovirus infection with sirolimus in a post hoc randomized, multicenter study in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32:701-6. [PMID: 23664526 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic infection in lung transplantation. A recent multicenter, randomized trial (the AIRSAC study) comparing sirolimus to azathioprine in lung transplant recipients showed a decreased incidence of CMV events in the sirolimus cohort. To better characterize this relationship of decreased incidence of CMV events with sirolimus, we examined known risk factors and characteristics of CMV events from the AIRSAC database. METHODS The AIRSAC database included 181 lung transplant patients from 8 U.S.-based lung transplant centers that were randomized to sirolimus or azathioprine at 3 months post-transplantation. CMV incidence, prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment data were all prospectively collected. Prophylaxis and treatment of CMV were at the discretion of each institution. RESULTS The overall incidence of any CMV event was decreased in the sirolimus arm when compared with the azathioprine arm at 1 year after lung transplantation (relative risk [RR] = 0.67, confidence interval [CI] 0.55 to 0.82, p < 0.01). This decreased incidence of CMV events with sirolimus remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors of CMV serostatus and CMV prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS These data support results from other solid-organ transplantation studies and suggest further investigation of this agent in the treatment of lung transplant recipients at high risk for CMV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Ghassemieh
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Composite tissue allotransplantation immunology. Arch Plast Surg 2013; 40:141-53. [PMID: 23529264 PMCID: PMC3605559 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2013.40.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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