101
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Rotwein P. The complex genetics of human insulin-like growth factor 2 are not reflected in public databases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4324-4333. [PMID: 29414792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics present unique opportunities for enhancing knowledge about human physiology and disease susceptibility. Understanding this information at the individual gene level is challenging and requires extracting, collating, and interpreting data from a variety of public gene repositories. Here, I illustrate this challenge by analyzing the gene for human insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) through the lens of several databases. IGF2, a 67-amino acid secreted peptide, is essential for normal prenatal growth and is involved in other physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans. Surprisingly, none of the genetic databases accurately described or completely delineated human IGF2 gene structure or transcript expression, even though all relevant information could be found in the published literature. Although IGF2 shares multiple features with the mouse Igf2 gene, it has several unique properties, including transcription from five promoters. Both genes undergo parental imprinting, with IGF2/Igf2 being expressed primarily from the paternal chromosome and the adjacent H19 gene from the maternal chromosome. Unlike mouse Igf2, whose expression declines after birth, human IGF2 remains active throughout life. This characteristic has been attributed to a unique human gene promoter that escapes imprinting, but as shown here, it involves several different promoters with distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. Because new testable hypotheses could lead to critical insights into IGF2 actions in human physiology and disease, it is incumbent that our fundamental understanding is accurate. Similar challenges affecting knowledge of other human genes should promote attempts to critically evaluate, interpret, and correct human genetic data in publicly available databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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102
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Cirillo F, Lazzeroni P, Catellani C, Sartori C, Amarri S, Street ME. MicroRNAs link chronic inflammation in childhood to growth impairment and insulin-resistance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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Domené HM, Fierro-Carrión G. Genetic disorders of GH action pathway. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:19-23. [PMID: 29249625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While insensitivity to GH (GHI) is characterized by low IGF-I levels, normal or elevated GH levels, and lack of IGF-I response to GH treatment, IGF-I resistance is characterized by elevated IGF-I levels with normal/high GH levels. Several genetic defects are responsible for impairment of GH and IGF-I actions resulting in short stature that could affect intrauterine growth or be present in the postnatal period. The genetic defects affecting GH and/or IGF-I action can be divided into five different groups: GH insensitivity by defects affecting the GH receptor (GHR), the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1), the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2), the transport/bioavailability of IGFs (IGFALS, PAPPA2), and defects affecting IGF-I sensitivity (IGF1R). Complete GH insensitivity (GHI) was first reported by Zvi Laron and his colleagues in patients with classical appearance of GH deficiency, but presenting elevated levels of GH. The association of GH insensitivity with several clinical sings of immune-dysfunction and autoimmune dysregulation are characteristic of molecular defects in the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1). Gene mutations in the IGF1 and IGF2 genes have been described in patients presenting intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal short stature. Molecular defects have also been reported in the IGFALS gene, that encodes the acid-labile subunit (ALS), responsible to stabilize circulating IGF-I in ternary complexes, and more recently in the PAPPA2 gen that encodes the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2, a protease that specifically cleaves IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 regulating the accessibility of IGFs to their target tissues. Mutations in the IGF1R gene resulted in IGF-I insensitivity in patients with impaired intrauterine and postnatal growth. These studies have revealed novel molecular mechanisms of GH insensitivity/primary IGF-I deficiency beyond the GH receptor gene. In addition, they have also underlined the importance of several players of the GH-IGF axis in the complex system that promotes human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas (CEDIE-CONICET), "Dr. César Bergadá", División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Fierro-Carrión
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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104
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Tümer Z, López-Hernández JA, Netchine I, Elbracht M, Grønskov K, Gede LB, Sachwitz J, den Dunnen JT, Eggermann T. Structural and sequence variants in patients with Silver-Russell syndrome or similar features-Curation of a disease database. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:345-364. [PMID: 29250858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disorder involving prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and the term SRS-like is broadly used to describe individuals with clinical features resembling SRS. The main molecular subgroups are loss of methylation of the distal imprinting control region (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR) on 11p15.5 (50%) and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (5%-10%). Through a comprehensive literature search, we identified 91 patients/families with various structural and small sequence variants, which were suggested as additional molecular defects leading to SRS/SRS-like phenotypes. However, the molecular and phenotypic data of these patients were not standardized and therefore not comparable, rendering difficulties in phenotype-genotype comparisons. To overcome this challenge, we curated a disease database including (epi)genetic phenotypic data of these patients. The clinical features are scored according to the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS), which has recently been accepted as standard by consensus. The structural and sequence variations are reviewed and where necessary redescribed according to recent recommendations. Our study provides a framework for both research and diagnostic purposes through facilitating a standardized comparison of (epi)genotypes with phenotypes of patients with structural/sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,APHP, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lene Bjerring Gede
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jana Sachwitz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Human Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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105
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Hawkes CP, Murray DM, Kenny LC, Kiely M, Hourihane JO, Irvine AD, Wu Z, Argon Y, Reitz RE, McPhaul MJ, Grimberg A. Correlation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and -II Concentrations at Birth Measured by Mass Spectrometry and Growth from Birth to Two Months. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:122-131. [PMID: 29402777 PMCID: PMC7183787 DOI: 10.1159/000486035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoassays used to measure insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II concentrations are susceptible to interference from IGF-binding proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IGF-I and -II concentrations at birth with neonatal anthropometry using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LCMS) assay. METHODS LCMS was used to measure IGF-I and -II concentrations in umbilical cord blood of term, healthy infants enrolled in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study. Weight, length, and occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC) were measured at birth and 2 months. RESULTS Cord blood IGF-I and -II concentrations were measured in 1,100 infants. Mean (SD) IGF-I and -II concentrations were 52.5 (23.9) ng/mL and 424.3 (98.2) ng/mL, respectively. IGF-I and -II concentrations at birth were associated (p < 0.05) with weight (R2 = 0.19, R2 = 0.01), length (R2 = 0.07, R2 = 0.004), and OFC (R2 = 0.03, R2 = 0.04) at birth. Low IGF-I concentrations at birth were associated with increases in weight (p < 0.001) and OFC (p < 0.01) Z-scores in the first 2 months. CONCLUSION Using an LCMS assay, we have shown that anthropometric parameters at birth are associated with IGF-I and weakly with IGF-II concentrations. This indicates that, at the time of birth, IGF-I is the more important growth factor for regulating infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P. Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,The National Children’s Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland;,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M. Murray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;,The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, Cork, Ireland;,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mairead Kiely
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, Cork, Ireland;,School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan O’B Hourihane
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;,The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- The National Children’s Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland;,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zengru Wu
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard E. Reitz
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | | | - Adda Grimberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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106
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Heide S, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Keren B, Harbison MD, Azzi S, Rossignol S, Michot C, Lackmy-Port Lys M, Demeer B, Heinrichs C, Newfield RS, Sarda P, Van Maldergem L, Trifard V, Giabicani E, Siffroi JP, Le Bouc Y, Netchine I, Brioude F. Chromosomal rearrangements in the 11p15 imprinted region: 17 new 11p15.5 duplications with associated phenotypes and putative functional consequences. J Med Genet 2017; 55:205-213. [PMID: 29223973 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 11p15 region contains two clusters of imprinted genes. Opposite genetic and epigenetic anomalies of this region result in two distinct growth disturbance syndromes: Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndromes (SRS). Cytogenetic rearrangements within this region represent less than 3% of SRS and BWS cases. Among these, 11p15 duplications were infrequently reported and interpretation of their pathogenic effects is complex. OBJECTIVES To report cytogenetic and methylation analyses in a cohort of patients with SRS/BWS carrying 11p15 duplications and establish genotype/phenotype correlations. METHODS From a cohort of patients with SRS/BWS with an abnormal methylation profile (using ASMM-RTQ-PCR), we used SNP-arrays to identify and map the 11p15 duplications. We report 19 new patients with SRS (n=9) and BWS (n=10) carrying de novo or familial 11p15 duplications, which completely or partially span either both telomeric and centromeric domains or only one domain. RESULTS Large duplications involving one complete domain or both domains are associated with either SRS or BWS, depending on the parental origin of the duplication. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies of partial duplications within the telomeric domain demonstrate the prominent role of IGF2, rather than H19, in the control of growth. Furthermore, it highlights the role of CDKN1C within the centromeric domain and suggests that the expected overexpression of KCNQ1OT1 from the paternal allele (in partial paternal duplications, excluding CDKN1C) does not affect the expression of CDKN1C. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype associated with 11p15 duplications depends on the size, genetic content, parental inheritance and imprinting status. Identification of these rare duplications is crucial for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Heide
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Salah Azzi
- Nuclear Dynamics ISPG, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marilyn Lackmy-Port Lys
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Compétences Maladies Rares Anomalies du développement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pointe-a-Pitre Abymes, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
| | - Bénédicte Demeer
- Service de Génétique Clinique et Oncogénétique, CLAD Nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Service d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ron S Newfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- CHU, Centre de Génétique Humaine Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Véronique Trifard
- Service de Pédiatrie, CH de La Roche sur Yon, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Irène Netchine
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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107
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Binder G, Schweizer R, Blumenstock G, Ferrand N. Adrenarche in Silver-Russell Syndrome: Timing and Consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4100-4108. [PMID: 28945864 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Premature adrenarche has been reported to be frequent in Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), but systematic studies are lacking. Here, we studied the prevalence of early adrenarche in SRS, potential predictors, and consequences based on cases with long-term follow-up. DESIGN AND SETTING This retrospective longitudinal single-center study included 62 patients with SRS (34 boys) with documented age at adrenarche and positive Netchine-Harbison clinical score who were seen during the past 20 years with a median follow-up of 12.8 years. Clinical and biochemical characteristics were collected from patient records. Adrenarche was defined by reaching a serum dehydroepiandrosterone concentration >500 ng/mL. RESULTS Boys reached adrenarche at a median age of 9.2 years (quartiles: 7.6, 10.9 years) and pubarche at a median age of 11.7 years (quartiles: 10.7, 12.8 years). Girls reached adrenarche at a median age of 8.1 years (quartiles: 6.6, 10.1 years) and pubarche at a median age of 9.8 years (quartiles: 8.3, 10.8). Premature adrenarche occurred in 13% of the patients. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that early adrenarche was associated with early initiation of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment (P = 0.0024 in boys; P = 0.0195 in girls), but not with the Netchine-Harbison clinical score (P > 0.25). Response to rhGH treatment (median dose, 50 µg/kg/d) and adult height (n = 43) were not compromised by early adrenarche. CONCLUSIONS Early or premature adrenarche was more frequent in SRS than in the general population and was associated with early age at initiation of rhGH treatment. Response to rhGH treatment and adult height were not compromised by early adrenarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Binder
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Schweizer
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Blumenstock
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nawfel Ferrand
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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108
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Uchimura T, Hollander JM, Nakamura DS, Liu Z, Rosen CJ, Georgakoudi I, Zeng L. An essential role for IGF2 in cartilage development and glucose metabolism during postnatal long bone growth. Development 2017; 144:3533-3546. [PMID: 28974642 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal bone growth involves a dramatic increase in length and girth. Intriguingly, this period of growth is independent of growth hormone and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Recently, an IGF2 mutation was identified in humans with early postnatal growth restriction. Here, we show that IGF2 is essential for longitudinal and appositional murine postnatal bone development, which involves proper timing of chondrocyte maturation and perichondrial cell differentiation and survival. Importantly, the Igf2 null mouse model does not represent a simple delay of growth but instead uncoordinated growth plate development. Furthermore, biochemical and two-photon imaging analyses identified elevated and imbalanced glucose metabolism in the Igf2 null mouse. Attenuation of glycolysis rescued the mutant phenotype of premature cartilage maturation, thereby indicating that IGF2 controls bone growth by regulating glucose metabolism in chondrocytes. This work links glucose metabolism with cartilage development and provides insight into the fundamental understanding of human growth abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Uchimura
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Judith M Hollander
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daisy S Nakamura
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA .,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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109
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Associations between maternal prenatal stress, methylation changes in IGF1 and IGF2, and birth weight. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 9:215-222. [PMID: 29017633 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maternal stress has been linked to low birth weight in newborns. One potential pathway involves epigenetic changes at candidate genes that may mediate the effects of prenatal maternal stress on birth weight. This relationship has been documented in stress-related genes, such as NR3C1. There is less literature exploring the effect of stress on growth-related genes. IGF1 and IGF2 have been implicated in fetal growth and development, though via different mechanisms as IGF2 is under imprinting control. In this study, we tested for associations between prenatal stress, methylation of IGF1 and IGF2, and birth weight. A total of 24 mother-newborn dyads in the Democratic Republic of Congo were enrolled. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with mothers at delivery to gather culturally relevant war-related and chronic stressors. DNA methylation data were generated from maternal venous, cord blood and placental tissue samples. Multivariate regressions were used to test for associations between stress measures, DNA methylation and birth weight in each of the three tissue types. We found an association between IGF2 methylation in maternal blood and birth weight. Previous literature on the relationship between IGF2 methylation and birth weight has focused on methylation at known differentially methylated regions in cord blood or placental samples. Our findings indicate there may be links between the maternal epigenome and low birth weight that rely on mechanisms outside known imprinting pathways. It thus may be important to consider the effect of maternal exposures and epigenetic profiles on birth weight even in the setting of maternally imprinted genes such as IGF2.
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110
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Schagdarsurengin U, Lammert A, Schunk N, Sheridan D, Gattenloehner S, Steger K, Wagenlehner F, Dansranjavin T. Impairment of IGF2 gene expression in prostate cancer is triggered by epigenetic dysregulation of IGF2-DMR0 and its interaction with KLF4. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:40. [PMID: 29017567 PMCID: PMC5633889 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human cancer cells often exhibit impaired IGF2 expression and the underlying mechanisms are multifaceted and complex. Besides the well-known imprinting control region IGF2/H19-ICR, the involvement of a differentially methylated region in the promoter P0 of IGF2 gene (IGF2-DMR0) has been suggested. Here, we evaluate several mechanisms potentially leading to up- and/or down-regulation of IGF2 expression in prostate cancer and present a novel role of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) as a transcriptional regulator of IGF2 binding in IGF2-DMR0. Methods Putative binding sites for transcription factors were identified in IGF2-DMR0 using JASPAR CORE database. Gene expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR in prostate carcinoma and adjacent benign prostate hyperplasia samples obtained by radical prostatectomy (86 RP-PCa and 47 RP-BPH) and BPH obtained by transurethral prostate resection (13 TUR-BPH). Pyrosequencing and qMSP were used for DNA methylation studies in IGF2-DMR0, IGF2/H19-ICR and Glutathione-S-transferase-P1 (GSTP1) promoter. Loss of imprinting (LOI) was analyzed by RFLP. Copy number variation (CNV) test was performed using qBiomarker CNV PCR Assay. KLF4-binding and histone-modifications were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR in prostate cancer cell lines exhibiting differentially methylated IGF2-DMR0 (LNCaP hypomethylated and DU145 hypermethylated). KLF4 protein was analyzed by western blot. Statistical associations of gene expression to methylation, IGF2 LOI and CNV were calculated by Mann-Whitney-U-test. Correlations between gene expression and methylation levels were evaluated by Spearman’s-Rank-Correlation-test. Results We found a significant reduction of IGF2 expression in the majority of RP-PCa and RP-BPH in comparison to TUR-BPH. Analyzing potential molecular reasons, we found in RP-PCa and RP-BPH in comparison to TUR-BPH a significant hypomethylation of IGF2-DMR0, which coincided with hypermethylation of GSTP1-promoter, a prominent marker of prostate tumors. In contrast, IGF2 LOI and CNV did not associate significantly with up- and/or down-regulation of IGF2 expression in prostate tumors. By analyzing IGF2-DMR0, we detected a consensus sequence for KLF4 with a z-score of 7.6. Interestingly, we found that KLF4 binds to hypomethylated (17%) IGF2-DMR0 enriched with H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 (LNCaP), but does not bind under hypermethylated (85%) and H3K4me3-enriched conditions (DU145). KLF4 expression was detected in TUR-BPH as well as in RP-BPH and RP-PCa and showed a highly significant correlation to IGF2 expression. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that in human prostate cancer the impairment of IGF2 expression is accompanied by hypomethylation of IGF2-DMR0. We revealed that KLF4 is a putative transcriptional regulator of IGF2, which binds in IGF2-DMR0 in dependence of the prevailing epigenetic state in this region. Herewith we provide complementary new insights into IGF2 dysregulation mechanisms as a critical process in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undraga Schagdarsurengin
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Epigenetics of Urogenital System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Angela Lammert
- Department of Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natalie Schunk
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Sheridan
- Institute of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 10, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gattenloehner
- Institute of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 10, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Steger
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Molecular Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Wagenlehner
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Temuujin Dansranjavin
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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111
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Dauber A, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Barrios V, Domené HM, Kloverpris S, Serra-Juhé C, Desikan V, Pozo J, Muzumdar R, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Hawkins F, Jasper HG, Conover CA, Frystyk J, Yakar S, Hwa V, Chowen JA, Oxvig C, Rosenfeld RG, Pérez-Jurado LA, Argente J. Mutations in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 cause short stature due to low IGF-I availability. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 8:363-74. [PMID: 26902202 PMCID: PMC4818753 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes of the growth hormone/IGF‐I axis have been identified in syndromes marked by growth failure. However, no pathogenic human mutations have been reported in the six high‐affinity IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) or their regulators, such as the metalloproteinase pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP‐A2) that is hypothesized to increase IGF‐I bioactivity by specific proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP‐3 and ‐5. Multiple members of two unrelated families presented with progressive growth failure, moderate microcephaly, thin long bones, mildly decreased bone density and elevated circulating total IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, and ‐5, acid labile subunit, and IGF‐II concentrations. Two different homozygous mutations in PAPPA2, p.D643fs25* and p.Ala1033Val, were associated with this novel syndrome of growth failure. In vitro analysis of IGFBP cleavage demonstrated that both mutations cause a complete absence of PAPP‐A2 proteolytic activity. Size‐exclusion chromatography showed a significant increase in IGF‐I bound in its ternary complex. Free IGF‐I concentrations were decreased. These patients provide important insights into the regulation of longitudinal growth in humans, documenting the critical role of PAPP‐A2 in releasing IGF‐I from its BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - María T Muñoz-Calvo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soren Kloverpris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clara Serra-Juhé
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vardhini Desikan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
| | - Jesús Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Hawkins
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA STAT5 LLC, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abi Habib W, Brioude F, Edouard T, Bennett JT, Lienhardt-Roussie A, Tixier F, Salem J, Yuen T, Azzi S, Le Bouc Y, Harbison MD, Netchine I. Genetic disruption of the oncogenic HMGA2-PLAG1-IGF2 pathway causes fetal growth restriction. Genet Med 2017; 20:250-258. [PMID: 28796236 PMCID: PMC5846811 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fetal growth is a complex process involving maternal, placental and fetal factors. The etiology of fetal growth retardation remains unknown in many cases. The aim of this study is to identify novel human mutations and genes related to Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS), a syndromic form of fetal growth retardation, usually caused by epigenetic downregulation of the potent fetal growth factor IGF2. Methods Whole-exome sequencing was carried out on members of an SRS familial case. The candidate gene from the familial case and two other genes were screened by targeted high-throughput sequencing in a large cohort of suspected SRS patients. Functional experiments were then used to link these genes into a regulatory pathway. Results We report the first mutations of the PLAG1 gene in humans, as well as new mutations in HMGA2 and IGF2 in six sporadic and/or familial cases of SRS. We demonstrate that HMGA2 regulates IGF2 expression through PLAG1 and in a PLAG1-independent manner. Conclusion Genetic defects of the HMGA2–PLAG1–IGF2 pathway can lead to fetal and postnatal growth restriction, highlighting the role of this oncogenic pathway in the fine regulation of physiological fetal/postnatal growth. This work defines new genetic causes of SRS, important for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abi Habib
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,Current affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France.,INSERM Unit 1043, Physiopathology Center of Toulouse Purpan (CTPT), Paul-Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - James T Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Washington, and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne Lienhardt-Roussie
- Département de Pédiatrie Médicale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Tixier
- Département d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer Salem
- RSS/SGA Research & Education Fund, MAGIC Foundation, Oak Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Tony Yuen
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Salah Azzi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
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113
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Liu D, Wang Y, Yang XA, Liu D. De Novo Mutation of Paternal IGF2 Gene Causing Silver-Russell Syndrome in a Sporadic Patient. Front Genet 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28848601 PMCID: PMC5550680 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare, but well-recognized disease characterized by growth disorder. To date, there are two reports arguing IGF2 mutation for the onset of SRS. Herein, we present another sporadic case harboring IGF2 mutation. The male proband was the first and only child of a non-consanguineous Chinese couple. He was small for gestational age, with relative macrocephaly at birth. Severe feeding difficulties, low feeding, and growth retardation were revealed during neonatal period. At 4.5 years old, obvious body asymmetry was noted. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo c.101G > A (p.Gly34Asp, NM_000612) variant in IGF2 and Sanger sequencing validated the variant. Amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the IGF2 variant was on the paternal allele. Alignment shows the variant is evolutionarily conserved. Structural modeling argues that the variant site might be important for the binding of IGF2 to its receptor. Our study provides further evidence that IGF2 mutation may be another mechanism of SRS, and we consider that IGF2 should be included in a disease specific gene panel in case it is designed for SRS routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Yajian Wang
- Joy Orient Translational Medicine Research Center Co., Ltd.Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-An Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China.,Beijing Scientific Operation Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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114
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Meyer R, Soellner L, Begemann M, Dicks S, Fekete G, Rahner N, Zerres K, Elbracht M, Eggermann T. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing Approach in Patients Referred for Silver-Russell Syndrome Testing Increases the Mutation Detection Rate and Provides Decisive Information for Clinical Management. J Pediatr 2017; 187:206-212.e1. [PMID: 28529015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of differential diagnoses to the mutation spectrum of patients referred for Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) testing. STUDY DESIGN Forty-seven patients referred for molecular testing for SRS were examined after exclusion of one of the SRS-associated alterations. After clinical classification, a targeted next generation sequencing approach comprising 25 genes associated with other diagnoses or postulated as SRS candidate genes was performed. RESULTS By applying the Netchine-Harbinson clinical scoring system, indication for molecular testing for SRS was confirmed in 15 out of 47 patients. In 4 out of these 15 patients, disease-causing variants were found in genes associated with other diagnoses. These patients carried mutations associated with Bloom syndrome, Mulibrey nanism, KBG syndrome, or IGF1R-associated short stature. We could not detect any pathogenic mutation in patients with a negative clinical score. CONCLUSIONS Some of the differential diagnoses detected in the cohort presented here have a major impact on clinical management. Therefore, we emphasize that the molecular defects associated with these clinical pictures should be excluded before the clinical diagnosis "SRS" is made. Finally, we could show that a broad molecular approach including the differential diagnoses of SRS increases the detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Soellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - Severin Dicks
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - György Fekete
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nils Rahner
- University Clinic Düsseldorf, Institute of Human Genetics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule), Aachen, Germany.
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115
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Evaluation of exome variants using the Ion Proton Platform to sequence error-prone regions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181304. [PMID: 28742110 PMCID: PMC5524428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ion Proton sequencer from Thermo Fisher accurately determines sequence variants from target regions with a rapid turnaround time at a low cost. However, misleading variant-calling errors can occur. We performed a systematic evaluation and manual curation of read-level alignments for the 675 ultrarare variants reported by the Ion Proton sequencer from 27 whole-exome sequencing data but that are not present in either the 1000 Genomes Project and the Exome Aggregation Consortium. We classified positive variant calls into 393 highly likely false positives, 126 likely false positives, and 156 likely true positives, which comprised 58.2%, 18.7%, and 23.1% of the variants, respectively. We identified four distinct error patterns of variant calling that may be bioinformatically corrected when using different strategies: simplicity region, SNV cluster, peripheral sequence read, and base inversion. Local de novo assembly successfully corrected 201 (38.7%) of the 519 highly likely or likely false positives. We also demonstrate that the two sequencing kits from Thermo Fisher (the Ion PI Sequencing 200 kit V3 and the Ion PI Hi-Q kit) exhibit different error profiles across different error types. A refined calling algorithm with better polymerase may improve the performance of the Ion Proton sequencing platform.
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116
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Metabolic signatures in an adolescent with Silver-Russell syndrome and outcomes after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1248-1250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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117
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Xu H, Pausch H, Venhoranta H, Rutkowska K, Wurmser C, Rieblinger B, Flisikowska T, Frishman D, Zwierzchowski L, Fries R, Andersson M, Kind A, Schnieke A, Flisikowski K. Maternal placenta modulates a deleterious fetal mutation†. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:249-257. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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118
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Abstract
Short stature is a common and heterogeneous condition that is often genetic in etiology. For most children with genetic short stature, the specific molecular causes remain unknown; but with advances in exome/genome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, new genetic causes of growth disorders have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of longitudinal bone growth and growth failure. Identifying new genetic causes of growth disorders has the potential to improve diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and individualized management, and help avoid unnecessary testing for endocrine and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Jee
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA.
| | - Anenisia C Andrade
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden; University Hospital, Örebro University, Södra Grev Rosengatan, Örebro 701 85, Sweden
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119
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Işık E, Haliloglu B, van Doorn J, Demirbilek H, Scheltinga SA, Losekoot M, Wit JM. Clinical and biochemical characteristics and bone mineral density of homozygous, compound heterozygous and heterozygous carriers of three novel IGFALS mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:657-667. [PMID: 28249955 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acid-labile subunit (ALS) deficiency (ACLSD), caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous IGFALS mutations, is associated with moderate short stature, delayed puberty, low serum IGF-I and ALS and extremely low serum IGFBP-3. Its effect on birth weight, head circumference, bone mineral density (BMD), serum IGF-II and IGFBP-2 is uncertain, as well as the phenotype of heterozygous carriers of IGFALS mutations (partial ACLSD). DESIGN From all available members of five Turkish families, carrying three mutations in exon 2 of IGFALS (c.1462G > A, p.Asp488Asn (families A, B, E); c.251A > G, p.Asn84Ser (families C and E) and c.1477del, p.Arg493fs (family D)), clinical, laboratory and BMD data were collected. METHODS Auxological and biochemical findings were expressed as SDS for age and gender. Ternary complex formation in serum was investigated by size-exclusion chromatography. BMD using DXA bone densitometry was adjusted for height and age (Ha-BMD z-score). RESULTS In ACLSD (n = 24), mean ± s.d. height SDS (-2.7 ± 1.2), head circumference SDS (-2.3 ± 0.5) and body mass index (BMI) (-0.6 ± 1.0 SDS) were lower than those in partial ACLSD (n = 26, P ≤ 0.01) and birth weight SDS (n = 7) tended to be lower (-2.2 ± 1.1 vs -0.6 ± 0.3 in partial ACLSD (P = 0.07)). Serum IGF-I was -3.7 ± 1.4 vs -1.0 ± 1.0, IGF-II: -5.6 ± 0.7 vs -1.3 ± 0.7, ALS: <-4.4 ± 1.2 vs -2.1 ± 0.9 and IGFBP-3: -9.0 ± 1.9 vs -1.6 ± 0.8 SDS respectively (P < 0.001). Ha-BMD z-score was similar and normal in both groups. CONCLUSIONS To the known phenotype of ACLSD (i.e. short stature, reduced serum levels of IGF-I and ALS, extremely low serum IGFBP-3 and disturbed ternary complex formation), we add reduced birth weight, head circumference and serum IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emregül Işık
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyGaziantep Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Belma Haliloglu
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyYeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyHacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Jan M Wit
- Departments of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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120
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Yamoto K, Saitsu H, Nakagawa N, Nakajima H, Hasegawa T, Fujisawa Y, Kagami M, Fukami M, Ogata T. De novo IGF2 mutation on the paternal allele in a patient with Silver-Russell syndrome and ectrodactyly. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:953-958. [PMID: 28489339 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although paternally expressed IGF2 is known to play a critical role in placental and body growth, only a single mutation has been found in IGF2. We identified, through whole-exome sequencing, a de novo IGF2 indel mutation leading to frameshift (NM_000612.5:c.110_117delinsAGGTAA, p.(Leu37Glnfs*31)) in a patient with Silver-Russell syndrome, ectrodactyly, undermasculinized genitalia, developmental delay, and placental hypoplasia. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the mutation resided on the paternal allele by sequencing the long PCR product harboring the mutation- and methylation-sensitive SmaI and SalI sites before and after SmaI/SalI digestion. The results, together with the previous findings in four cases from a single family with a paternally inherited IGF2 nonsense mutation and those in patients with variable H19 differentially methylated region epimutations leading to compromised IGF2 expression, suggest that the whole phenotype of this patient is explainable by the IGF2 mutation, and that phenotypic severity is primarily determined by the IGF2 expression level in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamoto
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Departments of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Norio Nakagawa
- Departments of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Nakajima
- Departments of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Hasegawa
- Departments of Perinatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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121
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Jasper H. Past, Present, and Future in the Relationship between Growth Retardation and the IGF System: Excerpts from the Cesar Bergada Lecture Given during the SLEP 2015 Annual Meeting. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:291-299. [PMID: 27820935 DOI: 10.1159/000449287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review presents a personal view about the past, the present and the future of the relationship between growth retardation and the IGF system. Looking back, it is pertinent to include a brief look at the evolution of the somatomedin hypothesis, the use of IGF-I determinations in the clinic, and a review of the literature beginning in the late 1980s with the description of mutations in the Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) gene. The present possibly started in the mid-1990s with the description of mutations in the IGF-I gene, followed in 2003 by reports of mutations in the genes coding for the IGF-I receptor and in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). Finally, in 2004, mutations in the IGFALS gene were described. A diffuse limit between the present and the future might have been reached (the author's arbitrary decision) with the clinical applications of whole exome sequencing, which rapidly showed mutations in genes coding for STAT3, PAPP-A2 (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2), and IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rotwein P. Large-scale analysis of variation in the insulin-like growth factor family in humans reveals rare disease links and common polymorphisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9252-9261. [PMID: 28389567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2 are closely related proteins that are essential for normal growth and development in humans and other species and play critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. IGF actions are mediated by transmembrane receptors and modulated by IGF-binding proteins. The importance of IGF actions in human physiology is strengthened by the rarity of inactivating mutations in their genes and by the devastating impact caused by such mutations on normal development and somatic growth. Large-scale genome sequencing has the potential to provide new insights into human variation and disease susceptibility. Toward this end, the availability of DNA sequence data from 60,706 people through the Exome Aggregation Consortium has prompted the analyses presented here. Results reveal a broad range of potential missense and other alterations in the coding regions of every IGF family gene, but the vast majority of predicted changes were uncommon. The total number of different alleles detected per gene in the population varied over an ∼15-fold range, from 57 for IGF1 to 872 for IGF2R, although when corrected for protein length the rate ranged from 0.22 to 0.59 changes/codon among the 11 genes evaluated. Previously characterized disease-causing mutations in IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, or IGFALS all were found in the general population but with allele frequencies of <1:30,000. A few new highly prevalent amino acid polymorphisms were also identified. Collectively, these data provide a wealth of opportunities to understand the intricacies of IGF signaling and action in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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123
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Fuentes-Duculan J, Bonifacio KM, Suárez-Fariñas M, Kunjravia N, Garcet S, Cruz T, Wang CQF, Xu H, Gilleadeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Tirgan MH, Krueger JG. Aberrant connective tissue differentiation towards cartilage and bone underlies human keloids in African Americans. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:721-727. [PMID: 27943413 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are benign fibroproliferative tumors more frequently found among African Americans. Until now, keloid etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. To characterize keloids in African Americans, we performed transcriptional profiling of biopsies from large chronic keloids, adjacent non-lesional (NL) skin (n=3) and a newly formed keloid lesion using Affymetrix HGU133 2.0 plus arrays. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were performed to confirm increased expression of relevant genes. We identified 1202 upregulated and 961 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between keloid and NL skin; 1819 up- and 1867 downregulated DEGs between newly formed keloid and NL skin; and 492 up- and 775 downregulated DEGs between chronic and newly formed keloid (fold change >2, false discovery rate <0.05). Many of the top upregulated DEGs between chronic keloid and NL skin and between newly formed keloid and NL skin are involved in bone/cartilage formation including Fibrillin 2 (FBN2), Collagen type X alpha 1, Asporin (ASPN), Cadherin 11 (CDH11), Bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP1), Secreted phosphoprotein 1 and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). qRT-PCR confirmed significant (P<.05) upregulation of BMP1, RUNX2, CDH11 and FBN2 in chronic keloid compared to NL skin. IHC staining showed increased protein expression of ASPN, CDH11, BMP1 and RUNX2 on chronic and newly formed keloid compared to NL skin. Our study shows that large keloids in African Americans represent a dysplasia of cutaneous connective tissue towards immature cartilage or bone differentiation. The phenotype is potentially regulated by overexpression of RUNX2. This knowledge may give insights to guide the development of better treatment for the disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen M Bonifacio
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Dermatology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics Science, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norma Kunjravia
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Garcet
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tristan Cruz
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Q F Wang
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Dermatology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Gilleadeau
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sullivan-Whalen
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael H Tirgan
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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124
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Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton APM, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJG, Netchine I. Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:105-124. [PMID: 27585961 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This Consensus Statement summarizes recommendations for clinical diagnosis, investigation and management of patients with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), an imprinting disorder that causes prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Considerable overlap exists between the care of individuals born small for gestational age and those with SRS. However, many specific management issues exist and evidence from controlled trials remains limited. SRS is primarily a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular testing enables confirmation of the clinical diagnosis and defines the subtype. A 'normal' result from a molecular test does not exclude the diagnosis of SRS. The management of children with SRS requires an experienced, multidisciplinary approach. Specific issues include growth failure, severe feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal problems, hypoglycaemia, body asymmetry, scoliosis, motor and speech delay and psychosocial challenges. An early emphasis on adequate nutritional status is important, with awareness that rapid postnatal weight gain might lead to subsequent increased risk of metabolic disorders. The benefits of treating patients with SRS with growth hormone include improved body composition, motor development and appetite, reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and increased height. Clinicians should be aware of possible premature adrenarche, fairly early and rapid central puberty and insulin resistance. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues can delay progression of central puberty and preserve adult height potential. Long-term follow up is essential to determine the natural history and optimal management in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oluwakemi Lokulo-Sodipe
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Susan M O'Connell
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Salem
- MAGIC Foundation, 6645 W. North Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois 60302, USA
| | - Jet Bliek
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory for Genome Diagnostics, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Krystyna H Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justin H Davies
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Renuka P Dias
- Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vincent Drive, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Trousseau Hospital, HUEP, APHP, UPMC, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 11NW30, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander A Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Agnes Linglart
- APHP, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Hospital Bicêtre Paris Sud, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Klaus Mohnike
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Department of Pediatrics, Leipziger Street 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran via 199-203, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Fetal Growth and Development Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip G Murray
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Isabelle Oliver Petit
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic, Bone Disease &Gynecology Unit, Children's Hospital, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Russo
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, via Ariosto 13 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Edith Said
- Department of Anatomy &Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine &Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine &Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2090, Malta
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Mater dei Hospital, Msida MSD2090, Malta
| | - Meropi Toumba
- IASIS Hospital, 8 Voriou Ipirou, 8036, Paphos, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Binder
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 E 98th Street #1192, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Irène Netchine
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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125
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Mericq V, Martinez-Aguayo A, Uauy R, Iñiguez G, Van der Steen M, Hokken-Koelega A. Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:50-62. [PMID: 27539244 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that both the intrauterine environment and growth during early life can influence the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, in adulthood. Here, we review the available human data supporting increased metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age; the adrenal and pubertal modifications that contribute to this risk; metabolic changes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood; and approaches to potentially modify or decrease risk of metabolic disease. The risks associated with delivery at term or preterm are compared for each period of life. Knowledge of these associations is fundamental for the paediatric community to develop preventive strategies early during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Aguayo
- Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, 7810851, Chile
| | - German Iñiguez
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile
| | - Manouk Van der Steen
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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126
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Barroca V, Lewandowski D, Jaracz-Ros A, Hardouin SN. Paternal Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2) Regulates Stem Cell Activity During Adulthood. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:150-162. [PMID: 28007480 PMCID: PMC5233811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) belongs to the IGF/Insulin pathway, a highly conserved evolutionarily network that regulates growth, aging and lifespan. Igf2 is highly expressed in the embryo and in cancer cells. During mouse development, Igf2 is expressed in all sites where hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) successively expand, then its expression drops at weaning and becomes undetectable when adult HSC have reached their niches in bones and start to self-renew. In the present study, we aim to discover the role of IGF2 during adulthood. We show that Igf2 is specifically expressed in adult HSC and we analyze HSC from adult mice deficient in Igf2 transcripts. We demonstrate that Igf2 deficiency avoids the age-related attrition of the HSC pool and that Igf2 is necessary for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Our study reveals that the expression level of Igf2 is critical to maintain the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, presumably by regulating the interaction between HSC and their niche. Our data have major clinical interest for transplantation: understanding the changes in adult stem cells and their environments will improve the efficacy of regenerative medicine and impact health- and life-span. The imprinted gene Igf2 is expressed in adult tissue stem cells. Igf2 deficiency increases HSC (hematopoietic stem cells) self-renewal and avoids age-related attrition of the HSC pool. Igf2 deficiency decreases HSC differentiation and mobilization. Igf2 deficiency modifies the interaction between HSC and their environment.
IGF2 belongs to the IGF/Insulin family that regulates growth, aging and lifespan. This role is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals. IGF2 favors cell proliferation during embryonic development but its role in adulthood is unknown. To decipher its function we undertook a lifelong analysis of the consequences of Igf2 deficiency on hematopoiesis, in steady-state conditions and during bone marrow transplantation. We demonstrate that lowering Igf2 levels increases the pool of stem cells, without uncontrolled proliferation and migration of immature cells that would lead to cancer. This is a promising way to enhance the stem cells pool during aging that has major interest for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Barroca
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Agnieszka Jaracz-Ros
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Sylvie-Nathalie Hardouin
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France.
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127
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Brown LD, Hay WW. Impact of placental insufficiency on fetal skeletal muscle growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 435:69-77. [PMID: 26994511 PMCID: PMC5014698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) caused by placental insufficiency is one of the most common and complex problems in perinatology, with no known cure. In pregnancies affected by placental insufficiency, a poorly functioning placenta restricts nutrient supply to the fetus and prevents normal fetal growth. Among other significant deficits in organ development, the IUGR fetus characteristically has less lean body and skeletal muscle mass than their appropriately-grown counterparts. Reduced skeletal muscle growth is not fully compensated after birth, as individuals who were born small for gestational age (SGA) from IUGR have persistent reductions in muscle mass and strength into adulthood. The consequences of restricted muscle growth and accelerated postnatal "catch-up" growth in the form of adiposity may contribute to the increased later life risk for visceral adiposity, peripheral insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in individuals who were formerly IUGR. This review will discuss how an insufficient placenta results in impaired fetal skeletal muscle growth and how lifelong reductions in muscle mass might contribute to increased metabolic disease risk in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - William W Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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128
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Ordulu Z, Kammin T, Brand H, Pillalamarri V, Redin CE, Collins RL, Blumenthal I, Hanscom C, Pereira S, Bradley I, Crandall BF, Gerrol P, Hayden MA, Hussain N, Kanengisser-Pines B, Kantarci S, Levy B, Macera MJ, Quintero-Rivera F, Spiegel E, Stevens B, Ulm JE, Warburton D, Wilkins-Haug LE, Yachelevich N, Gusella JF, Talkowski ME, Morton CC. Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements Require Nucleotide-Level Resolution: Lessons from Next-Generation Sequencing in Prenatal Diagnosis. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1015-1033. [PMID: 27745839 PMCID: PMC5097935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this exciting era of "next-gen cytogenetics," integrating genomic sequencing into the prenatal diagnostic setting is possible within an actionable time frame and can provide precise delineation of balanced chromosomal rearrangements at the nucleotide level. Given the increased risk of congenital abnormalities in newborns with de novo balanced chromosomal rearrangements, comprehensive interpretation of breakpoints could substantially improve prediction of phenotypic outcomes and support perinatal medical care. Herein, we present and evaluate sequencing results of balanced chromosomal rearrangements in ten prenatal subjects with respect to the location of regulatory chromatin domains (topologically associated domains [TADs]). The genomic material from all subjects was interpreted to be "normal" by microarray analyses, and their rearrangements would not have been detected by cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening. The findings of our systematic approach correlate with phenotypes of both pregnancies with untoward outcomes (5/10) and with healthy newborns (3/10). Two pregnancies, one with a chromosomal aberration predicted to be of unknown clinical significance and another one predicted to be likely benign, were terminated prior to phenotype-genotype correlation (2/10). We demonstrate that the clinical interpretation of structural rearrangements should not be limited to interruption, deletion, or duplication of specific genes and should also incorporate regulatory domains of the human genome with critical ramifications for the control of gene expression. As detailed in this study, our molecular approach to both detecting and interpreting the breakpoints of structural rearrangements yields unparalleled information in comparison to other commonly used first-tier diagnostic methods, such as non-invasive cfDNA screening and microarray analysis, to provide improved genetic counseling for phenotypic outcome in the prenatal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Ordulu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tammy Kammin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Claire E Redin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - India Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Barbara F Crandall
- Department of Psychiatry, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pamela Gerrol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark A Hayden
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Sibel Kantarci
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael J Macera
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Erica Spiegel
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Blair Stevens
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Janet E Ulm
- Regional Obstetrical Consultants, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Louise E Wilkins-Haug
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naomi Yachelevich
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics Services, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester 03101, UK.
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129
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Abi Habib W, Brioude F, Azzi S, Salem J, Das Neves C, Personnier C, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Keren B, Le Bouc Y, Harbison MD, Netchine I. 11p15 ICR1 Partial Deletions Associated with IGF2/H19 DMR Hypomethylation and Silver-Russell Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:105-111. [PMID: 27701793 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 11p15 region harbors the IGF2/H19 imprinted domain, implicated in fetal and postnatal growth. Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterized by fetal and postnatal growth failure, and is caused principally by hypomethylation of the 11p15 imprinting control region 1 (ICR1). However, the mechanisms leading to ICR1 hypomethylation remain unknown. Maternally inherited genetic defects affecting the ICR1 domain have been associated with ICR1 hypermethylation and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (an overgrowth syndrome, the clinical and molecular mirror of SRS), and paternal deletions of IGF2 enhancers have been detected in four SRS patients. However, no paternal deletions of ICR1 have ever been associated with hypomethylation of the IGF2/H19 domain in SRS. We screened for new genetic defects within the ICR1 in a cohort of 234 SRS patients with hypomethylated IGF2/H19 domain. We report deletions close to the boundaries of ICR1 on the paternal allele in one familial and two sporadic cases of SRS with ICR1 hypomethylation. These deletions are associated with hypomethylation of the remaining CBS, and decreased IGF2 expression. These results suggest that these regions are most likely required to maintain methylation after fertilization. We estimate these anomalies to occur in about 1% of SRS cases with ICR1 hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abi Habib
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Frederic Brioude
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Salah Azzi
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Salem
- MAGIC Foundation, RSS/SGA Research and Education Fund, Oak Park, Illinois
| | - Cristina Das Neves
- AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Claire Personnier
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Service de Pédiatrie, Poissy, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- INSERM U933, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Paris, 75571, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, CRICM UPMC INSERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR 7225, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Irene Netchine
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Paris, 75571, France
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130
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Argente J. Challenges in the Management of Short Stature. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 85:2-10. [PMID: 26649429 DOI: 10.1159/000442350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth, from fetal life to adolescence, is dynamic and a good marker of health. Growth is a complex process influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors, both pre- and postnatally. To date, no international agreement regarding normal height has been established. Auxological parameters are fundamental to investigate potential short stature (SS), either with a known diagnosis, e.g. disproportionate or proportionate, prenatal and/or postnatal onset, or an unknown diagnosis, i.e. idiopathic SS. The incidence/prevalence of SS is difficult to establish. The measurement of choice in children aged <2 years is length, while in those >2 years of age it is height. A number of monogenic diseases that lead to proportionate SS due to either isolated growth hormone deficiency, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, growth hormone insensitivity, primary acid-labile subunit deficiency, primary IGF-1 deficiency, IGF-1 resistance, primary IGF-2 deficiency or primary protease deficiency have been discovered in the last 30 years. In addition, the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders revised in 2015 includes 436 conditions, with a number of genes of 364. A practical algorithm for the evaluation of SS as well as therapeutic options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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131
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Abstract
The last two years of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) research has yielded a vast literature highlighting the central role IGFs factors play in processes such as development, growth, aging and neurological function. It also provides our latest understanding of how IGF system perturbation is linked to diseases including growth deficiency, cancer, and neurological and cardiovascular diseases. A snapshot of the highlights is presented in this review, focussing on the topics of IGFs and growth, comparative and structural biology to understand insulin-like peptide function, IGFs and cancer, and IGFs and neurological function. New revelations in the IGF field include the unexpected discovery that the gut microbiome has a remarkable influence on the GH/IGF axis to influence growth, that the insulin of cone snails provides novel insight into the mechanism of receptor binding, and that macrophages in the tumour microenvironment can provide IGF-I to promote drug resistance. These advances and many others provide the exciting basis for future development of disease treatments and for biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia.
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132
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Eggermann K, Bliek J, Brioude F, Algar E, Buiting K, Russo S, Tümer Z, Monk D, Moore G, Antoniadi T, Macdonald F, Netchine I, Lombardi P, Soellner L, Begemann M, Prawitt D, Maher ER, Mannens M, Riccio A, Weksberg R, Lapunzina P, Grønskov K, Mackay DJG, Eggermann T. EMQN best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic testing and reporting of chromosome 11p15 imprinting disorders: Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1377-87. [PMID: 27165005 PMCID: PMC5027690 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic testing for the 11p15-associated imprinting disorders Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (SRS, BWS) is challenging because of the molecular heterogeneity and complexity of the affected imprinted regions. With the growing knowledge on the molecular basis of these disorders and the demand for molecular testing, it turned out that there is an urgent need for a standardized molecular diagnostic testing and reporting strategy. Based on the results from the first external pilot quality assessment schemes organized by the European Molecular Quality Network (EMQN) in 2014 and in context with activities of the European Network of Imprinting Disorders (EUCID.net) towards a consensus in diagnostics and management of SRS and BWS, best practice guidelines have now been developed. Members of institutions working in the field of SRS and BWS diagnostics were invited to comment, and in the light of their feedback amendments were made. The final document was ratified in the course of an EMQN best practice guideline meeting and is in accordance with the general SRS and BWS consensus guidelines, which are in preparation. These guidelines are based on the knowledge acquired from peer-reviewed and published data, as well as observations of the authors in their practice. However, these guidelines can only provide a snapshot of current knowledge at the time of manuscript submission and readers are advised to keep up with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jet Bliek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Algar
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Monash Health and Hudson Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Buiting
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun Moore
- Fetal Growth and Developmental Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL-ICH, London, UK
| | - Thalia Antoniadi
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona Macdonald
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irène Netchine
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Soellner
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics – ABT, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Paediatrics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario la Paz, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Deborah JG Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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133
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of review is to summarize new outcomes for the clinical characterization, molecular strategies, and therapeutic management of Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). RECENT FINDINGS Various teams have described the clinical characteristics of SRS patients by genotype. A clinical score for the definition of SRS and for orienting molecular investigations has emerged. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (a major fetal growth factor) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of SRS, as the principle molecular mechanism underlying the disease is loss of methylation of the 11p15 region, including the imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 gene. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 and recently identified rare molecular defects have also been reported in patients with SRS. However, 40% of patients still have no molecular diagnosis. SUMMARY The definition of SRS has remained clinical since the first description of this condition, despite the identification of various molecular causes. The clinical issues faced by these patients are similar to those faced by other patients born small for gestational age (SGA), but patients with SRS require specific multidisciplinary management of their nutrition, growth, and metabolism, as they usually present an extreme form of SGA. Molecular analyses can confirm SRS, and are of particular importance for genetic counseling and prenatal testing.
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134
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Õunap K. Silver-Russell Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: Opposite Phenotypes with Heterogeneous Molecular Etiology. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:110-21. [PMID: 27587987 DOI: 10.1159/000447413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are 2 clinically opposite growth-affecting disorders belonging to the group of congenital imprinting disorders. The expression of both syndromes usually depends on the parental origin of the chromosome in which the imprinted genes reside. SRS is characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with various additional clinical features such as hemihypertrophy, relative macrocephaly, fifth finger clinodactyly, and triangular facies. BWS is an overgrowth syndrome with many additional clinical features such as macroglossia, organomegaly, and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Both SRS and BWS are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and for clinical diagnosis, different diagnostic scoring systems have been developed. Six diagnostic scoring systems for SRS and 4 for BWS have been previously published. However, neither syndrome has common consensus diagnostic criteria yet. Most cases of SRS and BWS are associated with opposite epigenetic or genetic abnormalities in the 11p15 chromosomal region leading to opposite imbalances in the expression of imprinted genes. SRS is also caused by maternal uniparental disomy 7, which is usually identified in 5-10% of the cases, and is therefore the first imprinting disorder that affects 2 different chromosomes. In this review, we describe in detail the clinical diagnostic criteria and scoring systems as well as molecular causes in both SRS and BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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135
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Eggermann T, Brioude F, Russo S, Lombardi MP, Bliek J, Maher ER, Larizza L, Prawitt D, Netchine I, Gonzales M, Grønskov K, Tümer Z, Monk D, Mannens M, Chrzanowska K, Walasek MK, Begemann M, Soellner L, Eggermann K, Tenorio J, Nevado J, Moore GE, Mackay DJG, Temple K, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Ogata T, Weksberg R, Algar E, Lapunzina P. Prenatal molecular testing for Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes: a challenge for molecular analysis and genetic counseling. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:784-93. [PMID: 26508573 PMCID: PMC4867462 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes (BWS/SRS) are two imprinting disorders (IDs) associated with disturbances of the 11p15.5 chromosomal region. In BWS, epimutations and genomic alterations within 11p15.5 are observed in >70% of patients, whereas in SRS they are observed in about 60% of the cases. In addition, 10% of the SRS patients carry a maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 11p15.5. There is an increasing demand for prenatal testing of these disorders owing to family history, indicative prenatal ultrasound findings or aberrations involving chromosomes 7 and 11. The complex molecular findings underlying these disorders are a challenge not only for laboratories offering these tests but also for geneticists counseling affected families. The scope of counseling must consider the range of detectable disturbances and their origin, the lack of precise quantitative knowledge concerning the inheritance and recurrence risks for the epigenetic abnormalities, which are hallmarks of these developmental disorders. In this paper, experts in the field of BWS and SRS, including members of the European network of congenital IDs (EUCID.net; www.imprinting-disorders.eu), put together their experience and work in the field of 11p15.5-associated IDs with a focus on prenatal testing. Altogether, prenatal tests of 160 fetuses (122 referred for BWS, 38 for SRS testing) from 5 centers were analyzed and reviewed. We summarize the current knowledge on BWS and SRS with respect to diagnostic testing, the consequences for prenatal genetic testing and counseling and our cumulative experience in dealing with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria P Lombardi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Bliek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irène Netchine
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Marie Gonzales
- Department of Medical Genetics, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universitie, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krystyna Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Insitute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata K Walasek
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Insitute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Lukas Soellner
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jair Tenorio
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Fetal Growth and Developmental group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL-ICH, London, UK
| | - Deborah JG Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampto; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Karen Temple
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampto; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamastu, Japan
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Algar
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Monash Health and Hudson Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Luk HM, Ivan Lo FM, Sano S, Matsubara K, Nakamura A, Ogata T, Kagami M. Silver-Russell syndrome in a patient with somatic mosaicism for upd(11)mat identified by buccal cell analysis. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1938-41. [PMID: 27150791 PMCID: PMC5084779 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ming Luk
- Department of Health, Clinical Genetic Service, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Fai-Man Ivan Lo
- Department of Health, Clinical Genetic Service, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shinichiro Sano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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137
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Marzec M, Hawkes CP, Eletto D, Boyle S, Rosenfeld R, Hwa V, Wit JM, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, Pedersen O, Yeap BB, Flicker L, Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Grimberg A, Argon Y. A Human Variant of Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 That Inefficiently Supports IGF Production. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1914-28. [PMID: 26982636 PMCID: PMC4870884 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IGFs are critical for normal intrauterine and childhood growth and sustaining health throughout life. We showed previously that the production of IGF-1 and IGF-2 requires interaction with the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) and that the amount of secreted IGFs is proportional to the GRP94 activity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that functional polymorphisms of human GRP94 affect IGF production and thereby human health. We describe a hypomorphic variant of human GRP94, P300L, whose heterozygous carriers have 9% lower circulating IGF-1 concentration. P300L was found first in a child with primary IGF deficiency and was later shown to be a noncommon single-nucleotide polymorphism with frequencies of 1%-4% in various populations. When tested in the grp94(-/-) cell-based complementation assay, P300L supported only approximately 58% of IGF secretion relative to wild-type GRP94. Furthermore, recombinant P300L showed impaired nucleotide binding activity. These in vitro data strongly support a causal relationship between the GRP94 variant and the decreased concentration of circulating IGF-1, as observed in human carriers of P300L. Thus, mutations in GRP94 that affect its IGF chaperone activity represent a novel causal genetic mechanism that limits IGF biosynthesis, quite a distinct mechanism from the known genes in the GH/IGF signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marzec
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Colin P Hawkes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Davide Eletto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Sarah Boyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Ron Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Bu Beng Yeap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Leon Flicker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M., D.E., S.B., Y.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (C.P.H., A.G.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104; National Children's Research Centre (C.P.H.), Dublin 12, Ireland; STAT5, LLC (R.R.), Los Altos, California 94022; Department of Pediatrics (R.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Departments of Pediatrics (J.-M.W., H.A.v.D., W.O.), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (H.A.v.D.), and Clinical Genetics (H.A.v.D., M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (O.P.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (B.B.Y.), Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing (L.F.), Centre for Medical Research (L.F.), and School of Medicine and Pharmacology (L.F.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.Y.), Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Human Biology (G.A.), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genetics (N.B., G.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Ishida M. New developments in Silver-Russell syndrome and implications for clinical practice. Epigenomics 2016; 8:563-80. [PMID: 27066913 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, relative macrocephaly, body asymmetry and characteristic facial features. It is one of the imprinting disorders, which results as a consequence of aberrant imprinted gene expressions. Currently, maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 accounts for approximately 10% of Silver-Russell syndrome cases, while ~50% of patients have hypomethylation at imprinting control region 1 at chromosome 11p15.5 locus, leaving ~40% of cases with unknown etiologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive list of molecular defects in Silver-Russell syndrome reported to date and to highlight the importance of multiple-loci/tissue testing and trio (both parents and proband) screening. The epigenetic and phenotypic overlaps with other imprinting disorders will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ishida
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, Genetics & Genomic Medicine programme, Genetics & Epigenetics in Health & Diseases Section, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Disease that Opened up Epigenomic-Based Preemptive Medicine. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4010015. [PMID: 28933395 PMCID: PMC5456307 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of paternally expressed genes on chromosome 15 due to paternal deletion of 15q11–q13, maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 15, or an imprinting mutation. We previously developed a DNA methylation-based PCR assay to identify each of these three genetic causes of PWS. The assay enables straightforward and rapid diagnosis during infancy and therefore allows early intervention such as nutritional management, physical therapy, or growth hormone treatment to prevent PWS patients from complications such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is known that various environmental factors induce epigenomic changes during the perinatal period, which increase the risk of adult diseases such as type 2 diabetes and intellectual disabilities. Therefore, a similar preemptive approach as used in PWS would also be applicable to acquired disorders and would make use of environmentally-introduced “epigenomic signatures” to aid development of early intervention strategies that take advantage of “epigenomic reversibility”.
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141
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Van De Pette M, Tunster SJ, McNamara GI, Shelkovnikova T, Millership S, Benson L, Peirson S, Christian M, Vidal-Puig A, John RM. Cdkn1c Boosts the Development of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Murine Model of Silver Russell Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005916. [PMID: 26963625 PMCID: PMC4786089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis and clinical management of the growth restriction disorder Silver Russell Syndrome (SRS) has confounded researchers and clinicians for many years due to the myriad of genetic and epigenetic alterations reported in these patients and the lack of suitable animal models to test the contribution of specific gene alterations. Some genetic alterations suggest a role for increased dosage of the imprinted CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 1C (CDKN1C) gene, often mutated in IMAGe Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS). Cdkn1c encodes a potent negative regulator of fetal growth that also regulates placental development, consistent with a proposed role for CDKN1C in these complex childhood growth disorders. Here, we report that a mouse modelling the rare microduplications present in some SRS patients exhibited phenotypes including low birth weight with relative head sparing, neonatal hypoglycemia, absence of catch-up growth and significantly reduced adiposity as adults, all defining features of SRS. Further investigation revealed the presence of substantially more brown adipose tissue in very young mice, of both the classical or canonical type exemplified by interscapular-type brown fat depot in mice (iBAT) and a second type of non-classic BAT that develops postnatally within white adipose tissue (WAT), genetically attributable to a double dose of Cdkn1c in vivo and ex-vivo. Conversely, loss-of-function of Cdkn1c resulted in the complete developmental failure of the brown adipocyte lineage with a loss of markers of both brown adipose fate and function. We further show that Cdkn1c is required for post-transcriptional accumulation of the brown fat determinant PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and that CDKN1C and PRDM16 co-localise to the nucleus of rare label-retaining cell within iBAT. This study reveals a key requirement for Cdkn1c in the early development of the brown adipose lineages. Importantly, active BAT consumes high amounts of energy to generate body heat, providing a valid explanation for the persistence of thinness in our model and supporting a major role for elevated CDKN1C in SRS. Silver Russell syndrome is a severe developmental disorder characterised by low birth weight, sparing of the head and neonatal hypoglycemia. SRS adults are small and can be extremely thin, lacking body fat. Numerous genetic and epigenetic mutations have been linked to SRS primarily involving imprinted genes, but progress has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. Here we describe a mouse model of the rare micro duplications reported in some SRS patients, which recapitulated many of the defining features of SRS, including extreme thinness. We showed that these mice possessed substantially more of the energy consuming brown adipose tissue (BAT), driven by a double dose of the imprinted Cdkn1c gene. We further show that Cdkn1c is required for the postranscriptional accumulation of the BAT determinant PRDM16 and that these proteins co-localise to the nucleus of in a rare label-retaining cell within BAT. These data suggest that Cdkn1c contributes to the development of BAT by modulating PRDM16 and supports a major role for this gene in SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J. Tunster
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Steven Millership
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Benson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M. John
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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142
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We focus our attention on placental genes that are repressed in preeclampsia. METHODS A search was conducted through the online PubMed database. RESULTS A majority of the down-regulated genes appear to be evolved as the defense and protective mechanism for the mother, namely maternal fitness genes. A half of the down-regulated genes are also located within and in close proximity to known imprinted genes. CONCLUSION Preeclampsia may be associated with either: (1) down-regulated expression of genes located in close proximity to known imprinted genes, (2) an imbalance in the maternal-fetal genetic response, or (3) an interaction of the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
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143
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an update of the most striking new developments in the field of growth genetics over the past 12 months. RECENT FINDINGS A number of large genome-wide association studies have identified new genetic loci and pathways associated to human growth and adult height as well as related traits and comorbidities. New genetic causes of primordial dwarfism and several short stature syndromes have been elucidated. Moreover, a breakthrough finding of Xq26 microduplications as a cause of pituitary gigantism was made. Several new developments in imprinted growth-related genes (including the first human mutation in insulin-like growth factor II) and novel insights into the epigenetic regulation of growth have been reported. SUMMARY Genomic investigations continue to provide new insights into the genetic basis of human growth as well as its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan de Bruin
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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144
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Eggermann T, Perez de Nanclares G, Maher ER, Temple IK, Tümer Z, Monk D, Mackay DJG, Grønskov K, Riccio A, Linglart A, Netchine I. Imprinting disorders: a group of congenital disorders with overlapping patterns of molecular changes affecting imprinted loci. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:123. [PMID: 26583054 PMCID: PMC4650860 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital imprinting disorders (IDs) are characterised by molecular changes affecting imprinted chromosomal regions and genes, i.e. genes that are expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. Recent years have seen a great expansion in the range of alterations in regulation, dosage or DNA sequence shown to disturb imprinted gene expression, and the correspondingly broad range of resultant clinical syndromes. At the same time, however, it has become clear that this diversity of IDs has common underlying principles, not only in shared molecular mechanisms, but also in interrelated clinical impacts upon growth, development and metabolism. Thus, detailed and systematic analysis of IDs can not only identify unifying principles of molecular epigenetics in health and disease, but also support personalisation of diagnosis and management for individual patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France ; 3APHP, Pediatric Endocrinology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Andrea Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-ABT, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Irène Netchine
- Endocrinology and diabetology for children and reference center for rare disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, Bicêtre Paris Sud, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM U986, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75012 France
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145
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Yang SA. Association between exonic polymorphism (rs629849, Gly1619Arg) of IGF2R gene and obesity in Korean population. J Exerc Rehabil 2015; 11:282-6. [PMID: 26535220 PMCID: PMC4625658 DOI: 10.12965/jer.150239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to obesity. A previous study suggested that insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may affect obesity and that IGFs regulate cellular signals by receptors that include the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R). In this research, the rs3743262 and rs2229765 SNPs of IGF1R gene and rs629849 and rs1805075 SNPs of IG-F2R gene were genotyped in 120 overweight and obese patients with a BMI≥23 kg/m2 (Body Mass Index) and 123 healthy controls with a BMI of 18.5–23.0 kg/m2. Genotyping of each SNP was performed by direct sequencing. Among tested SNPs in IGF1R and IGF2R genes, rs629849 SNP of IGF2R gene showed significant association with obesity (OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.02–3.40, P=0.044 in codominant1 model; OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.10–3.57, P=0.020 in dominant model; OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.13–3.31, P=0.013 in log-additive model). And allele distribution between the control group and overweight/obese group also showed significant difference (OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.14–3.28, P=0.015). In conclusion, these results indicate that rs629849 SNP of IGF2R might be contributed to development of obesity in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ae Yang
- College of Nursing, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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146
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Müller A, Soellner L, Binder G, Begemann M, Eggermann T. No major contribution of IGF2 variants to the etiology of sporadic 11p15-associated imprinting disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:283-4. [PMID: 26447000 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Soellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Binder
- Childreńs Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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