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Liu Y, Yan Q, Zeng Z, Fan C, Xiong W. Advances and prospects of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189068. [PMID: 38171406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, designed to activate the body's own immune system to fight against tumors, are a current trend in cancer treatment and receiving increasing attention. Cancer vaccines mainly include oncolytic virus vaccine, cell vaccine, peptide vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine. Over the course of decades of research, oncolytic virus vaccine T-VEC, cellular vaccine sipuleucel-T, various peptide vaccines, and DNA vaccine against HPV positive cervical cancer have brought encouraging results for cancer therapy, but are losing momentum in development due to their respective shortcomings. In contrast, the advantages of mRNA vaccines such as high safety, ease of production, and unmatched efficacy are on full display. In addition, advances in technology such as pseudouridine modification have cracked down the bottleneck for developing mRNA vaccines including instability, innate immunogenicity, and low efficiency of in vivo delivery. Several cancer mRNA vaccines have achieved promising results in clinical trials, and their usage in conjunction with other immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has further boosted the efficiency of anti-tumor immune response. We expect a rapid development of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a brief overview of the current status of mRNA vaccines, highlights the action mechanism of cancer mRNA vaccines, their recent advances in clinical trials, and prospects for their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Dey S, Devender M, Rani S, Pandey RK. Recent advances in CAR T-cell engineering using synthetic biology: Paving the way for next-generation cancer treatment. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:91-156. [PMID: 38762281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This book chapter highlights a comprehensive exploration of the transformative innovations in the field of cancer immunotherapy. CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell therapy represents a groundbreaking approach to treat cancer by reprogramming a patient immune cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This chapter underscores the critical role of synthetic biology in enhancing the safety and effectiveness of CAR T-cell therapies. It begins by emphasizing the growing importance of personalized medicine in cancer treatment, emphasizing the shift from one-size-fits-all approaches to patient-specific solutions. Synthetic biology, a multidisciplinary field, has been instrumental in customizing CAR T-cell therapies, allowing for fine-tuned precision and minimizing unwanted side effects. The chapter highlights recent advances in gene editing, synthetic gene circuits, and molecular engineering, showcasing how these technologies are optimizing CAR T-cell function. In summary, this book chapter sheds light on the remarkable progress made in the development of CAR T-cell therapies using synthetic biology, providing hope for cancer patients and hinting at a future where highly personalized and effective cancer treatments are the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dey
- CSO Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swati Rani
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
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Gutova M, Hibbard JC, Ma E, Natri HM, Adhikarla V, Chimge NO, Qiu R, Nguyen C, Melendez E, Aguilar B, Starr R, Yin H, Rockne RC, Ono M, Banovich NE, Yuan YC, Brown CE, Kahn M. Targeting Wnt signaling for improved glioma immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342625. [PMID: 38449858 PMCID: PMC10915090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite aggressive standard-of-care therapy, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, glioblastoma recurrence is almost inevitable and uniformly lethal. Activation of glioma-intrinsic Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with a poor prognosis and the proliferation of glioma stem-like cells, leading to malignant transformation and tumor progression. Impressive results in a subset of cancers have been obtained using immunotherapies including anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. However, the heterogeneity of tumors, low mutational burden, single antigen targeting, and associated antigen escape contribute to non-responsiveness and potential tumor recurrence despite these therapeutic efforts. In the current study, we determined the effects of the small molecule, highly specific Wnt/CBP (CREB Binding Protein)/β-catenin antagonist ICG-001, on glioma tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME)-including its effect on immune cell infiltration, blood vessel decompression, and metabolic changes. Methods Using multiple glioma patient-derived xenografts cell lines and murine tumors (GL261, K-Luc), we demonstrated in vitro cytostatic effects and a switch from proliferation to differentiation after treatment with ICG-001. Results In these glioma cell lines, we further demonstrated that ICG-001 downregulated the CBP/β-catenin target gene Survivin/BIRC5-a hallmark of Wnt/CBP/β-catenin inhibition. We found that in a syngeneic mouse model of glioma (K-luc), ICG-001 treatment enhanced tumor infiltration by CD3+ and CD8+ cells with increased expression of the vascular endothelial marker CD31 (PECAM-1). We also observed differential gene expression and induced immune cell infiltration in tumors pretreated with ICG-001 and then treated with CAR T cells as compared with single treatment groups or when ICG-001 treatment was administered after CAR T cell therapy. Discussion We conclude that specific Wnt/CBP/β-catenin antagonism results in pleotropic changes in the glioma TME, including glioma stem cell differentiation, modulation of the stroma, and immune cell activation and recruitment, thereby suggesting a possible role for enhancing immunotherapy in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Hibbard
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Eric Ma
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Heini M. Natri
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vikram Adhikarla
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Melendez
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Holly Yin
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Russel C. Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Michael Kahn
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
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Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Repici A, Ardizzone A, De Luca F, Colarossi L, Prestifilippo A, Pizzino G, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Capra AP. Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma. Cells 2024; 13:361. [PMID: 38391974 PMCID: PMC10886920 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are a diverse collection of neoplasms affecting the brain with a high prevalence rate in people of all ages around the globe. In this pathological context, glioblastoma, a form of glioma that belongs to the IV-grade astrocytoma group, is the most common and most aggressive form of the primary brain tumors. Indeed, despite the best treatments available including surgery, radiotherapy or a pharmacological approach with Temozolomide, glioblastoma patients' mortality is still high, within a few months of diagnosis. Therefore, to increase the chances of these patients surviving, it is critical to keep finding novel treatment opportunities. In the past, efforts to treat glioblastoma have mostly concentrated on customized treatment plans that target specific mutations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) fusions, or multiple receptors using multi-kinase inhibitors like Sunitinib and Regorafenib, with varying degrees of success. Here, we focused on the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL that has been identified as a mediator for tumor progression and therapy resistance in various cancer types, including squamous cell tumors, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. Activated AXL leads to a significant increase in tumor proliferation, tumor cell migration, and angiogenesis in different in vitro and in vivo models of cancer since this receptor regulates interplay with apoptotic, angiogenic and inflammatory pathways. Based on these premises, in this review we mainly focused on the role of AXL in the course of glioblastoma, considering its primary biological mechanisms and as a possible target for the application of the most recent treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Fabiola De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela Prestifilippo
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriele Pizzino
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
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Liao YM, Hsu SH, Chiou SS. Harnessing the Transcriptional Signatures of CAR-T-Cells and Leukemia/Lymphoma Using Single-Cell Sequencing Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2416. [PMID: 38397092 PMCID: PMC10889174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy has greatly improved outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, relapse, and severe toxicity still hinder its widespread clinical application. Traditional transcriptome analysis has provided limited insights into the complex transcriptional landscape of both leukemia cells and engineered CAR-T-cells, as well as their interactions within the tumor microenvironment. However, with the advent of single-cell sequencing techniques, a paradigm shift has occurred, providing robust tools to unravel the complexities of these factors. These techniques enable an unbiased analysis of cellular heterogeneity and molecular patterns. These insights are invaluable for precise receptor design, guiding gene-based T-cell modification, and optimizing manufacturing conditions. Consequently, this review utilizes modern single-cell sequencing techniques to clarify the transcriptional intricacies of leukemia cells and CAR-Ts. The aim of this manuscript is to discuss the potential mechanisms that contribute to the clinical failures of CAR-T immunotherapy. We examine the biological characteristics of CAR-Ts, the mechanisms that govern clinical responses, and the intricacies of adverse events. By exploring these aspects, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of CAR-T therapy, which will ultimately lead to improved clinical outcomes and broader therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Lin X, Guan T, Li Y, Lin Y, Huang G, Lin Y, Sun P, Li C, Gu J, Zeng H, Ma C. Efficacy of MUC1-targeted CAR-NK cells against human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337557. [PMID: 38390321 PMCID: PMC10882221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The clinical efficacy of CAR-NK cells against CD19-expressing blood cancers has been demonstrated, and they have shown potential for treating solid tumors as well. However, the efficacy of CAR-NK cells for treating human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has not been examined. Methods We assessed MUC1 expression in human OTSCC tissue and a cell line using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We constructed NK cells that express CAR targeted to MUC1 from pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-derived MUC1-targeted CAR-NK cells) and evaluated their effectiveness against OTSCC in vitro using the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis system and CCK8 assay, and in vivo by measuring xenograft growth daily in BNDG mice treated with MUC1-targeted CAR-NK cells. As controls, we used iPSC-derived NK cells and NK-free media, which were CAR-free and blank, respectively. Results MUC1 expression was detected in 79.5% (66/83) of all OTSCC patients and 72.7% (24/33) of stage III and IV. In stage III and IV MUC1 positive OTSCC, 63.6% (21/33) and 48.5% (16/33) patients had a MUC1-positive cancer cell rate of more than 50% and 80%, respectively. The iPSC-derived MUC1-targeted CAR-NK cells exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MUC1-expressing OTSCC cells in vitro, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and showed a significant inhibitory effect on xenograft growth compared to both the iPSC-derived NK cells and the blank controls. We observed no weight loss, severe hematological toxicity or NK cell-mediated death in the BNDG mice. Conclusion The MUC1-targeted CAR-NK cells had significant efficacy against human OTSCC, and their promising therapeutic response warrants further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Guan
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc., Guangzhou, China
- Procapzoom - Shantou University Medical College induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc., Guangzhou, China
- Procapzoom - Shantou University Medical College induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Lin
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc., Guangzhou, China
- Procapzoom - Shantou University Medical College induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Department of Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Congzhu Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyu Zeng
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc., Guangzhou, China
- Procapzoom - Shantou University Medical College induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changchun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom - Shantou University Medical College induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Nabors LB, Lamb LS, Goswami T, Rochlin K, Youngblood SL. Adoptive cell therapy for high grade gliomas using simultaneous temozolomide and intracranial mgmt-modified γδ t cells following standard post-resection chemotherapy and radiotherapy: current strategy and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1299044. [PMID: 38384458 PMCID: PMC10880006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1299044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies (CAR-T), while generally successful in hematologic malignancies, face substantial challenges against solid tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM) due to rapid growth, antigen heterogeneity, and inadequate depth of response to cytoreductive and immune therapies, We have previously shown that GBM constitutively express stress associated NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) recognized by gamma delta (γδ) T cells, a minor lymphocyte subset that innately recognize target molecules via the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), NKG2D, and multiple other mechanisms. Given that NKG2DL expression is often insufficient on GBM cells to elicit a meaningful response to γδ T cell immunotherapy, we then demonstrated that NKG2DL expression can be transiently upregulated by activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway using alkylating agents such as Temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ, however, is also toxic to γδ T cells. Using a p140K/MGMT lentivector, which confers resistance to TMZ by expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), we genetically engineered γδ T cells that maintain full effector function in the presence of therapeutic doses of TMZ. We then validated a therapeutic system that we termed Drug Resistance Immunotherapy (DRI) that combines a standard regimen of TMZ concomitantly with simultaneous intracranial infusion of TMZ-resistant γδ T cells in a first-in-human Phase I clinical trial (NCT04165941). This manuscript will discuss DRI as a rational therapeutic approach to newly diagnosed GBM and the importance of repeated administration of DRI in combination with the standard-of-care Stupp regimen in patients with stable minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - L S Lamb
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - T Goswami
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - K Rochlin
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
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Krämer C, Kilian M, Chih YC, Kourtesakis A, Hoffmann DC, Boschert T, Koopmann P, Sanghvi K, De Roia A, Jung S, Jähne K, Day B, Shultz LD, Ratliff M, Harbottle R, Green EW, Will R, Wick W, Platten M, Bunse L. NLGN4X TCR transgenic T cells to treat gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:266-278. [PMID: 37715782 PMCID: PMC10836769 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroligin 4 X-linked (NLGN4X) harbors a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02-restricted tumor-associated antigen, overexpressed in human gliomas, that was found to induce specific cytotoxic T cell responses following multi-peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. METHODS T cell receptor (TCR) discovery was performed using droplet-based single-cell TCR sequencing of NLGN4X-tetramer-sorted T cells postvaccination. The identified TCR was delivered to Jurkat T cells and primary human T cells (NLGN4X-TCR-T). Functional profiling of NLGN4X-TCR-T was performed by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays. Therapeutic efficacy of intracerebroventricular NLGN4X-TCR-T was assessed in NOD scid gamma (NSG) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I/II knockout (KO) (NSG MHC I/II KO) mice bearing NLGN4X-expressing experimental gliomas. RESULTS An HLA-A*02-restricted vaccine-induced T cell receptor specifically binding NLGN4X131-139 was applied for preclinical therapeutic use. Reactivity, cytotoxicity, and polyfunctionality of this NLGN4X-specific TCR are demonstrated in various cellular models. Intracerebroventricular administration of NLGN4X-TCR-T prolongs survival and leads to an objective response rate of 44.4% in experimental glioma-bearing NSG MHC I/II KO mice compared to 0.0% in control groups. CONCLUSION NLGN4X-TCR-T demonstrate efficacy in a preclinical glioblastoma model. On a global scale, we provide the first evidence for the therapeutic retrieval of vaccine-induced human TCRs for the off-the-shelf treatment of glioblastoma patients.Keywords cell therapy | glioblastoma | T cell receptor | tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoper Krämer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Kilian
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yu-Chan Chih
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kourtesakis
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk C Hoffmann
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Neurology Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Boschert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute of Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Koopmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Khwab Sanghvi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alice De Roia
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DNA Vector Laboratory, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jung
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bryan Day
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer MRI, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Australia
| | - Lenny D Shultz
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Miriam Ratliff
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Edward W Green
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Will
- Neurology Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Core Facility Cellular tools, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Platten
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute of Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany
- Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas Bunse
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Chen E, Ling AL, Reardon DA, Chiocca EA. Lessons learned from phase 3 trials of immunotherapy for glioblastoma: Time for longitudinal sampling? Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:211-225. [PMID: 37995317 PMCID: PMC10836778 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM)'s median overall survival is almost 21 months. Six phase 3 immunotherapy clinical trials have recently been published, yet 5/6 did not meet approval by regulatory bodies. For the sixth, approval is uncertain. Trial failures result from multiple factors, ranging from intrinsic tumor biology to clinical trial design. Understanding the clinical and basic science of these 6 trials is compelled by other immunotherapies reaching the point of advanced phase 3 clinical trial testing. We need to understand more of the science in human GBMs in early trials: the "window of opportunity" design may not be best to understand complex changes brought about by immunotherapeutic perturbations of the GBM microenvironment. The convergence of increased safety of image-guided biopsies with "multi-omics" of small cell numbers now permits longitudinal sampling of tumor and biofluids to dissect the complex temporal changes in the GBM microenvironment as a function of the immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander L Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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111
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Kieliszek AM, Mobilio D, Upreti D, Bloemberg D, Escudero L, Kwiecien JM, Alizada Z, Zhai K, Ang P, Chafe SC, Vora P, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Intratumoral Delivery of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting CD133 Effectively Treats Brain Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:554-563. [PMID: 37787999 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain metastases (BM) are mainly treated palliatively with an expected survival of less than 12 months after diagnosis. In many solid tumors, the human neural stem cell marker glycoprotein CD133 is a marker of a tumor-initiating cell population that contributes to therapy resistance, relapse, and metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we use a variant of our previously described CD133 binder to generate second-generation CD133-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) to demonstrate its specificity and efficacy against multiple patient-derived BM cell lines with variable CD133 antigen expression. RESULTS Using both lung- and colon-BM patient-derived xenograft models, we show that a CD133-targeting CAR-T cell therapy can evoke significant tumor reduction and survival advantage after a single dose, with complete remission observed in the colon-BM model. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data suggest that CD133 plays a critical role in fueling the growth of BM, and immunotherapeutic targeting of this cell population is a feasible strategy to control the outgrowth of BM tumors that are otherwise limited to palliative care. See related commentary by Sloan et al., p. 477.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Kieliszek
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Mobilio
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura Escudero
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zahra Alizada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kui Zhai
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Ang
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- Century Therapeutics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Qian S, Chen J, Zhao Y, Zhu X, Dai D, Qin L, Hong J, Xu Y, Yang Z, Li Y, Guijo I, Jiménez-Galanes S, Guadalajara H, García-Arranz M, García-Olmo D, Shen J, Villarejo-Campos P, Qian C. Intraperitoneal administration of carcinoembryonic antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells is a robust delivery route for effective treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer in pre-clinical study. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:113-125. [PMID: 37999667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly challenging disease to treat. Systemic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown impressive efficacy in hematologic malignancies but have been less effective in solid tumors. We explored whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CAR T cells could provide an effective and robust route of treatment for PC from CRC. METHODS We generated second-generation carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CAR T cells. Various animal models of PC with i.p. and extraperitoneal metastasis were treated by i.p. or intravenous (i.v.) administration of CEA CAR T cells. RESULTS Intraperitoneally administered CAR T cells exhibited superior anti-tumor activity compared with systemic i.v. cell infusion in an animal model of PC. In addition, i.p. administration conferred a durable effect and protection against tumor recurrence and exerted strong anti-tumor activity in an animal model of PC with metastasis in i.p. or extraperitoneal organs. Moreover, compared with systemic delivery, i.p. transfer of CAR T cells provided increased anti-tumor activity in extraperitoneal tumors without PC. This phenomenon was further confirmed in an animal model of pancreatic carcinoma after i.p. administration of our newly constructed prostate stem cell antigen-directed CAR T cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that i.p. administration of CAR T cells may be a robust delivery route for effective treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Qian
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jun Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongchun Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Depeng Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunyan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Ismael Guijo
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Guadalajara
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Junjie Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China.
| | - Pedro Villarejo-Campos
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cheng Qian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Chongqing Precision Biotechnology Co Ltd, Chongqing, China.
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Kim SY, Soh H, Jung JH, Cho EH, Kim H, Ju JM, Sheen JH, Lee SJ, Oh SJ, Lee SJ, Chung J, Ryu JS. Direct and Indirect Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Imaging with PET/MRI in a Tumor Xenograft Model. Radiology 2024; 310:e231406. [PMID: 38411517 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are a promising cancer therapy; however, reliable and repeatable methods for tracking and monitoring CAR T cells in vivo remain underexplored. Purpose To investigate direct and indirect imaging strategies for tracking the biodistribution of CAR T cells and monitoring their therapeutic effect in target tumors. Materials and Methods CAR T cells co-expressing a tumor-targeting gene (anti-CD19 CAR) and a human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (hSSTr2) reporter gene were generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After direct labeling with zirconium 89 (89Zr)-p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (DFO), CAR T cells were intravenously injected into immunodeficient mice with a CD19-positive and CD19-negative human tumor xenograft on the left and right flank, respectively. PET/MRI was used for direct in vivo imaging of 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T cells on days 0, 1, 3, and 7 and for indirect cell imaging with the radiolabeled somatostatin receptor-targeted ligand gallium 68 (68Ga)-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide (DOTATOC) on days 6, 9, and 13. On day 13, mice were euthanized, and tissues and tumors were excised. Results The 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T cells were observed on PET/MRI scans in the liver and lungs of mice (n = 4) at all time points assessed. However, they were not visualized in CD19-positive or CD19-negative tumors, even on day 7. Serial 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/MRI showed CAR T cell accumulation in CD19-positive tumors but not in CD19-negative tumors from days 6 to 13. Notably, 68Ga-DOTATOC accumulation in CD19-positive tumors was highest on day 9 (mean percentage injected dose [%ID], 3.7% ± 1.0 [SD]) and decreased on day 13 (mean %ID, 2.6% ± 0.7) in parallel with a decrease in tumor volume (day 9: mean, 195 mm3 ± 27; day 13: mean, 127 mm3 ± 43) in the group with tumor growth inhibition. Enhanced immunohistochemistry staining of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and hSSTr2 was also observed in excised CD19-positive tumor tissues. Conclusion Direct and indirect cell imaging with PET/MRI enabled in vivo tracking and monitoring of CAR T cells in an animal model. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Bulte in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Young Kim
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Hyunsu Soh
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Jin Hwa Jung
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Hyori Kim
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Ji-Min Ju
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Joong Hyuk Sheen
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Junho Chung
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- From the Convergence Medicine Research Center (S.Y.K., H.S., J.H.J., H.K.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.H.C., Sang Ju Lee, S.J.O., J.S.R.), Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (J.M.J., J.H.S., Sang-Jin Lee); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.)
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Xiong Z, Raphael I, Olin M, Okada H, Li X, Kohanbash G. Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104963. [PMID: 38183840 PMCID: PMC10808938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal central nervous systems (CNS) tumours in adults. As supplements to standard of care (SOC), various immunotherapies improve the therapeutic effect in other cancers. Among them, tumour vaccines can serve as complementary monotherapy or boost the clinical efficacy with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy. Previous studies in GBM therapeutic vaccines have suggested that few neoantigens could be targeted in GBM due to low mutation burden, and single-peptide therapeutic vaccination had limited efficacy in tumour control as monotherapy. Combining diverse antigens, including neoantigens, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), and pathogen-derived antigens, and optimizing vaccine design or vaccination strategy may help with clinical efficacy improvement. In this review, we discussed current GBM therapeutic vaccine platforms, evaluated and potential antigenic targets, current challenges, and perspective opportunities for efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 PR China.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Sloan AR, Thapliyal M, Lathia JD. New T-Cell Therapies for Brain Metastasis, CD133 in the Driver's Seat. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:477-479. [PMID: 38038689 PMCID: PMC10842869 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapy for some advanced cancers, but success is predicated on identifying the correct cell surface target. In a recent article, the authors leveraged the cancer stem cell surface antigen CD133 to develop a CAR-T therapy for brain metastasis. See related article by Kieliszek et al., p. 554.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Sloan
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mihika Thapliyal
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Sahm K, Weiss T. [Immunotherapy against gliomas]. DER NERVENARZT 2024; 95:111-116. [PMID: 38169045 PMCID: PMC10850214 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas represent the most frequent malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Despite multimodal treatment concepts involving surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor and they are incurable. Recent insights into the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system as well as breakthroughs in the results of other cancer types have led to the fact that various immunotherapeutic approaches against gliomas have also been investigated and in some cases specifically developed. OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of the current status of different immunotherapeutic concepts against gliomas, highlighting the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges. Additionally, it provides an overview of currently ongoing immunotherapeutic clinical trials in Germany and neighboring countries. RESULTS Previous randomized studies on antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) immune checkpoint inhibition, viral treatment and peptide vaccination targeting the variant III of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) in glioblastomas were negative with respect to survival benefits. Conversely, other immunotherapeutic approaches, such as multivalent or driver mutation-based vaccinations, cytokine-based therapy and cell therapy, demonstrated a robust scientific foundation, with at least early studies showing promising safety and pharmacodynamic effects on the tumors. DISCUSSION Currently, immunotherapies against gliomas should only be applied within the framework of well-designed clinical studies. There are still many knowledge gaps regarding the mechanisms of action and resistance of various immunotherapies. Accompanying translational research is essential to address these gaps and develop more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sahm
- Neurologische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, MCTN, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit Neuroimmunologie und Hirntumorimmunologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Klinik für Neurologie und klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich und, Universität Zürich, Frauenklinikstr. 26, 8091, Zürich, Schweiz.
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Kowalczyk A, Zarychta J, Marszołek A, Zawitkowska J, Lejman M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell and Chimeric Antigen Receptor NK Cell Therapy in Pediatric and Adult High-Grade Glioma-Recent Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:623. [PMID: 38339374 PMCID: PMC10854514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) account for approximately 10% of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in children and 25% of CNS tumors in adults. Despite their rare occurrence, HGG are a significant clinical problem. The standard therapeutic procedure in both pediatric and adult patients with HGG is the surgical resection of the tumor combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite intensive treatment, the 5-year overall survival in pediatric patients is below 20-30%. This rate is even lower for the most common HGG in adults (glioblastoma), at less than 5%. It is, therefore, essential to search for new therapeutic methods that can extend the survival rate. One of the therapeutic options is the use of immune cells (T lymphocytes/natural killer (NK) cells) expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). The objective of the following review is to present the latest results of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of CAR-T and CAR-NK cells in HGG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kowalczyk
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Julia Zarychta
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anna Marszołek
- Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Losurdo A, Di Muzio A, Cianciotti BC, Dipasquale A, Persico P, Barigazzi C, Bono B, Feno S, Pessina F, Santoro A, Simonelli M. T Cell Features in Glioblastoma May Guide Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Microenvironment Immunosuppression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:603. [PMID: 38339353 PMCID: PMC10854506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor, bearing a survival estimate below 10% at five years, despite standard chemoradiation treatment. At recurrence, systemic treatment options are limited and the standard of care is not well defined, with inclusion in clinical trials being highly encouraged. So far, the use of immunotherapeutic strategies in GBM has not proved to significantly improve patients' prognosis in the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM, nor in the recurrent setting. Probably this has to do with the unique immune environment of the central nervous system, which harbors several immunosuppressive/pro-tumorigenic factors, both soluble (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10, STAT3, prostaglandin E2, and VEGF) and cellular (e.g., Tregs, M2 phenotype TAMs, and MDSC). Here we review the immune composition of the GBMs microenvironment, specifically focusing on the phenotype and function of the T cell compartment. Moreover, we give hints on the therapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint blockade, vaccinations, and adoptive cell therapy, that, interacting with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, might both target in different ways the tumor microenvironment and potentiate the activity of standard therapies. The path to be followed in advancing clinical research on immunotherapy for GBM treatment relies on a twofold strategy: testing combinatorial treatments, aiming to restore active immune anti-tumor responses, tackling immunosuppression, and additionally, designing more phase 0 and window opportunity trials with solid translational analyses to gain deeper insight into the on-treatment shaping of the GBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Losurdo
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonio Di Muzio
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Claudia Cianciotti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (B.C.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Angelo Dipasquale
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Pasquale Persico
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chiara Barigazzi
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Bono
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Simona Feno
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (B.C.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Federico Pessina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Armando Santoro
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Simonelli
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.D.M.); (A.D.); (P.P.); (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
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Wang L, Xu Z, Zhang W, Li L, Liu X, Zhang J. Comprehensive characterization and database construction of immune repertoire in the largest Chinese glioma cohort. iScience 2024; 27:108661. [PMID: 38205245 PMCID: PMC10777385 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune receptor repertoire is valuable for developing immunotherapeutic interventions, but remains poorly understood across glioma subtypes including IDH wild type, IDH mutation without 1p/19q codeletion (IDHmut-noncodel) and IDH mutation with 1p/19q codeletion (IDHmut-codel). We assembled over 320,000 TCR/BCR clonotypes from the largest glioma cohort of 913 RNA sequencing samples in the Chinese population, finding that immune repertoire diversity was more prominent in the IDH wild type (the most aggressive glioma). Fewer clonotypes were shared within each glioma subtype, indicating high heterogeneity of the immune repertoire. The TRA-CDR3 was longer in private than in public clonotypes in IDH wild type. CDR3 variable motifs had higher proportions of hydrophobic residues in private than in public clonotypes, suggesting private CDR3 sequences have greater potential for tumor antigen recognition. Finally, we developed GTABdb, a web-based database designed for hosting, exploring, visualizing, and analyzing glioma immune repertoire. Our study will facilitate developing glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring Road West, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Dusoswa SA, Verhoeff J, van Asten S, Lübbers J, van den Braber M, Peters S, Abeln S, Crommentuijn MH, Wesseling P, Vandertop WP, Twisk JWR, Würdinger T, Noske D, van Kooyk Y, Garcia-Vallejo JJ. The immunological landscape of peripheral blood in glioblastoma patients and immunological consequences of age and dexamethasone treatment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343484. [PMID: 38318180 PMCID: PMC10839779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastomas manipulate the immune system both locally and systemically, yet, glioblastoma-associated changes in peripheral blood immune composition are poorly studied. Age and dexamethasone administration in glioblastoma patients have been hypothesized to limit the effectiveness of immunotherapy, but their effects remain unclear. We compared peripheral blood immune composition in patients with different types of brain tumor to determine the influence of age, dexamethasone treatment, and tumor volume. Methods High-dimensional mass cytometry was used to characterise peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 169 patients with glioblastoma, lower grade astrocytoma, metastases and meningioma. We used blood from medically-refractory epilepsy patients and healthy controls as control groups. Immune phenotyping was performed using FlowSOM and t-SNE analysis in R followed by supervised annotation of the resulting clusters. We conducted multiple linear regression analysis between intracranial pathology and cell type abundance, corrected for clinical variables. We tested correlations between cell type abundance and survival with Cox-regression analyses. Results Glioblastoma patients had significantly fewer naive CD4+ T cells, but higher percentages of mature NK cells than controls. Decreases of naive CD8+ T cells and alternative monocytes and an increase of memory B cells in glioblastoma patients were influenced by age and dexamethasone treatment, and only memory B cells by tumor volume. Progression free survival was associated with percentages of CD4+ regulatory T cells and double negative T cells. Conclusion High-dimensional mass cytometry of peripheral blood in patients with different types of intracranial tumor provides insight into the relation between intracranial pathology and peripheral immune status. Wide immunosuppression associated with age and pre-operative dexamethasone treatment provide further evidence for their deleterious effects on treatment with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Verhoeff
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Asten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lübbers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlous van den Braber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Peters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Abeln
- Department of Computer Science, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matheus H.W. Crommentuijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Princes Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tang Y, Yang X, Hu H, Jiang H, Xiong W, Mei H, Hu Y. Elevating the potential of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors: exploiting biomaterials-based delivery techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1320807. [PMID: 38312512 PMCID: PMC10835794 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1320807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exhibit promising progress in addressing hematologic malignancies. However, CAR-T therapy for solid tumors remains limited, with no FDA-approved CAR-T products available for clinical use at present. Primary reasons include insufficient infiltration, accumulation, tumor immunosuppression of the microenvironment, and related side effects. Single utilization of CAR-T cannot effectively overcome these unfavorable obstacles. A probable effective pathway to achieve a better CAR-T therapy effect would be to combine the benefits of biomaterials-based technology. In this article, comprehensive biomaterials strategies to break through these obstacles of CAR-T cell therapy at the tumor sites are summarized, encompassing the following aspects: 1) generating orthotopic CAR-T cells; 2) facilitating CAR-T cell trafficking; 3) stimulating CAR-T cell expansion and infiltration; 4) improving CAR-T cell activity and persistence; 5) reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironments. Additionally, future requirements for the development of this field, with a specific emphasis on promoting innovation and facilitating clinical translation, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Tang
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, ChangZhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Jiang
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Wuhan Sian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, China
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Zhou Y, Liu M, Huang X, Liu Z, Sun Y, Wang M, Huang T, Wang X, Chen L, Jiang X. Emerging trends and thematic evolution of immunotherapy for glioma based on the top 100 cited articles. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1307924. [PMID: 38293697 PMCID: PMC10825959 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1307924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to depict the scientific advancements in immunotherapy for glioma by analyzing the top 100 most frequently cited articles over the past 20 years. Methods The top 100 most influential papers in immunotherapy for glioma were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection. Citations, countries/regions, institutions, journals, authorships, keywords, and references were extracted and analyzed by CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R software, and an online bibliometric platform. Results The United States possessed a robust global presence, leading in terms of publications and maintaining strong collaborative ties with numerous countries. The institution that made the greatest contributions was Duke University, with 16 papers. Heimberger AB, Sampson JH, and Reardon DA secured the top three positions with 15, 12, and 11 papers, respectively. "Macrophage ontogeny," "microglia," "polarization," "mass cytometry," "tumor mutation burden," "sensitivity," "msh6," "pd-1 blockade," and "dna repair" were the recent hot keywords. "Microglia" and "polarization" as the emerging research directions should be given more consideration. Conclusions This is the first bibliometric analysis to identify the top 100 papers on immunotherapy for glioma. "Microglia" and "polarization" will be hot spots for future research. The clinical efficacy of glioma immunotherapy is not yet satisfactory, and there is an urgent need to search for more tumor specific antigens and targets that can assist in early diagnosis, precise treatment, prognosis, and recurrence prediction of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Gillard AG, Shin DH, Hampton LA, Lopez-Rivas A, Parthasarathy A, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C. Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:947. [PMID: 38256021 PMCID: PMC10815900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gillard
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lethan A. Hampton
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Andres Lopez-Rivas
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akhila Parthasarathy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mishchenko TA, Turubanova VD, Gorshkova EN, Krysko O, Vedunova MV, Krysko DV. Glioma: bridging the tumor microenvironment, patient immune profiles and novel personalized immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1299064. [PMID: 38274827 PMCID: PMC10809268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1299064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, characterized by a consistently high patient mortality rate and a dismal prognosis affecting both survival and quality of life. Substantial evidence underscores the vital role of the immune system in eradicating tumors effectively and preventing metastasis, underscoring the importance of cancer immunotherapy which could potentially address the challenges in glioma therapy. Although glioma immunotherapies have shown promise in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials, they face specific limitations and challenges that have hindered their success in further phase III trials. Resistance to therapy has been a major challenge across many experimental approaches, and as of now, no immunotherapies have been approved. In addition, there are several other limitations facing glioma immunotherapy in clinical trials, such as high intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, an inherently immunosuppressive microenvironment, the unique tissue-specific interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, the existence of the blood-brain barrier, which is a physical barrier to drug delivery, and the immunosuppressive effects of standard therapy. Therefore, in this review, we delve into several challenges that need to be addressed to achieve boosted immunotherapy against gliomas. First, we discuss the hurdles posed by the glioma microenvironment, particularly its primary cellular inhabitants, in particular tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid cells, which represent a significant barrier to effective immunotherapy. Here we emphasize the impact of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) on the migration of Th17 cells into the tumor microenvironment, converting it into an immunologically "hot" environment and enhancing the effectiveness of ongoing immunotherapy. Next, we address the challenge associated with the accurate identification and characterization of the primary immune profiles of gliomas, and their implications for patient prognosis, which can facilitate the selection of personalized treatment regimens and predict the patient's response to immunotherapy. Finally, we explore a prospective approach to developing highly personalized vaccination strategies against gliomas, based on the search for patient-specific neoantigens. All the pertinent challenges discussed in this review will serve as a compass for future developments in immunotherapeutic strategies against gliomas, paving the way for upcoming preclinical and clinical research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victoria D. Turubanova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Gorshkova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Elguindy M, Young JS, Mondal I, Lu RO, Ho WS. Glioma-Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:308. [PMID: 38254796 PMCID: PMC10813573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma progression is a complex process controlled by molecular factors that coordinate the crosstalk between tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, immune cells play a critical role in cancer survival and progression. The complex interplay between cancer cells and the immune TME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anti-cancer therapies. Here, we present an updated view of the pro- and anti-tumor activities of the main myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations in the glioma TME. We review the underlying mechanisms involved in crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells that enable gliomas to evade the immune system and co-opt these cells for tumor growth. Lastly, we discuss the current and experimental therapeutic options being developed to revert the immunosuppressive activity of the glioma TME. Knowledge of the complex interplay that elapses between tumor and immune cells may help develop new combination treatments able to overcome tumor immune evasion mechanisms and enhance response to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Winson S. Ho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Khodke P, Kumbhar BV. Engineered CAR-T cells: An immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment and beyond. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:157-198. [PMID: 38762269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a type of adoptive immunotherapy that offers a promising avenue for enhancing cancer treatment since traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy have proven insufficient in completely eradicating tumors, despite the relatively positive outcomes. It has been observed that CAR-T cell therapy has shown promising results in treating the majority of hematological malignancies but also have a wide scope for other cancer types. CAR is an extra receptor on the T-cell that helps to increase and accelerate tumor destruction by efficiently activating the immune system. It is made up of three domains, the ectodomain, transmembrane, and the endodomain. The ectodomain is essential for antigen recognition and binding, whereas the co-stimulatory signal is transduced by the endodomain. To date, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval for six CAR-T cell therapies. However, despite its remarkable success, CAR-T therapy is associated with numerous adverse events and has certain limitations. This chapter focuses on the structure and function of the CAR domain, various generations of CAR, and the process of CAR-T cell development, adverse effects, and challenges in CAR-T therapy. CAR-T cell therapy also has scopes in other disease conditions which include systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and myocardial fibrosis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Khodke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-be University, Mumbai, India
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-be University, Mumbai, India.
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127
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Li X, Xiao X, Wang Y, Gu G, Li T, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang P, Ji N, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Expression of Interleukin-13 Receptor Alpha 2 in Brainstem Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:228. [PMID: 38201655 PMCID: PMC10777982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate IL13Ra2 expression in brainstem glioma (BSG) and its correlation with key markers, functions, and prognostic implications, evaluating its therapeutic potential. A total of 80 tumor samples from BSG patients were analyzed. Multiplex immunofluorescence was used to examine six markers-IL13Ra2, H3.3K27M, CD133, Ki67, HLA-1, and CD4-establishing relationships between IL13Ra2 and these markers. Survival analysis, employing Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression models, encompassed 66 patients with complete follow-up. RNA-Seq data from a previously published study involving 98 patients were analyzed using the DESeq2 library to determine differential gene expression between groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) via the clusterProfiler library were used to delineate the gene functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Nearly all the BSG patients displayed varying IL13Ra2 expression, with 45.0% (36/80) exhibiting over a 20% increase. Elevated IL13Ra2 levels were notably observed in pontine gliomas, diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), H3F3A-mutant gliomas, and WHO IV gliomas. IL13Ra2 expression was strongly correlated with H3.3K27M mutant protein, Ki67, and CD133. Patients with IL13Ra2 expression >20% showed shorter overall survival compared to those with ≤20% IL13Ra2 expression. The Cox proportional hazard regression model identified H3F3A mutations, rather than IL13Ra2 expression, as an independent prognostic factor. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from our prior cohort confirmed IL13Ra2's correlation with H3.3, CD133, and Ki67 levels. Widespread IL13Ra2 expression in BSG, particularly elevated in the H3F3A mutant group, was strongly correlated with H3F3A mutations, increased proliferation, and heightened tumor stemness. IL13Ra2 represents a promising therapeutic target for BSGs, potentially benefiting patients with H3K27M mutations, DIPGs, WHO Grade IV, and pontine location-specific BSGs, particularly those with H3K27M mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guocan Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chunzhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; (X.L.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (P.Z.); (N.J.)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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128
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Kalim M, Jing R, Li X, Jiang Z, Zheng N, Wang Z, Wei G, Lu Y. Essentials of CAR-T Therapy and Associated Microbial Challenges in Long Run Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 6:22-50. [PMID: 38883270 PMCID: PMC11172397 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.6.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown potential in improving outcomes for individuals with hematological malignancies. However, achieving long-term full remission for blood cancer remains challenging due to severe life-threatening toxicities such as limited anti-tumor efficacy, antigen escape, trafficking restrictions, and limited tumor invasion. Furthermore, the interactions between CAR-T cells and their host tumor microenvironments have a significant impact on CAR-T function. To overcome these considerable hurdles, fresh methodologies and approaches are needed to produce more powerful CAR-T cells with greater anti-tumor activity and less toxicity. Despite advances in CAR-T research, microbial resistance remains a significant obstacle. In this review, we discuss and describe the basics of CAR-T structures, generations, challenges, and potential risks of infections in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kalim
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Jing
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guo Wei
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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129
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Zhao Z, Song Z, Wang Z, Zhang F, Ding Z, Fan T. Advances in Molecular Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Astrocytomas. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241262483. [PMID: 39043042 PMCID: PMC11271101 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241262483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord astrocytoma (SCA) is a rare subtype of astrocytoma, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Low-grade SCA can achieve long-term survival solely through surgery, while high-grade has a disappointing prognosis even with comprehensive treatment. Diagnostic criteria and standard treatment of intracranial astrocytoma have shown obvious limitations in SCA. Research on the molecular mechanism in SCA is lagging far behind that on intracranial astrocytoma. In recent years, huge breakthroughs have been made in molecular pathology of astrocytoma, and novel techniques have emerged, including DNA methylation analysis and radiomics. These advances are now making it possible to provide a precise diagnosis and develop corresponding treatment strategies in SCA. Our aim is to review the current status of diagnosis and treatment of SCA, and summarize the latest research advancement, including tumor subtype, molecular characteristics, diagnostic technology, and potential therapy strategies, thus deepening our understanding of this uncommon tumor type and providing guidance for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zairan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Ding
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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130
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Santiago-Vicente Y, de Jesús Castillejos-López M, Carmona-Aparicio L, Coballase-Urrutia E, Velasco-Hidalgo L, Niembro-Zúñiga AM, Zapata-Tarrés M, Torres-Espíndola LM. Immunotherapy for Pediatric Gliomas: CAR-T Cells Against B7H3: A Review of the Literature. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:420-430. [PMID: 37038673 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230406094257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B7H3 is a co-stimulatory molecule for immune reactions found on the surface of tumor cells in a wide variety of tumors. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported it as a tumor target towards which various immunotherapy modalities could be directed. So far, good results have been obtained in hematological neoplasms; however, a contrasting situation is evident in solid tumors, including those of the CNS, which show high refractoriness to current treatments. The appearance of cellular immunotherapies has transformed oncology due to the reinforcement of the immune response that is compromised in people with cancer. OBJECTIVE This article aims to review the literature to describe the advancement in knowledge on B7H3 as a target of CAR-T cells in pediatric gliomas to consider them as an alternative in the treatment of these patients. RESULTS Although B7H3 is considered a suitable candidate as a target agent for various immunotherapy techniques, there are still limitations in using CAR-T cells to achieve the desired success. CONCLUSION Results obtained with CAR-T cells can be further improved by the suggested proposals; therefore, more clinical trials are needed to study this new therapy in children with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Santiago-Vicente
- Iztacala Faculty of Higher Studies, Tlalnepantla, México
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Zapata-Tarrés
- Head of Research Coordination at Mexican Social Security Institute Foundation, Mexico City, México
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131
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Al-Hawary SIS, Alhajlah S, Olegovich BD, Hjazi A, Rajput P, Ali SHJ, Abosoda M, Ihsan A, Oudah SK, Mustafa YF. Effective extracellular vesicles in glioma: Focusing on effective ncRNA exosomes and immunotherapy methods for treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3921. [PMID: 38269511 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive article explores the complex field of glioma treatment, with a focus on the important roles of non-coding RNAsRNAs (ncRNAs) and exosomes, as well as the potential synergies of immunotherapy. The investigation begins by examining the various functions of ncRNAs and their involvement in glioma pathogenesis, progression, and as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Special attention is given to exosomes as carriers of ncRNAs and their intricate dynamics within the tumor microenvironment. The exploration extends to immunotherapy methods, analyzing their mechanisms and clinical implications in the treatment of glioma. By synthesizing these components, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how ncRNAs, exosomes, and immunotherapy interact, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of glioma research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharif Alhajlah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bokov Dmitry Olegovich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranchal Rajput
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Saad Hayif Jasim Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Munther Abosoda
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Ihsan
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Iraq
| | - Shamam Kareem Oudah
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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132
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Albelda SM. CAR T cell therapy for patients with solid tumours: key lessons to learn and unlearn. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:47-66. [PMID: 37904019 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been approved for use in patients with B cell malignancies or relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, yet efficacy against most solid tumours remains elusive. The limited imaging and biopsy data from clinical trials in this setting continues to hinder understanding, necessitating a reliance on imperfect preclinical models. In this Perspective, I re-evaluate current data and suggest potential pathways towards greater success, drawing lessons from the few successful trials testing CAR T cells in patients with solid tumours and the clinical experience with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. The most promising approaches include the use of pluripotent stem cells, co-targeting multiple mechanisms of immune evasion, employing multiple co-stimulatory domains, and CAR ligand-targeting vaccines. An alternative strategy focused on administering multiple doses of short-lived CAR T cells in an attempt to pre-empt exhaustion and maintain a functional effector pool should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Albelda
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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133
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Amin T, Hossain A, Jerin N, Mahmud I, Rahman MA, Rafiqul Islam SM, Islam SMBUL. Immunoediting Dynamics in Glioblastoma: Implications for Immunotherapy Approaches. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241290067. [PMID: 39353594 PMCID: PMC11459535 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241290067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive primary brain tumor that poses many therapeutic difficulties because of the high rate of proliferation, genetic variability, and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. The theory of cancer immunoediting, which includes the phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape, offers a paradigm for comprehending interactions between the immune system and glioblastoma. Immunoediting indicates the process by which immune cells initially suppress tumor development, but thereafter select for immune-resistant versions leading to tumor escape and progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in glioblastoma is particularly immunosuppressive, with regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells being involved in immune escape. To achieve an efficient immunotherapy for glioblastoma, it is crucial to understand these mechanisms within the TME. Existing immunotherapeutic modalities such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been met with some level of resistance because of the heterogeneous nature of the immune response to glioblastoma. Solving these issues is critical to develop novel strategies capable of modulating the TME and re-establishing normal immune monitoring. Further studies should be conducted to identify the molecular and cellular events that underlie the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma. Comprehending and modifying the stages of immunoediting in glioblastoma could facilitate the development of more potent and long-lasting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasbir Amin
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amana Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jerin
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imteaz Mahmud
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahasanur Rahman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - SM Rafiqul Islam
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - S M Bakhtiar UL Islam
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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134
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Karmakar S, Lal G. Role of Serotonergic System in Regulating Brain Tumor-Associated Neuroinflammatory Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:181-207. [PMID: 38427238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Serotonin signaling regulates wide arrays of both neural and extra-neural functions. Serotonin is also found to affect cancer progression directly as well as indirectly by modulating the immune cells. In the brain, serotonin plays a key role in regulating various functions; disturbance of the normal activities of serotonin leads to various mental illnesses, including the neuroinflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroinflammatory response can be initiated in various psychological illnesses and brain cancer. Serotonergic signaling can impact the functions of both glial as well as the immune cells. It can also affect the tumor immune microenvironment and the inflammatory response associated with brain cancers. Apart from this, many drugs used for treatment of psychological illness are known to modulate serotonergic system and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Understanding the role of serotonergic pathways in regulating neuroinflammatory response and brain cancer will provide a new paradigm in modulating the serotonergic components in treating brain cancer and associated inflammation-induced brain damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Karmakar
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), SPPU Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), SPPU Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Goutnik M, Iakovidis A, Still MEH, Moor RSF, Melnick K, Yan S, Abbas M, Huang J, Ghiaseddin AP. Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T-cell therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: Literature review and future directions. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae025. [PMID: 38486856 PMCID: PMC10939440 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer that has been difficult to treat and often requires multimodal therapy consisting of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing (CAR-T) cells have been efficacious in treating hematological malignancies, resulting in several FDA-approved therapies. CAR-T cells have been more recently studied for the treatment of GBM, with some promising preclinical and clinical results. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the commonly targeted antigens, results of clinical trials, novel modifications, and potential solutions for challenges that exist for CAR-T cells to become more widely implemented and effective in eradicating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goutnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Iakovidis
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Megan E H Still
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel S F Moor
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Melnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley P Ghiaseddin
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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136
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Zhai Y, Du Y, Li G, Yu M, Hu H, Pan C, Wang D, Shi Z, Yan X, Li X, Jiang T, Zhang W. Trogocytosis of CAR molecule regulates CAR-T cell dysfunction and tumor antigen escape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:457. [PMID: 38143263 PMCID: PMC10749292 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has demonstrated clinical response in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Although instances of rapid tumor remissions have been observed in animal models and clinical trials, tumor relapses occur with multiple therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, while the mechanisms underlying the long-term therapeutic resistance are well-known, short-term adaptation remains less understood. However, more views shed light on short-term adaptation and hold that it provides an opportunity window for long-term resistance. In this study, we explore a previously unreported mechanism in which tumor cells employ trogocytosis to acquire CAR molecules from CAR-T cells, a reversal of previously documented processes. This mechanism results in the depletion of CAR molecules and subsequent CAR-T cell dysfunction, also leading to short-term antigen loss and antigen masking. Such type of intercellular communication is independent of CAR downstream signaling, CAR-T cell condition, target antigen, and tumor cell type. However, it is mainly dependent on antigen density and CAR sensitivity, and is associated with tumor cell cholesterol metabolism. Partial mitigation of this trogocytosis-induced CAR molecule transfer can be achieved by adaptively administering CAR-T cells with antigen density-individualized CAR sensitivities. Together, our study reveals a dynamic process of CAR molecule transfer and refining the framework of clinical CAR-T therapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yicong Du
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingchen Yu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongfang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Research Unit of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment, and Translational Medicine of Brain Tumors, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
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137
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Pawlowski KD, Duffy JT, Gottschalk S, Balyasnikova IV. Cytokine Modification of Adoptive Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5852. [PMID: 38136398 PMCID: PMC10741789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell-based therapies have demonstrated limited success in solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). GBMs exhibit high heterogeneity and create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, other challenges exist for CAR therapy, including trafficking and infiltration into the tumor site, proliferation, persistence of CARs once in the tumor, and reduced functionality, such as suboptimal cytokine production. Cytokine modification is of interest, as one can enhance therapy efficacy and minimize off-target toxicity by directly combining CAR therapy with cytokines, antibodies, or oncolytic viruses that alter cytokine response pathways. Alternatively, one can genetically modify CAR T-cells or CAR NK-cells to secrete cytokines or express cytokines or cytokine receptors. Finally, CARs can be genetically altered to augment or suppress intracellular cytokine signaling pathways for a more direct approach. Codelivery of cytokines with CARs is the most straightforward method, but it has associated toxicity. Alternatively, combining CAR therapy with antibodies (e.g., anti-IL-6, anti-PD1, and anti-VEGF) or oncolytic viruses has enhanced CAR cell infiltration into GBM tumors and provided proinflammatory signals to the TME. CAR T- or NK-cells secreting cytokines (e.g., IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) have shown improved efficacy within multiple GBM subtypes. Likewise, expressing cytokine-modulating receptors in CAR cells that promote or inhibit cytokine signaling has enhanced their activity. Finally, gene editing approaches are actively being pursued to directly influence immune signaling pathways in CAR cells. In this review, we summarize these cytokine modification methods and highlight any existing gaps in the hope of catalyzing an improved generation of CAR-based therapies for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D. Pawlowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Joseph T. Duffy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA;
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Irina V. Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA;
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
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Francis N, Braun M, Neagle S, Peiffer S, Bohn A, Rosenthal A, Olbrich T, Lollies S, Ilsmann K, Hauck C, Gerstmayer B, Weber S, Kirkpatrick A. Development of an automated manufacturing process for large-scale production of autologous T cell therapies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101114. [PMID: 37790245 PMCID: PMC10544074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineered T cell therapies have shown significant clinical success. However, current manufacturing capabilities present a challenge in bringing these therapies to patients. Furthermore, the cost of development and manufacturing is still extremely high due to complexity of the manufacturing process. Increased automation can improve quality and reproducibility while reducing costs through minimizing hands-on operator time, allowing parallel manufacture of multiple products, and reducing the complexity of technology transfer. In this article, we describe the results of a strategic alliance between GSK and Miltenyi Biotec to develop a closed, automated manufacturing process using the CliniMACS Prodigy for autologous T cell therapy products that can deliver a high number of cells suitable for treating solid tumor indications and compatible with cryopreserved apheresis and drug product. We demonstrate the ability of the T cell Transduction - Large Scale process to deliver a significantly higher cell number than the existing process, achieving 1.5 × 1010 cells after 12 days of expansion, without affecting other product attributes. We demonstrate successful technology transfer of this robust process into three manufacturing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Francis
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marion Braun
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sarah Neagle
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Peiffer
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohn
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Rosenthal
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Tanita Olbrich
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sophia Lollies
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Keijo Ilsmann
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Carola Hauck
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gerstmayer
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Silvio Weber
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Aileen Kirkpatrick
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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139
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Ruella M. ALKemy to enhance chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy for neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2016-2018. [PMID: 38086334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy in solid cancer is severely limited by the absence of ideal targets. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bergaggio et al. find that anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors can enhance the function of ALK-specific CAR T cells against neuroblastoma by increasing target density in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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140
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Tiwari S, Han Z. Immunotherapy: Advancing glioblastoma treatment-A narrative review of scientific studies. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 7:e1947. [PMID: 38069593 PMCID: PMC10849935 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive and deadly brain tumor with a poor prognosis despite the current standard of care, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential of immunotherapies, seen to be effective in treating other cancers, in the treatment of GB. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the remarkable progress of immunotherapy in GB treatment, focusing on human clinical studies. It also analyzes the current findings, challenges, and limitations that underscore the transformative potential of immunotherapy in managing GB. Of particular significance, it delves into the intriguing interaction of the human microbiome with immunotherapy as a novel avenue for enhancing treatment outcomes of GB. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the complex GB therapy landscape and the cutting-edge strategies that show promise for enhancing patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagun Tiwari
- Net Fresh HospitalChitwanNepal
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological DiseasesShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenxiang Han
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationSeventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCMShanghaiChina
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141
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Ramos A, Koch CE, Liu-Lupo Y, Hellinger RD, Kyung T, Abbott KL, Fröse J, Goulet D, Gordon KS, Eidell KP, Leclerc P, Whittaker CA, Larson RC, Muscato AJ, Yates KB, Dubrot J, Doench JG, Regev A, Vander Heiden MG, Maus MV, Manguso RT, Birnbaum ME, Hemann MT. Leukemia-intrinsic determinants of CAR-T response revealed by iterative in vivo genome-wide CRISPR screening. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8048. [PMID: 38052854 PMCID: PMC10698189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR-T therapy is a promising, novel treatment modality for B-cell malignancies and yet many patients relapse through a variety of means, including loss of CAR-T cells and antigen escape. To investigate leukemia-intrinsic CAR-T resistance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens in an immunocompetent murine model of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) utilizing a modular guide RNA library. We identified IFNγR/JAK/STAT signaling and components of antigen processing and presentation pathway as key mediators of resistance to CAR-T therapy in vivo; intriguingly, loss of this pathway yielded the opposite effect in vitro (sensitized leukemia to CAR-T cells). Transcriptional characterization of this model demonstrated upregulation of these pathways in tumors relapsed after CAR-T treatment, and functional studies showed a surprising role for natural killer (NK) cells in engaging this resistance program. Finally, examination of data from B-ALL patients treated with CAR-T revealed an association between poor outcomes and increased expression of JAK/STAT and MHC-I in leukemia cells. Overall, our data identify an unexpected mechanism of resistance to CAR-T therapy in which tumor cell interaction with the in vivo tumor microenvironment, including NK cells, induces expression of an adaptive, therapy-induced, T-cell resistance program in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Koch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Liu-Lupo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Riley D Hellinger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keene L Abbott
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Fröse
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Goulet
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Khloe S Gordon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith P Eidell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Leclerc
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey J Muscato
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Solid Tumors Program, Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert T Manguso
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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142
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Olatunji G, Aderinto N, Adefusi T, Kokori E, Akinmoju O, Yusuf I, Olusakin T, Muzammil MA. Efficacy of tumour-treating fields therapy in recurrent glioblastoma: A narrative review of current evidence. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36421. [PMID: 38050252 PMCID: PMC10695547 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Glioblastoma presents a formidable challenge in oncology due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Tumour-Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy, a novel therapeutic modality, has emerged as a promising approach to address this clinical conundrum. This review synthesizes the current evidence surrounding the efficacy of TTFields Therapy in the context of recurrent Glioblastoma. Diverse academic databases were explored to identify relevant studies published within the last decade. Strategic keyword selection facilitated the inclusion of studies focusing on TTFields Therapy's efficacy, treatment outcomes, and patient-specific factors. The review reveals a growing body of evidence suggesting the potential clinical benefits of TTFields Therapy for patients with recurrent Glioblastoma. Studies consistently demonstrate its positive impact on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The therapy's safety profile remains favorable, with mild to moderate skin reactions being the most commonly reported adverse events. Our analysis highlights the importance of patient selection criteria, with emerging biomarkers such as PTEN mutation status influencing therapy response. Additionally, investigations into combining TTFields Therapy with other treatments, including surgical interventions and novel approaches, offer promising avenues for enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The synthesis of diverse studies underscores the potential of TTFields Therapy as a valuable addition to the armamentarium against recurrent Glioblastoma. The narrative review comprehensively explains the therapy's mechanisms, clinical benefits, adverse events, and future directions. The insights gathered herein serve as a foundation for clinicians and researchers striving to optimize treatment strategies for patients facing the challenging landscape of recurrent Glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbolahan Olatunji
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Kokori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Ismaila Yusuf
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria
| | - Tobi Olusakin
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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143
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Poojary R, Song AF, Song BS, Song CS, Wang L, Song J. Investigating chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and the potential for cancer immunotherapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 19:95. [PMID: 37920415 PMCID: PMC10619195 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option, particularly for types of cancer that display resistance to conventional therapies. A remarkable breakthrough in this field is the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. CAR T cells are generated by engineering the T cells of a patient to express receptors that can recognize specific tumor antigens. This groundbreaking approach has demonstrated impressive outcomes in hematologic malignancies, including diffuse large B cell lymphoma, B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma. Despite these significant successes, CAR T cell therapy has encountered challenges in its application against solid tumors, leading to limited success in these cases. Consequently, researchers are actively exploring novel strategies to enhance the efficacy of CAR T cells. The focus lies on augmenting CAR T cell trafficking to tumors while preventing the development of CAR T cell exhaustion and dysfunction. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the achievements and limitations of CAR T cell therapy in the context of cancer treatment. By understanding both the successes and hurdles, further advancements in this promising area of research can be developed. Overall, immunotherapy, particularly CAR T cell therapy, has opened up novel possibilities for cancer treatment, offering hope to patients with previously untreatable malignancies. However, to fully realize its potential, ongoing research and innovative strategies are essential in overcoming the challenges posed by solid tumors and maximizing CAR T cell efficacy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayansh Poojary
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Andy Fang Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Benny Shone Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Carly Shaw Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Liqing Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
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144
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Wala JA, Hanna GJ. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:1149-1168. [PMID: 37353377 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
We review chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for solid tumors. We discuss patient selection factors and aspects of clinical management. We describe challenges including physical and molecular barriers to trafficking CAR-Ts, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and difficulty finding cell surface target antigens. The application of new approaches in synthetic biology and cellular engineering toward solid tumor CAR-Ts is described. Finally, we summarize reported and ongoing clinical trials of CAR-T therapies for select disease sites such as head and neck (including thyroid cancer), lung, central nervous system (glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, glioma), sarcoma, genitourinary (prostate, renal, bladder, kidney), breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah A Wala
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana Building 2nd Floor, Room 2-140, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Glenn J Hanna
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana Building 2nd Floor, Room 2-140, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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145
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Yoon J, Jeong M, Park JH. Intratumoral adoptive transfer of inflammatory macrophages engineered by co-activating TLR and STING signaling pathways exhibits robust antitumor activity. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5025-5037. [PMID: 37535193 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematologic malignancies, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has not been effective in treating solid tumors. Here, we developed an inflammatory macrophage-based ACT to effectively treat solid tumors. We engineered inflammatory macrophages to enhance their antitumor activities, including proinflammatory cytokine secretion and co-stimulatory molecule expression by co-activating toll-like receptor and stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathways. Engineered macrophages maintain an inflammatory phenotype after their adoptive transfer into the anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), whereas conventional inflammatory macrophages prepared using interferon-γ treatment are repolarized to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In a mouse melanoma model, intratumoral adoptive transfer of engineered macrophages showed robust tumor growth inhibition by increasing CD8+ T cells in the TME and tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the blood. This study demonstrated that engineered inflammatory macrophages have potential as an effective ACT for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Yoon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkyoung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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146
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Johnson GA, Locke FL. Mechanisms of Resistance to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:1189-1199. [PMID: 37580193 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
CAR T cell therapy has significantly shaped the treatment landscape for refractory hematologic malignancies including large B-cell lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and leukemias. While response rates for a previously dismal prognosis have improved, certain obstacles still remain to achieving CAR T infallibility. In this article, we review the data surrounding proposed resistance mechanisms of tumors to CAR T, including the implications of target loss, exhausted T cells as effete effectors, the necessity of maximal CAR T expansion to durable response, the negative impact of an inflammatory milieu and a suppressive tumor microenvironment, and the optimal tumor-to-effector ratio that associates with best outcomes. The future of CAR T should aim to mitigate these weaknesses in order to bolster the efficacy of this revolutionary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Johnson
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 560 Channelside Drive, Tampa, FL 336022, USA
| | - Frederick L Locke
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Suite 3057, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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147
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Song KW, Scott BJ, Lee EQ. Neurotoxicity of Cancer Immunotherapies Including CAR T Cell Therapy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:827-839. [PMID: 37938472 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To outline the spectrum of neurotoxicity seen with approved immunotherapies and in pivotal clinical trials including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, vaccine therapy, and oncolytic viruses. RECENT FINDINGS There has been an exponential growth in new immunotherapies, which has transformed the landscape of oncology treatment. With more widespread use of cancer immunotherapies, there have also been advances in characterization of its associated neurotoxicity, research into potential underlying mechanisms, and development of management guidelines. Increasingly, there is also mounting interest in long-term neurologic sequelae. Neurologic complications of immunotherapy can impact every aspect of the central and peripheral nervous system. Early recognition and treatment are critical. Expanding indications for immunotherapy to solid and CNS tumors has led to new challenges, such as how to reliably distinguish neurotoxicity from disease progression. Our evolving understanding of immunotherapy neurotoxicity highlights important areas for future research and the need for novel immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Wei Song
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd, 2nd Floor, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Brian J Scott
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd, 2nd Floor, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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148
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Wu D, Li Y. Application of adoptive cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunology 2023; 170:453-469. [PMID: 37435926 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge. Novel treatment modalities are urgently needed to extend the overall survival of patients. The liver plays an immunomodulatory function due to its unique physiological structural characteristics. Therefore, following surgical resection and radiotherapy, immunotherapy regimens have shown great potential in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adoptive cell immunotherapy is rapidly developing in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the latest research on adoptive immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. The focus is on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells. Then tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), natural killer (NK) cells, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, and macrophages are briefly discussed. The main overview of the application and challenges of adoptive immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. It aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the current status of HCC adoptive immunotherapy and offers some strategies. We hope to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqiang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, Ningbo, China
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149
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Li D, Guo X, Yang K, Yang Y, Zhou W, Huang Y, Liang X, Su J, Jiang L, Li J, Fu M, He H, Yang J, Shi H, Yang H, Tong A, Chen N, Hu J, Xu Q, Wei YQ, Wang W. EpCAM-targeting CAR-T cell immunotherapy is safe and efficacious for epithelial tumors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9721. [PMID: 38039357 PMCID: PMC10691766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of CAR-T cells for solid tumors is unsatisfactory. EpCAM is a biomarker of epithelial tumors, but the clinical feasibility of CAR-T therapy targeting EpCAM is lacking. Here, we report pre- and clinical investigations of EpCAM-CAR-T cells for solid tumors. We demonstrated that EpCAM-CAR-T cells costimulated by Dectin-1 exhibited robust antitumor activity without adverse effects in xenograft mouse models and EpCAM-humanized mice. Notably, in clinical trials for epithelial tumors (NCT02915445), 6 (50%) of the 12 enrolled patients experienced self-remitted grade 1/2 toxicities, 1 patient (8.3%) experienced reversible grade 3 leukopenia, and no higher-grade toxicity reported. Efficacy analysis determined two patients as partial response. Three patients showed >23 months of progression-free survival, among whom one patient experienced 2-year progress-free survival with detectable CAR-T cells 200 days after infusion. These data demonstrate the feasibility and tolerability of EpCAM-CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianling Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth Peoples’ Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuening Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhua Su
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maorong Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixia He
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nianyong Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth Peoples’ Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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150
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Ibanez J, Hebbar N, Thanekar U, Yi Z, Houke H, Ward M, Nevitt C, Tian L, Mack SC, Sheppard H, Chiang J, Velasquez MP, Krenciute G. GRP78-CAR T cell effector function against solid and brain tumors is controlled by GRP78 expression on T cells. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101297. [PMID: 37992682 PMCID: PMC10694756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Lack of targetable antigens is a key limitation for developing successful T cell-based immunotherapies. Members of the unfolded protein response (UPR) represent ideal immunotherapy targets because the UPR regulates the ability of cancer cells to resist cell death, sustain proliferation, and metastasize. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a key UPR regulator that is overexpressed and translocated to the cell surface of a wide variety of cancers in response to elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We show that GRP78 is highly expressed on the cell surface of multiple solid and brain tumors, making cell surface GRP78 a promising chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell target. We demonstrate that GRP78-CAR T cells can recognize and kill GRP78+ brain and solid tumors in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that GRP78 is upregulated on CAR T cells upon T cell activation; however, this expression is tumor-cell-line specific and results in heterogeneous GRP78-CAR T cell therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ibanez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zhongzhen Yi
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Haley Houke
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Meghan Ward
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chris Nevitt
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liqing Tian
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Heather Sheppard
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jason Chiang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - M Paulina Velasquez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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