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Catena A, Muñoz-Machicao JA, Torres-Espínola FJ, Martínez-Zaldívar C, Diaz-Piedra C, Gil A, Haile G, Györei E, Molloy AM, Decsi T, Koletzko B, Campoy C. Folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy has long-term effects on the attention system of 8.5-y-old offspring: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:115-27. [PMID: 26561619 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During fetal and perinatal periods, many nutrients, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [contained in fish oil (FO)] and folate, are important in achieving normal brain development. Several studies have shown the benefits of early nutrition on children's neurocognitive development. However, the evidence with regard to the attention system is scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term effects of FO, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), or FO+5-MTHF prenatal supplementation on attention networks. DESIGN Participants were 136 children born to mothers from the NUHEAL (Nutraceuticals for a Healthy Life) project (randomly assigned to receive FO and/or 5-MTHF or placebo prenatal supplementation) who were recalled for a new examination 8.5 y later. The response conflict-resolution ability (using congruent and incongruent conditions)), alerting, and spatial orienting of attention were evaluated with behavioral measures (Attention Network Test), electroencephalography/event-related potentials (ERPs), and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). RESULTS Children born to mothers supplemented with 5-MTHF alone solved the response conflict more quickly than did the placebo and the FO+5-MTHF groups (all P < 0.05). Differences between ERP amplitudes for the conflict conditions were also observed. sLORETA analysis showed higher activation of the right midcingulate cortex for the incongruent condition. In addition, a significant slowing down of response speed depending on the warning cue in the 5-MTHF and FO groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS Folate supplementation during pregnancy, rather than FO or FO+5-MTHF supplementation, improves children's ability to solve response conflicts. This advantage seems to be based on the higher activation of the midcingulate cortex, indicating that early nutrition influences the functionality of specific brain areas involved in executive functions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01180933.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Angel Gil
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Gudrun Haile
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Eszter Györei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Center for Pediatric Research, and Pediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
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102
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Smith CA, Farmer K, Lee H, Holahan MR, Smith JC. Altered Hippocampal Lipid Profile Following Acute Postnatal Exposure to Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13542-59. [PMID: 26516880 PMCID: PMC4627048 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Slight changes in the abundance of certain lipid species in the brain may drastically alter normal neurodevelopment via membrane stability, cell signalling, and cell survival. Previous findings have demonstrated that postnatal exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) disrupts normal axonal and neural development in the hippocampus. The goal of the current study was to determine whether postnatal exposure to DEHP alters the lipid profile in the hippocampus during postnatal development. Systemic treatment with 10 mg/kg DEHP during postnatal development led to elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in the hippocampus of female rats. There was no effect of DEHP exposure on the overall abundance of phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin in male rats or of lysophosphatidylcholine in male or female rats. Individual analyses of each identified lipid species revealed 10 phosphatidylcholine and six sphingomyelin lipids in DEHP-treated females and a single lysophosphatidylcholine in DEHP-treated males with a two-fold or higher increase in relative abundance. Our results are congruent with previous work that found that postnatal exposure to DEHP had a near-selective detrimental effect on hippocampal development in males but not females. Together, results suggest a neuroprotective effect of these elevated lipid species in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, 325 LSRB, Ottawa ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, 325 LSRB, Ottawa ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Hyunmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, 1125 Colonel By Drive, SC-226, Ottawa, ON, K1S5B6, Canada.
| | - Matthew R Holahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, 325 LSRB, Ottawa ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, 1125 Colonel By Drive, SC-226, Ottawa, ON, K1S5B6, Canada.
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103
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Essential role of docosahexaenoic acid towards development of a smarter brain. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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104
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Effects of arachidonic acid intake on inflammatory reactions in dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:734-45. [PMID: 26234346 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500224x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the administration of oral arachidonic acid (AA) in rats with or without dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Male Wistar rats were administered AA at 0, 5, 35 or 240 mg/kg daily by gavage for 8 weeks. Inflammatory bowel disease was induced by replacing drinking water with 3 % DSS solution during the last 7 d of the AA dosing period. These animals passed loose stools, diarrhoea and red-stained faeces. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the colonic tissue were significantly increased in the animals given AA at 240 mg/kg compared with the animals given AA at 0 mg/kg. Thromboxane B2 concentration in the medium of cultured colonic mucosae isolated from these groups was found to be dose-dependently increased by AA, and the increase was significant at 35 and 240 mg/kg. Leukotriene B4 concentration was also significantly increased and saturated at 5 mg/kg. In addition, AA at 240 mg/kg promoted DSS-induced colonic mucosal oedema with macrophage infiltration. In contrast, administration of AA for 8 weeks, even at 240 mg/kg, showed no effects on the normal rats. These results suggest that in rats with bowel disease AA metabolism is affected by oral AA, even at 5 mg/kg per d, and that excessive AA may aggravate inflammation, whereas AA shows no effects in rats without inflammatory bowel disease.
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105
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Dias V, Trevizol F, Roversi K, Kuhn F, Roversi K, Pase C, Barcelos R, Emanuelli T, Bürger M. Trans-fat supplementation over two generations of rats exacerbates behavioral and biochemical damages in a model of mania: Co-treatment with lithium. Life Sci 2015; 132:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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106
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Khan MZ, He L. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and GPR40 receptor in brain. Neuropharmacology 2015; 113:639-651. [PMID: 26005184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are found in abundance in the nervous system. They perform significant functions for example boosting synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, inducing antinociception, stimulating gene expression and neuronal activity, preventing apoptosis and neuroinflammation. G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), also called free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), is ubiquitously expressed in various regions of the human brain including the olfactory bulb, midbrain, medulla oblongata, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and in the spinal cord. GPR40, when binding with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has shown promising therapeutic potential. This review presents current knowledge regarding the pharmacological properties of GPR40 and addresses its functions in brain, with a focus on neurodevelopment & neurogenesis. Furthermore, the demonstration of GPR40 involvement in several neuropathological conditions such as apoptosis, inflammatory pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although the results are encouraging, further research is needed to clarify their role in the treatment of inflammatory pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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107
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Jimenez EY, Mangani C, Ashorn P, Harris WS, Maleta K, Dewey KG. Breast milk from women living near Lake Malawi is high in docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 95:71-8. [PMID: 25601798 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adequate long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake is critical during the fetal and infant periods. We quantified fatty acid content of breast milk (n=718) and plasma from six month old infants (n=412) in southern Malawi, and in usipa (n=3), a small dried fish from Lake Malawi. Compared to global norms, Malawian breast milk fatty acid content (% of total fatty acids) was well above average levels of arachidonic acid [ARA] (0.69% vs. 0.47%) and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] (0.73% vs. 0.32%). Average Malawian infant plasma ARA (7.5%) and DHA (3.8%) levels were comparable to those reported in infants consuming breast milk with similar fatty acid content. The amounts (mg) of DHA, EPA and ARA provided by a 3 oz (85 g) portion of dried usipa (1439, 659 and 360, respectively) are considerably higher than those for dried salmon. Usipa may be an important source of LCPUFA for populations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yakes Jimenez
- Departments of Individual, Family and Community Education and Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C Mangani
- Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Ashorn
- Department of International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - W S Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA(1)
| | - K Maleta
- Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - K G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition and Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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108
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Barcelos RCS, Vey LT, Segat HJ, Benvegnú DM, Trevizol F, Roversi K, Roversi K, Dias VT, Dolci GS, Kuhn FT, Piccolo J, CristinaVeit J, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME. Influence ofTransFat on Skin Damage in First-Generation Rats Exposed to UV Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:424-30. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana T. Vey
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Hecson Jesser Segat
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Trevizol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Karine Roversi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Katiane Roversi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Verônica T. Dias
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Geisa S. Dolci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Fábio T. Kuhn
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Piccolo
- Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos; UFSM; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Juliana CristinaVeit
- Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos; UFSM; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
- Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos; UFSM; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Marilise E. Bürger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
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109
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Heinze CR, Freeman LM, Martin CR, Power ML, Fascetti AJ. Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 244:1413-22. [PMID: 24871064 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.12.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the nutrient composition of commercially available dog milk replacers with that of dog milk. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. SAMPLE 5 dog milk samples and 15 samples of commercial dog milk replacers. PROCEDURES Dog milk and milk replacers were analyzed for concentrations of total protein, essential amino acids, sugars, total fat, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus. Energy density was calculated. Results from milk replacers were compared with the range of the concentration of each nutrient in milk samples from mature dogs as well as the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations for puppy growth. RESULTS Milk replacers varied widely in caloric density and concentration of nutrients such as calcium, protein, and fat. Calcium concentration was lower in 14 of 15 milk replacers than in the dog milk samples. Docosahexaenoic acid was undetectable in 12 of 15 milk replacers but present in all dog milk samples. All milk replacers had numerous essential nutrients outside of the range of the dog milk samples, and many had concentrations of amino acids, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus less than the NRC minimal requirement or recommended allowance. Compared with NRC recommendations, some dog milk samples had concentrations of total protein, linoleic acid, calcium, or phosphorus less than the recommended allowance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that there was substantial variation in nutrient composition of 15 dog milk replacers and that some products were closer approximations of dog milk than others. Nearly all products would benefit from more appropriate calcium, amino acids, and essential fatty acids concentrations and better feeding directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin R Heinze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536
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110
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Veghari G, Ahmadpour-Kacho M, Zahedpasha Y. The comparison of parents' educational level on the breastfeeding status between turkman and non-turkman ethnic groups in the north of iran. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:899-903. [PMID: 25506483 PMCID: PMC4250988 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.144908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother's milk plays an important role in infant's health, and World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infants should be breastfed for 2 years or up. AIM The main objective of this study was to evaluate the breastfeeding status based on parents' educational level with comparison between Turkman and non-Turkman ethnic groups in the North of Iran in 2010. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, which was carried out on 6519 subjects (3897 = non-Turkman and 2622 = Turkman) in urban and rural areas. Data have been collected through interviewing with primary school children's mothers. The schools and students were selected using multi-cluster random sampling methods. Breastfeeding was defined based on WHO predominant definition. RESULTS Of all mothers, 5.8% (377/6519) breastfed for 6 months, 34.8% (2265/6519) for 7-18 months, 57.4% (3745/6519) for 18-24 months and 2% (132/6519) didn't breastfeed their infants. Breastfeeding prevalence at 19-24 months in Turkman ethnic group (64.7%; 1696/2622) was significantly more than in non-Turkman ethnic group (52.6%; 2049/3897) (P < 0.01) besides early weaning prevalence (at 6 months) in Turkman group was significantly less than in non-Turkman group (4.7%; 123/2622 vs. 6.5%; 254/3897) (P < 0.01). Odds ratio for weaning before 6 months in non-Turkman mothers were 0.563 (0.365-0.786, confidence interval [CI] 95%) in 1-12 years schooling and 0.665 (0.486-0.910, CI: 95%) in uneducated groups compared to college educated. This ratio in Turkman fathers was 3.413 (1.726-6.746, CI: 95%) in 1-12 years schooling compared with college educated. CONCLUSION The duration of breastfeeding was longer among Turkman compared with non-Turkman mothers, and longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with higher educational level in the Turkman but not in the non-Turkman mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Veghari
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Ahmadpour-Kacho
- Department of Pediatrics and Non-Communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Y Zahedpasha
- Department of Pediatrics and Non-Communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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111
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of maternal diet and erythrocyte phospholipid status in Chilean pregnant women. Nutrients 2014; 6:4918-34. [PMID: 25386693 PMCID: PMC4245572 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilean diets are characterized by a low supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are critical nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, because of their role in brain and visual development. DHA is the most relevant n-3 PUFA in this period. We evaluated the dietary n-3 PUFA intake and erythrocyte phospholipids n-3 PUFA in Chilean pregnant women. Eighty healthy pregnant women (20-36 years old) in the 3rd-6th month of pregnancy were included in the study. Dietary assessment was done applying a food frequency questionnaire, and data were analyzed through the Food Processor SQL® software. Fatty acids of erythrocyte phospholipids were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Diet composition was high in saturated fat, low in mono- and PUFA, high in n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid) and low in n-3 PUFA (alpha-linolenic acid and DHA), with imbalance in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Similar results were observed for fatty acids from erythrocyte phospholipids. The sample of Chilean pregnant women showed high consumption of saturated fat and low consumption of n-3 PUFA, which is reflected in the low DHA content of erythrocyte phospholipids. Imbalance between n-6/n-3 PUFA could negatively affect fetal development. New strategies are necessary to improve n-3 PUFA intake throughout pregnancy and breast feeding periods. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop dietary interventions to improve the quality of consumed foods with particular emphasis on n-3 PUFA.
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112
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Chuang CK, Yeung CY, Jim WT, Lin SP, Wang TJ, Huang SF, Liu HL. Comparison of free fatty acid content of human milk from Taiwanese mothers and infant formula. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 52:527-33. [PMID: 24411038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies on the free fatty acid (FFA) content of milk from non-Caucasian mothers have been published. We compared the FFA concentrations in human milk (HM) from Taiwanese mothers of preterm (PTHM) and full-term infants (FTHM) and in infant formula (IF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight HM samples were collected from 23 healthy lactating mothers and 15 mothers who gave birth prematurely (range 29-35 weeks, mean 33 weeks). The regular formula and preterm infant formula (PTIF) for three brands of powdered IF were also evaluated. Milk samples were extracted and methylated for analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS Reference values for individual FFAs in breast milk from Taiwanese mothers were determined. The mean total FFAs were significantly higher in IF (21,554 μmol/L) and PTIF (19,836 μmol/L) than in FTHM (8,540 μmol/L) and PTHM (9,259 μmol/L) (p < 0.05). Saturated FAs were predominant in all types of milk (43.1% for FTHM, 42.8% for PTHM, 45.5% for IF and 45.3% for PTIF). Monounsaturated FAs were significantly higher in IF and PTIF (42.6% and 43.9%) than in FTHM and PTHM (37.7% and 39.5%), and polyunsaturated FAs in FTHM and PTHM (20% and 18.2%) were higher than in IF and PTIF (11.9% and 10.9%). HM had a more desirable linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio than IF. No significant differences in individual FFAs in FTHM were observed among three lactating periods. CONCLUSION FFA levels in HM from Taiwanese mothers are in agreement with results for different geographically distinct populations. Nevertheless, the FFA content in IF did not meet well with HM, particularly, the excess additives of saturated and monounsaturated FAs, and the shortage of polyunsaturated FAs. The effect of variations in FFA content in IF on future unfavorable outcomes such as obesity, atopic syndrome, and less optimal infant neurodevelopment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Zhongxiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 510 Chung Cheng Road, Hsinchuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yan Yeung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Zhongxiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 92 Shengjing Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Tim Jim
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 92 Shengjing Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 92 Shengjing Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
| | - Tuen-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fa Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung-Shan North Road, Section 2, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Liang Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Zhongxiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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113
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Gupta M, Solanki MH, Chatterjee PK, Xue X, Roman A, Desai N, Rochelson B, Metz CN. Maternal magnesium deficiency in mice leads to maternal metabolic dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism with fetal growth restriction. Mol Med 2014; 20:332-40. [PMID: 25025397 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate magnesium (Mg) intake is a widespread problem, with over 50% of women of reproductive age consuming less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Because pregnancy increases the requirement for Mg and the beneficial effects of magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia/eclampsia and fetal neuroprotection are well described, we examined the outcomes of Mg deficiency during pregnancy. Briefly, pregnant Swiss Webster mice were fed either control or Mg-deficient diets starting on gestational day (GD) 6 through euthanasia on GD17. Mg-deficient dams had significantly reduced weight gain and higher plasma adipokines, in the absence of inflammation. Livers of Mg-deficient dams had significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P < 0.0001) and arachidonic acid (AA) (P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, Mg deficiency was accompanied by enhanced desaturase and elongase mRNA expression in maternal livers along with higher circulating insulin and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05) and increased mRNA expression of Srebf1 and Chrebp, regulators of fatty acid synthesis (P < 0.05). Fetal pups exposed to Mg deficiency were growth-restricted and exhibited reduced survival. Mg-deficient fetal livers showed lower MUFAs and higher PUFAs, with lower desaturase and elongase mRNA expression than controls. In addition, DHA concentrations were lower in Mg-deficient fetal brains (P < 0.05). These results indicate that Mg deficiency during pregnancy influences both maternal and fetal fatty acid metabolism, fetal growth and fetal survival, and support better understanding maternal Mg status before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Gupta
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Malvika H Solanki
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Prodyot K Chatterjee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiangying Xue
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda Roman
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Desai
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Burton Rochelson
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine N Metz
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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He F, Lupu DS, Niculescu MD. Perinatal α-linolenic acid availability alters the expression of genes related to memory and to epigenetic machinery, and the Mecp2 DNA methylation in the whole brain of mouse offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:38-44. [PMID: 24866706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animal and human studies indicated that dietary ω-3 fatty acids could have beneficial roles on brain development, memory, and learning. However, the exact mechanisms involved are far from being clearly understood, especially for α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the precursor for the ω-3 elongation and desaturation pathways. This study investigated the alterations induced by different intakes of flaxseed oil (containing 50% ALA), during gestation and lactation, upon the expression of genes involved in neurogenesis, memory-related molecular processes, and DNA methylation, in the brains of mouse offspring at the end of lactation (postnatal day 19, P19). In addition, DNA methylation status for the same genes was investigated. Maternal flaxseed oil supplementation during lactation increased the expression of Mecp2, Ppp1cc, and Reelin, while decreasing the expression of Ppp1cb and Dnmt3a. Dnmt1 expression was decreased by postnatal flaxseed oil supplementation but this effect was offset by ALA deficiency during gestation. Mecp2 DNA methylation was decreased by maternal ALA deficiency during gestation, with a more robust effect in the lactation-deficient group. In addition, linear regression analysis revealed positive correlations between Mecp2, Reelin, and Ppp1cc, between Gadd45b, Bdnf, and Creb1, and between Egr1 and Dnmt1, respectively. However, there were no correlations, in any gene, between DNA methylation and gene expression. In summary, the interplay between ALA availability during gestation and lactation differentially altered the expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and memory, in the whole brain of the offspring at the end of lactation. The Mecp2 epigenetic status was correlated with ALA availability during gestation. However, the epigenetic status of the genes investigated was not associated with transcript levels, suggesting that either the regulation of these genes is not necessarily under epigenetic control, or that the whole brain model is not adequate for the exploration of epigenetic regulation in the context of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli He
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Daniel S Lupu
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Mihai D Niculescu
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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Optimization of the viability of stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood after maternal supplementation with DHA during the second or third trimester of pregnancy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:164. [PMID: 24884585 PMCID: PMC4024184 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the concentration of cells in cord blood units is limited and this may represent the main restriction to their therapeutic clinical use. The percentage of metabolically active stem cells provides a measure of the viability of cells in an UCB sample. It follows that an active cellular metabolism causes a proliferation in stem cells, offering an opportunity to increase the cellular concentration. A high cell dose is essential when transplanting cord stem cells, guaranteeing, in the receiving patient, a successful outcome.This study is designed to evaluate the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in pregnant women, in order to increase the quantity and viability of the cells in UCB samples. METHODS/DESIGN The metabolic demand of DHA increases in the course of pregnancy and reaches maximum absorption during the third trimester of pregnancy. According to these observations, this trial will be divided into two different experimental groups: in the first group, participants will be enrolled from the 20th week of estimated stage of gestation, before the maximum absorption of DHA; while in the second group, enrolment will start from the 28th week of estimated stage of gestation, when the DHA request is higher. Participants in the trial will be divided and randomly assigned to the placebo group or to the experimental group. Each participant will receive a complete set of capsules of either placebo (250 mg of olive oil) or DHA (250 mg), to take one a day from the 20th or from the 28th week, up to the 40th week of estimated gestational age. Samples of venous blood will be taken from all participants before taking placebo or DHA, at the 20th or at the 28th week, and at the 37th to 38th week of pregnancy to monitor the level of DHA. Cell number and cellular viability will be evaluated by flow cytometry within 48 hours of the UCB sample collection. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register: ISRCTN58396079. Registration date: 8 October 2013.
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Ecological dynamics and biotechnological implications of thraustochytrids from marine habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5789-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Benn K, Passos M, Jayaram A, Harris M, Bongiovanni AM, Skupski D, Witkin SS. Association Between Neurotrophin 4 and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Mid-Trimester Amniotic Fluid. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1395-400. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719114526474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiesha Benn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital Queens, Queens, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Passos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aswathi Jayaram
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Harris
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ann Marie Bongiovanni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Skupski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital Queens, Queens, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Mulder KA, King DJ, Innis SM. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in infants before birth identified using a randomized trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83764. [PMID: 24427279 PMCID: PMC3888379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DHA is accumulated in the central nervous system (CNS) before birth and is involved in early developmental processes, such as neurite outgrowth and gene expression. Objective To determine whether fetal DHA insufficiency occurs and constrains CNS development in term gestation infants. Design A risk reduction model using a randomized prospective study of term gestation single birth healthy infants born to women (n = 270) given a placebo or 400 mg/day DHA from 16 wk gestation to delivery. Fetal DHA deficiency sufficient to constrain CNS development was assessed based on increased risk that infants in the placebo group would not achieve neurodevelopment scores in the top quartile of all infants in the study. Results Infants in the placebo group were at increased risk of lower language development assessed as words understood (OR 3.22, CL 1.49–6.94, P = 0.002) and produced (OR 2.61, CL 1.22–5.58, P = 0.01) at 14 mo, and words understood (OR 2.77, CL 1.23–6.28, P = 0.03) and sentences produced (OR 2.60, CL 1.15–5.89, P = 0.02) at 18 mo using the McArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory; receptive (OR 2.23, CL 1.08–4.60, P = 0.02) and expressive language (OR 1.89, CL 0.94–3.83, P = 0.05) at 18 mo using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III; and visual acuity (OR 2.69, CL 1.10–6.54, P = 0.03) at 2 mo. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00620672
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Mulder
- Nutrition and Metabolism Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D. Janette King
- Nutrition and Metabolism Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sheila M. Innis
- Nutrition and Metabolism Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chopra V, Harley K, Lahiff M, Eskenazi B. Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in U.S. children, 6-15 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 128:64-9. [PMID: 24267794 PMCID: PMC3889659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disability (LD), and co-occurrence of ADD and LD in 6-15-year-old children. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2004). Phthalate metabolites with ≥75% detection in urine samples were examined. The study population comprised 1493 children with parent-reported information on ADD or LD diagnosis and phthalate concentrations in urine. Phthalate concentrations were creatinine-adjusted and log10-transformed for analysis. All models controlled for child sex, age, race, household income, blood lead, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS There were 112 ADD cases, 173 LD cases, and 56 ADD and LD cases in the sample. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found increased odds of ADD with increasing urinary concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 6.1). In addition, dibutyl phthalates (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 0.9, 12.7) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 0.9, 14.8) were marginally associated with increased odds of co-occurring ADD and LD. We did not find associations for any phthalate and LD alone. We observed stronger associations between phthalates and ADD and both ADD and LD in girls than boys in some models. CONCLUSIONS We found cross-sectional evidence that certain phthalates are associated with increased odds of ADD and both ADD and LD. Further investigations with longitudinal data are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidita Chopra
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maureen Lahiff
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Heaton AE, Meldrum SJ, Foster JK, Prescott SL, Simmer K. Does docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in term infants enhance neurocognitive functioning in infancy? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:774. [PMID: 24312040 PMCID: PMC3834239 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposal that dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enhances neurocognitive functioning in term infants is controversial. Theoretical evidence, laboratory research and human epidemiological studies have convincingly demonstrated that DHA deficiency can negatively impact neurocognitive development. However, the results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DHA supplementation in human term-born infants have been inconsistent. This article will (i) discuss the role of DHA in the human diet, (ii) explore the physiological mechanisms by which DHA plausibly influences neurocognitive capacity, and (iii) seek to characterize the optimal intake of DHA during infancy for neurocognitive functioning, based on existing research that has been undertaken in developed countries (specifically, within Australia). The major observational studies and RCTs that have examined dietary DHA in human infants and animals are presented, and we consider suggestions that DHA requirements vary across individuals according to genetic profile. It is important that the current evidence concerning DHA supplementation is carefully evaluated so that appropriate recommendations can be made and future directions of research can be strategically planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Heaton
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Meldrum
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan K. Foster
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
- Neurosciences Unit, Western Australia Department of HealthPerth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health ResearchPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Susan L. Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health ResearchPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Institute for Child Health ResearchPerth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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Nandivada P, Carlson SJ, Cowan E, Chang MI, Gura KM, Puder M. Role of parenteral lipid emulsions in the preterm infant. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89 Suppl 2:S45-9. [PMID: 23998451 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is necessary for infants unable to receive adequate calories enterally due to prematurity, decreased bowel length, or functional intestinal disorders. While PN can be life saving, its use is associated with significant risks of sepsis from catheter-associated infections and progressive liver dysfunction from prolonged use. The preterm infant population is at highest risk for these complications due to the presence of multiple comorbidities and immaturity of the biliary system. Strong data has implicated parenteral lipids in the multifactorial pathogenesis of PN-associated liver disease (PNALD). However, lipids are essential in early infant development, particularly in the neurocognitive development of preterm infants. Substitution of the lipid source from soybean oil to fish oil has emerged as a safe and efficacious treatment of PNALD, with marked improvements in morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of the developmental needs and physiologic limitations of preterm infants is crucial to optimizing parenteral lipid administration to nurture growth, and minimize and treat associated complications. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of lipid requirements of the preterm infant and discuss the role of parenteral lipid emulsions in the management of PNALD and other diseases of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Nandivada
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery and Vascular Biology Program, 300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 3, Boston, MA, USA
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Wang Y, Chen A, Dietrich KN, Radcliffe J, Caldwell KL, Rogan WJ. Postnatal exposure to methyl mercury and neuropsychological development in 7-year-old urban inner-city children exposed to lead in the United States. Child Neuropsychol 2013; 20:527-38. [PMID: 23971942 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2013.824955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common route for general population exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) is fish consumption. Recommendations to pregnant women about consuming fish contaminated with MeHg are also applied to children, but there are few studies available about the effects of low-level postnatal MeHg exposure in them. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between postnatal methyl mercury exposure and neuropsychological development in a study of children also exposed to lead, both measured at 7 years. METHODS We measured MeHg concentrations in blood samples from the Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) trial in which 780 children with elevated concentrations of lead in blood were followed with neuropsychological tests from ages 12-33 months through 7 years. Here we examine blood MeHg concentration and neuropsychological test scores, both measured at age 7 years. We used a maximum likelihood method to estimate geometric mean MeHg concentration and generalized linear regression models to analyze MeHg and neuropsychological test scores. RESULTS Geometric mean MeHg concentration was 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.59) μ g/L. A 1 μ g/L increase in MeHg was associated with a 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.4, 3.8) point increase in Full-Scale IQ and 0.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.4) point increase in Learning Slopeindex T-score on a test of verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the relatively low MeHg exposure in US school-aged children from this population has no detectable adverse effect on neuropsychological development. The positive associations observed between MeHg and neurodevelopment may indirectly reflect consumption of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- a Epidemiology Branch , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Trevizol F, Roversi K, Dias VT, Roversi K, Pase CS, Barcelos RCS, Benvegnu DM, Kuhn FT, Dolci GS, Ross DH, Veit JC, Piccolo J, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME. Influence of lifelong dietary fats on the brain fatty acids and amphetamine-induced behavioral responses in adult rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:215-22. [PMID: 23791617 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior and brain oxidative damage were evaluated in rats. First generation of rats born and maintained under supplementation with soybean-oil (SO), fish-oil (FO) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF), which are rich in n-6, n-3 and trans (TFA) FA, respectively, until adulthood, were exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model to behavioral and biochemical evaluations. While AMPH caused hyperlocomotion in HVF and, to a less extent, in SO- and FO-groups, a better memory performance was observed in FO group. Among vehicle-groups, HVF increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein-carbonyl (PC) levels in cortex; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. Among AMPH-treated animals, HVF exacerbated RS generation in all evaluated brain areas and increased PC levels in cortex and striatum; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. FO was related to higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cortex and striatum, while HVF was associated to higher incorporation of TFA in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, besides increased n-6/n-3 FA ratio in striatum. While a continuous exposure to TFA may intensify oxidative events in brain, a prolonged FO consumption may prevent mania-like-behavior; enhance memory besides decreasing brain oxidative markers. A substantial inclusion of processed foods, instead of foods rich in omega-3, in the long term is able to influence the functionality of brain structures related to behavioral disturbances and weaker neuroprotection, whose impact should be considered by food safety authorities and psychiatry experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trevizol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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FADS2 Genetic Variance in Combination with Fatty Acid Intake Might Alter Composition of the Fatty Acids in Brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68000. [PMID: 23826354 PMCID: PMC3694926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that fatty acids (FA) play an important role in cognitive function. However, little is known about the functional genetic pathways involved in cognition. The main goals of this study were to replicate previously reported interaction effects between breast feeding (BF) and FA desaturase (FADS) genetic variation on IQ and to investigate the possible mechanisms by which these variants might moderate BF effect, focusing on brain expression. Using a sample of 534 twins, we observed a trend in the moderation of BF effects on IQ by FADS2 variation. In addition, we made use of publicly available gene expression databases from both humans (193) and mice (93) and showed that FADS2 variants also correlate with FADS1 brain expression (P-value<1.1E-03). Our results provide novel clues for the understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating FA brain expression and improve the current knowledge of the FADS moderation effect on cognition.
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126
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Hasadsri L, Wang BH, Lee JV, Erdman JW, Llano DA, Barbey AK, Wszalek T, Sharrock MF, Wang H(J. Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Putative Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:897-906. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bonnie H. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - James V. Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - John W. Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Tracey Wszalek
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Matthew F. Sharrock
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Huan (John) Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Emmett R, Akkersdyk S, Yeatman H, Meyer BJ. Expanding awareness of docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy. Nutrients 2013; 5:1098-109. [PMID: 23549329 PMCID: PMC3705337 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women do not currently meet the consensus recommendation for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (≥200 mg/day). Pregnant women in Australia are not receiving information on the importance of DHA during pregnancy. DHA pregnancy education materials were developed using current scientific literature, and tested for readability and design aesthetics. The study aimed to evaluate their usefulness, the desire for pregnant women to receive these materials and whether a larger separate study (using a control group) is warranted to evaluate the influence the materials may have on increasing DHA consumption in pregnant women in Australia. Pregnant women (N = 118) were recruited at antenatal clinics at two NSW hospitals. Participants completed a 16-item questionnaire and DHA educational materials (pamphlet and shopping card) were provided. Participants were contacted via phone two weeks later and completed the second questionnaire (25-item, N = 74). Statistics were conducted in SPSS and qualitative data were analysed to identify common themes. Ninety three percent of women found the materials useful, with the main reason being it expanded their knowledge of DHA food sources. Only 34% of women had received prior information on DHA, yet 68% said they would like to receive information. Due to the small sample size and lack of a control group, this small study cannot provide a cause and effect relationship between the materials and nutrition related behaviours or knowledge, however the results indicate a potential positive influence towards increased fish consumption and awareness of DHA containing foods. This suggests a larger study, with a control group is warranted to identify the impact such materials could have on Australian pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Emmett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (R.E.); (S.A.); (H.Y.)
| | - Shann Akkersdyk
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (R.E.); (S.A.); (H.Y.)
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (R.E.); (S.A.); (H.Y.)
| | - Barbara J. Meyer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (R.E.); (S.A.); (H.Y.)
- Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-4221-3459; Fax: +61-4221-5945
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Rogers LK, Valentine CJ, Keim SA. DHA supplementation: current implications in pregnancy and childhood. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70:13-9. [PMID: 23266567 PMCID: PMC3602397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with ω-3 long chain fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has increased in popularity in recent years and adequate DHA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood is of clinical importance. Some evidence has been built for the neuro-cognitive benefits of supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as DHA during pregnancy; however, recent data indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties may be of at least equal significance. Adequate DHA availability in the fetus/infant optimizes brain and retinal maturation in part by influencing neurotransmitter pathways. The anti-inflammatory properties of LCPUFA are largely mediated through modulation of signaling either directly through binding to receptors or through changes in lipid raft formation and receptor presentation. Our goal is to review the current findings on DHA supplementation, specifically in pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment, as a pharmacologic agent with both preventative and therapeutic value. Given the overall benefits of DHA, maternal and infant supplementation may improve neurological outcomes especially in vulernable populations. However, optimal composition of the supplement and dosing and treatment strategies still need to be determined to lend support for routine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Dr., Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Gould JF, Smithers LG, Makrides M. The effect of maternal omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on early childhood cognitive and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:531-44. [PMID: 23364006 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy has been positively associated with cognitive and visual abilities in the offspring, leading to the hypothesis that maternal omega-3 (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) supplementation improves children's neurologic and visual development. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effect of maternal omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy on neurologic and visual development in the offspring. DESIGN Five electronic databases were searched. Human randomized controlled trials that supplemented the maternal diet with omega-3 LCPUFAs during pregnancy, or pregnancy and lactation, and that assessed either neurologic or visual development of the offspring were included. Trial quality was assessed, and the results of eligible trials were compared in meta-analyses. RESULTS Eleven RCTs involving 5272 participants were included in the review. Most trials had methodologic limitations. No differences in standardized psychometric test scores for cognitive, language, or motor development were observed between the LCPUFA-supplemented and control groups, except for cognitive scores in 2-5-y-old children, in whom supplementation resulted in higher Developmental Standard Scores (mean difference: 3.92; 95% CI: 0.77, 7.08; n = 156; P = 0.01). However, this effect was from 2 trials with a high risk of bias. Because of the variety of visual assessments and age ranges, it was not possible to combine studies with visual outcomes in a meta-analysis, although 6 of the 8 assessments in 5 trials reported no difference between the supplemented and control groups. CONCLUSION The evidence does not conclusively support or refute that omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy improves cognitive or visual development.
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130
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Monk C, Georgieff MK, Osterholm EA. Research review: maternal prenatal distress and poor nutrition - mutually influencing risk factors affecting infant neurocognitive development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:115-30. [PMID: 23039359 PMCID: PMC3547137 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data from animal and human studies indicate that the prenatal environment plays a significant role in shaping children's neurocognitive development. Clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science research suggests that two experiences relatively common in pregnancy - an unhealthy maternal diet and psychosocial distress - significantly affect children's future neurodevelopment. These prenatal experiences exert their influence in the context of one another and yet, almost uniformly, are studied independently. SCOPE AND METHOD OF REVIEW In this review, we suggest that studying neurocognitive development in children in relation to both prenatal exposures is ecologically most relevant, and methodologically most sound. To support this approach, we selectively review two research topics that demonstrate the need for dual exposure studies, including exemplar findings on (a) the associations between pregnant women's inadequate maternal intake of key nutrients - protein, fat, iron, zinc, and choline - as well as distress in relation to overlapping effects on children's neurocognitive development; and (b) cross-talk between the biology of stress and nutrition that can amplify each experience for the mother and fetus,. We also consider obstacles to this kind of study design, such as questions of statistical methods for 'disentangling' the exposure effects, and aim to provide some answers. CONCLUSION Studies that specifically include both exposures in their design can begin to determine the relative and/or synergistic impact of these prenatal experiences on developmental trajectories - and thereby contribute most fully to the understanding of the early origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Monk
- Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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131
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To overview the theoretical relevance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the cause of mood disorders, and focus on evaluating the potential therapeutic role of omega-3 fatty acids. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have documented low omega-3 fatty acid levels in those with depressive disorders, and there are plausible biological explanations as to why reduced omega-3 status may predispose to mood disorders as well as to a range of other conditions. Although early studies evaluating the role of omega-3 preparations as treatments of depression were generally positive, the rate of negative or nondifferential studies has increased in recent years. Recent meta-analyses provide an explanation in suggesting that docosahexaenoic acid-weighted preparations may be ineffective while finding support for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-weighted preparations. SUMMARY There is sufficient indicative data favouring EPA-weighted omega-3 supplementation for those with a depressive mood disorder, particular when fish oil is viewed by patients as 'natural,' it has few side effects and is neuroprotective. Recent meta-analyses inform us that intervention studies should focus on EPA-weighted preparations.
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132
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Carlson SJ, Fallon EM, Kalish BT, Gura KM, Puder M. The Role of the ω-3 Fatty Acid DHA in the Human Life Cycle. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607112467821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen M. Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Puder
- Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program
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Oliveira ORC, Santana MG, Santos FS, Conceição FD, Sardinha FLC, Veiga GV, Tavares do Carmo MG. Composition of fatty acids in the maternal and umbilical cord plasma of adolescent and adult mothers: relationship with anthropometric parameters of newborn. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:157. [PMID: 23153394 PMCID: PMC3551641 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the importance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to fetal development and the lack of studies that have compared the status of fatty acids between adolescents and adults mothers, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition of fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord plasma from adolescent and adults mothers. METHODS Forty pregnant adolescents and forty pregnant adults were selected to assess the distribution profile of fatty acids in the maternal and umbilical cord plasma. Quantification of fatty acids in the total lipids of the sample groups was performed through the use of gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS The maternal and umbilical cord plasma of the adolescents showed a greater concentration of AA than did that of the adults (P < 0.05). However, a greater percentage of EPA was found in the umbilical cord plasma of the adults (P < 0.05). DHA in the plasma of the adolescent mothers correlated positively to birth weight and head circumference. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that in situations of greater nutritional risk, as in adolescent pregnancy, n-3PUFA concentrations have a greater influence on the proper development of newborns. Moreover, variations in fatty acid concentrations in the maternal and cord plasma of adolescents and adults may indicate that pregnancy affects the LC-PUFA status of adults and adolescents in distinct ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia RC Oliveira
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle G Santana
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Santos
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe D Conceição
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fátima LC Sardinha
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glória V Veiga
- Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria G Tavares do Carmo
- Nutritional Biochemical Laboratory, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, UFRJ – Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, s/n - CCS, Bloco J, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Cep.: 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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134
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Omega-3 biotechnology: Thraustochytrids as a novel source of omega-3 oils. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1733-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A randomized trial of DHA intake during infancy: school readiness and receptive vocabulary at 2-3.5 years of age. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:885-91. [PMID: 22835597 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infant formula on language development yield conflicting results. No study to date has investigated the effects of DHA in infant formula on school readiness. AIM To determine the effects of different dietary concentrations of DHA provided during the first 12 months of life on language development and school readiness. DESIGN This was a double-masked, randomized, controlled, prospective trial. A total of 182 infants were enrolled at 1-9 days of age and assigned randomly to receive infant formula with one of four levels of DHA: control (0% DHA), 0.32% DHA, 0.64% DHA, or 0.96% DHA. All formulas with DHA also contained 0.64% arachidonic acid. One hundred forty-one children completed the 12-month feeding trial and were eligible for this study. Consent was obtained from 131 participants. School readiness was assessed at 2.5 years using the Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised (BBCS-R) and receptive vocabulary was assessed at 2 and 3.5 years using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition (PPVT-III). RESULTS There were no diet group differences on any of the BBCS-R subscales. On the PPVT-III, the control group had higher raw scores and standard scores than both the 0.32% and 0.96% groups at 2 years of age. These differences were not evident at 3.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Dietary DHA during the first year of life did not enhance school readiness or language development. Children who consumed infant formula with 0.32% and 0.96% DHA showed lower receptive vocabulary scores than controls at 2 but not 3.5 years of age.
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Shapiro GD, Fraser WD, Séguin JR. Emerging risk factors for postpartum depression: serotonin transporter genotype and omega-3 fatty acid status. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:704-12. [PMID: 23149286 PMCID: PMC5173356 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205701108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is a leading cause of disability and hospitalization. Women are at the highest risk of depression during their childbearing years, and the birth of a child may precipitate a depressive episode in vulnerable women. Postpartum depression (PPD) is associated with diminished maternal somatic health as well as health and developmental problems in their offspring. This review focuses on 2 PPD risk factors of emerging interest: serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) status. METHOD The MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched using the key words postpartum depression, nutrition, omega-3 fatty acids, and serotonin transporter gene. Studies were also located by reviewing the reference lists of selected articles. RESULTS Seventy-five articles were identified as relevant to this review. Three carefully conducted studies reported associations between the 5-HTT genotype and PPD. As well, there is accumulating evidence that n-3 PUFA intake is associated with risk of PPD. Preliminary evidence suggests that there could be an interaction between these 2 emerging risk factors. However, further studies are required to confirm such an interaction and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Evidence to date supports a research agenda clarifying the associations between n-3 PUFAs, the 5-HTT genotype, and PPD. This is of particular interest owing to the high prevalence of poor n-3 PUFA intake among women of childbearing age and the consequent potential for alternative preventive measures and treatments for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Shapiro
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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137
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Veghari G, Mansourian A, Abdollahi A. Breastfeeding status and some related factors in northern iran. Oman Med J 2012; 26:342-8. [PMID: 22125729 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to assess the Breastfeeding Duration, Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and other related factors among children aged less than 5 years old in rural areas of Northern Iran. METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional conducted on 2520 children aged 6-60 months (male: 1309, female: 1211) chosen by cluster random sampling from 20 out of 118 villages. Data were collected from mothers using a questionnaire. The duration of breastfeeding was computed only for children aged over 24 months old. Breastfeeding duration and Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration were classified based on WHO definition. SPSS Version 16 was used for data analysis. RESULTS The mean Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration was 5.59 months, while 66.4% of children had exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months. The lowest Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and the highest Breastfeeding Duration were observed among the Turkman ethnic group. Exclusive Breastfeeding duration of at least 5 months was 14.6%, thus the results were significantly higher than in the Turkman ethnic group (p=0.001). Meanwhile, the results showed that exclusive breastfeeding duration significantly increased with maternal education level (p=0.004). The study found that the mean breastfeeding duration was 20.6 months, and 89.3% and 74.7% of children were breastfed for at least 18 and 24 months, respectively. A positive correlation was reported between breastfeeding duration and family size, birth order, maternal age and children nutritional status, (p<0.05). Additionally, lactation period in underweight children was significantly higher than in obese children, (p=0.023). CONCLUSION The study found that two-thirds of children exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life and the mean breastfeeding duration was 20.6 months. While both exclusive breastfeeding duration and breastfeeding duration were influenced by socio-demographic factors in the rural areas of Northern Iran.
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138
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Kavraal S, Oncu SK, Bitiktas S, Artis AS, Dolu N, Gunes T, Suer C. Maternal intake of Omega-3 essential fatty acids improves long term potentiation in the dentate gyrus and Morris water maze performance in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1482:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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139
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Niculescu MD, Lupu DS, Craciunescu CN. Perinatal manipulation of α-linolenic acid intake induces epigenetic changes in maternal and offspring livers. FASEB J 2012; 27:350-8. [PMID: 22997227 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that the intake of α-linolenic acid (ALA) can alter the concentration of both ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in both mother and offspring, with consequences on postnatal brain development. This study describes the association between maternal ALA availability during gestation and lactation, and alterations in the Fads2 DNA methylation in both maternal and offspring livers, at the end of lactation period. Both Fads2 promoter and intron 1 DNA methylation were increased in the groups receiving postnatal flaxseed oil containing 50% ALA (mothers or pups), while bivariate analysis indicated a significant association of the Fads2 epigenetic status in the liver between each mother and its offspring. In addition, Fads2 expression was negatively correlated with promoter methylation at the individual level in maternal livers (P<0.05). This study also indicated that the interplay between ALA availability during gestation and lactation can differentially alter the expression of desaturases and elongases involved in ω-6 and ω-3 metabolic pathways. In summary, when considering the perinatal dietary ALA requirements in mice, both gestation and lactation periods should be considered as having distinct roles in modulating the metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in maternal mouse livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai D Niculescu
- University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
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140
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Oliveira FST, Vieira-Filho LD, Cabral EV, Sampaio LS, Silva PA, Carvalho VCO, Vieyra A, Einicker-Lamas M, Lima VLM, Paixão ADO. Reduced cholesterol levels in renal membranes of undernourished rats may account for urinary Na+ loss. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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141
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Miciński J, Zwierzchowski G, Kowalski IM, Szarek J, Pierożyński B, Raistenskis J. The effects of bovine milk fat on human health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poamed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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142
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Morse NL. Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 2012; 4:799-840. [PMID: 22852064 PMCID: PMC3407995 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Scientific literature is increasingly reporting on dietary deficiencies in many populations of some nutrients critical for foetal and infant brain development and function. PURPOSE To highlight the potential benefits of maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other important complimentary nutrients, including vitamin D, folic acid and iodine during pregnancy and/or breast feeding for foetal and/or infant brain development and/or function. METHODS English language systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional and case-control studies were obtained through searches on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials from January 2000 through to February 2012 and reference lists of retrieved articles. Reports were selected if they included benefits and harms of maternal supplementation of DHA, vitamin D, folic acid or iodine supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation. RESULTS Maternal DHA intake during pregnancy and/or lactation can prolong high risk pregnancies, increase birth weight, head circumference and birth length, and can enhance visual acuity, hand and eye co-ordination, attention, problem solving and information processing. Vitamin D helps maintain pregnancy and promotes normal skeletal and brain development. Folic acid is necessary for normal foetal spine, brain and skull development. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production necessary for normal brain and nervous system development during gestation that impacts childhood function. CONCLUSION Maternal supplementation within recommended safe intakes in populations with dietary deficiencies may prevent many brain and central nervous system malfunctions and even enhance brain development and function in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Morse
- Efamol Ltd., 14 Mole Business Park, Leatherhead KT22 7BA, UK.
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143
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Gupta A, Vongsvivut J, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Molecular identification of marine yeast and its spectroscopic analysis establishes unsaturated fatty acid accumulation. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:411-7. [PMID: 22727444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine microbes are competent organisms, some of which can accumulate large amounts of lipids. A yeast strain, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AMCQ8A was isolated from the marine water of the Queenscliff region, Victoria, Australia. The yeast isolate was identified by sequencing 18s rDNA genes. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed scars on the surface of the yeast cells. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microspectroscopy studies demonstrated the presence of unsaturated fatty acids by differential microscopic analysis. The sharp band at 1745 cm⁻¹ was represented by ν(C=O) stretches of ester functional groups from lipids and fats, and therefore indicated the presence of total lipids produced by the cells. Over 65% of the fatty acids from the yeast strain were analyzed as C₁₆ and C₁₈:₁ with omega-3 content from about 6% to 7%. Thus, this marine-derived yeast could be a potential source of lipids, including omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and System Biology-BioDeakin, Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University, Victoria 3217, Australia
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144
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Meldrum SJ, D'Vaz N, Casadio Y, Dunstan JA, Niels Krogsgaard-Larsen N, Simmer K, Prescott SL. Determinants of DHA levels in early infancy: differential effects of breast milk and direct fish oil supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:233-9. [PMID: 22572105 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although omega (n)-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), intakes are important during infancy, the optimal method of increasing infant status remains unclear. We hypothesized that high-dose infant fish oil supplementation would have greater relative effects upon n-3 LCPUFA status at six months of age than breast milk fatty acids. PATIENTS AND METHODS Infants (n=420) were supplemented daily from birth to six months with fish oil or placebo. In a subset of infants, LCPUFA levels were measured in cord blood, breast milk and in infant blood at 6 months. RESULTS DHA levels increased in the fish oil group relative to placebo (p<05). Breast milk DHA was the strongest predictor of infant erythrocyte DHA levels (p=<001). This remained significant after adjustment for cord blood DHA, supplementation group and adherence. CONCLUSION In this cohort, breast milk DHA was a greater determinant of infant erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA status, than direct supplementation with fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Meldrum
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, WA 6008,
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145
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Wang Y, Guo L, Cai SP, Dai M, Yang Q, Yu W, Yan N, Zhou X, Fu J, Guo X, Han P, Wang J, Liu X. Exome sequencing identifies compound heterozygous mutations in CYP4V2 in a pedigree with retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33673. [PMID: 22693542 PMCID: PMC3365069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of progressive retinal degenerations characterized by pigmentation and atrophy in the mid-periphery of the retina. Twenty two subjects from a four-generation Chinese family with RP and thin cornea, congenital cataract and high myopia is reported in this study. All family members underwent complete ophthalmologic examinations. Patients of the family presented with bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits in retina, retinal vascular attenuation, retinal and choroidal dystrophy, as well as punctate opacity of the lens, reduced cornea thickness and high myopia. Peripheral venous blood was obtained from all patients and their family members for genetic analysis. After mutation analysis in a few known RP candidate genes, exome sequencing was used to analyze the exomes of 3 patients III2, III4, III6 and the unaffected mother II2. A total of 34,693 variations shared by 3 patients were subjected to several filtering steps against existing variation databases. Identified variations were verified in the rest family members by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Compound heterozygous c.802-8_810del17insGC and c.1091-2A>G mutations of the CYP4V2 gene, known as genetic defects for Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy, were identified as causative mutations for RP of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liheng Guo
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su-Ping Cai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meizhi Dai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaona Yang
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Yu
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Zhou
- Ophthalmic Laboratories & Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Fu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwu Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Han
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (JW)
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (JW)
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146
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Valentine CJ. Maternal dietary DHA supplementation to improve inflammatory outcomes in the preterm infant. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:370-6. [PMID: 22585914 PMCID: PMC3649472 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary DHA (22:6n-3) is a long-chain PUFA that has provocative effects on inflammatory signal events that could potentially affect preterm infant health. It is well known that the essential fatty acid of the (n-3) series; α-linolenic acid (18:3n:3) can be desaturated and elongated in the liver endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome to produce the 22-carbon DHA. Nevertheless, concern exists as to the efficiency of this mechanism in providing the preterm infant with adequate DHA. Activity of the δ-6-desaturase and the δ-5-desaturase necessary for DHA synthesis is decreased by protein deprivation. The combined effects of suboptimal intake of both DHA and protein in the preterm infants could have substantial clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Valentine
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal, and Pulmonary Biology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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147
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Gutiérrez R, Vega S, Radilla C, Radilla M, Ramírez A, Pérez JJ, Schettino B, Ramírez ML, Ortiz R, Fontecha J. La importancia de los ácidos grasos en la leche materna y en las fórmulas lácteas. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.083411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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148
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Fernandes FS, Sardinha FLC, Badia-Villanueva M, Carulla P, Herrera E, Tavares do Carmo MG. Dietary lipids during early pregnancy differently influence adipose tissue metabolism and fatty acid composition in pregnant rats with repercussions on pup's development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:167-74. [PMID: 22444486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant rats received soybean (SO), olive (OO), fish (FO) and linseed (LO) oil diets from conception to d12 of gestation (early diets) and standard diet thereafter. At d12 and d20 the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was evaluated in maternal adipose tissues (ATs). Fatty Acid (FA) profile was determined in maternal lumbar AT (LAT), in milk and in pup's plasma and brain. LPL activity was higher in ATs at d12 than d20, all groups presenting hypertriglyceridemia at d20. At d12, the LO diet resulted higher LPL activity and incorporation of 18:3 n-3 into LAT. FA profile in maternal LAT at d20 and colostrum was similar to early diets, reflected also in FA composition of pup's plasma. In FO, brain phospholipids had higher 22:6 n-3 without affecting arachidonic acid. These results suggest that specifics dietary FA in early pregnancy modulates lipid metabolism and the provision of LC-PUFA in milk and pups brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Fernandes
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Nutrição Bloco J-2° andar, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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149
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Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) desaturase with Δ6/Δ8 dual activities. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1283-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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150
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Novak EM, King DJ, Innis SM. Low linoleic acid may facilitate Δ6 desaturase activity and docosahexaenoic acid accretion in human fetal development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:93-8. [PMID: 22365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are transferred across the placenta with consistently higher 22:6n-3 and lower 18:2n-6 in fetal than maternal plasma. This study sought to determine whether maternal and fetal cord blood red blood cell (RBC) phospholipid fatty acids show similar saturation with 22:6n-3, and also addressed the relationship between 18:2n-6 and Δ6 desaturase product/precursor ratios for 97 mothers and newborns. Despite higher fetal than maternal plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3, the maternal and fetal RBC phospholipid 22:6n-3 showed similar curvilinear relationships to the plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3. Risk of failure to achieve high RBC phospholipid 22:6n-3 increased sharply below a plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3 of 6.5g/100g fatty acids. Higher maternal and fetal 18:2n-6 was associated with lower RBC phospholipid 22:6n-3/22:5n-3, 22:5n-6/22:4n-6 and 18:3n-6/18:2n-6. These findings suggest low placental transfer of 18:2n-6 may be a specific mechanism to prevent inhibition of fetal Δ6 desaturase and facilitate fetal cellular phospholipid 22:6n-3 accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Novak
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, B.C., Canada V5Z 4H4
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