101
|
Boita M, Garzaro M, Raimondo L, Riva G, Mazibrada J, Vizio B, Bellone G, Pecorari G, Bucca C, Rolla G, Giordano C. The expression of TSLP receptor in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:761-8. [PMID: 21978707 DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Rhinosinusitis with or without Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP) may be characterized by different cytokine profiles. Generally, Th2 cytokines and eosinophilic infiltration have been reported to be more specific of CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP, where neutrophils seem to play a major role. The epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been recently identified as a key factor in Th2-inflammatory response. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of TSLP Receptor (TSLP R) in surgical specimens obtained from patients affected by CRSwNP (n=10) and CRSsNP (n=5) by immunohistochemical techniques (immunostaining score, IS). TSLP R expression was significantly higher in the inflammatory infiltrate and in the epithelial cells of CRSwNP, CRSsNP patients compared to the control group (IS 4.5±0.68, 4.4±1.44 and 0.43±0.3 respectively, p=0.0024 for inflammatory infiltrate and IS 5.8±0.92, 7.8±2.06 and 0.86±0.55 respectively, p=0.0018 for epithelial cells). No significant difference was observed in IS of inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial cells in CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP. Very low IS for TSLP R was found in connective tissue of all the samples, with no difference among the groups. TSLP receptor is highly expressed in CRS compared to controls and independently from the polyps suggesting an early common inflammatory pathway in the two CRS phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Boita
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Clinical Physiopathology Department, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Hener P, Friedmann L, Metzger D, Chambon P, Li M. Aggravated TSLP-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice Lacking Dicer in Adult Skin Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2324-7. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
103
|
The human cytokine TSLP triggers a cell-autonomous dendritic cell migration in confined environments. Blood 2011; 118:3862-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-323089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) need to migrate in the interstitial environment of peripheral tissues to reach secondary lymphoid organs and initiate a suitable immune response. Whether and how inflamed tissues instruct DCs to emigrate is not fully understood. In this study, we report the unexpected finding that the epithelial-derived cytokine TSLP triggers chemokinesis of resting primary human DCs in a cell-autonomous manner. TSLP induced the polarization of both microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and promoted DC 3-dimensional migration in transwell as well as in microfabricated channels that mimic the confined environment of peripheral tissues. TSLP-induced migration relied on the actin-based motor myosin II and was inhibited by blebbistatin. Accordingly, TSLP triggered the redistribution of phosphorylated myosin II regulatory light chain to the actin cortex, indicating that TSLP induces DC migration by promoting actomyosin contractility. Thus, TSLP produced by epithelial cells in inflamed tissue has a critical function in licensing DCs for cell-autonomous migration. This indicates that cytokines can directly trigger cell migration, which has important implications in immune physiopathology and vaccine design.
Collapse
|
104
|
Karsenty G. Bone endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and male reproduction. C R Biol 2011; 334:720-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
105
|
Regulation of male fertility by bone. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 76:279-83. [PMID: 21859673 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A broadly held view of bone is that it is a tissue defined by its mechanical and scaffolding properties, whose interaction with other organs of the body is similar to that exerted by an armor protecting them. In the last 10 years, using mouse genetics, this view of bone as an assembly of inert calcified tubes has considerably evolved to a much more dynamic picture. It is now clear that the skeleton is not a simple target tissue for the hormones secreted by other organs, but it is an endocrine organ itself. Genetics and biochemical evidence have established that osteocalcin, an osteoblast-derived hormone, is an endocrine regulator of energy metabolism and male fertility. These novel hormonal connections between bone, energy metabolism, and reproduction underscore the concept of functional dependence in physiology and the importance of genetic approaches to identify novel endocrine regulations.
Collapse
|
106
|
Li M, Zhang J, Wu Y, Li J. The regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in gut immune homeostasis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2215-20. [PMID: 21318591 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a novel IL-7-like cytokine that exerts immunomodulatory effects and is constitutively expressed by intestinal epithelial cells in response to commensal bacteria colonization. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin can directly or indirectly promote Th2 and Treg responses, and is believed to inhibit Th1 and Th17 responses and limit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-γ. In response to infection by enteric pathogens, intestinal epithelial cells upregulate thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in order to generate balance between inflammation and immune clearance. Recently, however, aberrant expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, we sought to examine the relationship between the TLSP-TSLPR pathway and inflammation in hopes of contributing to the search for a novel therapeutic target to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Lee KH, Cho KA, Kim JY, Kim JY, Baek JH, Woo SY, Kim JW. Filaggrin knockdown and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation enhanced the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from epidermal layers. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:149-51. [PMID: 21255094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes constitute the first-line barrier against exogenous antigens and contain Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which function as pattern-recognition molecules to activate antimicrobial innate immune responses. In an effort to ascertain whether or not filaggrin (filament-aggregating protein) expression affected the TLR-mediated responses of keratinocytes, we transfected filaggrin siRNA into HaCaT human keratinocyte cells and determined that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-6 secretion were increased by poly(I:C) stimulus. Additionally, TSLP expression is increased in filaggrin knockdown as well as TLR3 stimulation in reconstituted human epidermal layers. Therefore, the findings of this study show that reduced filaggrin levels may influence innate immune responses via TLR stimuli and may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disease via TSLP expression.
Collapse
|
108
|
Jariwala SP, Abrams E, Benson A, Fodeman J, Zheng T. The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
109
|
Surjit M, Ganti KP, Mukherji A, Ye T, Hua G, Metzger D, Li M, Chambon P. Widespread negative response elements mediate direct repression by agonist-liganded glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 2011; 145:224-41. [PMID: 21496643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), when liganded to GC, activates transcription through direct binding to simple (+)GRE DNA binding sequences (DBS). GC-induced direct repression via GR binding to complex "negative" GREs (nGREs) has been reported. However, GR-mediated transrepression was generally ascribed to indirect "tethered" interaction with other DNA-bound factors. We report that GC-induces direct transrepression via the binding of GR to simple DBS (IR nGREs) unrelated to (+)GRE. These DBS act on agonist-liganded GR, promoting the assembly of cis-acting GR-SMRT/NCoR repressing complexes. IR nGREs are present in over 1000 mouse/human ortholog genes, which are repressed by GC in vivo. Thus variations in the levels of a single ligand can coordinately turn genes on or off depending in their response element DBS, allowing an additional level of regulation in GR signaling. This mechanism suits GR signaling remarkably well, given that adrenal secretion of GC fluctuates in a circadian and stress-related fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Surjit
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Collège de France, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Mihály J, Gamlieli A, Worm M, Rühl R. Decreased retinoid concentration and retinoid signalling pathways in human atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:326-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
111
|
Metzger D, Chambon P. Generation of Spatio-Temporally Controlled Targeted Somatic Mutations in the Mouse. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2011; 1:55-70. [PMID: 26068987 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of ligand-activated site-specific Cre recombinases has led to the development of cell type-specific temporally controlled targeted somatic mutagenesis in the mouse. We illustrate this technique using K14-Cre-ER(T2) transgenic mice that express the tamoxifen (tam)-activatable Cre-ER(T2) recombinase in epidermal basal keratinocytes to induce mutations in epidermal keratinocytes of adult mice. Our highly reproducible technique, based on induction of Cre-ER(T2) recombinase activity by tamoxifen administration at low doses (once daily 100-µg intraperitoneal injection for 5 days), has allowed the generation of site-directed somatic mutations of numerous genes in mouse epidermal keratinocytes, and several mouse models of human diseases. The present step-by-step protocol describes how to introduce temporally controlled targeted mutations in epidermal keratinocytes of adult mice. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:55-70. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, and Collège de France, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, and Collège de France, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Antal C, Muller S, Wendling O, Hérault Y, Mark M. Standardized Post-Mortem Examination and Fixation Procedures for Mutant and Treated Mice. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2011; 1:17-53. [PMID: 26068986 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for post-mortem examination (or necropsy) of mice is provided. The aim is to obtain a "holistic" picture of organs and systems at the anatomical and histological levels. The major issue is tissue preservation, which is achieved by rapid transfer into a fixative solution, usually neutral buffered formalin. Fixation is the first of the four basic steps in histopathological analyses of tissues, which also include embedding, sectioning, and staining. The protocols provided here describe routine methods for tissue fixation, as these methods are integral parts of any necropsy procedure. There is also a Strategic Planning section that addresses the overall approach to histopathological evaluation, as well as specifics such as age and gender of the mice, cohort size, and controls. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:17-53. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antal
- Mouse Clinical Institute, Illkirch, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Olivia Wendling
- Mouse Clinical Institute, Illkirch, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Hérault
- Mouse Clinical Institute, Illkirch, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Mouse Clinical Institute, Illkirch, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France.,Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Bunyavanich S, Melen E, Wilk JB, Granada M, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Lasky-Su J, Hunninghake GM, Wickman M, Pershagen G, O'Connor GT, Weiss ST, Celedón JC. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with allergic rhinitis in children with asthma. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:1. [PMID: 21244681 PMCID: PMC3032752 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) affects up to 80% of children with asthma and increases asthma severity. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key mediator of allergic inflammation. The role of the TSLP gene (TSLP) in the pathogenesis of AR has not been studied. Objective To test for associations between variants in TSLP, TSLP-related genes, and AR in children with asthma. Methods We genotyped 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TSLP, OX40L, IL7R, and RXRα in three independent cohorts: 592 asthmatic Costa Rican children and their parents, 422 nuclear families of North American children with asthma, and 239 Swedish children with asthma. We tested for associations between these SNPs and AR. As we previously reported sex-specific effects for TSLP, we performed overall and sex-stratified analyses. We additionally performed secondary analyses for gene-by-gene interactions. Results Across the three cohorts, the T allele of TSLP SNP rs1837253 was undertransmitted in boys with AR and asthma as compared to boys with asthma alone. The SNP was associated with reduced odds for AR (odds ratios ranging from 0.56 to 0.63, with corresponding Fisher's combined P value of 1.2 × 10-4). Our findings were significant after accounting for multiple comparisons. SNPs in OX40L, IL7R, and RXRα were not consistently associated with AR in children with asthma. There were nominally significant interactions between gene pairs. Conclusions TSLP SNP rs1837253 is associated with reduced odds for AR in boys with asthma. Our findings support a role for TSLP in the pathogenesis of AR in children with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supinda Bunyavanich
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Lei L, Zhang Y, Yao W, Kaplan MH, Zhou B. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin interferes with airway tolerance by suppressing the generation of antigen-specific regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2254-61. [PMID: 21242516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an essential cytokine for the initiation and development of allergic inflammation. In this study, we have investigated the role of TSLP in the breakdown of immune tolerance and generation of inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs). Our results demonstrated that TSLP diverted airway tolerance against OVA to Th2 sensitization and inhibited the generation of OVA-specific iTregs. TSLP exerted a direct inhibitory effect on both human and mouse iTreg development in vitro. Low doses of TSLP were capable of inhibiting iTreg induction without significantly promoting Th2 development, indicating that these two functions of TSLP are separable. Moreover, the TSLP-mediated inhibition of iTreg generation was only partially dependent on IL-4 and Stat6, and was effective when TSLP was present for the first 24 h of T cell activation. These results define a novel role for TSLP in regulating the balance of airway tolerance and allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in allergic disorders. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:795-9. [PMID: 21109412 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the epithelium in initiating and controlling immune responses is becoming more appreciated. For example, allergen contact first occurs at mucosal sites exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, airways and gastrointestinal tract. This exposure leads to the production of a variety of cytokines and chemokines that are involved in driving allergic inflammatory responses. One such product is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Recent studies, in both humans and mouse models, have implicated TSLP in the development and progression of atopy and atopic diseases. This review will discuss this work and place TSLP in the inflammatory cascade that leads to allergic disease.
Collapse
|
116
|
Oyoshi MK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Geha RS. Mechanical injury polarizes skin dendritic cells to elicit a T(H)2 response by inducing cutaneous thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:976-84, 984.e1-5. [PMID: 21050944 PMCID: PMC3085022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is characterized by scratching and by T(H)2-dominated immune response to cutaneously introduced antigens. Antigen application to skin mechanically injured by tape stripping results in T(H)2-dominated skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of tape stripping on the capacity of skin dendritic cells (DCs) to polarize T cells toward a T(H)2 phenotype. METHODS CD11c(+) DCs were isolated from skin of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)(+) and FITC(-) DCs were isolated from draining lymph nodes (DLNs) 24 hours after painting the skin with FITC. DCs were assessed for their ability to induce cytokine secretion by ovalbumin-stimulated naive CD4(+) T cells from T cell receptor-ovalbumin transgenic DO11.10 mice. Cytokine mRNA levels were examined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Dendritic cells isolated from the skin of wild-type, but not thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor(-/-) or IL-10(-/-), mice 6 hours after tape stripping elicited significantly more IL-4 and IL-13 and significantly less IFN-γ production by CD4(+) cells than DCs isolated from unmanipulated skin, and expressed significantly more mRNA for the T(H)2 skewing molecules IL-10, Jagged1, and Jagged2, but significantly less mRNA for the T(H)1 skewing cytokine IL-12. CD11c(+)FITC(+) cells isolated from DLNs of shaved and tape stripped skin of wild-type, but not TSLP receptor(-/-) or IL-10(-/-), mice polarized T cells significantly more toward T(H)2 and expressed significantly more IL-10, Jagged1, and Jagged2 mRNA than CD11c(+)FITC(+) cells isolated from DLNs of shaved skin. Tape stripping significantly increased TSLP levels in the skin, and TSLP was shown to play an essential role in the T(H)2 polarization of skin DCs by tape stripping. CONCLUSIONS Tape stripping upregulates TSLP levels in the skin, which polarizes skin DCs to elicit a T(H)2 response via the induction of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K. Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ryan P. Larson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98185
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Steven F. Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98185
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Tsai M, Chen CC, Mukai K, Song CH, Thompson LJ, Ziegler SF, Tam SY, Galli SJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin contributes to myeloid hyperplasia and increased immunoglobulins, but not epidermal hyperplasia, in RabGEF1-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2411-20. [PMID: 20829437 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mice overexpressing the proallergic cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the skin develop a pathology resembling atopic dermatitis. RabGEF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5 GTPase, is a negative regulator of IgE-dependent mast cell activation, and Rabgef1-/- and TSLP transgenic mice share many similar phenotypic characteristics, including elevated serum IgE levels and severe skin inflammation, with infiltrates of both lymphocytes and eosinophils. We report here that Rabgef1-/- mice also develop splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, myeloid hyperplasia, and high levels of TSLP. Rabgef1-/-TSLPR-/- mice, which lack TSLP/TSLP receptor (TSLPR) signaling, had levels of blood neutrophils, spleen myeloid cells, and serum IL-4, IgG1, and IgE levels that were significantly reduced compared with those in Rabgef1-/-TSLPR+/+ mice. However, Rabgef1-/-TSLPR-/- mice, like Rag1- or eosinophil-deficient Rabgef1-/- mice, developed cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. Therefore, in Rabgef1-/- mice, TSLP/TSLPR interactions are not required for the development of epidermal hyperplasia but contribute to the striking myeloid hyperplasia and overproduction of immunoglobulins observed in these animals. Our study shows that RabGEF1 can negatively regulate TSLP production in vivo and that excessive production of TSLP contributes to many of the phenotypic abnormalities in Rabgef1-/- mice. However, the marked epidermal hyperplasia, cutaneous inflammation, and increased numbers of dermal mast cells associated with RabGEF1 deficiency can develop via a TSLPR-independent pathway, as well as in the absence of Rag1 or eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Tsai
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, L-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Núñez V, Alameda D, Rico D, Mota R, Gonzalo P, Cedenilla M, Fischer T, Boscá L, Glass CK, Arroyo AG, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptor alpha controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10626-31. [PMID: 20498053 PMCID: PMC2890831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913545107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signaling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other nuclear receptors. Although several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily have emerged as important regulators of macrophage gene expression, the existence in vivo of an RXR signaling pathway in macrophages has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that RXRalpha regulates the transcription of the chemokines Ccl6 and Ccl9 in macrophages independently of heterodimeric partners. Mice lacking RXRalpha in myeloid cells exhibit reduced levels of CCL6 and CCL9, impaired recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and lower susceptibility to sepsis. These studies demonstrate that macrophage RXRalpha plays key roles in the regulation of innate immunity and represents a potential target for immunotherapy of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Mota
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Fischer
- cDepartment of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- dInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain; and
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- eDepartment of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Departments of aRegenerative Cardiology and
- 3To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin 7 (IL-7)-like cytokine originally characterized by its ability to promote the activation of B cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Subsequent studies have shown that TSLP promotes T helper type 2 (TH2) cell responses associated with immunity to some helminth parasites and the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. This review will focus on recent findings indicating that in addition to influencing B cell and DC function, TSLP can promote TH2 cytokine-associated inflammation by directly promoting the effector functions of CD4+ TH2 cells, basophils and other granulocyte populations while simultaneously limiting the expression of DC-derived proinflammatory cytokines and promoting regulatory T cell responses in peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Koike E, Yanagisawa R, Sadakane K, Inoue KI, Ichinose T, Takano H. Effects of diisononyl phthalate on atopic dermatitis in vivo and immunologic responses in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:472-8. [PMID: 20064775 PMCID: PMC2854722 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), a principal plasticizer in many polyvinyl chloride products, has been shown to have an adjuvant effect on immunoglobulin (Ig) production in mice. However, the effects of DINP on allergic diseases have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES In the present study we investigated the effects of DINP on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) in atopic-prone NC/Nga mice. METHODS Mice were injected intradermally with Dp on their ears and were exposed to DINP (0, 0.15, 1.5, 15, or 150 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally. We evaluated clinical scores, ear thickening, histologic findings, protein expression of cytokines/chemokines in the ear, and serum levels of Ig and histamine. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of DINP on bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) or splenocytes in vitro. After exposure to DINP (0-100 microM), cells were evaluated for phenotype and function. RESULTS DINP aggravated AD-like skin lesions related to Dp. The aggravation was consistent with eosinophilic inflammation, mast cell degranulation, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in the ear. DINP enhanced the expression of cell surface activation markers on BMDCs and their production of TARC/CCL17 (thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine) and MDC/CCL22 (macrophage-derived chemokine), as well as their capacity to stimulate Dp-specific T-cell proliferation. DINP also enhanced interleukin-4 production and Dp-stimulated proliferation of splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS DINP can aggravate AD-like skin lesions related to Dp. The mechanisms of the aggravation might be mediated, at least partly, through the TSLP-related activation of dendritic cells and by direct or indirect activation of the immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Koike
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Dubrac S, Schmuth M, Ebner S. Atopic dermatitis: the role of Langerhans cells in disease pathogenesis. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:400-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria
- K1 Center Oncotyrol Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Wu HX, Guo PF, Jin LP, Liang SS, Li DJ. Functional regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin on proliferation and invasion of trophoblasts in human first-trimester pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1146-52. [PMID: 20228393 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a novel cytokine that triggers the dendritic cell-mediated T(H)2 response and regulatory T cell expansion. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether TSLP and TSLP receptor (TSLPR) are expressed in primary human extravillous trophoblast (EVT), how proimflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1beta), T(H)2 and T(H)3 cytokines (IL-4, TGF-beta) and pregnancy-associated hormones regulate TSLP production by EVT and whether the SLP-TSLPR interaction affects the biological behavior of trophoblsts. METHODS We assessed TSLP mRNA and protein expression by real-time RT-PCR, ELISA and immunochemistry, respectively. We further investigated effects of TSLP on the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells in vitro. RESULTS The primary EVTs constitutively expressed TSLP and TSLPR. IL-4 and TNF-alpha or pregnancy-associated hormones result in a significant increase in TSLP mRNA expression and protein release from EVT, and TSLP promotes primary EVT proliferation and invasion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that the first-trimester human trophoblast cells express TSLP and TSLPR, that cytokine milieu which mimics the maternal-fetal interface modulates expression of TSLP in trophoblast and that TSLP stimulates trophoblast proliferation and invasion. This suggests that TSLP plays an important role in human EVT invasion and placentation in human early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Wu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine expressed in skin, gut, lungs, and thymus. TSLP signals via a TSLP receptor (TSLPR), a heterodimer of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain and the TSLPR chain. The TSLPR chain is closely related to the common receptor gamma chain that is expressed on a wide range of cell types in the adaptive and innate immune system. TSLP exerts a profound influence on the polarization of dendritic cells to drive T helper (Th) 2 cytokine production. TSLP also directly promotes T-cell proliferation in response to T-cell receptor activation and Th2 cytokine production and supports B-cell expansion and differentiation. TSLP further amplifies Th2 cytokine production by mast cells and natural killer T cells. These properties confer on TSLP a critical role in driving Th2-mediated inflammation. This role is supported by the finding that TSLP expression is upregulated in keratinocytes of atopic dermatitis skin lesions and in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Exposure to allergens first occurs at body surfaces in direct contact with the environment such as the skin, airways, and gastrointestinal tract, and compelling evidence suggests that allergic inflammatory responses are profoundly influenced by the products of epithelial cells located at these sites. One such product is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is capable of affecting multiple cell lineages involved in allergic reactions. In this review we discuss recent work that has provided insight into the role TSLP plays in both aberrant and protective allergic inflammatory responses, as well as regulation, associations with disease, sources, and functions of this important cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Comeau
- Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lee EB, Kim KW, Hong JY, Jee HM, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Increased serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:e457-60. [PMID: 20444170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels and the presence and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Serum TSLP levels, blood eosinophil counts, and serum total and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were measured in 232 children. Subjects were characterized as having atopic eczema (AE; n=75), non-atopic eczema (NAE; n=70), or normal controls (n=87). Serum TSLP levels in children with AD were significantly higher than normal controls but there were no differences in children with atopic and non-atopic eczema. However, serum TSLP levels in children with AD were not significantly correlated with disease severity, blood eosinophil counts and serum total IgE levels. Our findings show an association between TSLP and AD including both AE and NAE. It is suggested that TSLP may play a contributory role in the pathogenesis of AD regardless of the presence of atopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Byoul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Larson RP, Zimmerli SC, Comeau MR, Itano A, Omori M, Iseki M, Hauser C, Ziegler SF. Dibutyl phthalate-induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin is required for Th2 contact hypersensitivity responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2974-84. [PMID: 20173025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7-related cytokine, produced by epithelial cells, that has been linked to atopic dermatitis and asthma; however, it remains unclear how TSLP shapes the adaptive immune response that causes these allergic disorders. In this study, we demonstrate a role for TSLP in a Th2 model of contact hypersensitivity in mice. TSLP is required for the development of Th2-type contact hypersensitivity induced by the hapten FITC in combination with the sensitizing agent dibutyl phthalate. TSLPR-deficient mice exhibited a dramatically reduced response, including markedly reduced local infiltration by eosinophils, Th2 cytokine production, and serum IgE levels, following FITC sensitization and challenge. The reduced response by TSLPR-deficient mice is likely due to decreased frequency and reduced T cell stimulatory function of skin-derived Ag-bearing FITC(+)CD11c(+) dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes following FITC sensitization. These data suggest that skin-derived dendritic cells are direct or indirect targets of TSLP in the development of type 2 immune responses in the skin, where TSLP drives their maturation, accumulation in skin draining lymph nodes, and ability to induce proliferation of naive allergen-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Larson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Dumortier A, Durham AD, Di Piazza M, Vauclair S, Koch U, Ferrand G, Ferrero I, Demehri S, Song LL, Farr AG, Leonard WJ, Kopan R, Miele L, Hohl D, Finke D, Radtke F. Atopic dermatitis-like disease and associated lethal myeloproliferative disorder arise from loss of Notch signaling in the murine skin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9258. [PMID: 20174635 PMCID: PMC2823782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Notch pathway is essential for proper epidermal differentiation during embryonic skin development. Moreover, skin specific loss of Notch signaling in the embryo results in skin barrier defects accompanied by a B-lymphoproliferative disease. However, much less is known about the consequences of loss of Notch signaling after birth. Methodology and Principal Findings To study the function of Notch signaling in the skin of adult mice, we made use of a series of conditional gene targeted mice that allow inactivation of several components of the Notch signaling pathway specifically in the skin. We demonstrate that skin-specific inactivation of Notch1 and Notch2 simultaneously, or RBP-J, induces the development of a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by acanthosis, spongiosis and hyperkeratosis, as well as a massive dermal infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells. Likewise, patients suffering from AD, but not psoriasis or lichen planus, have a marked reduction of Notch receptor expression in the skin. Loss of Notch in keratinocytes induces the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine deeply implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. The AD-like associated inflammation is accompanied by a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) characterized by an increase in immature myeloid populations in the bone marrow and spleen. Transplantation studies revealed that the MPD is cell non-autonomous and caused by dramatic microenvironmental alterations. Genetic studies demontrated that G-CSF mediates the MPD as well as changes in the bone marrow microenvironment leading to osteopenia. Significance Our data demonstrate a critical role for Notch in repressing TSLP production in keratinocytes, thereby maintaining integrity of the skin and the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/mortality
- Dermatitis, Atopic/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/mortality
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/physiopathology
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/physiology
- Receptor, Notch2/genetics
- Receptor, Notch2/physiology
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/physiopathology
- Survival Analysis
- Survival Rate
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Dumortier
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André-Dante Durham
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Di Piazza
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Vauclair
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ute Koch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisèle Ferrand
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Ferrero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynda Li Song
- Breast Cancer Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Farr
- Department of Biological Structure and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lucio Miele
- Breast Cancer Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Finke
- Center for Biomedicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL SV ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Mucosal epithelium functions not only as a physical barrier, but also as a regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses against foreign substances and microorganisms. In particular, epithelial cells have been directly implicated in Th2 responses, serving as a critical interface between innate immune responses and Th2 immunity. Emerging studies have revealed the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the epithelium modulates Th2 responses through the production of a group of epithelial-derived Th2-driving cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These epithelial-derived Th2-driving cytokines execute a regulatory function of the epithelium on mucosal immunity by promoting Th2 responses and maintaining the balance of host immune homeostasis and defense against various pathogens. Dysregulation of these Th2-driving cytokines can lead to detrimental Th2-dependent inflammatory responses, often manifested in various forms of allergic and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
129
|
Kawakami T, Ando T, Kimura M, Wilson BS, Kawakami Y. Mast cells in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:666-78. [PMID: 19828304 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play as the major effector cells in immediate hypersensitivity through activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, although many other functions have recently been discovered for this cell type. Given the broad array of proinflammatory mediators secreted from Fc epsilon RI-activated mast cells, as well as sensitization to allergens, IgE elevation, and increased mast cells in a majority of atopic dermatitis patients, mast cells are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Numerous animal models have been used to study this epidemic disease. Here we review the recent progress to synthesize our current understanding of this disease and potential mechanisms for a mast cell's role in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Hatano Y, Man MQ, Uchida Y, Crumrine D, Mauro TM, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Murine atopic dermatitis responds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and beta/delta (but not gamma) and liver X receptor activators. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:160-9.e1-5. [PMID: 19818482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis now increasingly linked to mutations that alter the structure and function of the stratum corneum. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha, beta/delta, and gamma and liver X receptor (LXR) regulate epidermal protein and lipid production, leading to superior barrier function. Additionally, some of these activators exhibit potent antihyperplastic and anti-inflammatory activity in irritant contact dermatitis and acute allergic contact dermatitis murine models. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of PPAR/LXR activation in a hapten (oxazolone [Ox])-induced AD-like model (Ox-AD) in hairless mice. METHODS Ox-AD was established with 10 Ox challenges (every other day) on the flank. After the establishment of Ox-AD, twice-daily topical application with individual PPAR/LXR activators was then performed for 4 days, with continued Ox challenges every other day. The efficacy of topical PPAR/LXR activators to reduce parameters of Ox-AD was assessed physiologically, morphologically, and immunologically. RESULTS Certain topical activators of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta, and LXR, but not activators of PPARgamma, reversed the clinical dermatosis, significantly improved barrier function, and increased stratum corneum hydration in Ox-AD mice. In addition, the same activators, but again not PPARgamma, largely reversed the immunologic abnormalities in Ox-AD mice, including the increased T(H)2 markers, such as tissue eosinophil/mast cell density, serum thymus and activation-related chemokine levels, the density of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2-positive lymphocytes (but not serum IgE levels), and reduced IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha activation, despite ongoing hapten challenges. CONCLUSION These results suggest that topical applications of certain activators/ligands of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta, and LXR could be useful for the treatment of AD in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Elentner A, Finke D, Schmuth M, Chappaz S, Ebner S, Malissen B, Kissenpfennig A, Romani N, Dubrac S. Langerhans cells are critical in the development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammation and symptoms in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2658-2672. [PMID: 19538461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic or vitamin D3-induced overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by keratinocytes results in an atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammatory phenotype in mice echoing the discovery of high TSLP expression in epidermis from AD patients. Although skin dendritic cells (DC) are suspected to be involved in AD, direct evidence of a pathogenetic role for skin DC in TSLP-induced skin inflammation has not yet been demonstrated. In a mouse model of AD, i.e. mice treated with the low-calcemic vitamin D3 analogue, MC903, we show that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC)-depleted mice treated with MC903 do neither develop AD-like inflammation nor increased serum IgE as compared to vitamin D3 analogue-treated control mice. Accordingly, we show that, in mice treated with MC903 or in K14-TSLP transgenic mice, expression of maturation markers by LC is increased whereas maturation of dermal DC is not altered. Moreover, only LC are responsible for the polarization of naïve CD4(+) T cells to a Th2 phenotype, i.e. decrease in interferon-gamma and increase in interleukin (IL)-13 production by CD4(+) T cells. This effect of LC on T-lymphocytes does not require OX40-L/CD134 and is mediated by a concomitant down-regulation of IL-12 and CD70. Although it was previously stated that TSLP up-regulates the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 by human LC in vitro, our work shows that production of these Th2- cell attracting chemokines is increased only in keratinocytes in response to TSLP overexpression. These results demonstrate that LC are required for the development of AD in mouse models of AD involving epidermal TSLP overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Finke
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stéphane Chappaz
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche, Universite de la Mediterrannée, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Center for cancer research and cell biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Wegmann M. Th2 cells as targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic bronchial asthma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:85-100. [PMID: 19099351 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma, since each of their characteristic cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 contributes to hallmarks of this disease, including airway eosinophilia, increased mucus production, production of allergen-specific IgE and development of airway hyper-responsiveness. Therefore, these cells are predisposed as target cells for therapeutic intervention. Experimental approaches targeted Th2-type effector cytokines, Th2-cell recruitment and Th2-cell development. Another strategy uses the immunomodulatory potential of tolerance-inducing cytokines such as IL-10 or of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-gamma that are able to induce a counterbalancing Th1 immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- Bereich Experimentelle Pneumologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Wang YH, Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, OX40-ligand, and interleukin-25 in allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:798-806. [PMID: 19400908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are often triggered by environmental allergens that induce dominant type 2 immune responses, characterized by the infiltrated T-helper type 2 (TH2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and elevated TH2 cytokines. In addition to TH2 type immune responses, epithelial stress and injury linked to tissue remodelling are often observed, suggesting that epithelial cells may play important role in regulating allergic responses. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen-presenting cells with the capabilities of sampling allergens, are considered as the key player on instructing TH2 immune responses. Whether inflamed epithelium can regulate innate immunity, such as macrophages and DCs, which in turn instructs adaptive immunity has long been hypothesized. Studies of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cells-derived cytokine, that can strongly activate DCs, provide important evidences that the epithelial barrier can trigger allergic diseases by regulating immune responses. The finding that OX40/OX40Ligand (OX40L) interactions are the molecular trigger responsible for the induction and maintenance of TH2 responses by TSLP-activated DCs provides a plausible molecular explanation for TSLP-mediated allergy. Recent progresses in characterizing the pro-inflammatory IL-17 cytokine family have added an additional layer of complexity on the regulation of allergic inflammation. TSLP-DCs can induce a robust expansion of TH2 memory cells and strengthen functional attributes by up-regulating their surface expression of IL-17RB (IL-25R), the receptor for cytokine IL-17E (IL-25), a distinct member of IL-17 cytokine family. IL-17E (also known as IL-25) produced by epithelial cells, and other innate cells, such as eosinphils, basophils, and mast cells, are shown to regulate adaptive immunity by enhancing TH2 cytokine productions. These exciting findings expand our knowledge of the complex immunological cascades that result in allergic inflammation and may provide novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Center of Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Tsuda M, Inoue-Narita T, Suzuki A, Itami S, Blumenberg M, Manabe M. Induction of gene encoding FABP4 in Pten-null keratinocytes. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1319-22. [PMID: 19303874 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte-specific Pten-null mice revealed distinct phenotypes, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. To determine the candidate genes that contribute to their phenotypes, we analyzed a comprehensive gene expression of Pten-null keratinocytes using microarray technology. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the most induced gene was adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4). Collectively, it is conceivable that the FABP4 pathway mediates the sebaceous gland hyperplasia in keratinocyte-specific Pten-null mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Saenz SA, Taylor BC, Artis D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:172-90. [PMID: 19161424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that epithelial cells (ECs) at mucosal surfaces, beyond their role in creating a physical barrier, are integral components of innate and adaptive immunity. The capacity of these cells to license the functions of specific immune cell populations in the airway and gastrointestinal tract offers the prospect of novel therapeutic strategies to target multiple inflammatory diseases in which barrier immunity is dysregulated. In this review, we discuss the critical functions of EC-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-25 (IL-25), and IL-33 in the development and regulation of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine-dependent immune responses. We first highlight recent data that have provided new insights into the factors that control expression of this triad of cytokines and their receptors. In addition, we review their proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions in models of mucosal infection and inflammation. Lastly, we discuss new findings indicating that despite their diverse structural features and differential expression of their receptors, TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 cross-regulate one another and share overlapping properties that influence Th2 cytokine-dependent responses at mucosal sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Saenz
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin overproduced by keratinocytes in mouse skin aggravates experimental asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1536-41. [PMID: 19188585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812668106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often the initial step in the "atopic march," given that more than half of AD patients with moderate to severe AD develop asthma later in life. Both AD and asthma share a similar "atopy" phenotype that includes T helper type 2 inflammation with eosinophilia and hyper-IgE immunoglobulinemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the "atopic march" remain elusive. In the present study, we show that induced expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in mouse epidermal keratinocytes upon topical application of MC903 (a low calcemic analogue of vitamin D3) not only triggers AD as we previously reported but also aggravates experimental allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. Our study, which provides a mouse model to study human "atopic march," indicates that keratinocyte-produced TSLP may represent an important factor in the link of atopic dermatitis to asthma.
Collapse
|
137
|
Li M, Hener P, Zhang Z, Ganti KP, Metzger D, Chambon P. Induction of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression in Keratinocytes Is Necessary for Generating an Atopic Dermatitis upon Application of the Active Vitamin D3 Analogue MC903 on Mouse Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:498-502. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
138
|
Zhou B, Headley MB, Aye T, Tocker J, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. Reversal of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced airway inflammation through inhibition of Th2 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6557-62. [PMID: 18941246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung-specific thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression is sufficient for the development of an asthma-like chronic airway inflammatory disease. However, the nature of the downstream pathways that regulate disease development are not known. In this study, we used IL-4- and Stat6-deficient mice to establish the role of Th2-type responses downstream of TSLP. IL-4 deficiency greatly reduced, but did not eliminate, TSLP-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and goblet cell metaplasia, while Stat6 deficiency eliminated these asthma-like symptoms. We further demonstrate, using the chronic model of TSLP-mediated airway inflammation, that blockade of both IL-4 and IL-13 responses, through administration of an anti-IL-4R alpha mAb, reversed asthma-like symptoms, when given to mice with established disease. Collectively these data provide insight into the pathways engaged in TSLP-driven airway inflammation and demonstrate that simultaneous blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 can reverse established airway disease, suggesting that this may be an effective approach for the therapy of Th2-mediated inflammatory respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhou
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and instruct the initiation of different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively the information from the invading microbes, as well as their resident tissue microenvironments. Recent progress in understanding Toll-like receptor (TLR) biology has illuminated the mechanisms by which DCs link innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses. However, how tissue microenvironments shape the function of DCs has remained elusive. Recent studies of TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates DCs, provide strong evidence at a molecular level that epithelial cells/tissue microenvironments directly communicate with DCs, the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We review recent progress on how TSLP expressed within thymus and peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues regulates DC-mediated central tolerance, peripheral T cell homeostasis, and inflammatory Th2 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Boehme SA, Franz-Bacon K, Chen EP, Sásik R, Sprague LJ, Ly TW, Hardiman G, Bacon KB. A small molecule CRTH2 antagonist inhibits FITC-induced allergic cutaneous inflammation. Int Immunol 2008; 21:81-93. [PMID: 19066314 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A FITC-induced allergic contact hypersensitivity model was used to investigate the role that the prostaglandin D(2) receptor-chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(h)2 cells (CRTH2) plays in modulating cutaneous inflammation. Our results show that inhibition of CRTH2, achieved via administration of a potent, small molecule antagonist, Compound A (Cmpd A), effectively blocked edema formation and greatly reduced the inflammatory infiltrate and skin pathology observed in drug vehicle-treated animals. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cmpd A administration down-regulated the transcription of a wide range of pro-inflammatory mediators. This correlated with decreases in cytokine and chemokine protein levels, notably IL-4, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, GRO-alpha, MIP-2 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in FITC-challenged ears. The administration of an anti-TSLP-neutralizing antibody was only partially effective in lowering the FITC-induced inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine production compared with the CRTH2 antagonist. Taken together, these data suggest that blockade of CRTH2 inhibits multiple pathways leading to cutaneous inflammation in this model. This suggests that CRTH2 antagonism may be a viable route for therapeutic intervention in allergic skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefen A Boehme
- Actimis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Lee HC, Headley MB, Iseki M, Ikuta K, Ziegler SF. Cutting edge: Inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated TSLP expression by retinoid X receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5189-93. [PMID: 18832669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has important roles in the initiation of allergic airway inflammation and the activation of dendritic cells. We have shown that the human TSLP gene is regulated in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner; however the factors that negatively regulate TSLP expression are not known. In this study we demonstrate that 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) is a negative regulator of TSLP expression in airway epithelial cells. This inhibition is manifested as a block in the IL-1beta-mediated recruitment of NF-kappaB to the human TSLP promoter. 9-cis-RA-mediated inhibition is not restricted to TSLP gene expression but rather reflects a general inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, as other NF-kappaB-regulated-genes were also inhibited in a similar manner by 9-cis-RA treatment. Taken as a whole, these data demonstrate that inhibition of IL-1beta-dependent genes by active retinoid X receptors involves antagonism of NF-kappaB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chon Lee
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Jessup HK, Brewer AW, Omori M, Rickel EA, Budelsky AL, Yoon BRP, Ziegler SF, Comeau MR. Intradermal Administration of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces a T Cell- and Eosinophil-Dependent Systemic Th2 Inflammatory Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4311-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
143
|
Vernet N, Dennefeld C, Klopfenstein M, Ruiz A, Bok D, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Retinoid X receptor beta (RXRB) expression in Sertoli cells controls cholesterol homeostasis and spermiation. Reproduction 2008; 136:619-26. [PMID: 18713813 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatic, targeted inactivation of the retinoid X receptor beta gene (Rxrb) in Sertoli cells (SC; yielding Rxrb(Ser-/-) mutants) leads to failure of spermatid release, accumulation of cholesterol esters and, subsequently, testis degeneration. These abnormalities are identical, in their nature and kinetics, to those observed upon inactivating Rxrb in the whole organism, thereby demonstrating that all reproductive functions of RXRB are carried out in SC. The Rxrb(Ser-/-) testis degeneration is a consequence of a cholesterol ester cell overload occurring in SC in response to reduced ABCA1- and SCARB1-mediated cholesterol efflux. The failure of spermiation was also reported in mice lacking the retinoic acid (RA) receptor-alpha (RARA) in SC (Rara(Ser-/-) mutants) and represents, in addition, a feature of vitamin A deficiency that can be readily induced in mice lacking the lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (Lrat(-/-) mutants). Altogether, these findings support the conclusion that RXRB heterodimerized with a RA-liganded RARA transduces signals required in SC for spermatid release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U596, CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch F-67400, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
NAKAMURA K, TSUCHIDA T, TSUNEMI Y, SAEKI H, TAMAKI K. Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels are not elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2008; 35:546-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
145
|
Wang YH, Liu YJ. OX40-OX40L interactions: a promising therapeutic target for allergic diseases? J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3655-7. [PMID: 18074001 DOI: 10.1172/jci34182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of atopy have shed light on potential targets for the development of new therapies for allergic diseases. In this issue of the JCI, Seshasayee et al. provide direct in vivo evidence that OX40 has critical roles in allergic inflammation mediated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) (see the related article beginning on page 3868). Blockade of interactions between OX40 on Th2 cells and OX40 ligand (OX40L) on TSLP-activated DCs using an OX40L-specific monoclonal antibody, inhibited Th2 cell-mediated immune responses in both mouse and nonhuman primate models of allergic inflammation. The results point to potential therapeutic approaches to targeting the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying TSLP-mediated allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Hsi Wang
- Department of Immunology and Center of Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Staumont-Sallé D, Abboud G, Brénuchon C, Kanda A, Roumier T, Lavogiez C, Fleury S, Rémy P, Papin JP, Bertrand-Michel J, Tercé F, Staels B, Delaporte E, Capron M, Dombrowicz D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha regulates skin inflammation and humoral response in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:962-8.e6. [PMID: 18249437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha, beta/delta, and gamma are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. In addition to their regulatory role on lipid and glucose metabolism, they exert anti-inflammatory properties. In skin both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta/delta regulate keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation and contribute to wound healing. The 3 PPAR isoforms are expressed by several cell types recruited into the dermis during inflammation. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the role of PPAR-alpha in the regulation of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common skin inflammatory disease. METHODS We chose a mouse model of inflammatory dermatosis with immunologic features of AD and used epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin in the absence of adjuvant, which mimics the human pathology. RESULTS On antigen sensitization, PPAR-alpha-deficient mice display increased epidermal thickening, dermal recruitment of inflammatory cells, lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and IgE and IgG2a production compared with their wild-type counterparts. Increased inflammation was correlated to an enhancement of TH2 and, to a greater extent, TH1 responses and to increased skin expression of nuclear factor kappaB. Interestingly, PPAR-alpha expression was decreased in eczematous skin from patients with AD compared with skin from nonatopic donors, suggesting that defective PPAR-alpha expression might contribute to the pathology. Topical application of WY14643, a specific PPAR-alpha agonist, significantly decreased antigen-induced skin inflammation in the AD model. CONCLUSION PPAR-alpha acts as a negative regulator of skin inflammation in AD.
Collapse
|
147
|
|
148
|
Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand pathway in the initiation of dendritic cell-mediated allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:238-44; quiz 245-6. [PMID: 17666213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated 5 years ago that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a IL-7-like cytokine produced by epithelial cells, could strongly activate human myeloid dendritic cells to induce an inflammatory T(H)2 response characterized by high TNF-alpha and little IL-10 production, distinct from the regulatory T(H)2 responses characterized by low TNF-alpha and high IL-10 production. TSLP was found highly expressed by keratinocytes of skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and associated with dendritic cell activation in situ. This suggests for the first time that TSLP represents a master switch of allergic inflammation at the epithelial cell and dendritic cell interface. During the last several years, the evidence for the association of TSLP with human asthma was revealed. The direct link between TSLP expression with the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and asthma in vivo was demonstrated. In addition, OX40 ligand was found to be the TSLP-induced molecule on dendritic cells that triggers inflammatory T(H)2 differentiation in the absence of IL-12. TSLP was also demonstrated to direct the innate phase of allergic immune responses through activating mast cells. Therefore, TSLP and OX40 ligand may represent important targets for intervention of the initiation of allergic inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030-1903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Chappaz S, Flueck L, Farr AG, Rolink AG, Finke D. Increased TSLP availability restores T- and B-cell compartments in adult IL-7 deficient mice. Blood 2007; 110:3862-70. [PMID: 17702899 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) plays a crucial role in adult lymphopoiesis, while in fetal life its effect can be partially compensated by TSLP. Whether adult hematopoietic progenitor cells are unresponsive to TSLP or whether TSLP is less available in adult microenvironments is still a matter of debate. Here, we show that increased TSLP availability through transgene (Tg) expression fully restored lymphopoiesis in IL-7-deficient mice: it rescued B-cell development, increased thymic and splenic cellularities, and restored double-negative (DN) thymocytes, alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell generation, and all peripheral lymphoid compartments. Analysis of bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that hematopoietic progenitor cells from adult wild-type mice efficiently differentiated toward B- and T-cell lineages in lethally irradiated IL-7 deficient mice provided TSLP Tg was expressed in these mice. In vitro, TSLP promoted the differentiation of uncommitted adult bone marrow progenitors toward B and T lineages and the further differentiation of DN1 and DN2 thymocytes. Altogether, our results show that adult hematopoietic cells are TSLP responsive and that TSLP can sustain long-term adult lymphopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Chappaz
- Center for Biomedicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Liu YJ, Soumelis V, Watanabe N, Ito T, Wang YH, Malefyt RDW, Omori M, Zhou B, Ziegler SF. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:193-219. [PMID: 17129180 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and induce different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively the information from both the invading microbes and their resident tissue microenvironments and then make an appropriate immune response. Recent progress in understanding TLR biology has illuminated the mechanisms by which DCs link innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses. However, how tissue microenvironments shape the function of DCs has remained elusive. Recent studies of TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates DCs, provide evidence at a molecular level that epithelial cells/tissue microenvironments directly communicate with DCs. We review recent progress on how TSLP expressed within thymus and peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues regulates DC-mediated central tolerance, peripheral T cell homeostasis, and inflammatory Th2 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|