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Dynamics of arachidonic acid mobilization by inflammatory cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:249-56. [PMID: 22155285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of mass spectrometry-based techniques is opening new insights into the understanding of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. AA incorporation, remodeling and release are collectively controlled by acyltransferases, phospholipases and transacylases that exquisitely regulate the distribution of AA between the different glycerophospholipid species and its mobilization during cellular stimulation. Traditionally, studies involving phospholipid AA metabolism were conducted by using radioactive precursors and scintillation counting from thin layer chromatography separations that provided only information about lipid classes. Today, the input of lipidomic approaches offers the possibility of characterizing and quantifying specific molecular species with great accuracy and within a biological context associated to protein and/or gene expression in a temporal frame. This review summarizes recent results applying mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches to the identification of AA-containing glycerophospholipids, phospholipid AA remodeling and synthesis of oxygenated metabolites.
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102
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The N-terminal β-barrel domain of mammalian lipoxygenases including mouse 5-lipoxygenase is not essential for catalytic activity and membrane binding but exhibits regulatory functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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103
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Liu C, Schain F, Han H, Xu D, Andersson-Sand H, Forsell P, Claesson HE, Björkholm M, Sjöberg J. Epigenetic and transcriptional control of the 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene in a Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:169-76. [PMID: 22094113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases oxidatively metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to a rich spectrum of biologically active metabolites. The present study aimed at delineating the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms leading to 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) expression in the Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell line L1236. Examination of the 15-LOX-1 5' promoter region demonstrated three putative binding sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) within the proximal 1200 base pairs relative to the start codon. Analysis by serial promoter deletions and STAT6 binding site mutations indicated that all three STAT6 binding sites are required for full activation of the 15-LOX-1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that these regions were occupied by STAT6 in L1236 (15-LOX-1 positive) but not in L428 (15-LOX-1 negative) cultured HL cells. Furthermore, DNA hypomethylation and histone hyperacetylation were detectable within the core promoter region of 15-LOX-1 only in L1236 cells but not L428 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that STAT6 activation and chromatin remodeling by DNA demethylation and histone acetylation are crucial for transcriptional activation of 15-LOX-1 in cultured HL cells. These prerequisites are fulfilled in the L1236 cell line, but not in the L428 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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104
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation is due to a complex interplay between several inflammatory cells, including mast cells, basophils, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and sometimes neutrophils. These cells produce multiple inflammatory mediators, including lipids, purines, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Allergic inflammation affects target cells, such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular cells, and airway smooth muscle cells, which become an important source of inflammatory mediators. Sensory nerves are sensitized and activated during allergic inflammation and produce symptoms. Allergic inflammatory responses are orchestrated by several transcription factors, particularly NF-κB and GATA3. Inflammatory genes are also regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. There are several endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory lipids and cytokines, which may be defective in allergic disease, thus amplifying and perpetuating the inflammation. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation has identified new therapeutic targets but developing effective novel therapies has been challenging. Corticosteroids are highly effective with a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects, including epigenetic modulation of the inflammatory response and suppression of GATA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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105
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka TAKETOMI
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Makoto MURAKAMI
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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106
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Sachs-Olsen C, Sanak M, Lang AM, Gielicz A, Mowinckel P, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Szczeklik A. Eoxins: a new inflammatory pathway in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:859-867.e9. [PMID: 20920774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of leukotrienes (LTs) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are associated with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), whereas eicosanoids generated through the 15-lipoxygenase (LO) pathway (15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [HETE] and eoxins) have been less studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether metabolites of the 5- and 15-LO pathways in EBC are associated with childhood asthma, asthma severity, and clinical parameters. METHODS The present study included 131 school-aged children (27 children with problematic severe asthma, 80 children with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 24 healthy children) from the Severe Asthma Recognized in Childhood study and 19 children with other nonasthmatic chronic lung diseases. Clinical work-up included spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements, skin prick testing, and methacholine challenge. Eicosanoids were analyzed in EBC by using mass spectrometry and are reported as concentrations (in picograms per milliliter) and eicosanoid/palmitic acid (PA) ratios. RESULTS Eoxin C₄/PA, eoxin D₄/PA, eoxin E₄/PA, 15-HETE/PA, and LTC₄/PA ratios were significantly increased in asthmatic versus healthy children. Eoxin D₄/PA and LTE₄/PA ratios were also significantly higher in children with BHR. A nonsignificant trend was observed toward higher eoxin/PA ratios with increasing asthma severity. In contrast to asthma, children with chronic lung disease had the highest 15-HETE/PA, LTC₄/PA, LTE₄/PA, and LTB₄/PA ratios. CONCLUSION The results point to increased activity of the 15-LO inflammatory pathway in childhood asthma. Mass spectrometric analyses of EBC demonstrate that increased eoxin levels not only accompany the increased 5-LO product LTC₄ but are also associated with BHR. These markers might represent a new therapeutic target for asthma treatment.
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107
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Biosynthesis of 14,15-Hepoxilins in Human L1236 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells and Eosinophils. Lipids 2010; 46:69-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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108
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Lai Y, Oslund RC, Bollinger JG, Henderson WR, Santana LF, Altemeier WA, Gelb MH, Hallstrand TS. Eosinophil cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis mediated by exogenous secreted phospholipase A2 group X. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41491-500. [PMID: 20974857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A(2) group X (sPLA(2)-X) has recently been identified in the airways of patients with asthma and may participate in cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT; C(4), D(4), and E(4)) synthesis. We examined CysLT synthesis and arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipid release by eosinophils mediated by recombinant human sPLA(2)-X. We found that recombinant sPLA(2)-X caused marked AA release and a rapid onset of CysLT synthesis in human eosinophils that was blocked by a selective sPLA(2)-X inhibitor. Exogenous sPLA(2)-X released lysophospholipid species that arise from phospholipids enriched in AA in eosinophils, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as well as plasmenyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. CysLT synthesis mediated by sPLA(2)-X but not AA release could be suppressed by inhibition of cPLA(2)α. Exogenous sPLA(2)-X initiated Ser(505) phosphorylation of cPLA(2)α, an intracellular Ca(2+) flux, and translocation of cPLA(2)α and 5-lipoxygenase in eosinophils. Synthesis of CysLTs in response to sPLA(2)-X or lysophosphatidylcholine was inhibited by p38 or JNK inhibitors but not by a MEK 1/2 inhibitor. A further increase in CysLT synthesis was induced by the addition of sPLA(2)-X to eosinophils under conditions of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-mediated cPLA(2)α activation. These results indicate that sPLA(2)-X participates in AA and lysophospholipid release, resulting in CysLT synthesis in eosinophils through a mechanism involving p38 and JNK MAPK, cPLA(2)α, and 5-lipoxygenase activation and resulting in the amplification of CysLT synthesis during cPLA(2)α activation. Transactivation of eosinophils by sPLA(2)-X may be an important mechanism leading to CysLT formation in the airways of patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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109
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Ivanov I, Heydeck D, Hofheinz K, Roffeis J, O'Donnell VB, Kuhn H, Walther M. Molecular enzymology of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:161-74. [PMID: 20801095 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative diseases, which represent potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Although soybean LOX1 was discovered more than 60years ago, the structural biology of these enzymes was not studied until the mid 1990s. In 1993 the first crystal structure for a plant LOX was solved and following this protein biochemistry and molecular enzymology became major fields in LOX research. This review focuses on recent developments in molecular enzymology of LOXs and summarizes our current understanding of the structural basis of LOX catalysis. Various hypotheses explaining the reaction specificity of different isoforms are critically reviewed and their pros and cons briefly discussed. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge of LOX evolution by profiling the existence of LOX-related genomic sequences in the three kingdoms of life. Such sequences are found in eukaryotes and bacteria but not in archaea. Although the biological role of LOXs in lower organisms is far from clear, sequence data suggests that this enzyme family might have evolved shortly after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Germany
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110
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Dahlström M, Forsström D, Johannesson M, Huque-Andersson Y, Björk M, Silfverplatz E, Sanin A, Schaal W, Pelcman B, Forsell PKA. Development of a fluorescent intensity assay amenable for high-throughput screening for determining 15-lipoxygenase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:671-9. [PMID: 20581078 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110373383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 catalyzes the introduction of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a lipid hydroperoxide. The authors have developed an assay for the detection of lipid hydroperoxides formed by human 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in enzyme or cellular assays using either a 96-well or a 384-well format. The assays described take advantage of the ability of lipid hydroperoxides to oxidize nonfluorescent diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP) to a fluorescent phosphine oxide. Oxidation of DPPP yields a fluorescent compound, which is not sensitive to temperature and is stable for more than 2 h. The assay is sensitive toward inhibition and robust with a Z' value of 0.79 and 0.4 in a 96- and 384-well format, respectively, and thus amenable for high-throughput screening. The utility of DPPP as a marker for 15-lipoxygenase activity was demonstrated with both enzyme- and cell-based assays for the identification of hits and to determine potency by IC(50) determinations.
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111
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Zheng Y, Brash AR. Formation of a cyclopropyl epoxide via a leukotriene A synthase-related pathway in an anaerobic reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with 15S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid: evidence that oxygen access is a determinant of secondary reactions with fatty acid hydroperoxides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13427-36. [PMID: 20194505 PMCID: PMC2859502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.084632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The further conversion of an arachidonic acid hydroperoxide to a leukotriene A (LTA) type epoxide by specific lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes constitutes a key step in inflammatory mediator biosynthesis. Whereas mammalian 5-LOX transforms its primary product (5S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 5S-HPETE) almost exclusively to LTA(4), the model enzyme, soybean LOX-1, normally produces no detectable leukotrienes and instead further oxygenates its primary product 15S-HPETE to 5,15- and 8,15-dihydroperoxides. Mammalian 15-LOX-1 displays both types of activity. We reasoned that availability of molecular oxygen within the LOX active site favors oxygenation, whereas lack of O(2) promotes LTA epoxide synthesis. To test this, we reacted 15S-HPETE with soybean LOX-1 under anaerobic conditions and identified the products by high pressure liquid chromatography, UV, mass spectrometry, and NMR. Among the products, we identified a pair of 8,15-dihydroxy diastereomers with all-trans-conjugated trienes that incorporated (18)O from H(2)(18)O at C-8, indicative of the formation of 14,15-LTA(4). A pair of 5,15-dihydroxy diastereomers containing two trans,trans-conjugated dienes (6E,8E,11E,13E) and that incorporated (18)O from H(2)(18)O at C-5 was deduced to arise from hydrolysis of a novel epoxide containing a cyclopropyl ring, 14,15-epoxy-[9,10,11-cyclopropyl]-eicosa-5Z,7E,13E-trienoic acid. Also identified was the delta-lactone of the 5,15-diol, a derivative that exhibited no (18)O incorporation due to its formation by intramolecular reaction of the carboxyl anion with the proposed epoxide intermediate. Our results support a model in which access to molecular oxygen within the active site directs the outcome from competing pathways in the secondary reactions of lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alan R. Brash
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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112
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Johannesson M, Backman L, Claesson HE, Forsell PKA. Cloning, purification and characterization of non-human primate 12/15-lipoxygenases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:121-9. [PMID: 20106647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) possesses mainly 15-LO activity and has so far only been described in human cells and rabbit reticulocytes. The animal ortholog, except rabbit reticulocytes, is an enzyme with predominantly a 12-lipoxygenase activity, commonly referred to as 12/15-LO. We describe herein the characterization of the 12/15-LOs in Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) and in Pongo pygmaeus (orang-utan). The rhesus and the orang-utan enzymes have mainly 12-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase activity, respectively, and they display 94% and 98% identity to the human 15-LO-1 protein. The rhesus enzyme was functionally different from the human enzyme with respect to substrate utilization in that anandamide was used differently and that the rhesus enzymes positional specificity could be affected by the substrate concentration. Furthermore, genomic data indicate that chimpanzees express an enzyme with mainly 15-lipoxygenase activity whereas marmosets express an enzyme with mainly 12-LO activity. Taken together, the switch during evolution from a 12-lipoxygenating enzyme in lower primates to a 15-lipoxygenating enzyme in higher primates and man might be of importance for the biological function of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johannesson
- Orexo AB, P.O. Box 303, 751 05 Uppsala, Stockholm, Sweden
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113
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Andersson E, Schain F, Sjöberg J, Björkholm M, Claesson HE. Interleukin-13 stimulation of the mediastinal B-cell lymphoma cell line Karpas-1106P induces a phenotype resembling the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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114
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Palikhe NS, Kim JH, Park HS. Update on recent advances in the management of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease. Yonsei Med J 2009; 50:744-50. [PMID: 20046412 PMCID: PMC2796398 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.6.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin intolerant asthma (AIA) is frequently characterized as an aspirin (ASA)-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). It is a clinical syndrome associated with chronic severe inflammation in the upper and lower airways resulting in chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, recurrent polyposis, and asthma. AERD generally develops secondary to abnormalities in inflammatory mediators and arachidonic acid biosynthesis expression. Upper and lower airway eosinophil infiltration is a key feature of AERD; however, the exact mechanisms of such chronic eosinophilic inflammation are not fully understood. Cysteinyl leukotriene over-production may be a key factor in the induction of eosinophilic activation. Genetic studies have suggested a role for variability of genes in disease susceptibility and response to medication. Potential genetic biomarkers contributing to the AERD phenotype include HLA-DPB1*301, LTC4S, ALOX5, CYSLT, PGE2, TBXA2R, TBX21, MS4A2, IL10 -1082A > G, ACE -262A > T, and CRTH2 -466T > C; the four-locus SNP set was composed of B2ADR 46A > G, CCR3 -520T > G, CysLTR1 -634C > T, and FCER1B -109T > C. Management of AERD is an important issue. Aspirin ingestion may result in significant morbidity and mortality, and patients must be advised regarding aspirin risk. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) that inhibit leukotriene pathways have an established role in long-term AERD management and rhinosinusitis. Aspirin desensitization may be required for the relief of upper and lower airway symptoms in AERD patients. Future research should focus on identification of biomarkers for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Kim
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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115
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Abstract
Aspirin-sensitive respiratory disease (ASRD) is a condition characterized by persistent and often severe inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Patients develop chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, and asthma. The ingestion of aspirin and other cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors induces exacerbations of airway disease that may be life-threatening. Thus, aspirin sensitivity is a phenotypic marker for the syndrome, yet nearly all affected individuals can be desensitized by the administration of graded doses of aspirin, leading to long-term clinical benefits. Patients with aspirin sensitivity are often able to tolerate selective COX-2 inhibitors. The pathogenesis of ASRD is underpinned by abnormalities in eicosanoid biosynthesis and eicosanoid receptor expression coupled with intense mast cell and eosinophilic infiltration of the entire respiratory tract. This review focuses on the molecular, cellular, and biochemical abnormalities characterizing ASRD and highlights unanswered questions in the literature and potential future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Farooque
- King's College London, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, England
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116
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Im DS. New intercellular lipid mediators and their GPCRs: An update. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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117
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Liu C, Xu D, Liu L, Schain F, Brunnström Å, Björkholm M, Claesson HE, Sjöberg J. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 induces expression and release of chemokines in cultured human lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L196-203. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) has been proposed to be involved in various physiological and pathophysiological activities such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell maturation, and tumorigenesis. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased expression of 15-LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells, but the potential functions of 15-LOX-1 in airway epithelial cells have not been well clarified. To study the function of 15-LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells, we ectopically expressed 15-LOX-1 in the human lung epithelial cell line A549. We found that overexpression of 15-LOX-1 in A549 cells leads to increased release of the chemokines MIP-1α, RANTES, and IP-10, and thereby to increased recruitment of immature dendritic cells, mast cells, and activated T cells. These results suggest that an increased expression and activity of 15-LOX-1 in lung epithelial cells is a proinflammatory event in the pathogenesis of asthma and other inflammatory lung disorders.
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118
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Chawengsub Y, Gauthier KM, Campbell WB. Role of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase metabolites in the regulation of vascular tone. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H495-507. [PMID: 19525377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00349.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of vascular endothelial cells with agonists such as acetylcholine (ACh) or bradykinin or with shear stress activates phospholipases and releases arachidonic acid (AA). AA is metabolized by cyclooxygenases, cytochrome P-450s, and lipoxygenases (LOs) to vasoactive products. In some arteries, a substantial component of the vasodilator response is dependent on LO metabolites of AA. Nitric oxide (NO)- and prostaglandin (PG)-independent vasodilatory responses to ACh and AA are reduced by inhibitors of LO and by antisense oligonucleotides specifically against 15-LO-1. Vasoactive 15-LO metabolites derived from the vascular endothelium include 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-H-11,12-HEETA) that is hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase to 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12,15-THETA). HEETA and THETA are endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors that induce vascular relaxations by activation of smooth muscle apamin-sensitive, calcium-activated, small-conductance K(+) channels causing hyperpolarization. In other arteries, the 12-LO metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is synthesized by the vascular endothelium and relaxes smooth muscle by large-conductance, calcium-activated K(+) channel activation. Thus formation of vasodilator eicosanoids derived from LO pathways contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, local blood flow, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Chawengsub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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119
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Gheorghe KR, Korotkova M, Catrina AI, Backman L, af Klint E, Claesson HE, Rådmark O, Jakobsson PJ. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and effects of intraarticular glucocorticoids. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R83. [PMID: 19497113 PMCID: PMC2714134 DOI: 10.1186/ar2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It was previously shown that lipoxygenase (LO) pathways are important in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory process and that synovial fluid from RA patients contains high amounts of leukotrienes. We therefore aimed to investigate the 5-LO and 15-LO-1 expression pattern in RA and ostheoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue and to study the effect of intraarticular glucocorticoid (GC) therapy on enzyme expression. Methods Expression of LOs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in RA and OA synovial biopsies. Cellular localization of these enzymes was analyzed by double immunofluorescence. In synovial biopsies from 11 RA patients, 5-LO and 15-LO-1 expression was evaluated before and after triamcinolone hexacetonide knee injection and assessed by image analysis to quantify their expression. We also investigated the presence of 15-LO-1 by immunohistochemistry in synovial fluid (SF) cells as well as their ability to form 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) following treatment with arachidonic acid (AA). Results 5-LO and 15-LO-1 are present in RA and OA synovium, with 5-LO being mostly expressed in lining and sublining macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells and 15-LO-1 mainly in lining macrophages, fibroblasts and sublining endothelial cells. Intraarticular GC treatment resulted in a significant suppression of 5-LO expression, but did not influence the 15-LO-1 enzyme significantly. Also, SF cells express a functional 15-LO-1 and produce 15-HETE when challenged with AA. Conclusions These data demonstrate that local therapy with GC decreases 5-LO expression in RA synovium and offer an additional possible mechanism for the efficiency of intraarticular adjuvant therapy in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Roxana Gheorghe
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Buczynski MW, Dumlao DS, Dennis EA. Thematic Review Series: Proteomics. An integrated omics analysis of eicosanoid biology. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1015-38. [PMID: 19244215 PMCID: PMC2681385 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r900004-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids have been implicated in a vast number of devastating inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, pain, and cancer. Currently, over a hundred different eicosanoids have been identified, with many having potent bioactive signaling capacity. These lipid metabolites are synthesized de novo by at least 50 unique enzymes, many of which have been cloned and characterized. Due to the extensive characterization of eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways, this field provides a unique framework for integrating genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics toward the investigation of disease pathology. To facilitate a concerted systems biology approach, this review outlines the proteins implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis and signaling in human, mouse, and rat. Applications of the extensive genomic and lipidomic research to date illustrate the questions in eicosanoid signaling that could be uniquely addressed by a thorough analysis of the entire eicosanoid proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Ono E, Mita H, Taniguchi M, Higashi N, Hasegawa M, Miyazaki E, Kumamoto T, Akiyama K. Concentration of 14,15-leukotriene C4 (eoxin C4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1348-52. [PMID: 19438588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been no information about the concentration of 14,15-leukotriene C4, which is generated by 15- and 12-lipoxygenase and has been recently named eoxin C4, in biological fluids. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical concentrations of eoxin C4 in various respiratory inflammatory diseases, we quantified eoxin C4 in relation to the concentrations of cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLTs) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). METHODS BALF fluid was obtained from patients with a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Eoxin C4 and CysLTs were quantified by enzyme immunoassay in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. Eoxin C4 immunoassay does not detect eoxin D4 or eoxin E4. 15-HETE was quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using (18)O-labeled compounds as an internal standard. RESULTS The concentration of eoxin C4 (median 1.4, range <1.12-6.7 pg/mL) was significantly lower than that of eoxin C4 or CysLTs (P<0.0001). The concentration of 15-HETE significantly correlated with those of LTC4 and CysLTs or the number and the percentage of eosinophils in BALF. On the other hand, eoxin C4 concentration did not correlate with eosinophil number or CysLTs concentration in BALF. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating the presence of eoxin C4 in human biological fluids. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological role of eoxin C4 in some respiratory inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ono
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Schain F, Schain D, Mahshid Y, Liu C, Porwit A, Xu D, Claesson HE, Sundström C, Björkholm M, Sjöberg J. Differential expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:340-7. [PMID: 19064398 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2008.n.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid metabolites have been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis. We have recently reported that the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1) and 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) are expressed by the malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma and certain Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines, and that these cells convert arachidonic acid to the novel proinflammatory eoxins. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of the CysLT1 receptor and 15-LO-1 was investigated in a broad range of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) by immunohistochemistry. The functionality of the CysLT1 receptor in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) cell lines was studied by calcium mobilization assays. RESULTS Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma was the only NHL entity showing tumor cells positive for the CysLT1 receptor (9 of 10 tumors), and the PMBCL cell line Med-B1 expressed functional CysLT1 receptors, responding with a robust calcium signal upon cysteinyl leukotriene challenge. Furthermore, the tumor cells in 1 of 4 T-cell-derived anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, in contrast to all other studied NHLs, strongly expressed 15-LO-1. CONCLUSION Among the NHL entities included in this study, the CysLT1 receptor was exclusively expressed by the tumor cells of PMBCL. Thus, this further corroborates the pathologic overlap between PMBCL and classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Schain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
In this review, we aim to put in perspective the biology of a multifunctional leukocyte, the eosinophil, by placing it in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils have a unique contribution in initiating inflammatory and adaptive responses, due to their bidirectional interactions with dendritic cells and T cells, as well as their large panel of secreted cytokines and soluble mediators. The mechanisms and consequences of eosinophil responses in experimental inflammatory models and human diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Blanchard
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of medicine 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of medicine 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
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Claesson HE. On the biosynthesis and biological role of eoxins and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in airway inflammation and Hodgkin lymphoma. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 89:120-5. [PMID: 19130894 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review is focused on the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) and eoxins in airway inflammatory diseases and Hodgkin lymphoma. Several studies have demonstrated increased expression and activity of 15-LO-1 in the respiratory tissue from asthma patients , indicating a pathophysiological role of this enzyme in airway inflammation. Eoxins were recently identified as pro-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid, formed through the 15-LO-1 pathway, in human eosinophils, mast cells, airway epithelial cells and Hodgkin lymphoma. Mice deficient of 12/15-LO, the ortholog to human 15-LO-1, had an attenuated allergic airway inflammation compared to wild type controls, also indicating a pathophysiological role of this enzyme in respiratory inflammation. The putative therapeutic implications of 15-LO-1 inhibitors in the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Erik Claesson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells express 15-lipoxygenase-1 and are putative producers of eoxins in vivo: novel insight into the inflammatory features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. FEBS J 2008; 275:4222-34. [PMID: 18647347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma has unique clinical and pathological features and tumour tissue is characterized by a minority of malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. In the present study, we report that the Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell line L1236 has high expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and that these cells readily convert arachidonic acid to eoxin C(4), eoxin D(4) and eoxin E(4). These mediators were only recently discovered in human eosinophils and mast cells and found to be potent proinflammatory mediators. Western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses of L1236 cells demonstrated that 15-lipoxygenase-1 was present mainly in the cytosol and that the enzyme translocated to the membrane upon calcium challenge. By immunohistochemistry of Hodgkin lymphoma tumour tissue, 15-lipoxygenase-1 was found to be expressed in primary Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells in 17 of 20 (85%) investigated biopsies. The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1, however, was not expressed in any of 10 biopsies representing nine different subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In essence, the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and the putative formation of eoxins by Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells in vivo are likely to contribute to the inflammatory features of Hodgkin lymphoma. These findings may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications in Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, the discovery of the high 15-lipoxygenase-1 activity in L1236 cells demonstrates that this cell line comprises a useful model system to study the chemical and biological roles of 15-lipoxygenase-1.
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Andersson CK, Claesson HE, Rydell-Törmänen K, Swedmark S, Hällgren A, Erjefält JS. Mice lacking 12/15-lipoxygenase have attenuated airway allergic inflammation and remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:648-56. [PMID: 18511709 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0443oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (LO)-1 has been implicated in allergic inflammation and asthma. The overall effect of 15-LO in allergic inflammation in vivo is, however, unclear. This study investigates systemic allergen sensitization and local allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in mice lacking the murine 12/15-LO, the ortholog to human 15-LO-1. Upon systemic sensitization with intraperitoneal ovalbumin, 12/15-LO-/- mice produced elevated levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E compared with wild-type (Wt) controls. However, when challenged with repeated aerosolized allergen, sensitized 12/15-LO-/- mice had an impaired development of airway allergic inflammation compared with Wt controls, as indicated by reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocytes (eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), as well as tissue eosinophils. Allergen-induced airway epithelial proliferation was also significantly attenuated in 12/15-LO-/- mice, whereas goblet cell hyperplasia was unaffected. However, 12/15-LO-/- mice had significantly reduced luminal mucus secretions compared with Wt controls. The repeated allergen challenges resulted in a dramatic increase of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive alveolar cells in the peripheral airways, a phenomenon that was significantly less developed in 12/15-LO-/- mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that 12/15-LO-/- mice, although having a fully developed systemic sensitization, did not establish a fully developed allergic airway inflammation and associated manifestations of central and peripheral airway remodeling. These data suggest that 12/15-LO-derived metabolites play an important pathophysiologic role in allergen-induced inflammation and remodeling. Hence, pharmacologic targeting of the human 15-LO-1 may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and remodeling in asthma.
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