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Guturi KKN, Bohgaki M, Bohgaki T, Srikumar T, Ng D, Kumareswaran R, El Ghamrasni S, Jeon J, Patel P, Eldin MS, Bristow R, Cheung P, Stewart GS, Raught B, Hakem A, Hakem R. RNF168 and USP10 regulate topoisomerase IIα function via opposing effects on its ubiquitylation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12638. [PMID: 27558965 PMCID: PMC5007378 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2α) is essential for chromosomal condensation and segregation, as well as genomic integrity. Here we report that RNF168, an E3 ligase mutated in the human RIDDLE syndrome, interacts with TOP2α and mediates its ubiquitylation. RNF168 deficiency impairs decatenation activity of TOP2α and promotes mitotic abnormalities and defective chromosomal segregation. Our data also indicate that RNF168 deficiency, including in human breast cancer cell lines, confers resistance to the anti-cancer drug and TOP2 inhibitor etoposide. We also identify USP10 as a deubiquitylase that negatively regulates TOP2α ubiquitylation and restrains its chromatin association. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the RNF168/USP10 axis and TOP2α ubiquitylation and function, and suggest a role for RNF168 in the response to anti-cancer chemotherapeutics that target TOP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Naidu Guturi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Miyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Deborah Ng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Ramya Kumareswaran
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Justin Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Parasvi Patel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Mohamed Saad Eldin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Rob Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Peter Cheung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Grant S Stewart
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Anne Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Dubey R, Lebensohn AM, Bahrami-Nejad Z, Marceau C, Champion M, Gevaert O, Sikic BI, Carette JE, Rohatgi R. Chromatin-Remodeling Complex SWI/SNF Controls Multidrug Resistance by Transcriptionally Regulating the Drug Efflux Pump ABCB1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5810-5821. [PMID: 27503929 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are among the most effective yet most toxic drugs used in the oncology clinic. The nucleosome-remodeling SWI/SNF complex, a potent tumor suppressor, is thought to promote sensitivity to anthracyclines by recruiting topoisomerase IIa (TOP2A) to DNA and increasing double-strand breaks. In this study, we discovered a novel mechanism through which SWI/SNF influences resistance to the widely used anthracycline doxorubicin based on the use of a forward genetic screen in haploid human cells, followed by a rigorous single and double-mutant epistasis analysis using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated engineering. Doxorubicin resistance conferred by loss of the SMARCB1 subunit of the SWI/SNF complex was caused by transcriptional upregulation of a single gene, encoding the multidrug resistance pump ABCB1. Remarkably, both ABCB1 upregulation and doxorubicin resistance caused by SMARCB1 loss were dependent on the function of SMARCA4, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex. We propose that residual SWI/SNF complexes lacking SMARCB1 are vital determinants of drug sensitivity, not just to TOP2A-targeted agents, but to the much broader range of cancer drugs effluxed by ABCB1. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5810-21. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andres M Lebensohn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Zahra Bahrami-Nejad
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Caleb Marceau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Magali Champion
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Branimir I Sikic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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104
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Borska S, Pedziwiatr M, Danielewicz M, Nowinska K, Pula B, Drag-Zalesinska M, Olbromski M, Gomulkiewicz A, Dziegiel P. Classical and atypical resistance of cancer cells as a target for resveratrol. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1562-8. [PMID: 27431533 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutics is the main cause of insensitivity to anticancer therapy. Thus, the current challenge remains searching for substances sensitising the activity of cytostatic drugs. In this respect, resveratrol is a very promising therapeutic agent. It has pleiotropic effect on cancer cells, which can play a key role in numerous resistance mechanisms, both classical and atypical. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of resveratrol on the inhibition of human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and on the level of cytostatic resistance-associated proteins. The study was performed on human pancreatic cancer cell lines EPP85-181P (control), EPP85-181RDB (daunorubicin resistance) and EPP85-181PRNOV (mitoxantrone resistance). The effect of resveratrol on the viability and proliferation of the studied cell lines was evaluated by SRB assay, whereas cell cycle arrest and cytostatic accumulation by FACS. Western blot analysis was used to determine the level of P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase II α and β and immunofluorescence technique to visualise the proteins in the cells. Resveratrol inhibited proliferation of all studied cell lines. Phase-specific cell cycle arrest depended on the type of cancer cells. Resveratrol decreased the level and activity of P-gp in EPP85-181RDB cells. In EPP85-181PRNOV cells, expression of both TopoII isoforms increased in a statistically significant manner. The results of in vitro studies support the possibility of potential use of resveratrol in breaking cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Borska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pedziwiatr
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Danielewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowinska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Olbromski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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105
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Yan H, Tammaro M, Liao S. Collision of Trapped Topoisomerase 2 with Transcription and Replication: Generation and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks with 5' Adducts. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070032. [PMID: 27376333 PMCID: PMC4962002 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (Top2) is an essential enzyme responsible for manipulating DNA topology during replication, transcription, chromosome organization and chromosome segregation. It acts by nicking both strands of DNA and then passes another DNA molecule through the break. The 5′ end of each nick is covalently linked to the tyrosine in the active center of each of the two subunits of Top2 (Top2cc). In this configuration, the two sides of the nicked DNA are held together by the strong protein-protein interactions between the two subunits of Top2, allowing the nicks to be faithfully resealed in situ. Top2ccs are normally transient, but can be trapped by cancer drugs, such as etoposide, and subsequently processed into DSBs in cells. If not properly repaired, these DSBs would lead to genome instability and cell death. Here, I review the current understanding of the mechanisms by which DSBs are induced by etoposide, the unique features of such DSBs and how they are repaired. Implications for the improvement of cancer therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Margaret Tammaro
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Shuren Liao
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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106
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Kumar A, Ehrenshaft M, Tokar EJ, Mason RP, Sinha BK. Nitric oxide inhibits topoisomerase II activity and induces resistance to topoisomerase II-poisons in human tumor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1519-27. [PMID: 27095671 PMCID: PMC4909546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etoposide and doxorubicin, topoisomerase II poisons, are important drugs for the treatment of tumors in the clinic. Topoisomerases contain several free sulfhydryl groups which are important for their activity and are also potential targets for nitric oxide (NO)-induced nitrosation. NO, a physiological signaling molecule nitrosates many cellular proteins, causing altered protein and cellular functions. METHODS Here, we have evaluated the roles of NO/NO-derived species in the activity/stability of topo II both in vitro and in human tumor cells, and in the cytotoxicity of topo II-poisons, etoposide and doxorubicin. RESULTS Treatment of purified topo IIα with propylamine propylamine nonoate (PPNO), an NO donor, resulted in inhibition of both the catalytic and relaxation activity in vitro, and decreased etoposide-dependent cleavable complex formation in both human HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PPNO treatment also induced significant nitrosation of topo IIα protein in these human tumor cells. These events, taken together, caused a significant resistance to etoposide in both cell lines. However, PPNO had no effect on doxorubicin-induced cleavable complex formation, or doxorubicin cytotoxicity in these cell lines. CONCLUSION Inhibition of topo II function by NO/NO-derived species induces significant resistance to etoposide, without affecting doxorubicin cytotoxicity in human tumor cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE As tumors express inducible nitric oxide synthase and generate significant amounts of NO, modulation of topo II functions by NO/NO-derived species could render tumors resistant to certain topo II-poisons in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marilyn Ehrenshaft
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik J Tokar
- National Toxicology Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Birandra K Sinha
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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107
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Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) strategies are defined by screening and selection of hit or lead compounds based on quantifiable phenotypic endpoints without prior knowledge of the drug target. We outline the challenges associated with traditional phenotypic screening strategies and propose solutions and new opportunities to be gained by adopting modern PDD technologies. We highlight both historical and recent examples of approved drugs and new drug candidates discovered by modern phenotypic screening. Finally, we offer a prospective view of a new era of PDD underpinned by a wealth of technology advances in the areas of in vitro model development, high-content imaging and image informatics, mechanism-of-action profiling and target deconvolution.
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108
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Gmeiner WH, Gearhart PJ, Pommier Y, Nakamura J. F10 cytotoxicity via topoisomerase I cleavage complex repair consistent with a unique mechanism for thymineless death. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2183-8. [PMID: 27333295 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William H Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Immunology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Jun Nakamura
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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109
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Dauch D, Rudalska R, Cossa G, Nault JC, Kang TW, Wuestefeld T, Hohmeyer A, Imbeaud S, Yevsa T, Hoenicke L, Pantsar T, Bozko P, Malek NP, Longerich T, Laufer S, Poso A, Zucman-Rossi J, Eilers M, Zender L. A MYC-aurora kinase A protein complex represents an actionable drug target in p53-altered liver cancer. Nat Med 2016; 22:744-53. [PMID: 27213815 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC oncoproteins are involved in the genesis and maintenance of the majority of human tumors but are considered undruggable. By using a direct in vivo shRNA screen, we show that liver cancer cells that have mutations in the gene encoding the tumor suppressor protein p53 (Trp53 in mice and TP53 in humans) and that are driven by the oncoprotein NRAS become addicted to MYC stabilization via a mechanism mediated by aurora kinase A (AURKA). This MYC stabilization enables the tumor cells to overcome a latent G2/M cell cycle arrest that is mediated by AURKA and the tumor suppressor protein p19(ARF). MYC directly binds to AURKA, and inhibition of this protein-protein interaction by conformation-changing AURKA inhibitors results in subsequent MYC degradation and cell death. These conformation-changing AURKA inhibitors, with one of them currently being tested in early clinical trials, suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice bearing Trp53-deficient, NRAS-driven MYC-expressing hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). TP53-mutated human HCCs revealed increased AURKA expression and a positive correlation between AURKA and MYC expression. In xenograft models, mice bearing TP53-mutated or TP53-deleted human HCCs were hypersensitive to treatment with conformation-changing AURKA inhibitors, thus suggesting a therapeutic strategy for this subgroup of human HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dauch
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ramona Rudalska
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giacomo Cossa
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Tae-Won Kang
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Wuestefeld
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anja Hohmeyer
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Hoenicke
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Przemyslaw Bozko
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antti Poso
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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110
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Li M, Liu Y. Topoisomerase I in Human Disease Pathogenesis and Treatments. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:166-171. [PMID: 27181710 PMCID: PMC4936607 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is an essential enzyme for normal development. TOP1 relaxes supercoiled DNA to remove helical constraints that can otherwise hinder DNA replication and transcription and thus block cell growth. Unfortunately, this exact activity can covalently trap TOP1 on the DNA that could lead to cell death or mutagenesis, a precursor for tumorigenesis. It is therefore important for cells to find a proper balance between the utilization of the TOP1 catalytic activity to maintain DNA topology and the risk of accumulating the toxic DNA damages due to TOP1 trapping that prevents normal cell growth. In an apparent contradiction to the negative attribute of the TOP1 activity to genome stability, the detrimental effect of the TOP1-induced DNA lesions on cell survival has made this enzyme a prime target for cancer therapies to kill fast-growing cancer cells. In addition, cumulative evidence supports a direct role of TOP1 in promoting transcriptional progression independent of its topoisomerase activity. The involvement of TOP1 in transcriptional regulation has recently become a focus in developing potential new treatments for a subtype of autism spectrum disorders. Clearly, the impact of TOP1 on human health is multifold. In this review, we will summarize our current understandings on how TOP1 contributes to human diseases and how its activity is targeted for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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111
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Jensen NF, Agama K, Roy A, Smith DH, Pfister TD, Rømer MU, Zhang HL, Doroshow JH, Knudsen BR, Stenvang J, Brünner N, Pommier Y. Characterization of DNA topoisomerase I in three SN-38 resistant human colon cancer cell lines reveals a new pair of resistance-associated mutations. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:56. [PMID: 27029323 PMCID: PMC4815242 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) is a DNA unwinding protein and the specific target of the camptothecin class of chemotherapeutic drugs. One of these, irinotecan, acting through its active metabolite SN-38, is used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, resistance to irinotecan represents a major clinical problem. Since molecular alterations in Top1 may result in resistance to irinotecan, we characterized Top1 in three human colon cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to SN-38. METHODS Three SN-38 resistant (20-67 fold increased resistance) cell lines were generated and compared to wild-type parental cells with regards to: TOP1 gene copy number and gene sequence, Top1 expression (mRNA and protein), Top1 enzymatic activity in the absence and presence of drug, and Top1-DNA cleavage complexes in drug treated cells. TOP1 mutations were validated by PCR using mutant specific primers. Furthermore, cross-resistance to two indenoisoquinoline Top1-targeting drugs (NSC 725776 and NSC 743400) and two Top2-targeting drugs (epirubicin and etoposide) was investigated. RESULTS Two of three SN-38 resistant cell lines carried TOP1 gene copy number aberrations: A TOP1 gene copy gain and a loss of chromosome 20, respectively. One resistant cell line harbored a pair of yet unreported TOP1 mutations (R364K and G717R) in close proximity to the drug binding site. Mutant TOP1 was expressed at a markedly higher level than wild-type TOP1. None or very small reductions were observed in Top1 expression or Top1 activity in the absence of drug. In all three SN-38 resistant cell lines Top1 activity was maintained in the presence of high concentrations of SN-38. None or only partial cross-resistance were observed for etoposide and epirubicin, respectively. SN-38 resistant cells with wild-type TOP1 remained sensitive to NSC 743400, while cells with mutant TOP1 was fully cross-resistant to both indenoisoquinolines. Top1-DNA cleavage complex formation following drug treatment supported the other findings. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the growing knowledge about resistance mechanisms for Top1-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs. Importantly, two yet unreported TOP1 mutations were identified, and it was underlined that cross-resistance to the new indenoisoquinoline drugs depends on the specific underlying molecular mechanism of resistance to SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Frank Jensen
- />Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keli Agama
- />National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255 USA
| | - Amit Roy
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- />Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Vaishali 844102 India
| | - David Hersi Smith
- />Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Dako Denmark A/S, R&D, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas D. Pfister
- />Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Maria Unni Rømer
- />Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Department for Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- />National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255 USA
| | - James H. Doroshow
- />National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255 USA
- />Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Birgitta R. Knudsen
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- />Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Brünner
- />Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Pommier
- />National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255 USA
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112
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p53 Maintains Genomic Stability by Preventing Interference between Transcription and Replication. Cell Rep 2016; 15:132-146. [PMID: 27052176 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor maintains genomic stability, typically acting through cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. We discovered a function of p53 in preventing conflicts between transcription and replication, independent of its canonical roles. p53 deficiency sensitizes cells to Topoisomerase (Topo) II inhibitors, resulting in DNA damage arising spontaneously during replication. Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A)-DNA complexes preferentially accumulate in isogenic p53 mutant or knockout cells, reflecting an increased recruitment of TOP2A to regulate DNA topology. We propose that p53 acts to prevent DNA topological stress originating from transcription during the S phase and, therefore, promotes normal replication fork progression. Consequently, replication fork progression is impaired in the absence of p53, which is reversed by transcription inhibition. Pharmacologic inhibition of transcription also attenuates DNA damage and decreases Topo-II-DNA complexes, restoring cell viability in p53-deficient cells. Together, our results demonstrate a function of p53 that may underlie its role in tumor suppression.
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Baiocchi G, Poliseli FLV, De Brot L, Mantoan H, Schiavon BN, Faloppa CC, Vassallo J, Soares FA, Cunha IW. TOP2A copy number and TOP2A expression in uterine benign smooth muscle tumours and leiomyosarcoma. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:884-9. [PMID: 26994023 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine TOP2A copy number, TOP2A expression, and its prognostic value in uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and other benign smooth muscle tumours. METHODS We analysed 37 patients treated for uterine LMS with immunohistochemistry for protein expression and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) for copy number. Twelve cases of leiomyoma variants (LMVs), 4 smooth muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and 23 leiomyomas (LMs) were also included. RESULTS Eighteen patients with LMS (48.6%) were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I, six (16.2%) were stage II, four (10.8%) were stage III, and nine (24.3%) were stage IV. Twenty-one (56.8%) patients with LMS showed high expression of TOP2A. Greater TOP2A levels were found in patients with stage ≥II disease compared with stage I and also in high mitotic index tumours (>20/10 HPF (high power field)). Eleven (36.7%) cases had abnormal TOP2A copy numbers. There was no link between TOP2A copy number and TOP2A expression. All patients with benign smooth muscle tumours had low TOP2A immunohistochemical expression and one (7.7%) patient had TOP2A amplification. TOP2A expression and TOP2A copy number had no impact on disease outcomes. Only the presence of disease outside of the uterus negatively impacted survival compared with early disease (53.4 vs 15.8 months; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS TOP2A is highly expressed in advanced LMS but not in non-malignant diseases. TOP2A expression does not correlate with FISH results and does not predict outcome. TOP2A levels are higher in high-mitotic index tumours and in more advanced stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Baiocchi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Louise De Brot
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Mantoan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose Vassallo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Huang B, Abraham WD, Zheng Y, Bustamante López SC, Luo SS, Irvine DJ. Active targeting of chemotherapy to disseminated tumors using nanoparticle-carrying T cells. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:291ra94. [PMID: 26062846 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells disseminate into compartments that are poorly accessible from circulation, which necessitates high doses of systemic chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness of many drugs, such as the potent topoisomerase I poison SN-38, is hampered by poor pharmacokinetics. To deliver SN-38 to lymphoma tumors in vivo, we took advantage of the fact that healthy lymphocytes can be programmed to phenocopy the biodistribution of the tumor cells. In a murine model of disseminated lymphoma, we expanded autologous polyclonal T cells ex vivo under conditions that retained homing receptors mirroring lymphoma cells, and functionalized these T cells to carry SN-38-loaded nanocapsules on their surfaces. Nanocapsule-functionalized T cells were resistant to SN-38 but mediated efficient killing of lymphoma cells in vitro. Upon adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing mice, these T cells served as active vectors to deliver the chemotherapeutic into tumor-bearing lymphoid organs. Cell-mediated delivery concentrated SN-38 in lymph nodes at levels 90-fold greater than free drug systemically administered at 10-fold higher doses. The live T cell delivery approach reduced tumor burden significantly after 2 weeks of treatment and enhanced survival under conditions where free SN-38 and SN-38-loaded nanocapsules alone were ineffective. These results suggest that tissue-homing lymphocytes can serve as specific targeting agents to deliver nanoparticles into sites difficult to access from the circulation, and thus improve the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic drugs with unfavorable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wuhbet D Abraham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sandra C Bustamante López
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha S Luo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Jandu H, Aluzaite K, Fogh L, Thrane SW, Noer JB, Proszek J, Do KN, Hansen SN, Damsgaard B, Nielsen SL, Stougaard M, Knudsen BR, Moreira J, Hamerlik P, Gajjar M, Smid M, Martens J, Foekens J, Pommier Y, Brünner N, Schrohl AS, Stenvang J. Molecular characterization of irinotecan (SN-38) resistant human breast cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:34. [PMID: 26801902 PMCID: PMC4722663 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in taxane and/or anthracycline refractory metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients have shown approximately 30 % response rates to irinotecan. Hence, a significant number of patients will experience irinotecan-induced side effects without obtaining any benefit. The aim of this study was to lay the groundwork for development of predictive biomarkers for irinotecan treatment in BC. Methods We established BC cell lines with acquired or de novo resistance to SN-38, by exposing the human BC cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 to either stepwise increasing concentrations over 6 months or an initial high dose of SN-38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan), respectively. The resistant cell lines were analyzed for cross-resistance to other anti-cancer drugs, global gene expression, growth rates, TOP1 and TOP2A gene copy numbers and protein expression, and inhibition of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP) drug efflux pump. Results We found that the resistant cell lines showed 7–100 fold increased resistance to SN-38 but remained sensitive to docetaxel and the non-camptothecin Top1 inhibitor LMP400. The resistant cell lines were characterized by Top1 down-regulation, changed isoelectric points of Top1 and reduced growth rates. The gene and protein expression of ABCG2/BCRP was up-regulated in the resistant sub-lines and functional assays revealed BCRP as a key mediator of SN-38 resistance. Conclusions Based on our preclinical results, we suggest analyzing the predictive value of the BCRP in breast cancer patients scheduled for irinotecan treatment. Moreover, LMP400 should be tested in a clinical setting in breast cancer patients with resistance to irinotecan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2071-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haatisha Jandu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Aluzaite
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Louise Fogh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sebastian Wingaard Thrane
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie B Noer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Joanna Proszek
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, building 18B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Khoa Nguyen Do
- DTU Multiassay Core (DMAC), Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 208, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stine Ninel Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Britt Damsgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Signe Lykke Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Magnus Stougaard
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, building 18B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Birgitta R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - José Moreira
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Madhavsai Gajjar
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marcel Smid
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John Martens
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John Foekens
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yves Pommier
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular, Pharmacology, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA.
| | - Nils Brünner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Sofie Schrohl
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ben-David U, Cowell IG, Austin CA, Benvenisty N. Brief reports: Controlling the survival of human pluripotent stem cells by small molecule-based targeting of topoisomerase II alpha. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1013-9. [PMID: 25377277 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent-specific inhibitors (PluriSIns) make a powerful tool to study the mechanisms controlling the survival of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we characterize the mechanism of action of PluriSIn#2, a compound that selectively eliminates undifferentiated hPSCs, while sparing various other cell types derived from them. Toxicogenomic analysis predicts this compound to be a topoisomerase inhibitor. Gene expression analyses reveal that one of the human topoisomerase enzymes, topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), is uniquely expressed in hPSCs: TOP2A is highly expressed in undifferentiated cells, is downregulated during their differentiation, and its expression depends on the expression of core pluripotency transcription factors. Furthermore, siRNA-based knockdown of TOP2A in undifferentiated hPSCs results in their cell death, revealing that TOP2A expression is required for the survival of these cells. We find that PluriSIn#2 does not directly inhibit TOP2A enzymatic activity, but rather selectively represses its transcription, thereby significantly reducing TOP2A protein levels. As undifferentiated hPSCs require TOP2A activity for their survival, TOP2A inhibition by PluriSIn#2 thus causes their cell death. Therefore, TOP2A dependency can be harnessed for the selective elimination of tumorigenic hPSCs from culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Choi YW, Ahn MS, Choi JH, Lee HW, Kang SY, Jeong SH, Park JS, Han JH, Kim JH, Sheen SS. High expression of Bcl-2 predicts poor outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with low international prognostic index receiving R-CHOP chemotherapy. Int J Hematol 2015; 103:210-8. [PMID: 26586460 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of Bcl-2, Bcl-6, p53, topoisomerase II, and β-tubulin expression was evaluated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab. Eight-year progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0.006) and overall survival (OS, P = 0.001) of patients with high Bcl-2 expression were significantly inferior to those of patients with low expression without prognostic significance of Bcl-6, p53, topoisomerase II, and β-tubulin expression. High expression of Bcl-2 was associated with poor PFS (P = 0.045) and OS (P = 0.004) only in patients with low international prognostic index (IPI). In multivariate analysis, high expression of Bcl-2 was a significant independent prognostic factor of poor PFS (P = 0.026) and OS (P = 0.007) along with high IPI. In conclusion, the expression of Bcl-2 may be a useful prognostic factor, especially in DLBCL patients with low IPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Won Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Ahn
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Yun Kang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Sheen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Nygård SB, Vainer B, Nielsen SL, Bosman F, Tejpar S, Roth A, Delorenzi M, Brünner N, Budinska E. DNA Topoisomerase I Gene Copy Number and mRNA Expression Assessed as Predictive Biomarkers for Adjuvant Irinotecan in Stage II/III Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1621-31. [PMID: 26542057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prospective-retrospective assessment of the TOP1 gene copy number and TOP1 mRNA expression as predictive biomarkers for adjuvant irinotecan in stage II/III colon cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue microarrays were obtained from an adjuvant colon cancer trial (PETACC3) where patients were randomized to 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with or without additional irinotecan. TOP1 copy number status was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a TOP1/CEN20 dual-probe combination. TOP1 mRNA data were available from previous analyses. RESULTS TOP1 FISH and follow-up data were obtained from 534 patients. TOP1 gain was identified in 27% using a single-probe enumeration strategy (≥4 TOP1 signals per cell) and in 31% when defined by a TOP1/CEN20 ratio ≥ 1.5. The effect of additional irinotecan was not dependent on TOP1 FISH status.TOP1 mRNA data were available from 580 patients with stage III disease. Benefit of irinotecan was restricted to patients characterized by TOP1 mRNA expression ≥ third quartile (RFS: HRadjusted, 0.59;P= 0.09; OS: HRadjusted, 0.44;P= 0.03). The treatment by TOP1 mRNA interaction was not statistically significant, but in exploratory multivariable fractional polynomial interaction analysis, increasing TOP1 mRNA values appeared to be associated with increasing benefit of irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the TOP1 copy number, a trend was demonstrated for a predictive property of TOP1 mRNA expression. On the basis of TOP1 mRNA, it might be possible to identify a subgroup of patients where an irinotecan doublet is a clinically relevant option in the adjuvant setting of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Boris Nygård
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Lykke Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Bosman
- University of Lausanne, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Roth
- Oncosurgery Unit, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland. University of Lausanne, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland. Oncology Department, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Brünner
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eva Budinska
- Masaryk University, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ponnusamy L, Mahalingaiah PKS, Singh KP. Chronic Oxidative Stress Increases Resistance to Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Renal Carcinoma Cells Potentially Through Epigenetic Mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:27-41. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Wijdeven RH, Pang B, van der Zanden SY, Qiao X, Blomen V, Hoogstraat M, Lips EH, Janssen L, Wessels L, Brummelkamp TR, Neefjes J. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Novel Factors Conferring Resistance to Topoisomerase II Poisons in Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4176-87. [PMID: 26260527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The topoisomerase II poisons doxorubicin and etoposide constitute longstanding cornerstones of chemotherapy. Despite their extensive clinical use, many patients do not respond to these drugs. Using a genome-wide gene knockout approach, we identified Keap1, the SWI/SNF complex, and C9orf82 (CAAP1) as independent factors capable of driving drug resistance through diverse molecular mechanisms, all converging on the DNA double-strand break (DSB) and repair pathway. Loss of Keap1 or the SWI/SNF complex inhibits generation of DSB by attenuating expression and activity of topoisomerase IIα, respectively, whereas deletion of C9orf82 augments subsequent DSB repair. Their corresponding genes, frequently mutated or deleted in human tumors, may impact drug sensitivity, as exemplified by triple-negative breast cancer patients with diminished SWI/SNF core member expression who exhibit reduced responsiveness to chemotherapy regimens containing doxorubicin. Collectively, our work identifies genes that may predict the response of cancer patients to the broadly used topoisomerase II poisons and defines alternative pathways that could be therapeutically exploited in treatment-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud H Wijdeven
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Baoxu Pang
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Xiaohang Qiao
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Blomen
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlous Hoogstraat
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hemann M. Chimeric Tumor and Organ Transplantation Models. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:725-30. [PMID: 26240412 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of cancer development and progression provide a means to study tumor response in appropriate physiological contexts. However, mouse cancer progression and therapy models have traditionally suffered from many of the same problems as human clinical cancer research, including genetic heterogeneity and tumor-stage variability at the time of treatment. Additionally, most mouse models are not tractable genetic systems, making it difficult to recapitulate the diverse set of alterations that regularly occur during tumor development. The recent development of chimeric and tumor transplantation techniques address many of the limitations of conventional mouse genetics. These strategies allow for the somatic introduction of complex genetic alterations into a subset of cells in reconstituted tumors or organ systems. Moreover, these different approaches can be combined in such a way that tumors with multiple genotypes are rapidly produced. These matched pairs can be systemically introduced into recipient mice for the rapid ex vivo modification of preestablished malignancies allows the generation of "matched pairs" of tumors differing in a single defined lesion (i.e., aliquots of the same primary malignancy with and without a gene of interest). Thus, treatment studies can be performed (1) in the context of an otherwise normal organ system, (2) on tumors that are in their appropriate anatomical context, and (3) on tumors that are essentially identical besides the presence of defined experimentally introduced alterations. Here, we will introduce procedures for modifying both normal and transformed cells and their adaptation to study in vivo tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Kiakos K, Pett L, Satam V, Patil P, Hochhauser D, Lee M, Hartley JA. Nuclear Localization and Gene Expression Modulation by a Fluorescent Sequence-Selective p-Anisyl-benzimidazolecarboxamido Imidazole-Pyrrole Polyamide. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2015; 22:862-75. [PMID: 26119998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrrole (P)-imidazole (I) containing polyamides can target predetermined DNA sequences and modulate gene expression by interfering with transcription factor binding. We have previously shown that rationally designed polyamides targeting the inverted CCAAT box 2 (ICB2) of the topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) promoter can inhibit binding of transcription factor NF-Y, re-inducing expression of the enzyme in confluent cells. Here, the A/T recognizing fluorophore, p-anisylbenzimidazolecarboxamido (Hx) was incorporated into the hybrid polyamide HxIP, which fluoresces upon binding to DNA, providing an intrinsic probe to monitor cellular uptake. HxIP targets the 5'-TACGAT-3' sequence of the 5' flank of ICB2 with high affinity and sequence specificity, eliciting an ICB2-selective inhibition/displacement of NF-Y. HxIP is readily taken up by NIH3T3 and A549 cells, and detected in the nucleus within minutes. Exposure to the polyamide at confluence resulted in a dose-dependent upregulation of topo IIα expression and enhanced formation of etoposide-induced DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luke Pett
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vijay Satam
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - Pravin Patil
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Moses Lee
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Vispé S, Deroide A, Davoine E, Desjobert C, Lestienne F, Fournier L, Novosad N, Bréand S, Besse J, Busato F, Tost J, De Vries L, Cussac D, Riond J, Arimondo PB. Consequences of combining siRNA-mediated DNA methyltransferase 1 depletion with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in human leukemic KG1 cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15265-82. [PMID: 25948775 PMCID: PMC4558150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine are clinically used to treat patients with blood neoplasia. Their antileukemic property is mediated by the trapping and the subsequent degradation of a family of proteins, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) leading to DNA demethylation, tumor suppressor gene re-expression and DNA damage. Here we studied the respective role of each DNMT in the human leukemia KG1 cell line using a RNA interference approach. In addition we addressed the role of DNA damage formation in DNA demethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Our data show that DNMT1 is the main DNMT involved in DNA methylation maintenance in KG1 cells and in mediating DNA damage formation upon exposure to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Moreover, KG1 cells express the DNMT1 protein at a level above the one required to ensure DNA methylation maintenance, and we identified a threshold for DNMT1 depletion that needs to be exceeded to achieve DNA demethylation. Most interestingly, by combining DNMT1 siRNA and treatment with low dose of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, it is possible to uncouple DNA damage formation from DNA demethylation. This work strongly suggests that a direct pharmacological inhibition of DNMT1, unlike the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, should lead to tumor suppressor gene hypomethylation and re-expression without inducing major DNA damage in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vispé
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Arthur Deroide
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Davoine
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Desjobert
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Lestienne
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Lucie Fournier
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Natacha Novosad
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bréand
- Informatique de Recherche (Bioinformatics and Statistics), Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Jérôme Besse
- Informatique de Recherche (Bioinformatics and Statistics), Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Luc De Vries
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Didier Cussac
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
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124
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Jakobsen AK, Lauridsen KL, Samuel EB, Proszek J, Knudsen BR, Hager H, Stougaard M. Correlation between topoisomerase I and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 activities in non-small cell lung cancer tissue. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:56-64. [PMID: 25987486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TOP1) regulates DNA topology during replication and transcription whereas tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is involved in the repair of several types of DNA damages, including damages from defective TOP1 catalysis. TOP1 is the target of chemotherapeutic drugs of the camptothecin family (CPT). TDP1 has in cell line based assays been shown to counteract the effect of CPT. We have quantified the enzymatic activities of TOP1 and TDP1 in paired (tumor and adjacent non-tumor) samples from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and show that in NSCLC TOP1 and TDP1 activities are significantly upregulated in the tumor tissue. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the TDP1 activity and the tumor percentage (TOP1 activity did not correlate with the tumor percentage) as well as between the activities of TOP1 and TDP1 both within the tumor and the non-tumor group. That TDP1 activity was upregulated in all tumor samples and correlated with the tumor percentage suggest that it must play a highly important function in NSCLC. This could be to protect against TOP1 mediated DNA damage as the activity of TOP1 likewise was upregulated in the majority of tumor samples and correlated positively to the TDP1 activity. Regardless, the finding that the TOP1 and TDP1 activities are upregulated and correlate positively suggests that combinatorial treatment targeting both activities could be advantageous in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joanna Proszek
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Birgitta Ruth Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hager
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pathology, Vejle Hospital, Denmark
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125
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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126
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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127
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Lack of topoisomerase copy number changes in patients with de novo and relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:534-6. [PMID: 25931012 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase (TOP) gene copy number changes may predict response to treatment with TOP-targeting drugs in cancer treatment. This was first described in patients with breast cancer and is currently being investigated in other malignant diseases. TOP-targeting drugs may induce TOP gene copy number changes at relapse, with possible implications for relapse therapy efficacy. TOP gene alterations in lymphoma are poorly investigated. In this study, TOP1 and TOP2A gene alterations were investigated in patients with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 33) and relapsed DLBCL treated with chemotherapy regimens including TOP2-targeting drugs (n = 16). No TOP1 or TOP2A copy number changes were found. Polysomy of chromosomes 20 and 17 was seen in 3 of 25 patients (12%) and 2 of 32 patients (6%) with de novo DLBCL. Among relapsed patients, chromosome polysomy was more frequently observed in 5 of 13 patients (38%) and 4 of 16 patients (25%) harboring chromosome 20 and 17 polysomy, respectively; however, these differences only tended to be significant (p = 0.09 and p = 0.09, respectively). The results suggest that TOP gene copy number changes are very infrequent in DLBCL and not likely induced by TOP2-targeting drugs. Increased polyploidy of chromosomes 17 and 20 among patients with relapsed DLBCL may reflect genetic compensation in the tumor cells after TOP2 inhibition, but is more likely due to the increased genetic instability often seen in progressed cancers. Therefore, it is unlikely that TOP1 and TOP2A gene alterations can be used as predictive markers for response to treatment with TOP2-targeting drugs in patients with DLBCL.
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128
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Gupte A, Baker EK, Wan SS, Stewart E, Loh A, Shelat AA, Gould CM, Chalk AM, Taylor S, Lackovic K, Karlström Å, Mutsaers AJ, Desai J, Madhamshettiwar PB, Zannettino ACW, Burns C, Huang DCS, Dyer MA, Simpson KJ, Walkley CR. Systematic Screening Identifies Dual PI3K and mTOR Inhibition as a Conserved Therapeutic Vulnerability in Osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3216-29. [PMID: 25862761 PMCID: PMC4506243 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone occurring mostly in teenagers. Despite rapid advances in our knowledge of the genetics and cell biology of osteosarcoma, significant improvements in patient survival have not been observed. The identification of effective therapeutics has been largely empirically based. The identification of new therapies and therapeutic targets are urgently needed to enable improved outcomes for osteosarcoma patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used genetically engineered murine models of human osteosarcoma in a systematic, genome-wide screen to identify new candidate therapeutic targets. We performed a genome-wide siRNA screen, with or without doxorubicin. In parallel, a screen of therapeutically relevant small molecules was conducted on primary murine- and primary human osteosarcoma-derived cell cultures. All results were validated across independent cell cultures and across human and mouse osteosarcoma. RESULTS The results from the genetic and chemical screens significantly overlapped, with a profound enrichment of pathways regulated by PI3K and mTOR pathways. Drugs that concurrently target both PI3K and mTOR were effective at inducing apoptosis in primary osteosarcoma cell cultures in vitro in both human and mouse osteosarcoma, whereas specific PI3K or mTOR inhibitors were not effective. The results were confirmed with siRNA and small molecule approaches. Rationale combinations of specific PI3K and mTOR inhibitors could recapitulate the effect on osteosarcoma cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The approaches described here have identified dual inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway as a sensitive, druggable target in osteosarcoma, and provide rationale for translational studies with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupte
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K Baker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soo-San Wan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Amos Loh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair M Chalk
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Taylor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kurt Lackovic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Åsa Karlström
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyush B Madhamshettiwar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Burns
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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129
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Shen Y, Aoyagi-Scharber M, Wang B. Trapping Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:446-57. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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130
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Deng S, Yan T, Nikolova T, Fuhrmann D, Nemecek A, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Kaina B, Wojnowski L. The catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitor dexrazoxane induces DNA breaks, ATF3 and the DNA damage response in cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2246-57. [PMID: 25521189 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitor dexrazoxane has been associated not only with improved cancer patient survival but also with secondary malignancies and reduced tumour response. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the DNA damage response and the role of the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) accumulation in tumour cells exposed to dexrazoxane. KEY RESULTS Dexrazoxane exposure induced topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A)-dependent cell death, γ-H2AX accumulation and increased tail moment in neutral comet assays. Dexrazoxane induced DNA damage responses, shown by enhanced levels of γ-H2AX/53BP1 foci, ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM and Rad3-related), Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylation, and by p53 accumulation. Dexrazoxane-induced γ-H2AX accumulation was dependent on ATM. ATF3 protein was induced by dexrazoxane in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was abolished in TOP2A-depleted cells and in cells pre-incubated with ATM inhibitor. Knockdown of ATF3 gene expression by siRNA triggered apoptosis in control cells and diminished the p53 protein level in both control and dexrazoxane -treated cells. This was accompanied by increased γ-H2AX accumulation. ATF3 knockdown also delayed the repair of dexrazoxane -induced DNA double-strand breaks. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As with other TOP2A poisons, dexrazoxane induced DNA double-strand breaks followed by activation of the DNA damage response. The DNA damage-triggered ATF3 controlled p53 accumulation and generation of double-strand breaks and is proposed to serve as a switch between DNA damage and cell death following dexrazoxane treatment. These findings suggest a mechanistic explanation for the diverse clinical observations associated with dexrazoxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Deng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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131
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Jensen NF, Stenvang J, Beck MK, Hanáková B, Belling KC, Do KN, Viuff B, Nygård SB, Gupta R, Rasmussen MH, Tarpgaard LS, Hansen TP, Budinská E, Pfeiffer P, Bosman F, Tejpar S, Roth A, Delorenzi M, Andersen CL, Rømer MU, Brünner N, Moreira JMA. Establishment and characterization of models of chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer: Towards a predictive signature of chemoresistance. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1169-85. [PMID: 25759163 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current standard treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are based on combination regimens with one of the two chemotherapeutic drugs, irinotecan or oxaliplatin. However, drug resistance frequently limits the clinical efficacy of these therapies. In order to gain new insights into mechanisms associated with chemoresistance, and departing from three distinct CRC cell models, we generated a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to either oxaliplatin or irinotecan. We characterized the resistant cell line variants with regards to their drug resistance profile and transcriptome, and matched our results with datasets generated from relevant clinical material to derive putative resistance biomarkers. We found that the chemoresistant cell line variants had distinctive irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-specific resistance profiles, with non-reciprocal cross-resistance. Furthermore, we could identify several new, as well as some previously described, drug resistance-associated genes for each resistant cell line variant. Each chemoresistant cell line variant acquired a unique set of changes that may represent distinct functional subtypes of chemotherapy resistance. In addition, and given the potential implications for selection of subsequent treatment, we also performed an exploratory analysis, in relevant patient cohorts, of the predictive value of each of the specific genes identified in our cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels F Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette K Beck
- Technical University of Denmark, Department for Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barbora Hanáková
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kirstine C Belling
- Technical University of Denmark, Department for Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Khoa N Do
- Technical University of Denmark, Department for Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Viuff
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sune B Nygård
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Technical University of Denmark, Department for Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H Rasmussen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Tarpgaard
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Clinical Research, Oncology Unit, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tine P Hansen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Clinical Research, Pathology Unit, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Budinská
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Clinical Research, Oncology Unit, Odense, Denmark
| | - Fred Bosman
- University of Lausanne, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Digestive Oncology Unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Roth
- University Hospital of Geneva, Oncosurgery Unit, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland; University of Lausanne, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; University of Lausanne, Oncology Department, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus L Andersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria U Rømer
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nils Brünner
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - José M A Moreira
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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132
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Nguyen TTT, Lim JSL, Tang RMY, Zhang L, Chen ES. Fitness profiling links topoisomerase II regulation of centromeric integrity to doxorubicin resistance in fission yeast. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8400. [PMID: 25669599 PMCID: PMC4323662 DOI: 10.1038/srep08400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent, inhibits the religation step of topoisomerase II (Top2). However, the downstream ramifications of this action are unknown. Here we performed epistasis analyses of top2 with 63 genes representing doxorubicin resistance (DXR) genes in fission yeast and revealed a subset that synergistically collaborate with Top2 to confer DXR. Our findings show that the chromatin-regulating RSC and SAGA complexes act with Top2 in a cluster that is functionally distinct from the Ino80 complex. In various DXR mutants, doxorubicin hypersensitivity was unexpectedly suppressed by a concomitant top2 mutation. Several DXR proteins showed centromeric localization, and their disruption resulted in centromeric defects and chromosome missegregation. An additional top2 mutation could restore centromeric chromatin integrity, suggesting a counterbalance between Top2 and these DXR factors in conferring doxorubicin resistance. Overall, this molecular basis for mitotic catastrophe associated with doxorubicin treatment will help to facilitate drug combinatorial usage in doxorubicin-related chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 [2] National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Julia Sze Lynn Lim
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 [2] National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Richard Ming Yi Tang
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 [2] National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Louxin Zhang
- 1] NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering [2] Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 [2] National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore [3] Synthetic Biology Research Consortium, National University of Singapore [4] NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering
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133
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Qu J, Zhao L, Zhang P, Wang J, Xu N, Mi W, Jiang X, Zhang C, Qu J. MicroRNA-195 chemosensitizes colon cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin by targeting the first binding site of BCL2L2 mRNA. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:535-45. [PMID: 23526568 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying doxorubicin (Dox) resistance in colon cancer cells are not fully understood. MicroRNA (miRNA) play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. However, the relationship between miRNA and Dox resistance in colon cancer cells has not been previously explored. In this study, we utilized microRNA array and real-time PCR to verify that miR-127, miR-195, miR-22, miR-137 were significantly down-regulated, while miR-21, miR-592 were up-regulated in both HT29/DOX and LOVO/DOX cell lines. In vitro cell viability assay showed that knockdown of miR-195 in HT29 and LOVO cells caused a marked inhibition of Dox-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, we explored that miR-195 is involved in repression of BCL2L2 expression through targeting its 3'-untranslated region, especially the first binding site within its mRNA. Furthermore, down-regulation of miR-195 conferred DOX resistance in parental cells and reduced cell apoptosis activity, while over-expression of miR-195 sensitized resistant cells to DOX and enhanced cell apoptosis activity, all of which can be partly rescued by BCL2L2 siRNA and cDNA expression. These results may have implications for therapeutic strategies aiming to overcome colon cancer cell resistance to Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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134
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Jaspers JE, Sol W, Kersbergen A, Schlicker A, Guyader C, Xu G, Wessels L, Borst P, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S. BRCA2-deficient sarcomatoid mammary tumors exhibit multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 2014; 75:732-41. [PMID: 25511378 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pan- or multidrug resistance is a central problem in clinical oncology. Here, we use a genetically engineered mouse model of BRCA2-associated hereditary breast cancer to study drug resistance to several types of chemotherapy and PARP inhibition. We found that multidrug resistance was strongly associated with an EMT-like sarcomatoid phenotype and high expression of the Abcb1b gene, which encodes the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein could partly resensitize sarcomatoid tumors to the PARP inhibitor olaparib, docetaxel, and doxorubicin. We propose that multidrug resistance is a multifactorial process and that mouse models are useful to unravel this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Sol
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ariena Kersbergen
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Schlicker
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Guyader
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guotai Xu
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Borst
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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135
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Xu XL, Zheng WH, Fu ZX, Li ZP, Xie HX, Li XX, Jiang LH, Wang Y, Zhu SM, Mao WM. Topo2A as a prognostic biomarker for patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Med Oncol 2014; 32:396. [PMID: 25432700 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2α (Topo2A) is a key enzyme in replication. It functions as a cell proliferation and cell cycle-specific marker and it is identified mainly in the interphase nuclei of proliferating cells. Many studies have shown that Topo2A protein expression is up-regulated in various cancers including esophageal cancer. However, to date, no studies have adequately addressed the prognostic value of Topo2A in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Therefore, we conducted a large-scale retrospective study investigating the expression of Topo2A and the clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis of ESCC patients. Eight hundred and twenty-nine specimens of ESCC from patients who underwent complete esophageal cancer resection were evaluated using an immunohistochemical assay. Among them, 404 (48.7 %) cases with a score >2 were determined to be positive for Topo2A expression. Topo2A overexpression was significantly associated with poorer differentiation (P = 0.007) and perineural invasion (P = 0.046). The median progression-free survival (PFS) of 319 patients with Topo2A-positive expression and 336 patients with Topo2A-negative expression was 19.5 and 26.5 months, respectively (P = 0.000). The overall survival (OS) in patients with and without Topo2A expression was 34.0 and 44.5 months, respectively (P = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, Topo2A overexpression was identified as an independent prognostic factor for PFS (P = 0.001) and OS (P = 0.009). We determined that Topo2A overexpression was not only associated with poorer differentiation and perineural invasion, but it could also act as an independent risk factor for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou City, China
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136
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Deng S, Yan T, Jendrny C, Nemecek A, Vincetic M, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Wojnowski L. Dexrazoxane may prevent doxorubicin-induced DNA damage via depleting both topoisomerase II isoforms. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:842. [PMID: 25406834 PMCID: PMC4242484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bisdioxopiperazine dexrazoxane (DRZ) prevents anthracycline-induced heart failure, but its clinical use is limited by uncertain cardioprotective mechanism and by concerns of interference with cancer response to anthracyclines and of long-term safety. METHODS We investigated the effects of DRZ on the stability of topoisomerases IIα (TOP2A) and IIβ (TOP2B) and on the DNA damage generated by poisoning these enzymes by the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX). RESULTS DRZ given i.p. transiently depleted in mice the predominant cardiac isoform Top2b. The depletion was also seen in H9C2 cardiomyocytes and it was attenuated by mutating the bisdioxopiperazine binding site of TOP2B. Consistently, the accumulation of DOX-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) by wild-type, although not by mutant TOP2B, was reduced by DRZ. In contrast, the DRZ analogue ICRF-161, which is capable of iron chelation but not of TOP2B binding and cardiac protection, did not deplete TOP2B and did not prevent the accumulation of DOX-induced DSB. TOP2A, re-expressed in cultured cardiomyocytes by fresh serum, was depleted by DRZ along with TOP2B. DRZ depleted TOP2A also from fibrosarcoma-derived cells, but not from lung cancer-derived and human embryo-derived cells. DRZ-mediated TOP2A depletion reduced the accumulation of DOX-induced DSB. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data support a model of anthracycline-induced heart failure caused by TOP2B-mediated DSB and of its prevention by DRZ via TOP2B degradation rather than via iron chelation. The depletion of TOP2B and TOP2A suggests an explanation for the reported DRZ interference with cancer response to anthracyclines and for DRZ side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Deng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str, 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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137
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Forward genetic screens in mice uncover mediators and suppressors of metastatic reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16532-7. [PMID: 25378704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403234111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a screening platform for the isolation of genetic entities involved in metastatic reactivation. Retroviral libraries of cDNAs from fully metastatic breast-cancer cells or pooled microRNAs were transduced into breast-cancer cells that become dormant upon infiltrating the lung. Upon inoculation in the tail vein of mice, the cells that had acquired the ability to undergo reactivation generated metastatic lesions. Integrated retroviral vectors were recovered from these lesions, sequenced, and subjected to a second round of validation. By using this strategy, we isolated canonical genes and microRNAs that mediate metastatic reactivation in the lung. To identify genes that oppose reactivation, we screened an expression library encoding shRNAs, and we identified target genes that encode potential enforcers of dormancy. Our screening strategy enables the identification and rapid biological validation of single genetic entities that are necessary to maintain dormancy or to induce reactivation. This technology should facilitate the elucidation of the molecular underpinnings of these processes.
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138
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Rempel RE, Jiang X, Fullerton P, Tan TZ, Ye J, Lau JA, Mori S, Chi JT, Nevins JR, Friedman DR. Utilization of the Eμ-Myc mouse to model heterogeneity of therapeutic response. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3219-29. [PMID: 25349303 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) encompass the continuum between Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and display considerable clinical and biologic heterogeneity, most notably related to therapy response. We previously showed that lymphomas arising in the Eμ-Myc transgenic mouse are heterogeneous, mirroring genomic differences between Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL. Given clinical heterogeneity in NHL and the need to develop strategies to match therapeutics with discrete forms of disease, we investigated the extent to which genomic variation in the Eμ-Myc model predicts response to therapy. We used genomic analyses to classify Eμ-Myc lymphomas, link Eμ-Myc lymphomas with NHL subtypes, and identify lymphomas with predicted resistance to conventional and NF-κB-targeted therapies. Experimental evaluation of these predictions links genomic profiles with distinct outcomes to conventional and targeted therapies in the Eμ-Myc model, and establishes a framework to test novel targeted therapies or combination therapies in specific genomically defined lymphoma subgroups. In turn, this will rationally inform the design of new treatment options for aggressive human NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Rempel
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiaolei Jiang
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul Fullerton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieru Ye
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieying Amelia Lau
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seiichi Mori
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph R Nevins
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daphne R Friedman
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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139
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Silva G, Noronha NY, Komoto TT, Fachin AL, Marins M. Evaluation RNAi silencing in the DH82 canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line. BMC Proc 2014. [PMCID: PMC4210708 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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140
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In vivo RNAi screening identifies a mechanism of sorafenib resistance in liver cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:1138-46. [PMID: 25216638 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, resistance to therapy inevitably develops upon treatment with cytotoxic drugs or molecularly targeted therapies. Here, we describe a system that enables pooled shRNA screening directly in mouse hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in vivo to identify genes likely to be involved in therapy resistance. Using a focused shRNA library targeting genes located within focal genomic amplifications of human HCC, we screened for genes whose inhibition increased the therapeutic efficacy of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Both shRNA-mediated and pharmacological silencing of Mapk14 (p38α) were found to sensitize mouse HCC to sorafenib therapy and prolong survival by abrogating Mapk14-dependent activation of Mek-Erk and Atf2 signaling. Elevated Mapk14-Atf2 signaling predicted poor response to sorafenib therapy in human HCC, and sorafenib resistance of p-Mapk14-expressing HCC cells could be reverted by silencing Mapk14. Our results suggest that a combination of sorafenib and Mapk14 blockade is a promising approach to overcoming therapy resistance of human HCC.
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141
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Gordon RR, Wu M, Huang CY, Harris WP, Sim HG, Lucas JM, Coleman I, Higano CS, Gulati R, True LD, Vessella R, Lange PH, Garzotto M, Beer TM, Nelson PS. Chemotherapy-induced monoamine oxidase expression in prostate carcinoma functions as a cytoprotective resistance enzyme and associates with clinical outcomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104271. [PMID: 25198178 PMCID: PMC4157741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify molecular alterations in prostate cancers associating with relapse following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical prostatectomy patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer were enrolled into a phase I-II clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel and mitoxantrone followed by prostatectomy. Pre-treatment prostate tissue was acquired by needle biopsy and post-treatment tissue was acquired by prostatectomy. Prostate cancer gene expression measurements were determined in 31 patients who completed 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We identified 141 genes with significant transcript level alterations following chemotherapy that associated with subsequent biochemical relapse. This group included the transcript encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). In vitro, cytotoxic chemotherapy induced the expression of MAOA and elevated MAOA levels enhanced cell survival following docetaxel exposure. MAOA activity increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and increased the expression and nuclear translocation of HIF1α. The suppression of MAOA activity using the irreversible inhibitor clorgyline augmented the apoptotic responses induced by docetaxel. In summary, we determined that the expression of MAOA is induced by exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy, increases HIF1α, and contributes to docetaxel resistance. As MAOA inhibitors have been approved for human use, regimens combining MAOA inhibitors with docetaxel may improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Gordon
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mengchu Wu
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chung-Ying Huang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William P. Harris
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hong Gee Sim
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jared M. Lucas
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Celestia S. Higano
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roman Gulati
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul H. Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark Garzotto
- Department of Urology and Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Section of Urology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tomasz M. Beer
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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142
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Roy A, Tesauro C, Frøhlich R, Hede MS, Nielsen MJ, Kjeldsen E, Bonven B, Stougaard M, Gromova I, Knudsen BR. Decreased camptothecin sensitivity of the stem-cell-like fraction of Caco2 cells correlates with an altered phosphorylation pattern of topoisomerase I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99628. [PMID: 24960044 PMCID: PMC4069021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD44+ and CD44− subpopulations of the colorectal cancer cell line Caco2 were analyzed separately for their sensitivities to the antitumor drug camptothecin. CD44+ cells were less sensitive to camptothecin than CD44− cells. The relative resistance of CD44+ cells was correlated with (i) reduced activity of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I and (ii) insensitivity of this enzyme to camptothecin when analyzed in extracts. In contrast, topoisomerase I activity was higher in extracts from CD44− cells and the enzyme was camptothecin sensitive. Topoisomerase I from the two subpopulations were differentially phosphorylated in a manner that appeared to determine the drug sensitivity and activity of the enzyme. This finding was further supported by the fact that phosphorylation of topoisomerase I in CD44+ cell extract by protein kinase CK2 converted the enzyme to a camptothecin sensitive, more active form mimicking topoisomerase I in extracts from CD44− cells. Conversely, dephosphorylation of topoisomerase I in extracts from CD44− cells rendered the enzyme less active and camptothecin resistant. These findings add to our understanding of chemotherapy resistance in the Caco2 CD44+ cancer stem cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cinzia Tesauro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Frøhlich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Maria J. Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eigil Kjeldsen
- Hemodiagnostic Laboratory, Cancercytogenetic Section, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Bonven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Magnus Stougaard
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irina Gromova
- Genome Integrity Unit, Proteomics in Cancer, Danish Cancer Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitta R. Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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143
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Skubitz KM, Skubitz APN, Xu WW, Luo X, Lagarde P, Coindre JM, Chibon F. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic behavior among high-grade non-translocation associated soft tissue sarcomas. J Transl Med 2014; 12:176. [PMID: 24950699 PMCID: PMC4082412 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biologic heterogeneity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), even within histological subtypes, complicates treatment. In earlier studies, gene expression patterns that distinguish two subsets of clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC), serous ovarian carcinoma (OVCA), and aggressive fibromatosis (AF) were used to separate 73 STS into two or four groups with different probabilities of developing metastatic disease (PrMet). This study was designed to confirm our earlier observations in a larger independent data set. Methods We utilized these gene sets, hierarchical clustering (HC), and Kaplan-Meier analysis, to examine 309 STS, using Affymetrix chip expression profiling. Results HC using the combined AF-, RCC-, and OVCA-gene sets identified subsets of the STS samples. Analysis revealed differences in PrMet between the clusters defined by the first branch point of the clustering dendrogram (p = 0.048), and also among the four different clusters defined by the second branch points (p < 0.0001). Analysis also revealed differences in PrMet between the leiomyosarcomas (LMS), dedifferentiated liposarcomas (LipoD), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) (p = 0.0004). HC of both the LipoD and UPS sample sets divided the samples into two groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0128, and 0.0002, respectively). HC of the UPS samples also showed four groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0007). HC found no subgroups of the LMS samples. Conclusions These data confirm our earlier studies, and suggest that this approach may allow the identification of more than two subsets of STS, each with distinct clinical behavior, and may be useful to stratify STS in clinical trials and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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145
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Xu G, Strong MJ, Lacey MR, Baribault C, Flemington EK, Taylor CM. RNA CoMPASS: a dual approach for pathogen and host transcriptome analysis of RNA-seq datasets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89445. [PMID: 24586784 PMCID: PMC3934900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has become an instrumental assay for the analysis of multiple aspects of an organism's transcriptome. Further, the analysis of a biological specimen's associated microbiome can also be performed using RNA-seq data and this application is gaining interest in the scientific community. There are many existing bioinformatics tools designed for analysis and visualization of transcriptome data. Despite the availability of an array of next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis tools, the analysis of RNA-seq data sets poses a challenge for many biomedical researchers who are not familiar with command-line tools. Here we present RNA CoMPASS, a comprehensive RNA-seq analysis pipeline for the simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metatranscriptomes from diverse biological specimens. RNA CoMPASS leverages existing tools and parallel computing technology to facilitate the analysis of even very large datasets. RNA CoMPASS has a web-based graphical user interface with intrinsic queuing to control a distributed computational pipeline. RNA CoMPASS was evaluated by analyzing RNA-seq data sets from 45 B-cell samples. Twenty-two of these samples were derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated by the infection of naïve B-cells with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), while another 23 samples were derived from Burkitt's lymphomas (BL), some of which arose in part through infection with EBV. Appropriately, RNA CoMPASS identified EBV in all LCLs and in a fraction of the BLs. Cluster analysis of the human transcriptome component of the RNA CoMPASS output clearly separated the BLs (which have a germinal center-like phenotype) from the LCLs (which have a blast-like phenotype) with evidence of activated MYC signaling and lower interferon and NF-kB signaling in the BLs. Together, this analysis illustrates the utility of RNA CoMPASS in the simultaneous analysis of transcriptome and metatranscriptome data. RNA CoMPASS is freely available at http://rnacompass.sourceforge.net/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans Lakefront, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Strong
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Carl Baribault
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Erik K. Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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146
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Boichuk S, Lee DJ, Mehalek KR, Makielski KR, Wozniak A, Seneviratne DS, Korzeniewski N, Cuevas R, Parry JA, Brown MF, Zewe J, Taguchi T, Kuan SF, Schöffski P, Debiec-Rychter M, Duensing A. Unbiased compound screening identifies unexpected drug sensitivities and novel treatment options for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1200-13. [PMID: 24385214 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are caused by oncogenic KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor activation, and the small molecule kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate is an effective first-line therapy for metastatic or unresectable GIST. However, complete remissions are rare and most patients ultimately develop resistance, mostly because of secondary mutations in the driver oncogenic kinase. Hence, there is a need for novel treatment options to delay failure of primary treatment and restore tumor control in patients who progress under therapy with targeted agents. Historic data suggest that GISTs do not respond to classical chemotherapy, but systematic unbiased screening has not been performed. In screening a compound library enriched for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapeutic agents (NCI Approved Oncology Drugs Set II), we discovered that GIST cells display high sensitivity to transcriptional inhibitors and topoisomerase II inhibitors. Mechanistically, these compounds exploited the cells' dependency on continuous KIT expression and/or intrinsic DNA damage response defects, explaining their activity in GIST. Mithramycin A, an indirect inhibitor of the SP1 transcription factor, and mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, exerted significant antitumor effects in mouse xenograft models of human GIST. Moreover, these compounds were active in patient-derived imatinib-resistant primary GIST cells, achieving efficacy at clinically relevant concentrations. Taken together, our findings reveal that GIST cells have an unexpectedly high and specific sensitivity to certain types of FDA-approved chemotherapeutic agents, with immediate implications for encouraging their clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Boichuk
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of General Medical Oncology; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Molecular Urooncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Doxorubicin, DNA torsion, and chromatin dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:84-9. [PMID: 24361676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is one of the most important anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, being widely used for the treatment of solid tumors and acute leukemias. The action of doxorubicin and other anthracycline drugs has been intensively investigated during the last several decades, but the mechanisms that have been proposed for cell killing remain disparate and controversial. In this review, we examine the proposed models for doxorubicin action from the perspective of the chromatin landscape, which is altered in many types of cancer due to recurrent mutations in chromatin modifiers. We highlight recent evidence for effects of anthracyclines on DNA torsion and chromatin dynamics that may underlie basic mechanisms of doxorubicin-mediated cell death and suggest new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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148
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Cheung-Ong K, Giaever G, Nislow C. DNA-damaging agents in cancer chemotherapy: serendipity and chemical biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:648-59. [PMID: 23706631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents have a long history of use in cancer chemotherapy. The full extent of their cellular mechanisms, which is essential to balance efficacy and toxicity, is often unclear. In addition, the use of many anticancer drugs is limited by dose-limiting toxicities as well as the development of drug resistance. Novel anticancer compounds are continually being developed in the hopes of addressing these limitations; however, it is essential to be able to evaluate these compounds for their mechanisms of action. This review covers the current DNA-damaging agents used in the clinic, discusses their limitations, and describes the use of chemical genomics to uncover new information about the DNA damage response network and to evaluate novel DNA-damaging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlin Cheung-Ong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
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149
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Wang T, Wei JJ, Sabatini DM, Lander ES. Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Science 2013; 343:80-4. [PMID: 24336569 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1999] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system for genome editing has greatly expanded the toolbox for mammalian genetics, enabling the rapid generation of isogenic cell lines and mice with modified alleles. Here, we describe a pooled, loss-of-function genetic screening approach suitable for both positive and negative selection that uses a genome-scale lentiviral single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library. sgRNA expression cassettes were stably integrated into the genome, which enabled a complex mutant pool to be tracked by massively parallel sequencing. We used a library containing 73,000 sgRNAs to generate knockout collections and performed screens in two human cell lines. A screen for resistance to the nucleotide analog 6-thioguanine identified all expected members of the DNA mismatch repair pathway, whereas another for the DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide identified TOP2A, as expected, and also cyclin-dependent kinase 6, CDK6. A negative selection screen for essential genes identified numerous gene sets corresponding to fundamental processes. Last, we show that sgRNA efficiency is associated with specific sequence motifs, enabling the prediction of more effective sgRNAs. Collectively, these results establish Cas9/sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Tammaro M, Barr P, Ricci B, Yan H. Replication-dependent and transcription-dependent mechanisms of DNA double-strand break induction by the topoisomerase 2-targeting drug etoposide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79202. [PMID: 24244448 PMCID: PMC3820710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is a DNA topoisomerase 2-targeting drug widely used for the treatment of cancer. The cytoxicity of etoposide correlates with the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but the mechanism of how it induces DSBs in cells is still poorly understood. Catalytically, etoposide inhibits the re-ligation reaction of Top2 after it nicks the two strands of DNA, trapping it in a cleavable complex consisting of two Top2 subunits covalently linked to the 5' ends of DNA (Top2cc). Top2cc is not directly recognized as a true DSB by cells because the two subunits interact strongly with each other to hold the two ends of DNA together. In this study we have investigated the cellular mechanisms that convert Top2ccs into true DSBs. Our data suggest that there are two mechanisms, one dependent on active replication and the other dependent on proteolysis and transcription. The relative contribution of each mechanism is affected by the concentration of etoposide. We also find that Top2α is the major isoform mediating the replication-dependent mechanism and both Top2α and Top2 mediate the transcription-dependent mechanism. These findings are potentially of great significance to the improvement of etoposide's efficacy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Tammaro
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peri Barr
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brett Ricci
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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