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Gómez M, Manzano A, Figueras A, Viñals F, Ventura F, Rosa JL, Bartrons R, Navarro-Sabaté À. Sertoli-secreted FGF-2 induces PFKFB4 isozyme expression in mouse spermatogenic cells by activation of the MEK/ERK/CREB pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E695-707. [PMID: 22811469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00381.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sertoli cells play a central role in the control and maintenance of spermatogenesis by secreting growth factors, in response to hormonal stimulation, that participate in the paracrine regulation of this process. In this study, we investigated how the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis modulates 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB) isozyme expression in two mouse spermatogenic cell lines, GC-1 spg and GC-2 spd (ts). For this purpose, TM4 Sertoli cells were used to obtain conditioned medium that was treated or not with dihydrotestosterone for 2 days [dihydrotestosterone conditioned medium (TCM) and basal conditioned medium (BCM), respectively]. We observed an increase in the expression of PFKFB4 along with a decrease in PFKFB3 in spermatogenic cell lines treated with TCM. These effects were inhibited by the antiandrogen drug flutamide and by heat-inactivated TCM, indicating the protein nature of the TCM mediator and its dependence on Sertoli cell stimulation by dihydrotestosterone. In addition, adult rat testes treated with the GnRH antagonist Degarelix exhibited a reduction in the expression of PFKFB4 in germ cells. Addition of exogenous FGF-2 mimicked the changes in the Pfkfb gene expression, whereas neutralizing antibodies against FGF-2 abolished them. Interestingly, similar effects on Pfkfb gene expression were observed using different MAPK inhibitors (U-0126, PD-98059, and H-89). Luciferase analysis of Pfkfb4 promoter constructs demonstrated that a putative CRE-binding sequence located at -1,463 relative to the transcription start site is required to control Pfkfb4 gene expression after TCM treatment. Pulldown assays showed the binding of the CREB transcription factor to this site. Altogether, these results show how the paracrine regulation orchestrated by Sertoli cells in response to testosterone controls glycolysis in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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102
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Sarsour EH, Kalen AL, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Chaudhuri L, Venkataraman S, Reigan P, Buettner GR, Goswami PC. Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates a metabolic switch during the mammalian cell cycle. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3807-16. [PMID: 22710435 PMCID: PMC3429130 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells consume more glucose to cope with the bioenergetics and biosynthetic demands of rapidly dividing cells as well as to counter a shift in cellular redox environment. This study investigates the hypothesis that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) regulates cellular redox flux and glucose consumption during the cell cycle. A direct correlation was observed between glucose consumption and percentage of S-phase cells in MnSOD wild-type fibroblasts, which was absent in MnSOD homozygous knockout fibroblasts. Results from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and flow cytometric assays showed a significant increase in cellular superoxide levels in S-phase cells, which was associated with an increase in glucose and oxygen consumption, and a decrease in MnSOD activity. Mass spectrometry results showed a complex pattern of MnSOD-methylation at both lysine (68, 89, 122, and 202) and arginine (197 and 216) residues. MnSOD protein carrying a K89A mutation had significantly lower activity compared with wild-type MnSOD. Computational-based simulations indicate that lysine and arginine methylation of MnSOD during quiescence would allow greater accessibility to the enzyme active site as well as increase the positive electrostatic potential around and within the active site. Methylation-dependent changes in the MnSOD conformation and subsequent changes in the electrostatic potential around the active site during quiescence versus proliferation could increase the accessibility of superoxide, a negatively charged substrate. These results support the hypothesis that MnSOD regulates a "metabolic switch" during progression from quiescent through the proliferative cycle. We propose MnSOD as a new molecular player contributing to the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H. Sarsour
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda L. Kalen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Leena Chaudhuri
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Philip Reigan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Prabhat C. Goswami
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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103
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Agathocleous M, Love NK, Randlett O, Harris JJ, Liu J, Murray AJ, Harris WA. Metabolic differentiation in the embryonic retina. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:859-64. [PMID: 22750943 PMCID: PMC3442239 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike healthy adult tissues, cancers produce energy mainly by aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation. This adaptation, called the Warburg effect, may be a feature of all dividing cells, both normal and cancerous, or it may be specific to cancers. It is not known whether, in a normally growing tissue during development, proliferating and postmitotic cells produce energy in fundamentally different ways. Here we show in the embryonic Xenopus retina in vivo, that dividing progenitor cells depend less on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production than non-dividing differentiated cells, and instead use glycogen to fuel aerobic glycolysis. The transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation is connected to the cell differentiation process. Glycolysis is indispensable for progenitor proliferation and biosynthesis, even when it is not used for ATP production. These results suggest that the Warburg effect can be a feature of normal proliferation in vivo, and that the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is critical for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Agathocleous
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge CB2 1TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Love
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Randlett
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia J. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - William A. Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
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104
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Metabolic sensors and their interplay with cell signalling and transcription. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:311-23. [PMID: 22435805 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an intimate, yet poorly understood, link between cellular metabolic status, cell signalling and transcription. Central metabolic pathways are under the control of signalling pathways and, vice versa, the cellular metabolic profile influences cell signalling through the incorporation of various metabolic sensors into the signalling networks. Thus information about nutrients availability directly and crucially influences crucial cell decisions. In the present review, I summarize our current knowledge of various metabolic sensors and give some examples of the integration of metabolically derived inputs into the signalling system and the regulation of transcription. I also discuss the Warburg effect where the cross-talk between metabolism and signalling is used to orchestrate rapid cell growth and division. It is becoming clear that future research will concentrate on the collection of small-molecule metabolites, whose concentration fluctuates in response to cellular energy levels, searching for their sensors that connect them to the signalling and transcriptional networks.
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105
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DeSalvo J, Kuznetsov JN, Du J, Leclerc GM, Leclerc GJ, Lampidis TJ, Barredo JC. Inhibition of Akt potentiates 2-DG-induced apoptosis via downregulation of UPR in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:969-78. [PMID: 22692960 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to pair the regulation of metabolism and cellular energetics with oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes provides cancer cells with a growth and survival advantage over normal cells. We investigated the mechanism of cell death induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a sugar analog with dual activity of inhibiting glycolysis and N-linked glycosylation, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We found that, unlike most other cancer phenotypes in which 2-DG only inhibits cell proliferation under normoxic conditions, ALL lymphoblasts undergo apoptosis. Bp-ALL cell lines and primary cells exhibited sensitivity to 2-DG, whereas T-ALL cells were relatively resistant, revealing phenotypic differences within ALL subtypes. Cotreatment with D-mannose, a sugar essential for N-linked glycosylation, rescues 2-DG-treated ALL cells, indicating that inhibition of N-linked glycosylation and induction of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) is the predominant mechanism of 2-DG's cytotoxicity in ALL. 2-DG-treated ALL cells exhibit upregulation of P-AMPK, P-Akt, and induction of ER stress/UPR markers (IRE1α, GRP78, P-eIF2α, and CHOP), which correlate with PARP cleavage and apoptosis. In addition, we find that pharmacologic and genetic Akt inhibition upregulates P-AMPK, downregulates UPR, and sensitizes ALL cells to remarkably low doses of 2-DG (0.5 mmol/L), inducing 85% cell death and overcoming the relative resistance of T-ALL. In contrast, AMPK knockdown rescues ALL cells by upregulating the prosurvival UPR signaling. Therefore, 2-DG induces ALL cell death under normoxia by inducing ER stress, and AKT and AMPK, traditionally thought to operate predominantly on the glycolytic pathway, differentially regulate UPR activity to determine cell death or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna DeSalvo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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106
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Antico Arciuch VG, Elguero ME, Poderoso JJ, Carreras MC. Mitochondrial regulation of cell cycle and proliferation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1150-80. [PMID: 21967640 PMCID: PMC3315176 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic mitochondria resulted from symbiotic incorporation of α-proteobacteria into ancient archaea species. During evolution, mitochondria lost most of the prokaryotic bacterial genes and only conserved a small fraction including those encoding 13 proteins of the respiratory chain. In this process, many functions were transferred to the host cells, but mitochondria gained a central role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and in the modulation of metabolism; accordingly, defective organelles contribute to cell transformation and cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Most cell and transcriptional effects of mitochondria depend on the modulation of respiratory rate and on the production of hydrogen peroxide released into the cytosol. The mitochondrial oxidative rate has to remain depressed for cell proliferation; even in the presence of O₂, energy is preferentially obtained from increased glycolysis (Warburg effect). In response to stress signals, traffic of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondrial proteins in the intermembrane space (B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Bcl-2-associated death promoter, Bcl-2 associated X-protein and cytochrome c) is modulated by the redox condition determined by mitochondrial O₂ utilization and mitochondrial nitric oxide metabolism. In this article, we highlight the traffic of the different canonical signaling pathways to mitochondria and the contributions of organelles to redox regulation of kinases. Finally, we analyze the dynamics of the mitochondrial population in cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Eugenia Elguero
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José Poderoso
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Carreras
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC and School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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107
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Benanti JA. Coordination of cell growth and division by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:492-8. [PMID: 22542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of cellular growth and division is crucial for a cell to make an accurate copy of itself. Regulated protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in the coordination of these two processes. Many ubiquitin ligases, in particular the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) family and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC), couple growth and division by targeting cell cycle and metabolic regulators for degradation. However, many regulatory proteins are targeted by multiple ubiquitin ligases. As a result, we are only just beginning to understand the complexities of the proteolytic regulatory network that connects cell growth and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Benanti
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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108
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Gerlinger M, Santos CR, Spencer-Dene B, Martinez P, Endesfelder D, Burrell RA, Vetter M, Jiang M, Saunders RE, Kelly G, Dykema K, Rioux-Leclercq N, Stamp G, Patard JJ, Larkin J, Howell M, Swanton C. Genome-wide RNA interference analysis of renal carcinoma survival regulators identifies MCT4 as a Warburg effect metabolic target. J Pathol 2012; 227:146-56. [PMID: 22362593 PMCID: PMC3504091 DOI: 10.1002/path.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common pathological subtype of kidney cancer. Here, we integrated an unbiased genome-wide RNA interference screen for ccRCC survival regulators with an analysis of recurrently overexpressed genes in ccRCC to identify new therapeutic targets in this disease. One of the most potent survival regulators, the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 (SLC16A3), impaired ccRCC viability in all eight ccRCC lines tested and was the seventh most overexpressed gene in a meta-analysis of five ccRCC expression datasets. MCT4 silencing impaired secretion of lactate generated through glycolysis and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Silencing MCT4 resulted in intracellular acidosis, and reduction in intracellular ATP production together with partial reversion of the Warburg effect in ccRCC cell lines. Intra-tumoural heterogeneity in the intensity of MCT4 protein expression was observed in primary ccRCCs. MCT4 protein expression analysis based on the highest intensity of expression in primary ccRCCs was associated with poorer relapse-free survival, whereas modal intensity correlated with Fuhrman nuclear grade. Consistent with the potential selection of subclones enriched for MCT4 expression during disease progression, MCT4 expression was greater at sites of metastatic disease. These data suggest that MCT4 may serve as a novel metabolic target to reverse the Warburg effect and limit disease progression in ccRCC. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerlinger
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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109
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Progestins activate 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in breast cancer cells. Biochem J 2012; 442:345-56. [PMID: 22115192 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PFKFB (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase) catalyses the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose-2,6-bisphosphate), a key modulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The PFKFB3 gene is extensively involved in cell proliferation owing to its key role in carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study we analyse its mechanism of regulation by progestins in breast cancer cells. We report that exposure of T47D cells to synthetic progestins (ORG2058 or norgestrel) leads to a rapid increase in Fru-2,6-P2 concentration. Our Western blot results are compatible with a short-term activation due to PFKFB3 isoenzyme phosphorylation and a long-term sustained action due to increased PFKFB3 protein levels. Transient transfection of T47D cells with deleted gene promoter constructs allowed us to identify a PRE (progesterone-response element) to which PR (progesterone receptor) binds and thus transactivates PFKFB3 gene transcription. PR expression in the PR-negative cell line MDA-MB-231 induces endogenous PFKFB3 expression in response to norgestrel. Direct binding of PR to the PRE box (-3490 nt) was confirmed by ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipiation) experiments. A dual mechanism affecting PFKFB3 protein and gene regulation operates in order to assure glycolysis in breast cancer cells. An immediate early response through the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) pathway leading to phosphorylation of PFKFB3 on Ser461 is followed by activation of mRNA transcription via cis-acting sequences on the PFKFB3 promoter.
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110
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Abstract
Proliferating cells must generate both ATP and biosynthetic precursors for macromolecular synthesis. While proliferative signals have long been known to regulate metabolism, Garedew et al. now demonstrate that the proliferation apparatus itself, in the form of the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), directly controls mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology, and respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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111
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Garedew A, Andreassi C, Moncada S. Mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and function are coordinated with the cell cycle by APC/C CDH1. Cell Metab 2012; 15:466-79. [PMID: 22482729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is associated with a high rate of aerobic glycolysis, which has been widely interpreted as a compensatory mechanism for suppressed mitochondrial function, despite reports of high respiration rates. The molecular mechanisms that link cell proliferation with mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and biogenesis remain obscure. Here, we show that proliferation is associated with an increase in both glycolysis and respiration, in conjunction with mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis. Changes in mitochondrial morphology and mass are due to accumulation of OPA1, MFN1, and TFAM, silencing any of which hinders cell proliferation. Moreover, the levels of OPA1, MFN1, and TFAM are regulated by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C(CDH1), which also controls proteasomal degradation of key glycolytic, glutaminolytic, and cell-cycle proteins. Thus, we have identified an important component of the molecular mechanism that coordinates cell proliferation with activation of the mitochondrial metabolic machinery that provides the necessary energy and biosynthetic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assegid Garedew
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK.
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112
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Miquel E, Cassina A, Martínez-Palma L, Bolatto C, Trías E, Gandelman M, Radi R, Barbeito L, Cassina P. Modulation of astrocytic mitochondrial function by dichloroacetate improves survival and motor performance in inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34776. [PMID: 22509356 PMCID: PMC3318006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Astrocytes expressing the ALS-linked SOD1(G93A) mutation display a decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity associated to phenotypic changes that cause them to induce motor neuron death. Astrocyte-mediated toxicity can be prevented by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, indicating a critical role of mitochondria in the neurotoxic phenotype. However, it is presently unknown whether drugs currently used to stimulate mitochondrial metabolism can also modulate ALS progression. Here, we tested the disease-modifying effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), an orphan drug that improves the functional status of mitochondria through the stimulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (PDH). Applied to astrocyte cultures isolated from rats expressing the SOD1(G93A) mutation, DCA reduced phosphorylation of PDH and improved mitochondrial coupling as expressed by the respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, DCA completely prevented the toxicity of SOD1(G93A) astrocytes to motor neurons in coculture conditions. Chronic administration of DCA (500 mg/L) in the drinking water of mice expressing the SOD1(G93A) mutation increased survival by 2 weeks compared to untreated mice. Systemic DCA also normalized the reduced RCR value measured in lumbar spinal cord tissue of diseased SOD1(G93A) mice. A remarkable effect of DCA was the improvement of grip strength performance at the end stage of the disease, which correlated with a recovery of the neuromuscular junction area in extensor digitorum longus muscles. Systemic DCA also decreased astrocyte reactivity and prevented motor neuron loss in SOD1(G93A) mice. Taken together, our results indicate that improvement of the mitochondrial redox status by DCA leads to a disease-modifying effect, further supporting the therapeutic potential of mitochondria-targeted drugs in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- CEINBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Bolatto
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emiliano Trías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mandi Gandelman
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- CEINBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Barbeito
- CEINBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- CEINBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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113
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Multiple myeloma exhibits novel dependence on GLUT4, GLUT8, and GLUT11: implications for glucose transporter-directed therapy. Blood 2012; 119:4686-97. [PMID: 22452979 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is one of numerous malignancies characterized by increased glucose consumption, a phenomenon with significant prognostic implications in this disease. Few studies have focused on elucidating the molecular underpinnings of glucose transporter (GLUT) activation in cancer, knowledge that could facilitate identification of promising therapeutic targets. To address this issue, we performed gene expression profiling studies involving myeloma cell lines and primary cells as well as normal lymphocytes to uncover deregulated GLUT family members in myeloma. Our data demonstrate that myeloma cells exhibit reliance on constitutively cell surface-localized GLUT4 for basal glucose consumption, maintenance of Mcl-1 expression, growth, and survival. We also establish that the activities of the enigmatic transporters GLUT8 and GLUT11 are required for proliferation and viability in myeloma, albeit because of functionalities probably distinct from whole-cell glucose supply. As proof of principle regarding the therapeutic potential of GLUT-targeted compounds, we include evidence of the antimyeloma effects elicited against both cell lines and primary cells by the FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, which exerts a selective off-target inhibitory effect on GLUT4. Our work reveals critical roles for novel GLUT family members and highlights a therapeutic strategy entailing selective GLUT inhibition to specifically target aberrant glucose metabolism in cancer.
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114
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Barford D. Structural insights into anaphase-promoting complex function and mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3605-24. [PMID: 22084387 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) controls sister chromatid segregation and the exit from mitosis by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. This unusually large E3 RING-cullin ubiquitin ligase is assembled from 13 different proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D box and KEN box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. Recent structural and biochemical studies of the APC/C are beginning to reveal an understanding of the roles of individual APC/C subunits and co-activators and how they mutually interact to mediate APC/C functions. This review focuses on the findings showing how information on the structural organization of the APC/C provides insights into the role of co-activators and core APC/C subunits in mediating substrate recognition. Mechanisms of regulating and modulating substrate recognition are discussed in the context of controlling the binding of the co-activator to the APC/C, and the accessibility and conformation of the co-activator when bound to the APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barford
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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115
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De la Fuente IM, Cortes JM. Quantitative analysis of the effective functional structure in yeast glycolysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30162. [PMID: 22393350 PMCID: PMC3290614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the effective functionality that governs the enzymatic self-organized processes in cellular conditions is a crucial topic in the post-genomic era. In recent studies, Transfer Entropy has been proposed as a rigorous, robust and self-consistent method for the causal quantification of the functional information flow among nonlinear processes. Here, in order to quantify the functional connectivity for the glycolytic enzymes in dissipative conditions we have analyzed different catalytic patterns using the technique of Transfer Entropy. The data were obtained by means of a yeast glycolytic model formed by three delay differential equations where the enzymatic rate equations of the irreversible stages have been explicitly considered. These enzymatic activity functions were previously modeled and tested experimentally by other different groups. The results show the emergence of a new kind of dynamical functional structure, characterized by changing connectivity flows and a metabolic invariant that constrains the activity of the irreversible enzymes. In addition to the classical topological structure characterized by the specific location of enzymes, substrates, products and feedback-regulatory metabolites, an effective functional structure emerges in the modeled glycolytic system, which is dynamical and characterized by notable variations of the functional interactions. The dynamical structure also exhibits a metabolic invariant which constrains the functional attributes of the enzymes. Finally, in accordance with the classical biochemical studies, our numerical analysis reveals in a quantitative manner that the enzyme phosphofructokinase is the key-core of the metabolic system, behaving for all conditions as the main source of the effective causal flows in yeast glycolysis.
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Furtado CM, Marcondes MC, Sola-Penna M, de Souza MLS, Zancan P. Clotrimazole preferentially inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation, viability and glycolysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30462. [PMID: 22347377 PMCID: PMC3275602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clotrimazole is an azole derivative with promising anti-cancer effects. This drug interferes with the activity of glycolytic enzymes altering their cellular distribution and inhibiting their activities. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of clotrimazole on the growth pattern of breast cancer cells correlating with their metabolic profiles. Methodology/Principal Findings Three cell lines derived from human breast tissue (MCF10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) that present increasingly aggressive profiles were used. Clotrimazole induces a dose-dependent decrease in glucose uptake in all three cell lines, with Ki values of 114.3±11.7, 77.1±7.8 and 37.8±4.2 µM for MCF10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Furthermore, the drug also decreases intracellular ATP content and inhibits the major glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase, especially in the highly metastatic cell line, MDA-MB-231. In this last cell lineage, clotrimazole attenuates the robust migratory response, an effect that is progressively attenuated in MCF-7 and MCF10A, respectively. Moreover, clotrimazole reduces the viability of breast cancer cells, which is more pronounced on MDA-MB-231. Conclusions/Significance Clotrimazole presents deleterious effects on two human breast cancer cell lines metabolism, growth and migration, where the most aggressive cell line is more affected by the drug. Moreover, clotrimazole presents little or no effect on a non-tumor human breast cell line. These results suggest, at least for these three cell lines studied, that the more aggressive the cell is the more effective clotrimazole is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M. Furtado
- Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular (LabOMol), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariah C. Marcondes
- Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular (LabOMol), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maisa L. S. de Souza
- Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Unidade Nilópolis, Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zancan
- Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular (LabOMol), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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117
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Linking metabolism and cell cycle progression via the APC/CCdh1 and SCFβTrCP ubiquitin ligases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20857-8. [PMID: 22173637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118443109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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118
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Molecular basis for the differential use of glucose and glutamine in cell proliferation as revealed by synchronized HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:21069-74. [PMID: 22106309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the activation of glycolysis is tightly regulated by the action of two ubiquitin ligases, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 (APC/C-Cdh1) and SKP1/CUL-1/F-box protein-β-transducin repeat-containing protein (SCF-β-TrCP), which control the transient appearance and metabolic activity of the glycolysis-promoting enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, isoform 3 (PFKFB3). We now demonstrate that the breakdown of PFKFB3 during S phase occurs specifically via a distinct residue (S(273)) within the conserved recognition site for SCF-β-TrCP. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1), the first enzyme in glutaminolysis, is also targeted for destruction by APC/C-Cdh1 and, like PFKFB3, accumulates after the activity of this ubiquitin ligase decreases in mid-to-late G1. However, our results show that GLS1 differs from PFKFB3 in that its recognition by APC/C-Cdh1 requires the presence of both a Lys-Glu-Asn box (KEN box) and a destruction box (D box) rather than a KEN box alone. Furthermore, GLS1 is not a substrate for SCF-β-TrCP and is not degraded until cells progress from S to G2/M. The presence of PFKFB3 and GLS1 coincides with increases in generation of lactate and in utilization of glutamine, respectively. The contrasting posttranslational regulation of PFKFB3 and GLS1, which we have verified by studies of ubiquitination and protein stability, suggests the different roles of glucose and glutamine at distinct stages in the cell cycle. Indeed, experiments in which synchronized cells were deprived of either of these substrates show that both glucose and glutamine are required for progression through the restriction point in mid-to-late G1, whereas glutamine is the only substrate essential for the progression through S phase into cell division.
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Higuera GA, Schop D, Spitters TWGM, van Dijkhuizen-Radersma R, Bracke M, de Bruijn JD, Martens D, Karperien M, van Boxtel A, van Blitterswijk CA. Patterns of amino acid metabolism by proliferating human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:654-64. [PMID: 21943055 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of stem cells have not been determined; in particular, the amino acid metabolism of stem cells is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the amino acid metabolism of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), with focus on two questions: Which amino acids are consumed and/or secreted by hMSCs and at what rates? To answer these questions, hMSCs were cultured on tissue culture plastic and in a bioreactor, and their amino acid profile was analyzed. The results showed that the kinetics of hMSCs growth and amino acid metabolism were significantly higher for hMSCs in tissue culture plastic than in the bioreactor. Despite differences in culture conditions, 8 essential and 6 nonessential amino acids were consumed by hMSCs in both tissue culture plastic and bioreactor cultures. Glutamine was the most consumed amino acid with significantly higher rates than for any other amino acid. The metabolism of nonessential amino acids by hMSCs deviated significantly from that of other cell lines. The secretion of alanine, glycine, glutamate, and ornithine by hMSCs showed that there is a strong overflow metabolism that can be due to the high concentrations of amino acids provided in the medium. In addition, the data showed that there is a metabolic pattern for proliferating hMSCs, which can contribute to the design of medium without animal serum for stem cells. Further, this study shows how to implement amino acid rates and metabolic principles in three-dimensional stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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120
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Kim HS, Vassilopoulos A, Wang RH, Lahusen T, Xiao Z, Xu X, Li C, Veenstra TD, Li B, Yu H, Ji J, Wang XW, Park SH, Cha YI, Gius D, Deng CX. SIRT2 maintains genome integrity and suppresses tumorigenesis through regulating APC/C activity. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:487-99. [PMID: 22014574 PMCID: PMC3199577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of sirtuin family regulate multiple critical biological processes, yet their role in carcinogenesis remains controversial. To investigate the physiological functions of SIRT2 in development and tumorigenesis, we disrupted Sirt2 in mice. We demonstrated that SIRT2 regulates the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity through deacetylation of its coactivators, APC(CDH1) and CDC20. SIRT2 deficiency caused increased levels of mitotic regulators, including Aurora-A and -B that direct centrosome amplification, aneuploidy, and mitotic cell death. Sirt2-deficient mice develop gender-specific tumorigenesis, with females primarily developing mammary tumors, and males developing more hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Human breast cancers and HCC samples exhibited reduced SIRT2 levels compared with normal tissues. These data demonstrate that SIRT2 is a tumor suppressor through its role in regulating mitosis and genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Kim
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Athanassios Vassilopoulos
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rui-Hong Wang
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 20170, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 20170, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junfang Ji
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yong I. Cha
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lane N. Mitonuclear match: optimizing fitness and fertility over generations drives ageing within generations. Bioessays 2011; 33:860-9. [PMID: 21922504 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many conserved eukaryotic traits, including apoptosis, two sexes, speciation and ageing, can be causally linked to a bioenergetic requirement for mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial genes encode proteins involved in cell respiration, which interact closely with proteins encoded by nuclear genes. Functional respiration requires the coadaptation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, despite divergent tempi and modes of evolution. Free-radical signals emerge directly from the biophysics of mosaic respiratory chains encoded by two genomes prone to mismatch, with apoptosis being the default penalty for compromised respiration. Selection for genomic matching is facilitated by two sexes, and optimizes fitness, adaptability and fertility in youth. Mismatches cause infertility, low fitness, hybrid breakdown, and potentially speciation. The dynamics of selection for mitonuclear function optimize fitness over generations, but the same selective processes also operate within generations, driving ageing and age-related diseases. This coherent view of eukaryotic energetics offers striking insights into infertility and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Lane
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
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122
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Vella S, Conti M, Tasso R, Cancedda R, Pagano A. Dichloroacetate inhibits neuroblastoma growth by specifically acting against malignant undifferentiated cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1484-93. [PMID: 21557214 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The small, water soluble molecule Dichloroacetate (DCA) is recently arousing lively interests in the field of cancer therapy for it has been shown to be able to inhibit the growth of human tumors acting specifically on the mitochondria of cancer cells without perturbing the physiology of nonmalignant cells. Neuroblastoma was one of the tumor types on which DCA was considered ineffective as it is composed of cells with few recognized mitochondrial anomalies. Neuroblastoma, however, is composed of different cell types in terms of metabolism, phenotype and malignant potential. Despite the above prediction, in this work, we show that (i) DCA exhibits an unexpected anticancer effect on NB tumor cells and (ii) this effect is selectively directed to very malignant NB cells, whereas the more differentiated/less malignant NB cells are refractory to DCA treatment. This result supports the need of a detailed investigation of DCA anticancer properties against this tumor type with the final aim of its possible use as therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vella
- Oncology, Biology, and Genetics Department (DOBiG), University of Genoa, Genoa-Italy
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Eguren M, Manchado E, Malumbres M. Non-mitotic functions of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:572-8. [PMID: 21439391 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase whose activation requires the binding of a cofactor, either Cdc20 or Cdh1. While APC/C-Cdc20 is a major player during mitotic exit, APC/C-Cdh1 plays a central role in maintaining quiescence and controlling the onset of DNA replication. In addition, APC/C-Cdh1 is essential for endoreduplication, a process in which several rounds of DNA synthesis occur without mitosis. Recent data suggest that the APC/C is also involved in differentiation and metabolism, and plays important roles in postmitotic cells such as neurons. Thus, the APC/C is not only critical for anaphase onset but also regulates many other cellular processes during G1/S or in quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eguren
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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124
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Two ubiquitin ligases, APC/C-Cdh1 and SKP1-CUL1-F (SCF)-beta-TrCP, sequentially regulate glycolysis during the cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5278-83. [PMID: 21402913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell proliferation, the abundance of the glycolysis-promoting enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, isoform 3 (PFKFB3), is controlled by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C-Cdh1 via a KEN box. We now demonstrate in synchronized HeLa cells that PFKFB3, which appears in mid-to-late G1, is essential for cell division because its silencing prevents progression into S phase. In cells arrested by glucose deprivation, progression into S phase after replacement of glucose occurs only when PFKFB3 is present or is substituted by the downstream glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. PFKFB3 ceases to be detectable during late G1/S despite the absence of Cdh1; this disappearance is prevented by proteasomal inhibition. PFKFB3 contains a DSG box and is therefore a potential substrate for SCF-β-TrCP, a ubiquitin ligase active during S phase. In synchronized HeLa cells transfected with PFKFB3 mutated in the KEN box, the DSG box, or both, we established the breakdown routes of the enzyme at different stages of the cell cycle and the point at which glycolysis is enhanced. Thus, the presence of PFKFB3 is tightly controlled to ensure the up-regulation of glycolysis at a specific point in G1. We suggest that this up-regulation of glycolysis and its associated events represent the nutrient-sensitive restriction point in mammalian cells.
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125
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Smolders L, Teodoro JG. Targeting the anaphase promoting complex: common pathways for viral infection and cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:767-80. [PMID: 21375465 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.558008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase involved in regulation of the cell cycle through ubiquitination-dependent substrate proteolysis. Many viral proteins have been shown to interact with the APC/C, derailing cell cycle progression in order to facilitate their own replication. Induction of G(2)/M arrest by viral APC/C inhibition can lead to apoptotic cell death. Some viral proteins cause cytotoxicity specifically in tumour cells, providing evidence that targeting the APC/C could be exploited to selectively eliminate cancer cells. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide a summary of studies from viral APC/C interactions over the last decade, as well as recent discoveries identifying the APC/C as a promising target in the context of cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Current therapeutic strategies inducing mitotic arrest rely on activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) for their function. Many cancer cells have a weakened SAC and escape apoptosis through mitotic slippage. Recent evidence has demonstrated that targeting the APC/C, particularly the co-activator Cdc20, might be a better alternative. Tumour cells display greater dependency on APC/C function than normal cells and oncogenic transformation can lead to increased mitotic stress, rendering cancer cells more vulnerable to APC/C inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Smolders
- McGill University, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 616, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Horn SR, Thomenius MJ, Johnson ES, Freel CD, Wu JQ, Coloff JL, Yang CS, Tang W, An J, Ilkayeva OR, Rathmell JC, Newgard CB, Kornbluth S. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology by APC/CCdh1-mediated control of Drp1 stability. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1207-16. [PMID: 21325626 PMCID: PMC3078078 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria form an interconnected network that undergoes dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent fission during mitosis. We demonstrate that changes in mitochondrial dynamics as cells exit mitosis are driven through ubiquitylation of Drp1 by the (anaphase- promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator Cdh1) APC/CCdh1 complex. Inhibition Drp1 degradation prevents the normal regrowth of mitochondrial networks during G1 phase. Homeostatic maintenance of cellular mitochondria requires a dynamic balance between fission and fusion, and controlled changes in morphology are important for processes such as apoptosis and cellular division. Interphase mitochondria have been described as an interconnected network that fragments as cells enter mitosis, and this mitotic mitochondrial fragmentation is known to be regulated by the dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 (dynamin-related protein 1), a key component of the mitochondrial division machinery. Loss of Drp1 function and the subsequent failure of mitochondrial division during mitosis lead to incomplete cytokinesis and the unequal distribution of mitochondria into daughter cells. During mitotic exit and interphase, the mitochondrial network reforms. Here we demonstrate that changes in mitochondrial dynamics as cells exit mitosis are driven in part through ubiquitylation of Drp1, catalyzed by the APC/CCdh1 (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator Cdh1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Importantly, inhibition of Cdh1-mediated Drp1 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation during interphase prevents the normal G1 phase regrowth of mitochondrial networks following cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Horn
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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128
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Buchakjian MR, Kornbluth S. The engine driving the ship: metabolic steering of cell proliferation and death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:715-27. [PMID: 20861880 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activity is a crucial determinant of a cell's decision to proliferate or die. Although it is not fully understood how metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway communicate to cell cycle and apoptotic effectors, it is clear that a complex network of signalling molecules is required to integrate metabolic inputs. D-type cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, the anaphase-promoting complex, p53, caspase 2 and B cell lymphoma 2 proteins, among others, have been shown to be regulated by metabolic crosstalk. Elucidating these pathways is of great importance, as metabolic aberrations and their downstream effects are known to contribute to the aetiology of cancer and degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa R Buchakjian
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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129
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Post-transcriptional regulation of the mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase: a key regulator of the metabolic phenotype in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:543-51. [PMID: 21035425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A distinctive metabolic trait of tumors is their enforced aerobic glycolysis. This phenotype was first reported by Otto Warburg, who suggested that the increased glucose consumption of cancer cells under aerobic conditions might result from an impaired bioenergetic activity of their mitochondria. A central player in defining the bioenergetic activity of the cell is the mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase. The expression of its catalytic subunit β-F1-ATPase is tightly regulated at post-transcriptional levels during mammalian development and in the cell cycle. Moreover, the down-regulation of β-F1-ATPase is a hallmark of most human carcinomas. In this review we summarize our present understanding of the molecular mechanisms that participate in promoting the "abnormal" aerobic glycolysis of prevalent human carcinomas. The role of the ATPase Inhibitor Factor 1 (IF1) and of Ras-GAP SH3 binding protein 1 (G3BP1), controlling the activity of the H(+)-ATP synthase and the translation of β-F1-ATPase mRNA respectively in cancer cells is emphasized. Furthermore, we underline the role of mitochondrial dysfunction as a pivotal player of tumorigenesis.
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130
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Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 coordinates glycolysis and glutaminolysis with transition to S phase in human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18868-73. [PMID: 20921411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012362107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is accompanied by an increase in the utilization of glucose and glutamine. The proliferative response is dependent on a decrease in the activity of the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1 which controls G1-to-S-phase transition by targeting degradation motifs, notably the KEN box. This occurs not only in cell cycle proteins but also in the glycolysis-promoting enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoform 3 (PFKFB3), as we have recently demonstrated in cells in culture. We now show that APC/C-Cdh1 controls the proliferative response of human T lymphocytes. Moreover, we have found that glutaminase 1 is a substrate for this ubiquitin ligase and appears at the same time as PFKFB3 in proliferating T lymphocytes. Glutaminase 1 is the first enzyme in glutaminolysis, which converts glutamine to lactate, yielding intermediates for cell proliferation. Thus APC/C-Cdh1 is responsible for the provision not only of glucose but also of glutamine and, as such, accounts for the critical step that links the cell cycle with the metabolic substrates essential for its progression.
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131
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Sánchez-Cenizo L, Formentini L, Aldea M, Ortega ÁD, García-Huerta P, Sánchez-Aragó M, Cuezva JM. Up-regulation of the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase in human tumors mediates the metabolic shift of cancer cells to a Warburg phenotype. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25308-13. [PMID: 20538613 PMCID: PMC2919093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.146480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The H(+)-ATP synthase is a reversible engine of mitochondria that synthesizes or hydrolyzes ATP upon changes in cell physiology. ATP synthase dysfunction is involved in the onset and progression of diverse human pathologies. During ischemia, the ATP hydrolytic activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1). The expression of IF1 in human tissues and its participation in the development of human pathology are unknown. Here, we have developed monoclonal antibodies against human IF1 and determined its expression in paired normal and tumor biopsies of human carcinomas. We show that the relative mitochondrial content of IF1 increases significantly in carcinomas, suggesting the participation of IF1 in oncogenesis. The expression of IF1 varies significantly in cancer cell lines. To investigate the functional activity of IF1 in cancer, we have manipulated its cellular content. Overexpression of IF1 or of its pH-insensitive H49K mutant in cells that express low levels of IF1 triggers the up-regulation of aerobic glycolysis and the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation with concurrent mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Treatment of the cells with the H(+)-ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin mimicked the effects of IF1 overexpression. Conversely, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of IF1 in cells that express high levels of IF1 promotes the down-regulation of aerobic glycolysis and the increase in oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, these findings support that the mitochondrial content of IF1 controls the activity of oxidative phosphorylation mediating the shift of cancer cells to an enhanced aerobic glycolysis, thus supporting an oncogenic role for the de-regulated expression of IF1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Cenizo
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Formentini
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Aldea
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro D. Ortega
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula García-Huerta
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Aragó
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Formentini L, Martínez-Reyes I, Cuezva JM. The mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity of carcinomas. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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