101
|
Takemura T, Ikezawa N, Iwasa K, Sato F. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cytochrome P450 in sanguinarine biosynthesis from Eschscholzia californica cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:100-108. [PMID: 22421633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids, such as sanguinarine, are produced from reticuline, a common intermediate in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, via protopine. Four cytochrome P450s are involved in the biosynthesis of sanguinarine from reticuline; i.e. cheilanthifoline synthase (CYP719A5; EC 1.14.21.2.), stylopine synthase (CYP719A2/A3; EC 1.14.21.1.), N-methylstylopine hydroxylase (MSH) and protopine 6-hydroxylase (P6H; EC 1.14.13.55.). In this study, a cDNA of P6H was isolated from cultured Eschscholzia californica cells, based on an integrated analysis of metabolites and transcript expression profiles of transgenic cells with Coptis japonica scoulerine-9-O-methyltransferase. Using the full-length candidate cDNA for P6H (CYP82N2v2), recombinant protein was produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for characterization. The microsomal fraction containing recombinant CYP82N2v2 showed typical reduced CO-difference spectra of P450, and production of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from protopine and allocryptopine, respectively. Further characterization of the substrate-specificity of CYP82N2v2 indicated that 6-hydroxylation played a role in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takemura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Oluwafemi S, Dewhirst SY, Veyrat N, Powers S, Bruce TJA, Caulfield JC, Pickett JA, Birkett MA. Priming of Production in Maize of Volatile Organic Defence Compounds by the Natural Plant Activator cis-Jasmone. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62299. [PMID: 23840295 PMCID: PMC3694093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cis-Jasmone (CJ) is a natural plant product that activates defence against herbivores in model and crop plants. In this study, we investigated whether CJ could prime defence in maize, Zea mays, against the leafhopper, Cicadulina storeyi, responsible for the transmission of maize streak virus (MSV). Priming occurs when a pre-treatment, in this case CJ, increases the potency and speed of a defence response upon subsequent attack on the plant. Here, we tested insect responses to plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. Our initial experiments showed that, in this system, there was no significant response of the herbivore to CJ itself and no difference in response to VOCs collected from unexposed plants compared to CJ exposed plants, both without insects. VOCs were then collected from C. storeyi-infested maize seedlings with and without CJ pre-treatment. The bioassay revealed a significant preference by this pest for VOCs from infested seedlings without the CJ pre-treatment. A timed series of VOC collections and bioassays showed that the effect was strongest in the first 22 h of insect infestation, i.e. before the insects had themselves induced a change in VOC emission. Chemical analysis showed that treatment of maize seedlings with CJ, followed by exposure to C. storeyi, led to a significant increase in emission of the defensive sesquiterpenes (E)-(1R,9S)-caryophyllene, (E)-α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, known to act as herbivore repellents. The chemical analysis explains the behavioural effects observed in the olfactometer, as the CJ treatment caused plants to emit a blend of VOCs comprising more of the repellent components in the first 22 h of insect infestation than control plants. The speed and potency of VOC emission was increased by the CJ pre-treatment. This is the first indication that CJ can prime plants for enhanced production of defensive VOCs antagonist towards herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Oluwafemi
- Department of Crop Production, Soil and Environmental Management, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Y. Dewhirst
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Veyrat
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Powers
- Biomathematics and Bioinformatics Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - John C. Caulfield
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - John A. Pickett
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Birkett
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Kusano M, Iizuka Y, Kobayashi M, Fukushima A, Saito K. Development of a Direct Headspace Collection Method from Arabidopsis Seedlings Using HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS Analysis. Metabolites 2013; 3:223-42. [PMID: 24957989 PMCID: PMC3901263 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are thought to be a crucial factor in their interactions with harmful insects, plants and animals. Composition of VOCs may differ when plants are grown under different nutrient conditions, i.e., macronutrient-deficient conditions. However, in plants, relationships between macronutrient assimilation and VOC composition remain unclear. In order to identify the kinds of VOCs that can be emitted when plants are grown under various environmental conditions, we established a conventional method for VOC profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) involving headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS). We grew Arabidopsis seedlings in an HS vial to directly perform HS analysis. To maximize the analytical performance of VOCs, we optimized the extraction method and the analytical conditions of HP-SPME-GC-TOF-MS. Using the optimized method, we conducted VOC profiling of Arabidopsis seedlings, which were grown under two different nutrition conditions, nutrition-rich and nutrition-deficient conditions. The VOC profiles clearly showed a distinct pattern with respect to each condition. This study suggests that HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS analysis has immense potential to detect changes in the levels of VOCs in not only Arabidopsis, but other plants grown under various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Iizuka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Castillo DA, Kolesnikova MD, Matsuda SPT. An Effective Strategy for Exploring Unknown Metabolic Pathways by Genome Mining. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5885-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401535g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorianne A. Castillo
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mariya D. Kolesnikova
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seiichi P. T. Matsuda
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
de Magalhães MTQ, Barbosa EA, Prates MV, Verly RM, Munhoz VHO, de Araújo IE, Bloch C. Conformational and functional effects induced by D- and L-amino acid epimerization on a single gene encoded peptide from the skin secretion of Hypsiboas punctatus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59255. [PMID: 23565145 PMCID: PMC3614549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin secretion of Hypsiboas punctatus is the source of a complex mixture of bioactive compounds where peptides and small proteins prevail, similarly to many other amphibians. Among dozens of molecules isolated from H. punctatus in a proteomic based approach, we report here the structural and functional studies of a novel peptide named Phenylseptin (FFFDTLKNLAGKVIGALT-NH2) that was purified as two naturally occurring D- and L-Phes configurations. The amino acid epimerization and C-terminal amidation for both molecules were confirmed by a combination of techniques including reverse-phase UFLC, ion mobility mass spectrometry, high resolution MS/MS experiments, Edman degradation, cDNA sequencing and solid-phase peptide synthesis. RMSD analysis of the twenty lowest-energy (1)H NMR structures of each peptide revealed a major 90° difference between the two backbones at the first four N-terminal residues and substantial orientation changes of their respective side chains. These structural divergences were considered to be the primary cause of the in vitro quantitative differences in antimicrobial activities between the two molecules. Finally, both molecules elicited equally aversive reactions in mice when delivered orally, an effect that depended entirely on peripheral gustatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T. Q. de Magalhães
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-Distrito Federal, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eder A. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-Distrito Federal, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Maura V. Prates
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo M. Verly
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo O. Munhoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ivan E. de Araújo
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-Distrito Federal, Brasil
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Vaughan MM, Wang Q, Webster FX, Kiemle D, Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ, Coates RM, Wray AT, Askew W, O’Donnell C, Tokuhisa JG, Tholl D. Formation of the unusual semivolatile diterpene rhizathalene by the Arabidopsis class I terpene synthase TPS08 in the root stele is involved in defense against belowground herbivory. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1108-25. [PMID: 23512856 PMCID: PMC3634680 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are major constituents of plant defense against herbivore attack. Relatively little is known about the cell type-specific formation and antiherbivore activities of secondary compounds in roots despite the substantial impact of root herbivory on plant performance and fitness. Here, we describe the constitutive formation of semivolatile diterpenes called rhizathalenes by the class I terpene synthase (TPS) 08 in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The primary enzymatic product of TPS08, rhizathalene A, which is produced from the substrate all-trans geranylgeranyl diphosphate, represents a so far unidentified class of tricyclic diterpene carbon skeletons with an unusual tricyclic spiro-hydrindane structure. Protein targeting and administration of stable isotope precursors indicate that rhizathalenes are biosynthesized in root leucoplasts. TPS08 expression is largely localized to the root stele, suggesting a centric and gradual release of its diterpene products into the peripheral root cell layers. We demonstrate that roots of Arabidopsis tps08 mutant plants, grown aeroponically and in potting substrate, are more susceptible to herbivory by the opportunistic root herbivore fungus gnat (Bradysia spp) and suffer substantial removal of peripheral tissue at larval feeding sites. Our work provides evidence for the in vivo role of semivolatile diterpene metabolites as local antifeedants in belowground direct defense against root-feeding insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Francis X. Webster
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York–Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Dave Kiemle
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York–Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Young J. Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert M. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Austin T. Wray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Whitnee Askew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | | | - James G. Tokuhisa
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding (S)-cis-N-methylstylopine 14-hydroxylase from opium poppy, a key enzyme in sanguinarine biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:597-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
108
|
Lange BM, Ahkami A. Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:169-96. [PMID: 23171352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant-derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and MJ Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional genomics reveals that a compact terpene synthase gene family can account for terpene volatile production in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:787-804. [PMID: 23256150 PMCID: PMC3561019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiuyin Chen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Estelle J.D. Bailleul
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Adam J. Matich
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Berim A, Gang DR. The roles of a flavone-6-hydroxylase and 7-O-demethylation in the flavone biosynthetic network of sweet basil. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:1795-805. [PMID: 23184958 PMCID: PMC3548489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic flavonoids found in the Lamiaceae exhibit unusual 6- and 8-hydroxylations whose enzymatic basis is unknown. We show that crude protein extracts from peltate trichomes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars readily hydroxylate position 6 of 7-O-methylated apigenin but not apigenin itself. The responsible protein was identified as a P450 monooxygenase from the CYP82 family, a family not previously reported to be involved in flavonoid metabolism. This enzyme prefers flavones but also accepts flavanones in vitro and requires a 5-hydroxyl in addition to a 7-methoxyl residue on the substrate. A peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) homolog displayed identical substrate requirements, suggesting that early 7-O-methylation of flavones might be common in the Lamiaceae. This hypothesis is further substantiated by the pioneering discovery of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent flavone demethylase activity in basil, which explains the accumulation of 7-O-demethylated flavone nevadensin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - David R. Gang
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Gruner K, Griebel T, Návarová H, Attaran E, Zeier J. Reprogramming of plants during systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:252. [PMID: 23874348 PMCID: PMC3711057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide microarray analyses revealed that during biological activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis, the transcript levels of several hundred plant genes were consistently up- (SAR(+) genes) or down-regulated (SAR(-) genes) in systemic, non-inoculated leaf tissue. This transcriptional reprogramming fully depended on the SAR regulator FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1). Functional gene categorization showed that genes associated with salicylic acid (SA)-associated defenses, signal transduction, transport, and the secretory machinery are overrepresented in the group of SAR(+) genes, and that the group of SAR(-) genes is enriched in genes activated via the jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET)-defense pathway, as well as in genes associated with cell wall remodeling and biosynthesis of constitutively produced secondary metabolites. This suggests that SAR-induced plants reallocate part of their physiological activity from vegetative growth towards SA-related defense activation. Alignment of the SAR expression data with other microarray information allowed us to define three clusters of SAR(+) genes. Cluster I consists of genes tightly regulated by SA. Cluster II genes can be expressed independently of SA, and this group is moderately enriched in H2O2- and abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. The expression of the cluster III SAR(+) genes is partly SA-dependent. We propose that SA-independent signaling events in early stages of SAR activation enable the biosynthesis of SA and thus initiate SA-dependent SAR signaling. Both SA-independent and SA-dependent events tightly co-operate to realize SAR. SAR(+) genes function in the establishment of diverse resistance layers, in the direct execution of resistance against different (hemi-)biotrophic pathogen types, in suppression of the JA- and ABA-signaling pathways, in redox homeostasis, and in the containment of defense response activation. Our data further indicated that SAR-associated defense priming can be realized by partial pre-activation of particular defense pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gruner
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Hana Návarová
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elham Attaran
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Zeier, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Houshyani B, Assareh M, Busquets A, Ferrer A, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Three-step pathway engineering results in more incidence rate and higher emission of nerolidol and improved attraction of Diadegma semiclausum. Metab Eng 2013; 15:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
113
|
|
114
|
Hegde M, Oliveira JN, da Costa JG, Loza-Reyes E, Bleicher E, Santana AEG, Caulfield JC, Mayon P, Dewhirst SY, Bruce TJA, Pickett JA, Birkett MA. Aphid antixenosis in cotton is activated by the natural plant defence elicitor cis-jasmone. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 78:81-8. [PMID: 22516741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon insect herbivory, plants can release blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that modify herbivore and natural enemy behaviour. We have shown recently that cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, emits a blend of defence VOCs that repels the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, upon herbivory by this notorious crop pest, including (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT). In this study, we investigated changes in the defence VOC profile of G. hirsutum induced by the naturally-occurring plant elicitor cis-jasmone (CJ) and whether these changes modify the behaviour of A. gossypii. In four-arm olfactometer assays, VOCs from untreated plants were significantly attractive (P<0.05), whilst VOCs from CJ-treated plants were significantly repellent (P<0.05). The VOCs induced by CJ appeared to comprise (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, DMNT, methyl salicylate and TMTT. In quantitative VOC collection studies, sustained release of DMNT and TMTT was observed in CJ-treated plants over a period of five days, with levels becoming statistically significantly higher than for control treated plants on the fifth day in most cases. Despite earlier indications, no statistically significant differences were observed in levels of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate or methyl salicylate between CJ and control treatments on any day. Furthermore, DMNT and TMTT emissions from CJ-treated plants were further enhanced by subsequent addition of A. gossypii. CJ treatment induced statistically significantly higher DMNT and TMTT expression levels as early as day three, when A. gossypii was present. The results in this study show that CJ can induce the production of A. gossypii-induced VOCs from G. hirsutum, with potential for deployment in novel crop protection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahabaleshwar Hegde
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Pin-580005, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Badieyan S, Bevan DR, Zhang C. A salt-bridge controlled by ligand binding modulates the hydrolysis reaction in a GH5 endoglucanase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:223-33. [PMID: 22419828 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases, distributed in at least 15 families of glycoside hydrolases, will play a key role in biomass conversion and renewable energy challenges of the future. Cel5B from Clostridium thermocellum is a β-1,4-endoglucanase and a member of family 5 of glycoside hydrolases (GH5) and is characterized by an (α/β)(8) barrel structure. In contrast to other retaining enzymes, in which the catalytic carboxylate groups (glutamate or aspartate) are positioned ≈ 5.5 Å apart to facilitate nucleophilic attack on the anomeric carbon of the sugar substrate, these two residues in Cel5B are positioned ≈ 10 Å from each other in the unliganded wild-type structure. The structure of the enzyme solved in complex with a cleavage product (cellobiose) revealed ligand-induced conformational changes in the loop carrying Glu140 (proton donor). The reorientation of Glu140 in the complex reduces the separation of the catalytic glutamate residues to 4.3 Å. In this study, we took advantage of conventional and steered molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along with in silico and in vitro mutagenesis to investigate the ligand-induced changes of the enzyme and interactions involved in preservation of Cel5B conformations in the presence and absence of substrate. We determined that the variation in separation of catalytic glutamates in the absence and presence of substrate is due to the different protonation states of the proton donor glutamate that is largely governed by conformational changes in the β3α3 loop. In the absence of substrate, the conformation of Cel5B is preserved by an electrostatic interaction between deprotonated Glu140 and protonated His91. The ion pair is interrupted upon the binding of substrate, and the positional displacement of the β3α3 loop allows Glu140 to become oriented within the active site in a less hydrophilic microenvironment that assists in Glu140 protonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayesadat Badieyan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Huang M, Sanchez-Moreiras AM, Abel C, Sohrabi R, Lee S, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. The major volatile organic compound emitted from Arabidopsis thaliana flowers, the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene, is a defense against a bacterial pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:997-1008. [PMID: 22187939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flowers have a high risk of pathogen attack because of their rich nutrient and moisture content, and high frequency of insect visitors. We investigated the role of (E)-β-caryophyllene in floral defense against a microbial pathogen. This sesquiterpene is a common volatile compound emitted from flowers, and is a major volatile released from the stigma of Arabidopsis thaliana flowers. Arabidopsis thaliana lines lacking a functional (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase or constitutively overexpressing this gene were challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, which is a bacterial pathogen of brassicaceous plants. Flowers of plant lines lacking (E)-β-caryophyllene emission showed greater bacterial growth on their stigmas than did wild-type flowers, and their seeds were lighter and misshapen. By contrast, plant lines with ectopic (E)-β-caryophyllene emission from vegetative parts were more resistant than wild-type plants to pathogen infection of leaves, and showed reduced cell damage and higher seed production. Based on in vitro experiments, (E)-β-caryophyllene seems to act by direct inhibition of bacterial growth, rather than by triggering defense signaling pathways. (E)-β-Caryophyllene thus appears to serve as a defense against pathogens that invade floral tissues and, like other floral volatiles, may play multiple roles in defense and pollinator attraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengsu Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christian Abel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Reeves PH, Ellis CM, Ploense SE, Wu MF, Yadav V, Tholl D, Chételat A, Haupt I, Kennerley BJ, Hodgens C, Farmer EE, Nagpal P, Reed JW. A regulatory network for coordinated flower maturation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002506. [PMID: 22346763 PMCID: PMC3276552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For self-pollinating plants to reproduce, male and female organ development must be coordinated as flowers mature. The Arabidopsis transcription factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6) and ARF8 regulate this complex process by promoting petal expansion, stamen filament elongation, anther dehiscence, and gynoecium maturation, thereby ensuring that pollen released from the anthers is deposited on the stigma of a receptive gynoecium. ARF6 and ARF8 induce jasmonate production, which in turn triggers expression of MYB21 and MYB24, encoding R2R3 MYB transcription factors that promote petal and stamen growth. To understand the dynamics of this flower maturation regulatory network, we have characterized morphological, chemical, and global gene expression phenotypes of arf, myb, and jasmonate pathway mutant flowers. We found that MYB21 and MYB24 promoted not only petal and stamen development but also gynoecium growth. As well as regulating reproductive competence, both the ARF and MYB factors promoted nectary development or function and volatile sesquiterpene production, which may attract insect pollinators and/or repel pathogens. Mutants lacking jasmonate synthesis or response had decreased MYB21 expression and stamen and petal growth at the stage when flowers normally open, but had increased MYB21 expression in petals of older flowers, resulting in renewed and persistent petal expansion at later stages. Both auxin response and jasmonate synthesis promoted positive feedbacks that may ensure rapid petal and stamen growth as flowers open. MYB21 also fed back negatively on expression of jasmonate biosynthesis pathway genes to decrease flower jasmonate level, which correlated with termination of growth after flowers have opened. These dynamic feedbacks may promote timely, coordinated, and transient growth of flower organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Reeves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Ellis
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Ploense
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miin-Feng Wu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aurore Chételat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ina Haupt
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Brian J. Kennerley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles Hodgens
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Punita Nagpal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Jensen K, Osmani SA, Hamann T, Naur P, Møller BL. Homology modeling of the three membrane proteins of the dhurrin metabolon: catalytic sites, membrane surface association and protein-protein interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2113-2123. [PMID: 21620426 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Formation of metabolons (macromolecular enzyme complexes) facilitates the channelling of substrates in biosynthetic pathways. Metabolon formation is a dynamic process in which transient structures mediated by weak protein-protein interactions are formed. In Sorghum, the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin is derived from l-tyrosine in a pathway involving the two cytochromes P450 (CYPs) CYP79A1 and CYP71E1, a glucosyltransferase (UGT85B1), and the redox partner NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Experimental evidence suggests that the enzymes of this pathway form a metabolon. Homology modeling of the three membrane bound proteins was carried out using the Sybyl software and available relevant crystal structures. Residues involved in tight positioning of the substrates and intermediates in the active sites of CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 were identified. In both CYPs, hydrophobic surface domains close to the N-terminal trans-membrane anchor and between the F' and G helices were identified as involved in membrane anchoring. The proximal surface of both CYPs showed positively charged patches complementary to a negatively charged bulge on CPR carrying the FMN domain. A patch of surface exposed, positively charged amino acid residues positioned on the opposite face of the membrane anchor was identified in CYP71E1 and might be involved in binding UGT85B1 via a hypervariable negatively charged loop in this protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Sui C, Zhang J, Wei J, Chen S, Li Y, Xu J, Jin Y, Xie C, Gao Z, Chen H, Yang C, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Transcriptome analysis of Bupleurum chinense focusing on genes involved in the biosynthesis of saikosaponins. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:539. [PMID: 22047182 PMCID: PMC3219613 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupleurum chinense DC. is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Saikosaponins are the major bioactive constituents of B. chinense, but relatively little is known about saikosaponin biosynthesis. The 454 pyrosequencing technology provides a promising opportunity for finding novel genes that participate in plant metabolism. Consequently, this technology may help to identify the candidate genes involved in the saikosaponin biosynthetic pathway. RESULTS One-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing runs produced a total of 195, 088 high-quality reads, with an average read length of 356 bases (NCBI SRA accession SRA039388). A de novo assembly generated 24, 037 unique sequences (22, 748 contigs and 1, 289 singletons), 12, 649 (52.6%) of which were annotated against three public protein databases using a basic local alignment search tool (E-value ≤1e-10). All unique sequences were compared with NCBI expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (237) and encoding sequences (44) from the Bupleurum genus, and with a Sanger-sequenced EST dataset (3, 111). The 23, 173 (96.4%) unique sequences obtained in the present study represent novel Bupleurum genes. The ESTs of genes related to saikosaponin biosynthesis were found to encode known enzymes that catalyze the formation of the saikosaponin backbone; 246 cytochrome P450 (P450s) and 102 glycosyltransferases (GTs) unique sequences were also found in the 454 dataset. Full length cDNAs of 7 P450s and 7 uridine diphosphate GTs (UGTs) were verified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or by cloning using 5' and/or 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Two P450s and three UGTs were identified as the most likely candidates involved in saikosaponin biosynthesis. This finding was based on the coordinate up-regulation of their expression with β-AS in methyl jasmonate-treated adventitious roots and on their similar expression patterns with β-AS in various B. chinense tissues. CONCLUSIONS A collection of high-quality ESTs for B. chinense obtained by 454 pyrosequencing is provided here for the first time. These data should aid further research on the functional genomics of B. chinense and other Bupleurum species. The candidate genes for enzymes involved in saikosaponin biosynthesis, especially the P450s and UGTs, that were revealed provide a substantial foundation for follow-up research on the metabolism and regulation of the saikosaponins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiesen Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caixiang Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongjiang Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bak S, Beisson F, Bishop G, Hamberger B, Höfer R, Paquette S, Werck-Reichhart D. Cytochromes p450. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0144. [PMID: 22303269 PMCID: PMC3268508 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are 244 cytochrome P450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the Arabidopsis genome. P450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. Contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. P450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopollenin, or are involved in biosynthesis or catabolism of all hormone and signaling molecules, of pigments, odorants, flavors, antioxidants, allelochemicals and defense compounds, and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The mechanisms of gene duplication and diversification are getting better understood and together with co-expression data provide leads to functional characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6191 Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gerard Bishop
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Suzanne Paquette
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biological Structure, HSB G-514, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-9420
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Tholl D, Sohrabi R, Huh JH, Lee S. The biochemistry of homoterpenes--common constituents of floral and herbivore-induced plant volatile bouquets. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1635-46. [PMID: 21334702 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants mediate a variety of interactions between plants and other organisms. The irregular acyclic homoterpenes, 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT), are among the most widespread volatiles produced by angiosperms with emissions from flowers and from vegetative tissues upon herbivore feeding. Special attention has been placed on the role of homoterpenes in attracting parasitoids and predators of herbivores and has sparked interest in engineering homoterpene formation to improve biological pest control. The biosynthesis of DMNT and TMTT proceeds in two enzymatic steps: the formation of the tertiary C₁₅₋, and C₂₀₋ alcohols, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-geranyl linalool, respectively, catalyzed by terpene synthases, and the subsequent oxidative degradation of both alcohols by a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the herbivore-induced biosynthesis of TMTT is catalyzed by the concerted activities of the (E,E)-geranyllinalool synthase, AtGES, and CYP82G1, a P450 of the so far uncharacterized plant CYP82 family. TMTT formation is in part controlled at the level of AtGES expression. Co-expression of AtGES with CYP82G1 at wound sites allows for an efficient conversion of the alcohol intermediate. The identified homoterpene biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis and related genes from other plant species provide tools to engineer homoterpene formation and to address questions of the regulation and specific activities of homoterpenes in plant-herbivore interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, 408 Latham Hall, AgQuad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Tamogami S, Takahashi Y, Abe M, Noge K, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK. Conversion of airborne nerolidol to DMNT emission requires additional signals in Achyranthes bidentata. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1807-13. [PMID: 21510937 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DMNT biosynthesis was proposed to proceed via (E)-nerolidol in plants a decade ago. However, (E)-nerolidol function as airborne signal/substrate for in-vivo biosynthesis of DMNT remains to be investigated and the regulation of DMNT production and emission is largely unknown. We address both of these aspects using Achyranthes bidentata model plant in conjunction with deuterium-labeled d(5)-(E)-nerolidol, headspace, GC-FID, and GC/MS-based absolute quantification approaches. We demonstrate that airborne (E)-nerolidol is specifically metabolized in-vivo into DMNT emission, but requires airborne VOC MeJA or predator herbivore as additional environmental signal. In addition, we provide new insight into the complex regulation underlying DMNT emission, and highlight the importance of studying multiple environmental factors on emission patterns of plant VOCs and their mechanistic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tamogami
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Hegde M, Oliveira JN, da Costa JG, Bleicher E, Santana AEG, Bruce TJA, Caulfield J, Dewhirst SY, Woodcock CM, Pickett JA, Birkett MA. Identification of semiochemicals released by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, upon infestation by the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:741-50. [PMID: 21671083 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae), is increasing in importance as a pest worldwide since the introduction of Bt-cotton, which controls lepidopteran but not homopteran pests. The chemical ecology of interactions between cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae), A. gossypii, and the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla lucasina (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), was investigated with a view to providing new pest management strategies. Behavioral tests using a four-arm (Pettersson) olfactometer showed that alate A. gossypii spent significantly more time in the presence of odor from uninfested cotton seedlings compared to clean air, but significantly less time in the presence of odor from A. gossypii infested plants. A. gossypii also spent significantly more time in the presence of headspace samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from uninfested cotton seedlings, but significantly less time with those from A. gossypii infested plants. VOCs from uninfested and A. gossypii infested cotton seedlings were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), leading to the identification of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT), which were produced in larger amounts from A. gossypii infested plants compared to uninfested plants. In behavioral tests, A. gossypii spent significantly more time in the control (solvent) arms when presented with a synthetic blend of these four compounds, with and without the presence of VOCs from uninfested cotton. Coupled GC-electroantennogram (EAG) recordings with the lacewing C. lucasina showed significant antennal responses to VOCs from A. gossypii infested cotton, suggesting they have a role in indirect defense and indicating a likely behavioral role for these compounds for the predator as well as the aphid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahabaleshwar Hegde
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Tholl D, Lee S. Terpene Specialized Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0143. [PMID: 22303268 PMCID: PMC3268506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute the largest class of plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which are compounds of ecological function in plant defense or the attraction of beneficial organisms. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, nearly all Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) enzymes of the core biosynthetic pathways producing the 5-carbon building blocks of terpenes have been characterized and closer insight has been gained into the transcriptional and posttranscriptional/translational mechanisms regulating these pathways. The biochemical function of most prenyltransferases, the downstream enzymes that condense the C(5)-precursors into central 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon prenyldiphosphate intermediates, has been described, although the function of several isoforms of C(20)-prenyltranferases is not well understood. Prenyl diphosphates are converted to a variety of C(10)-, C(15)-, and C(20)-terpene products by enzymes of the terpene synthase (TPS) family. Genomic organization of the 32 Arabidopsis TPS genes indicates a species-specific divergence of terpene synthases with tissue- and cell-type specific expression profiles that may have emerged under selection pressures by different organisms. Pseudogenization, differential expression, and subcellular segregation of TPS genes and enzymes contribute to the natural variation of terpene biosynthesis among Arabidopsis accessions (ecotypes) and species. Arabidopsis will remain an important model to investigate the metabolic organization and molecular regulatory networks of terpene specialized metabolism in relation to the biological activities of terpenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Tholl D, Lee S. Terpene Specialized Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0143. [PMID: 22303268 DOI: 10.1043/tab.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute the largest class of plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which are compounds of ecological function in plant defense or the attraction of beneficial organisms. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, nearly all Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) enzymes of the core biosynthetic pathways producing the 5-carbon building blocks of terpenes have been characterized and closer insight has been gained into the transcriptional and posttranscriptional/translational mechanisms regulating these pathways. The biochemical function of most prenyltransferases, the downstream enzymes that condense the C(5)-precursors into central 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon prenyldiphosphate intermediates, has been described, although the function of several isoforms of C(20)-prenyltranferases is not well understood. Prenyl diphosphates are converted to a variety of C(10)-, C(15)-, and C(20)-terpene products by enzymes of the terpene synthase (TPS) family. Genomic organization of the 32 Arabidopsis TPS genes indicates a species-specific divergence of terpene synthases with tissue- and cell-type specific expression profiles that may have emerged under selection pressures by different organisms. Pseudogenization, differential expression, and subcellular segregation of TPS genes and enzymes contribute to the natural variation of terpene biosynthesis among Arabidopsis accessions (ecotypes) and species. Arabidopsis will remain an important model to investigate the metabolic organization and molecular regulatory networks of terpene specialized metabolism in relation to the biological activities of terpenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Chen F, Tholl D, Bohlmann J, Pichersky E. The family of terpene synthases in plants: a mid-size family of genes for specialized metabolism that is highly diversified throughout the kingdom. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:212-29. [PMID: 21443633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as 'secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor 'building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|