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Cao S, Ko A, Partanen M, Pakzad-Vaezi K, Merkur AB, Albiani DA, Kirker AW, Wang A, Cui JZ, Forooghian F, Matsubara JA. Relationship between systemic cytokines and complement factor H Y402H polymorphism in patients with dry age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156:1176-83. [PMID: 24083687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between systemic cytokines, the complement factor H (CFH) Y402H polymorphism, drusen load, and subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Forty-four dry AMD patients under care of the Retina Service at the University of British Columbia were enrolled. Drusen load was measured with an automated software algorithm in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured manually using enhanced depth imaging. Bio-Plex suspension assays (Bio-Rad Laboratories) were used to analyze cytokines in plasma and CFH Y402H was genotyped. Statistical analyses included analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation, corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The levels of 3 of 4 studied cytokines were significantly different among patients with CC, CT, or TT variants of the CFH Y402H polymorphism (P < .01). Patients with the at-risk CC variant had higher systemic levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor α than those with the CT variants, the TT variant, or both (P < .01). Interleukin-1β did not reach significance (P = .02), but did demonstrate a consistent trend. No correlation was found between plasma cytokines and drusen load or choroidal thickness (all P > .15). CONCLUSIONS The elevated systemic levels of selected proinflammatory cytokines, including those representing products of inflammasome activation, were associated with the CC at-risk variant of the Y402H polymorphism and suggest that genetic factors regulate the inflammatory status in dry AMD patients. Our data support the central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AMD and provide further evidence of a systemic involvement in AMD etiology.
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102
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The influence of long term hydrochlorothiazide administration on the relationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity and plasma glucose in patients with hypertension. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:434618. [PMID: 24349612 PMCID: PMC3852583 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To observe the relationship between changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity and blood plasma glucose after administration of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for one year in patients with hypertension. Methods. 108 hypertensive patients were given 12.5 mg HCTZ per day for one year. RAAS activity, plasma glucose levels, and other biochemical parameters, as well as plasma oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels, were measured and analyzed at baseline, six weeks, and one year after treatment. Results. After one year of treatment, the reduction in plasma glucose observed between the elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) group (−0.26 ± 0.26 mmol/L) and the nonelevated PRA group (−1.36 ± 0.23 mmol/L) was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The decrease of plasma glucose in the elevated Ang II group (−0.17 ± 0.18 mmol/L) compared to the nonelevated Ang II group (−1.07 ± 0.21 mmol/L) was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with elevated plasma glucose in the elevated Ang II group (40.5%) was significantly higher than those in the nonelevated Ang II group (16.3%) (P < 0.05). The relative oxLDL level was not affected by the treatment. Conclusions. Changes in RAAS activity were correlated with changes in plasma glucose levels after one year of HCTZ therapy.
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Boon CJ, van de Ven JP, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI, Klevering BJ. Cuticular drusen: Stars in the sky. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:90-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yu W, Dong S, Zhao C, Wang H, Dai F, Yang J. Cumulative association between age-related macular degeneration and less studied genetic variants in PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HTRA1: a meta and gene-cluster analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5551-61. [PMID: 24013816 PMCID: PMC3864106 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the cumulative effect of the less studied genetic variants in PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HTRA1 on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We performed an extensive literature search for studies on the association between AMD and the less studied genetic variants in PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HTRA1. Multiple meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the association between individual genetic variants and AMD. A gene-cluster analysis was used to investigate the cumulative effect of these less studied genetic variants on AMD. A total of 23 studies from 20 published papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in our analyses. Several genetic variants in the gene cluster are significantly associated with AMD in our meta-analyses or in individual studies. Gene-cluster analysis reveals a strong cumulative association between these genetic variants in this gene cluster and AMD (p < 10(-5)). However, two previously suspected SNPs in ARMS2, including rs2736911, the SNP having the largest number of studies in our meta-analyses; and rs3793917, the SNP with the largest sample size, were not significantly associated with AMD (both p's > 0.12). Sensitivity analyses reveal significant association of AMD with rs2736911 in Chinese but not in Caucasian, with c.372_815del443ins54 in Caucasian but not in Chinese, and with rs1049331 in both ethnic groups. These less studied genetic variants have a significant cumulative effect on wet AMD. Our study provides evidence of the joint contribution of genetic variants in PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HTRA1 to AMD risk, in addition to the two widely studied genetic variants whose association with AMD was well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqian Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Haina Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- The Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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105
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Heyer EJ, Kellner CP, Malone HR, Bruce SS, Mergeche JL, Ward JT, Connolly ES. Complement polymorphisms and cognitive dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 2013; 119:648-54. [PMID: 23662819 PMCID: PMC3806214 DOI: 10.3171/2013.4.jns1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The role of genetic polymorphisms in the neurological outcome of patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains unclear. There are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that predispose patients to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (CD). We aim to assess the predictability of three complement cascade-related SNPs for CD in patients having CEAs. METHODS In 252 patients undergoing CEA, genotyping was performed for the following polymorphisms: complement component 5 (C5) rs17611, mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) rs7096206, and complement factor H (CFH) rs1061170. Differences among genotypes were analyzed via the chi-square test. Patients were evaluated with a neuropsychometric battery for CD 1 day and 1 month after CEA. A multiple logistic regression model was created. All variables with univariate p < 0.20 were included in the final model. RESULTS The C5 genotypes A/G (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.60, p = 0.002) and G/G (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.09-0.52, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower odds of exhibiting CD at 1 day after CEA compared with A/A. The CFH genotypes C/T (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.69-6.92, p < 0.001) and C/C (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.30-10.06, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with higher odds of exhibiting CD at 1 day after CEA compared with T/T. Statin use was also significantly associated with lower odds of exhibiting CD at 1 day after CEA (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84, p = 0.01). No SNPs were significantly associated with CD at 1 month after CEA. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a deleterious allele in the C5 and CFH SNPs may predispose patients to exhibit CD after CEA. This finding supports previous data demonstrating that the complement cascade system may play an important role in the development of CD. These findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Heyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Williams JAE, Greenwood J, Moss SE. Retinal changes precede visual dysfunction in the complement factor H knockout mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68616. [PMID: 23844226 PMCID: PMC3699560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that aged mice lacking complement factor H (CFH) exhibit visual defects and structural changes in the retina. However, it is not known whether this phenotype is age-related or is the consequence of disturbed development. To address this question we investigated the effect of Cfh gene deletion on the retinal phenotype of young and mid-age mice. Cfh(-/-) mouse eyes exhibited thickening of the retina and reduced nuclear density, but relatively normal scotopic and photopic electroretinograms. At 12 months there was evidence of subtle astroglial activation in the Cfh(-/-) eyes, and significant elevation of the complement regulator, decay-accelerating factor (DAF) in Müller cells. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of young control and Cfh(-/-) animals mitochondria and melanosomes were oriented basally and apically respectively, whereas the apical positioning of melanosomes was significantly perturbed in the mid-age Cfh(-/-) RPE. We conclude that deletion of Cfh in the mouse leads to defects in the retina that precede any marked loss of visual function, but which become progressively more marked as the animals age. These observations are consistent with a lifelong role for CFH in retinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E. Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Supanji, Shimomachi M, Hasan MZ, Kawaichi M, Oka C. HtrA1 is induced by oxidative stress and enhances cell senescence through p38 MAPK pathway. Exp Eye Res 2013; 112:79-92. [PMID: 23623979 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition and senescence of retinal pigment epithelium induced by oxidative stress are major contributors to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in HTRA1 are strongly linked to the onset of AMD. In this study, we examine the role of HtrA1 in premature senescence and cell death induced by oxidative stress. HtrA1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated during premature senescence induced by H2O2 in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and ARPE-19 cells. Expression of the senescence markers p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p16(INK4a), and SA-β-galactosidase activity, were higher in HtrA1+/- MEFs than in HtrA1-/- MEFs. HtrA1+/+ and HtrA1+/- MEFs were more resistant than HtrA1-/- MEFs to H2O2-induced cell death. Activation of p38 MAPK by oxidative stress was quicker in HtrA1+/- MEFs than in HtrA1-/- MEFs. The effects of excess HtrA1 were examined by transient transfection of cells with HtrA1 expression vectors or by addition of recombinant proteins. Excess wild type HtrA1 accelerated premature senescence of MEFs and ARPE-19 cells, while the protease-inactive HtrA1 S328A did not. HtrA1-induced senescence was abrogated by inhibition of p38 MAPK. We conclude that HtrA1 is induced by oxidative stress and promotes premature cell senescence through p38 MAPK in a protease activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanji
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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108
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Woodell A, Coughlin B, Kunchithapautham K, Casey S, Williamson T, Ferrell WD, Atkinson C, Jones BW, Rohrer B. Alternative complement pathway deficiency ameliorates chronic smoke-induced functional and morphological ocular injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67894. [PMID: 23825688 PMCID: PMC3692454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a complex disease involving genetic variants and environmental insults, is among the leading causes of blindness in Western populations. Genetic and histologic evidence implicate the complement system in AMD pathogenesis; and smoking is the major environmental risk factor associated with increased disease risk. Although previous studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure (CE) causes retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) defects in mice, and smoking leads to complement activation in patients, it is unknown whether complement activation is causative in the development of CE pathology; and if so, which complement pathway is required. METHODS Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or clean, filtered air for 6 months. The effects of CE were analyzed in wildtype (WT) mice or mice without a functional complement alternative pathway (AP; CFB(-/-) ) using molecular, histological, electrophysiological, and behavioral outcomes. RESULTS CE in WT mice exhibited a significant reduction in function of both rods and cones as determined by electroretinography and contrast sensitivity measurements, concomitant with a thinning of the nuclear layers as measured by SD-OCT imaging and histology. Gene expression analyses suggested that alterations in both photoreceptors and RPE/choroid might contribute to the observed loss of function, and visualization of complement C3d deposition implies the RPE/Bruch's membrane (BrM) complex as the target of AP activity. RPE/BrM alterations include an increase in mitochondrial size concomitant with an apical shift in mitochondrial distribution within the RPE and a thickening of BrM. CFB(-/-) mice were protected from developing these CE-mediated alterations. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings provide clear evidence that ocular pathology generated in CE mice is dependent on complement activation and requires the AP. Identifying animal models with RPE/BrM damage and verifying which aspects of pathology are dependent upon complement activation is essential for developing novel complement-based treatment approaches for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Woodell
- Division of Research, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beth Coughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kannan Kunchithapautham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tucker Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Drew Ferrell
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bryan W. Jones
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Division of Research, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Abstract
Factor H (FH) is a soluble regulator of the proteolytic cascade at the core of the evolutionarily ancient vertebrate complement system. Although FH consists of a single chain of similar protein modules, it has a demanding job description. Its chief role is to prevent complement-mediated injury to healthy host cells and tissues. This entails recognition of molecular patterns on host surfaces combined with control of one of nature's most dangerous examples of a positive-feedback loop. In this way, FH modulates, where and when needed, an amplification process that otherwise exponentially escalates the production of the pro-inflammatory, pro-phagocytic, and pro-cytolytic cleavage products of complement proteins C3 and C5. Mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the FH gene and autoantibodies against FH predispose individuals to diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, dense-deposit disease, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Moreover, deletions or variations of genes for FH-related proteins also influence the risk of disease. Numerous pathogens hijack FH and use it for self-defense. As reviewed herein, a molecular understanding of FH function is emerging. While its functional oligomeric status remains uncertain, progress has been achieved in characterizing its three-dimensional architecture and, to a lesser extent, its intermodular flexibility. Models are proposed, based on the reconciliation of older data with a wealth of recent evidence, in which a latent circulating form of FH is activated by its principal target, C3b tethered to a self-surface. Such models suggest hypotheses linking sequence variations to pathophysiology, but improved, more quantitative, functional assays and rigorous data analysis are required to test these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Makou
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
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110
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Minegishi Y, Iejima D, Kobayashi H, Chi ZL, Kawase K, Yamamoto T, Seki T, Yuasa S, Fukuda K, Iwata T. Enhanced optineurin E50K-TBK1 interaction evokes protein insolubility and initiates familial primary open-angle glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3559-67. [PMID: 23669351 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause for blindness affecting 60 million people worldwide. The optineurin (OPTN) E50K mutation was first identified in familial primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the onset of which is not associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, and is classified as normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Optineurin (OPTN) is a multifunctional protein and its mutations are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as POAG and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have previously described an E50K mutation-carrying transgenic (E50K-tg) mouse that exhibited glaucomatous phenotypes of decreased retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and surrounding cell death at normal IOP. Further phenotypic analysis of these mice revealed persistent reactive gliosis and E50K mutant protein deposits in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Over-expression of E50K in HEK293 cells indicated accumulation of insoluble OPTN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This phenomenon was consistent with the results seen in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from E50K mutation-carrying NTG patients. The E50K mutant strongly interacted with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which prohibited the proper oligomerization and solubility of OPTN, both of which are important for OPTN intracellular transition. Treatment with a TBK1 inhibitor, BX795, abrogated the aberrant insolubility of the E50K mutant. Here, we delineated the intracellular dynamics of the endogenous E50K mutant protein for the first time and demonstrated how this mutation causes OPTN insolubility, in association with TBK1, to evoke POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Minegishi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsao SW, Fong DS. Do Statins Have a Role in the Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Drugs Aging 2013; 30:205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-013-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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Park HJ, Atkinson JP. Autoimmunity: homeostasis of innate immunity gone awry. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1148-52. [PMID: 23054347 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Ju Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8045, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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