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Rajabi N, Galleano I, Madsen AS, Olsen CA. Targeting Sirtuins: Substrate Specificity and Inhibitor Design. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 154:25-69. [PMID: 29413177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysine residues across the proteome are modified by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that significantly enhance the structural and functional diversity of proteins. For lysine, the most abundant PTM is ɛ-N-acetyllysine (Kac), which plays numerous roles in regulation of important cellular functions, such as gene expression (epigenetic effects) and metabolism. A family of enzymes, namely histone deacetylases (HDACs), removes these PTMs. A subset of these enzymes, the sirtuins (SIRTs), represent class III HDAC and, unlike the rest of the family, these hydrolases are NAD+-dependent. Although initially described as deacetylases, alternative deacylase functions for sirtuins have been reported, which expands the potential cellular roles of this class of enzymes. Currently, sirtuins are investigated as therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases that span from cancers to neurodegenerative disorders. In the present book chapter, we review and discuss the current literature on novel ɛ-N-acyllysine PTMs, targeted by sirtuins, as well as mechanism-based sirtuin inhibitors inspired by their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Rajabi
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iacopo Galleano
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas S Madsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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102
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Ondracek CR, Frappier V, Ringel AE, Wolberger C, Guarente L. Mutations that Allow SIR2 Orthologs to Function in a NAD +-Depleted Environment. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2310-2319. [PMID: 28273448 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin enzymes depend on NAD+ to catalyze protein deacetylation. Therefore, the lowering of NAD+ during aging leads to decreased sirtuin activity and may speed up aging processes in laboratory animals and humans. In this study, we used a genetic screen to identify two mutations in the catalytic domain of yeast Sir2 that allow the enzyme to function in an NAD+-depleted environment. These mutant enzymes give rise to a significant increase of yeast replicative lifespan and increase deacetylation by the Sir2 ortholog, SIRT1, in mammalian cells. Our data suggest that these mutations increase the stability of the conserved catalytic sirtuin domain, thereby increasing the catalytic efficiency of the mutant enzymes. Our approach to identifying sirtuin mutants that permit function in NAD+-limited environments may inform the design of small molecules that can maintain sirtuin activity in aging organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Ondracek
- Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Department of Biology, Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Frappier
- Keating Laboratory, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison E Ringel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cynthia Wolberger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Department of Biology, Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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103
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O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT1 enhances its deacetylase activity and promotes cytoprotection under stress. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1491. [PMID: 29133780 PMCID: PMC5684413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is the most evolutionarily conserved mammalian sirtuin, and it plays a vital role in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, genome stability, and ageing. As a stress sensor, SIRT1 deacetylase activity is significantly increased during stresses, but the molecular mechanisms are not yet fully clear. Here, we show that SIRT1 is dynamically modified with O-GlcNAc at Ser 549 in its carboxy-terminal region, which directly increases its deacetylase activity both in vitro and in vivo. The O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT1 is elevated during genotoxic, oxidative, and metabolic stress stimuli in cellular and mouse models, thereby increasing SIRT1 deacetylase activity and protecting cells from stress-induced apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a new mechanism for the activation of SIRT1 under stress conditions and suggest a novel potential therapeutic target for preventing age-related diseases and extending healthspan. SIRT1 is a stress sensor whose deacetylase activity is increased during cellular stress, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, the authors show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT1 is elevated upon different stress stimuli and increases SIRT1 deacetylase activity, protecting cells from stress-induced apoptosis.
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104
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Li XN, Chen L, Luo B, Li X, Wang CY, Zou W, Zhang P, You Y, Tang XQ. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates chronic restrain stress-induced cognitive impairment by upreglulation of Sirt1 in hippocampus. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100396-100410. [PMID: 29245987 PMCID: PMC5725029 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress (CRS) has detrimental effects on cognitive function. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a neuromodulator, regulates learning and memory. Hippocampus is a key structure in learning and memory. Sirt1 (silence signal regulating factor 1) plays an important role in modulating cognitive function. Therefore, our present work was to investigate whether H2S meliorates CRS-induced damage in hippocampus and impairment in cognition, and further to explore whether the underlying mechanism is via upreglulating Sirt1. In our present work, the behavior experiments [Y-maze test, Novel object recognition (NOR) test, Morris water maze (MWM) test] showed that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) blocked CRS-induced cognitive impairments in rats. NaHS inhibited CRS-induced hippocampal oxidative stress as evidenced by decrease in MDA level as well as increases in GSH content and SOD activity. NaHS rescued CRS-generated ER stress as evidenced by downregulations of CPR78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12. NaHS reduced CRS-exerted apoptosis as evidenced by decreases in the number of TUNEL-positive cells and Bax expression as well as increase in Bcl-2 expression. NaHS upregulated the expression of Sirt1 in the hippocampus of CRS-exposed rats. Furthermore, inhibited Sirt1 by Sirtinol reversed the protective effects of NaHS against CRS-produced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress, ER stress as well as apoptosis in hippocampus. Together, these results suggest that H2S meliorates CRS-induced hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment by upregulation of hippocampal Sirt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bang Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yong You
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
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105
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Li R, Sun X, Shu Y, Wang Y, Xiao L, Wang Z, Hu X, Kermode AG, Qiu W. Serum CCL20 and its association with SIRT1 activity in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:56-60. [PMID: 29153609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CCL20 is a potentially important component in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). SIRT1 exhibits a negative regulatory effect on a variety of inflammatory cytokines and can relieve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The association between the level of CCL20 and SIRT1 activity in MS patients has not been investigated. In the present study, blood samples were collected from 38 RRMS patients and 40 healthy controls. The serum CCL20 levels were measured by ELISA. SIRT1 activity was evaluated by fluorometric assay. We revealed elevated serum CCL20 concentrations in MS, and discovered an inverse correlation between CCL20 and SIRT1 activity in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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106
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Li Y, Jin M, O'Laughlin R, Bittihn P, Tsimring LS, Pillus L, Hasty J, Hao N. Multigenerational silencing dynamics control cell aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11253-11258. [PMID: 29073021 PMCID: PMC5651738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703379114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular aging plays an important role in many diseases, such as cancers, metabolic syndromes, and neurodegenerative disorders. There has been steady progress in identifying aging-related factors such as reactive oxygen species and genomic instability, yet an emerging challenge is to reconcile the contributions of these factors with the fact that genetically identical cells can age at significantly different rates. Such complexity requires single-cell analyses designed to unravel the interplay of aging dynamics and cell-to-cell variability. Here we use microfluidic technologies to track the replicative aging of single yeast cells and reveal that the temporal patterns of heterochromatin silencing loss regulate cellular life span. We found that cells show sporadic waves of silencing loss in the heterochromatic ribosomal DNA during the early phases of aging, followed by sustained loss of silencing preceding cell death. Isogenic cells have different lengths of the early intermittent silencing phase that largely determine their final life spans. Combining computational modeling and experimental approaches, we found that the intermittent silencing dynamics is important for longevity and is dependent on the conserved Sir2 deacetylase, whereas either sustained silencing or sustained loss of silencing shortens life span. These findings reveal that the temporal patterns of a key molecular process can directly influence cellular aging, and thus could provide guidance for the design of temporally controlled strategies to extend life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Meng Jin
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Richard O'Laughlin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Philip Bittihn
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lev S Tsimring
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lorraine Pillus
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jeff Hasty
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nan Hao
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
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107
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Poljsak B. NAMPT-Mediated NAD Biosynthesis as the Internal Timing Mechanism: In NAD+ World, Time Is Running in Its Own Way. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:210-224. [PMID: 28756747 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological age of organisms differs from the chronological age and is determined by internal aging clock(s). How cells estimate time on a scale of 24 hours is relatively well studied; however, how biological time is measured by cells, tissues, organs, or organisms in longer time periods (years and decades) is largely unknown. What is clear and widely agreed upon is that the link to age and age-related diseases is not chronological, as it does not depend on a fixed passage of time. Rather, this link depends on the biological age of an individual cell, tissue, organ, or organism and not on time in a strictly chronological sense. Biological evolution does not invent new methods as often as improving upon already existing ones. It should be easier to evolve and remodel the existing (circadian) time clock mechanism to use it for measurement or regulation of longer time periods than to invent a new time mechanism/clock. Specifically, it will be demonstrated that the circadian clock can also be used to regulate circannual or even longer time periods. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, being regulated by the circadian clock, might be the missing link between aging, cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism and the aging clock, which is responsible for the biological age of an organism. The hypothesis that NAMPT/NAD+/SIRT1 might represent the time regulator that determines the organismal biological age will be presented. The biological age of tissues and organs might be regulated and synchronized through eNAMPT blood secretion. The "NAD World 2.0" concept will be upgraded with detailed insights into mechanisms that regulate NAD+-mediated aging clock ticking, the duration and amplitude of which are responsible for the aging rate of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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108
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Yoon JY, Vikram A, London B, Irani K. Reversible lysine acetylation: Another layer of post-translational regulation of the cardiac sodium channel. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:360-361. [PMID: 28598266 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1340015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Yoon
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Barry London
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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109
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Cheng J, Liu C, Hu K, Greenberg A, Wu D, Ausman LM, McBurney MW, Wang XD. Ablation of systemic SIRT1 activity promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by affecting liver-mesenteric adipose tissue fatty acid mobilization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2783-2790. [PMID: 28789977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been reported to protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. The mechanism of how SIRT1 deacetylase activity affects NAFLD has not been well investigated. The current investigation addressed the causal effect of systemic SIRT1 activity on NAFLD development and the underlying mechanism involved in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT). Both SIRT1 homozygous mice ablated the catalytic activity (sirt1Y/Y) and their corresponding wild type littermates (WT) were fed a high fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from fat) for 34weeks. Sirt1Y/Y mice showed significantly higher level of hepatic triglyceride which was accompanied with higher levels of SREBP-1 and SCD1and decreased phosphorylation of LKB1 and AMPK in the liver. Compared with WT mice, mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (lxrα, srebp-1c, scd1 and fas) in the MAT increased significantly in sirt1Y/Y mice. Fatty acid oxidation biomarkers (acox1, acox3, cpt, ucp1, sirt3) in both liver and MAT were comparable between groups. Interestingly, we observed that in sirt1Y/Y mice, the mRNA level of hormone sensitive lipase (hsl), adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl) and perilipin-2 (plin-2), all involved in lipolysis, significantly increased in MAT, but not in epididymal adipose tissue. These changes positively correlated with circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and higher hepatic mRNA expression of cd36 for FFA uptake. The present study has provided novel evidence to suggest that under HFD-induced metabolic surplus, the lack of SIRT1 catalytic activity promotes release of FFA from MAT and escalate NAFLD by interfering with lipid homeostasis in both liver and MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Cheng
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA
| | - Kangquan Hu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA
| | - Andrew Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne M Ausman
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W McBurney
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Lab, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Lab, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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110
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Mellini P, Itoh Y, Tsumoto H, Li Y, Suzuki M, Tokuda N, Kakizawa T, Miura Y, Takeuchi J, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Suzuki T. Potent mechanism-based sirtuin-2-selective inhibition by an in situ-generated occupant of the substrate-binding site, "selectivity pocket" and NAD +-binding site. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6400-6408. [PMID: 28989670 PMCID: PMC5628579 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), a member of the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase family, has recently received increasing attention due to its potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases and the progression of cancer. Potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitors thus represent desirable biological probes. Based on the X-ray crystal structure of SIRT2 in complex with a previously reported weak inhibitor (6), we identified in this study the potent mechanism-based inactivator KPM-2 (36), which is selective toward SIRT2. Compound 36 engages in a nucleophilic attack toward NAD+ at the active site of SIRT2, which affords a stable 36-ADP-ribose conjugate that simultaneously occupies the substrate-binding site, the "selectivity pocket" and the NAD+-binding site. Moreover, 36 exhibits antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and remarkable neurite outgrowth activity. This strategy for the selective inhibition of SIRT2 should allow further probing of the biology of SIRT2, and promote the development of new disease treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mellini
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-0823 , Japan .
| | - Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-0823 , Japan .
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging , Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology , 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku , Tokyo , 173-0015 , Japan
| | - Ying Li
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-0823 , Japan .
| | - Miki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-0823 , Japan .
| | - Natsuko Tokuda
- Minase Research Institute , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-Cho, Mishima-Gun , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Taeko Kakizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , Shinjuku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging , Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology , 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku , Tokyo , 173-0015 , Japan
| | - Jun Takeuchi
- Minase Research Institute , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-Cho, Mishima-Gun , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen
- School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627 , 70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-0823 , Japan . .,CREST , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
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111
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Yan D, Wei YY, Li XM, Sun XC, Wang Z, Aisa HA. PFP alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis fatty liver in both Apo E -/- mice and Changliver cell[S]. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:3073-3083. [PMID: 28670394 PMCID: PMC5489906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-calorie food leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through the dysregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, but the precise mechanism is still unknown. Pomegranate flowers are used to treat diabetes mellitus in traditional Uighur medicine. Here we sought to investigate the effect and mechanism of pomegranate flower polyphenols (PFP) on NAFLD Apo E-/- mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether PFP improves NAFLD through decreasing oxidative stress. PFP supplementation in mice significantly reduced the HFD-induced gains in body weight compared with the mice fed only with HFD. It also significantly reduced HFD-induced increases in serum lipids, including cholesterol and triglyceride. Consistent with the reduced liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation, and the size of lipid droplets in the epididymal fat pads were also reduced by PFP supplementation. To further investigate how PFP may reduce obesity, we analyzed lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver. PFP supplementation altered expression profiles of several lipid metabolism-related genes, including ACC, AMPK, CPT-1α, FAS, LDLR, Leptin, LXR, PON1, PPAR, SirT3, and SREBP, relative to those in HFD control mice. The expression patterns of these genes observed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and AMPK, SirT3, ACC2, and CPT-1A expression were confirmed by immunohistochemical assays. Collectively, our results indicate that PFP prevents HFD-induced obesity in Apo E-/- mice, and its anti-obesity effects may be related to the regulation of lipogenesis at the level of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wei
- Department of Physiology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Xiu-Mei Li
- Department of Morphology Center, Xinjiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Xiu-Chao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Animal Center, Xinjiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011, China
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112
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The Nuts and Bolts of Transcriptionally Silent Chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 203:1563-99. [PMID: 27516616 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.145243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at several genomic sites including the silent mating-type loci, telomeres, and the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) tandem array. Epigenetic silencing at each of these domains is characterized by the absence of nearly all histone modifications, including most prominently the lack of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. In all cases, silencing requires Sir2, a highly-conserved NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase. At locations other than the rDNA, silencing also requires additional Sir proteins, Sir1, Sir3, and Sir4 that together form a repressive heterochromatin-like structure termed silent chromatin. The mechanisms of silent chromatin establishment, maintenance, and inheritance have been investigated extensively over the last 25 years, and these studies have revealed numerous paradigms for transcriptional repression, chromatin organization, and epigenetic gene regulation. Studies of Sir2-dependent silencing at the rDNA have also contributed to understanding the mechanisms for maintaining the stability of repetitive DNA and regulating replicative cell aging. The goal of this comprehensive review is to distill a wide array of biochemical, molecular genetic, cell biological, and genomics studies down to the "nuts and bolts" of silent chromatin and the processes that yield transcriptional silencing.
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113
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Phan AT, Goldrath AW, Glass CK. Metabolic and Epigenetic Coordination of T Cell and Macrophage Immunity. Immunity 2017; 46:714-729. [PMID: 28514673 PMCID: PMC5505665 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogens by innate and adaptive immune cells instructs rapid alterations of cellular processes to promote effective resolution of infection. To accommodate increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolic pathways are harnessed to maximize proliferation and effector molecule production. In parallel, activation initiates context-specific gene-expression programs that drive effector functions and cell fates that correlate with changes in epigenetic landscapes. Many chromatin- and DNA-modifying enzymes make use of substrates and cofactors that are intermediates of metabolic pathways, providing potential cross talk between metabolism and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent studies of T cells and macrophages supporting a role for metabolic activity in integrating environmental signals with activation-induced gene-expression programs through modulation of the epigenome and speculate as to how this may influence context-specific macrophage and T cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Phan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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114
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Kang H, Oka S, Lee DY, Park J, Aponte AM, Jung YS, Bitterman J, Zhai P, He Y, Kooshapur H, Ghirlando R, Tjandra N, Lee SB, Kim MK, Sadoshima J, Chung JH. Sirt1 carboxyl-domain is an ATP-repressible domain that is transferrable to other proteins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15560. [PMID: 28504272 PMCID: PMC5440690 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirt1 is an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that regulates many physiological functions, including stress resistance, adipogenesis, cell senescence and energy production. Sirt1 can be activated by energy deprivation, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we report that Sirt1 is negatively regulated by ATP, which binds to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Sirt1. ATP suppresses Sirt1 activity by impairing the CTD's ability to bind to the deacetylase domain as well as its ability to function as the substrate recruitment site. ATP, but not NAD+, causes a conformational shift to a less compact structure. Mutations that prevent ATP binding increase Sirt1's ability to promote stress resistance and inhibit adipogenesis under high-ATP conditions. Interestingly, the CTD can be attached to other proteins, thereby converting them into energy-regulated proteins. These discoveries provide insight into how extreme energy deprivation can impact Sirt1 activity and underscore the complex nature of Sirt1 structure and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeog Kang
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Junhong Park
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Angel M. Aponte
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Young-Sang Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacob Bitterman
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Yi He
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hamed Kooshapur
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sean B. Lee
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Myung K. Kim
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Jay H. Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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115
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Bo J, Wang X, Li J, Wang W, Zhang J. Consecutive stimulation of HBsAg promotes the viability of the human B lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9 through regulating the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:433-440. [PMID: 28693188 PMCID: PMC5494909 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic HBV infection have been reported to suffer a significantly increased risk of NHL, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be clearly explained. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between chronic HBV infection and NHL development. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D staining and MTS assay were used to analyze the rate of apoptosis and cell viability. In addition, western blotting was used to detect protein expression. The effects of the activator of SIRT1, SRT1720, and the inhibitor of SIRT1, nicotinamide, were also analyzed. The expression levels cytokines and chemokines were determined by multiplex assay. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was demonstrated to increase the viability of the human peripheral B lymphoblastoid cell line, IM-9, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. HBsAg also decreased histone H3 acetylation and p21 expression at the molecular level. HBsAg upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-extra-large and B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins, and inactivated the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by reducing BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator expression and increasing the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). HBsAg also altered the levels of certain chemokines and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, -10 and -12, C-X-C motif chemokine 10 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5. Inhibition of SIRT1 suppressed the effects induced by HBsAg. The anti-apoptotic effect of HBsAg in IM-9 cell lines occurred via the promotion of cell viability, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of chemokines and cytokines, acetylation of histone H3 and alteration of SIRT1 and NF-κB expression. In conclusion, chronic stimulation with HBsAg promoted the viability of the human B lymphoblastoid cell line, IM-9, through regulation of the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway. This may be an underlying mechanism of HBV-associated NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bo
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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116
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Nickerson JA, Wu Q, Imbalzano AN. Mammalian SWI/SNF Enzymes and the Epigenetics of Tumor Cell Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Oncol 2017; 7:49. [PMID: 28421159 PMCID: PMC5378717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism to survive and grow in a challenging microenvironment. Some of this reprogramming is performed by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics is in turn affected by metabolism; chromatin modifying enzymes are dependent on substrates that are also key metabolic intermediates. We have shown that the chromatin remodeling enzyme Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), an epigenetic regulator, is necessary for rapid breast cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism for this requirement is the BRG1-dependent transcription of key lipogenic enzymes and regulators. Reduction in lipid synthesis lowers proliferation rates, which can be restored by palmitate supplementation. This work has established BRG1 as an attractive target for breast cancer therapy. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic mechanisms are reversible, promising gentler therapies without permanent off-target effects at distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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117
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Reversible modulation of SIRT1 activity in a mouse strain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173002. [PMID: 28273169 PMCID: PMC5342236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SIRT1 protein deacetylase is reported to have a remarkably wide spectrum of biological functions affecting such varied processes as aging, cancer, metabolism, neurodegeneration and immunity. However, the SIRT1 literature is also full of contradictions. To help establish the role(s) of SIRT1 in these and other biological processes, we set out to create a mouse in which the SIRT1 activity could be toggled between on and off states by fusing the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain (ER) to the C terminus of the SIRT1 protein. We found that the catalytic activity of the SIRT1-ER fusion protein increased 4–5 fold in cells treated with its ligand, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHT). The 4OHT-induced activation of SIRT1-ER was due in large part to a 2 to 4-fold increase in abundance of the SIRT1-ER protein in cells in culture and in tissues in vivo. This increase is reversible and is a consequence of 4OHT-induced stabilization of the SIRT1-ER protein. Since changes in SIRT1 level or activity of 2–4 fold are frequently reported to be sufficient to affect its biological functions, this mouse should be helpful in establishing the causal relationships between SIRT1 and the diseases and processes it affects.
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118
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Sharma U, Rando OJ. Metabolic Inputs into the Epigenome. Cell Metab 2017; 25:544-558. [PMID: 28273477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of molecular pathways play key roles in transmitting information in addition to the genomic sequence-epigenetic information-from one generation to the next. However, so-called epigenetic marks also impact an enormous variety of physiological processes, even under circumstances that do not result in heritable consequences. Perhaps inevitably, the epigenetic regulatory machinery is highly responsive to metabolic cues, as, for example, central metabolites are the substrates for the enzymes that catalyze the deposition of covalent modifications on histones, DNA, and RNA. Interestingly, in addition to the effects that metabolites exert over biological regulation in somatic cells, over the past decade multiple studies have shown that ancestral nutrition can alter the metabolic phenotype of offspring, raising the question of how metabolism regulates the epigenome of germ cells. Here, we review the widespread links between metabolism and epigenetic modifications, both in somatic cells and in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Oliver J Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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119
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Schiedel M, Robaa D, Rumpf T, Sippl W, Jung M. The Current State of NAD + -Dependent Histone Deacetylases (Sirtuins) as Novel Therapeutic Targets. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:147-200. [PMID: 28094444 DOI: 10.1002/med.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+ -dependent protein deacylases that cleave off acetyl, as well as other acyl groups, from the ε-amino group of lysines in histones and other substrate proteins. Seven sirtuin isotypes (Sirt1-7) have been identified in mammalian cells. As sirtuins are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes such as cell survival, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA repair, cell metabolism, and caloric restriction, a dysregulation of their enzymatic activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of neoplastic, metabolic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, sirtuins are promising targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Growing interest in a modulation of sirtuin activity has prompted the discovery of several small molecules, able to inhibit or activate certain sirtuin isotypes. Herein, we give an update to our previous review on the topic in this journal (Schemies, 2010), focusing on recent developments in sirtuin biology, sirtuin modulators, and their potential as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schiedel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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120
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Nutritional Control of Chronological Aging and Heterochromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 205:1179-1193. [PMID: 28064165 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction extends life span in organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals through incompletely understood mechanisms.The role of NAD+-dependent deacetylases known as Sirtuins in this process, particularly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is controversial. We measured chronological life span of wild-type and sir2Δ strains over a higher glucose range than typically used for studying yeast calorie restriction. sir2Δ extended life span in high glucose complete minimal medium and had little effect in low glucose medium, revealing a partial role for Sir2 in the calorie-restriction response under these conditions. Experiments performed on cells grown in rich medium with a newly developed genetic strategy revealed that sir2Δ shortened life span in low glucose while having little effect in high glucose, again revealing a partial role for Sir2 In complete minimal media, Sir2 shortened life span as glucose levels increased; whereas in rich media, Sir2 extended life span as glucose levels decreased. Using a genetic strategy to measure the strength of gene silencing at HML, we determined increasing glucose stabilized Sir2-based silencing during growth on complete minimal media. Conversely, increasing glucose destabilized Sir-based silencing during growth on rich media, specifically during late cell divisions. In rich medium, silencing was far less stable in high glucose than in low glucose during stationary phase. Therefore, Sir2 was involved in a response to nutrient cues including glucose that regulates chronological aging, possibly through Sir2-dependent modification of chromatin or deacetylation of a nonhistone protein.
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121
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Wieczorek M, Gührs KH, Heinzel T. Assessment of HDACi-Induced Acetylation of Nonhistone Proteins by Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1510:313-327. [PMID: 27761831 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6527-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational acetylation of lysine residues has been discovered as multifaceted regulatory modification for various nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins. The implementation of high-resolution and high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) approaches has led to the identification of a hitherto underappreciated, large number of acetylation sites for a broad spectrum of cellular proteins. In this chapter, we describe a comprehensive protocol for the purification of an in vivo-acetylated, ectopically expressed, FLAG-epitope tagged nonhistone protein through immunoprecipitation (IP). The protocol also covers the sample preparation by SDS-PAGE, proteolytic digestion, and the analysis by LC-ESI MS. The success of this methodology, however, strongly depends on the physico-chemical properties of the respective protein(s) and the quality of selected peptide mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wieczorek
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Gührs
- CF Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberg-Str. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituteof Biochemistry and Biophysics, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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122
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Başpınar E, Ay SA, Deniz F, Başal Ş, Özsarı L, Ipcioglu OM, Cagiltay E, Baskoy K, Onem Y, Yonem A. Serum SIRT1 level is higher in male patient with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: The first study in human. Rev Int Androl 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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123
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Liu C, Song Z, Wang L, Yu H, Liu W, Shang Y, Xu Z, Zhao H, Gao F, Wen J, Zhao L, Gui Y, Jiao J, Gao F, Li W. Sirt1 regulates acrosome biogenesis by modulating autophagic flux during spermiogenesis in mice. Development 2016; 144:441-451. [PMID: 28003215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sirt1 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins and has important roles in numerous biological processes. Sirt1-/- mice display an increased frequency of abnormal spermatozoa, but the mechanism of Sirt1 in spermiogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Sirt1 might be directly involved in spermiogenesis in germ cells but not in steroidogenic cells. Germ cell-specific Sirt1 knockout mice were almost completely infertile; the early mitotic and meiotic progression of germ cells in spermatogenesis were not obviously affected after Sirt1 depletion, but subsequent spermiogenesis was disrupted by a defect in acrosome biogenesis, which resulted in a phenotype similar to that observed in human globozoospermia. In addition, LC3 and Atg7 deacetylation was disrupted in spermatids after knocking out Sirt1, which affected the redistribution of LC3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the activation of autophagy. Furthermore, Sirt1 depletion resulted in the failure of LC3 to be recruited to Golgi apparatus-derived vesicles and in the failure of GOPC and PICK1 to be recruited to nucleus-associated acrosomal vesicles. Taken together, these findings reveal that Sirt1 has a novel physiological function in acrosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Linan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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124
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Larcher MV, Pasquier E, MacDonald RS, Wellinger RJ. Ku Binding on Telomeres Occurs at Sites Distal from the Physical Chromosome Ends. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006479. [PMID: 27930670 PMCID: PMC5145143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ku complex binds non-specifically to DNA breaks and ensures repair via NHEJ. However, Ku is also known to bind directly to telomeric DNA ends and its presence there is associated with telomere capping, but avoiding NHEJ. How the complex discriminates between a DNA break and a telomeric extremity remains unknown. Our results using a tagged Ku complex, or a chromosome end capturing method, in budding yeast show that yKu association with telomeres can occur at sites distant from the physical end, on sub-telomeric elements, as well as on interstitial telomeric repeats. Consistent with previous studies, our results also show that yKu associates with telomeres in two distinct and independent ways: either via protein-protein interactions between Yku80 and Sir4 or via direct DNA binding. Importantly, yKu associates with the new sites reported here via both modes. Therefore, in sir4Δ cells, telomere bound yKu molecules must have loaded from a DNA-end near the transition of non-telomeric to telomeric repeat sequences. Such ends may have been one sided DNA breaks that occur as a consequence of stalled replication forks on or near telomeric repeat DNA. Altogether, the results predict a new model for yKu function at telomeres that involves yKu binding at one-sided DNA breaks caused by replication stalling. On telomere proximal chromatin, this binding is not followed by initiation of non-homologous end-joining, but rather by break-induced replication or repeat elongation by telomerase. After repair, the yKu-distal portion of telomeres is bound by Rap1, which in turn reduces the potential for yKu to mediate NHEJ. These results thus propose a solution to a long-standing conundrum, namely how to accommodate the apparently conflicting functions of Ku on telomeres. The Ku complex binds to and mediates the rejoining of two DNA ends that were generated by a double-stranded DNA break in the genome. However, Ku is known to be present at telomeres as well. If it would induce end-to-end joining there, it would create chromosome end-fusions that inevitably will lead to gross chromosome rearrangements and genome instability, common hallmarks for cancer initiation. Our results here show that Ku actually is associated with sites on telomeric regions that are distant from the physical ends of the chromosomes. We propose that this association serves to rescue DNA replication that has difficulty passing through telomeric chromatin. If so called one-sided breaks occur near or in telomeric repeats, they will generate critically short telomeres that need to be elongated. The binding of Ku may thus either facilitate the establishment of a specialized end-copying mechanism, called break induced replication or aid in recruiting telomerase to the short ends. These findings thus propose ways to potential solutions for the major conceptual problem that arose with the finding that Ku is associated with telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie V. Larcher
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Emeline Pasquier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - R. Stephen MacDonald
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Raymund J. Wellinger
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Cavero S, Herruzo E, Ontoso D, San-Segundo PA. Impact of histone H4K16 acetylation on the meiotic recombination checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:606-620. [PMID: 28357333 PMCID: PMC5348980 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.12.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In meiotic cells, the pachytene checkpoint or meiotic recombination checkpoint is
a surveillance mechanism that monitors critical processes, such as recombination
and chromosome synapsis, which are essential for proper distribution of
chromosomes to the meiotic progeny. Failures in these processes lead to the
formation of aneuploid gametes. Meiotic recombination occurs in the context of
chromatin; in fact, the histone methyltransferase Dot1 and the histone
deacetylase Sir2 are known regulators of the pachytene checkpoint in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report here that Sas2-mediated
acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16ac), one of the Sir2 targets,
modulates meiotic checkpoint activity in response to synaptonemal complex
defects. We show that, like sir2, the H4-K16Q
mutation, mimicking constitutive acetylation of H4K16, eliminates the delay in
meiotic cell cycle progression imposed by the checkpoint in the
synapsis-defective zip1 mutant. We also demonstrate that, like
in dot1, zip1-induced phosphorylation of the
Hop1 checkpoint adaptor at threonine 318 and the ensuing Mek1 activation are
impaired in H4-K16 mutants. However, in contrast to
sir2 and dot1, the
H4-K16R and H4-K16Q mutations have only a
minor effect in checkpoint activation and localization of the nucleolar Pch2
checkpoint factor in ndt80-prophase-arrested cells. We also
provide evidence for a cross-talk between Dot1-dependent H3K79 methylation and
H4K16ac and show that Sir2 excludes H4K16ac from the rDNA region on meiotic
chromosomes. Our results reveal that proper levels of H4K16ac orchestrate this
meiotic quality control mechanism and that Sir2 impinges on additional targets
to fully activate the checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cavero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. ; Present address: Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Herruzo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Ontoso
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. ; Present address: Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Pedro A San-Segundo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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126
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Molecular Mechanism of DNA Topoisomerase I-Dependent rDNA Silencing: Sir2p Recruitment at Ribosomal Genes. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4905-4916. [PMID: 27825925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae sir2Δ or top1Δ mutants exhibit similar phenotypes involving ribosomal DNA, including (i) loss of transcriptional silencing, resulting in non-coding RNA hyperproduction from cryptic RNA polymerase II promoters; (ii) alterations in recombination; and (iii) a general increase in histone acetylation. Given the distinct enzymatic activities of Sir2 and Top1 proteins, a histone deacetylase and a DNA topoisomerase, respectively, we investigated whether genetic and/or physical interactions between the two proteins could explain the shared ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) phenotypes. We employed an approach of complementing top1Δ cells with yeast, human, truncated, and chimeric yeast/human TOP1 constructs and of assessing the extent of non-coding RNA silencing and histone H4K16 deacetylation. Our findings demonstrate that residues 115-125 within the yeast Top1p N-terminal domain are required for the complementation of the top1∆ rDNA phenotypes. In chromatin immunoprecipitation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we further demonstrate the physical interaction between Top1p and Sir2p. Our genetic and biochemical studies support a model whereby Top1p recruits Sir2p to the rDNA and clarifies a structural role of DNA topoisomerase I in the epigenetic regulation of rDNA, independent of its known catalytic activity.
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127
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Hippocampal Sirtuin 1 Signaling Mediates Depression-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:815-826. [PMID: 27016384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that sirtuins (SIRTs) play a key role in cognition and synaptic plasticity, yet their role in mood regulation remains controversial. Here, we aimed to investigate whether SIRT function is associated with chronic stress-elicited depression-like behaviors and neuronal atrophy. METHODS We measured SIRT expression and activity in a mouse model of depression. We injected mice with a SIRT1 activator or inhibitor and measured their depression-like behaviors and dendritic spine morphology. To assess the role of SIRT1 directly, we used a viral-mediated gene transfer to overexpress the wild-type SIRT1 or dominant negative SIRT1 and evaluated their depression-like behaviors. Finally, we examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, a potential downstream target of SIRT1, in depression-like behavior. RESULTS We found that chronic stress reduced SIRT1 activity in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of hippocampal SIRT1 function led to an increase in depression-like behaviors. Conversely, SIRT1 activation blocked both the development of depression-related phenotypes and aberrant dendritic structures elicited by chronic stress exposure. Furthermore, hippocampal SIRT1 activation increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in the stressed condition, and viral-mediated activation and inhibition of hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 led to antidepressive and prodepressive behaviors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the hippocampal SIRT1 pathway contributes to the chronic stress-elicited depression-related phenotype and aberrant dendritic atrophy.
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128
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CHFR negatively regulates SIRT1 activity upon oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37578. [PMID: 27883020 PMCID: PMC5121620 DOI: 10.1038/srep37578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1, the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, controls cell-cycle progression and apoptosis by suppressing p53 tumour suppressor. Although SIRT1 is known to be phosphorylated by JNK1 upon oxidative stress and subsequently down-regulated, it still remains elusive how SIRT1 stability and activity are controlled. Here, we have unveiled that CHFR functions as an E3 Ub-ligase of SIRT1, responsible for its proteasomal degradation under oxidative stress conditions. CHFR interacts with and destabilizes SIRT1 by ubiquitylation and subsequent proteolysis. Such CHFR-mediated SIRT1 inhibition leads to the increase of p53 acetylation and its target gene transcription. Notably, CHFR facilitates SIRT1 destabilization when SIRT1 is phosphorylated by JNK1 upon oxidative stress, followed by prominent apoptotic cell death. Meanwhile, JNK inhibitor prevents SIRT1 phosphorylation, leading to elevated SIRT1 protein levels even in the presence of H2O2. Taken together, our results indicate that CHFR plays a crucial role in the cellular stress response pathway by controlling the stability and function of SIRT1.
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129
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Behrouzi R, Lu C, Currie MA, Jih G, Iglesias N, Moazed D. Heterochromatin assembly by interrupted Sir3 bridges across neighboring nucleosomes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27835568 PMCID: PMC5106214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin is a conserved feature of eukaryotic chromosomes with central roles in regulation of gene expression and maintenance of genome stability. Heterochromatin formation involves spreading of chromatin-modifying factors away from initiation points over large DNA domains by poorly understood mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin formation requires the SIR complex, which contains subunits with histone-modifying, histone-binding, and self-association activities. Here, we analyze binding of the Sir proteins to reconstituted mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleosomal chromatin templates and show that key Sir-Sir interactions bridge only sites on different nucleosomes but not sites on the same nucleosome, and are therefore 'interrupted' with respect to sites on the same nucleosome. We observe maximal binding affinity and cooperativity to unmodified di-nucleosomes and propose that nucleosome pairs bearing unmodified histone H4-lysine16 and H3-lysine79 form the fundamental units of Sir chromatin binding and that cooperative binding requiring two appropriately modified nucleosomes mediates selective Sir recruitment and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Behrouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chenning Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mark A Currie
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Gloria Jih
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Nahid Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Danesh Moazed
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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130
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Divergent Transcriptional Responses to Physiological and Xenobiotic Stress in Giardia duodenalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6034-45. [PMID: 27458219 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00977-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how parasites respond to stress can help to identify essential biological processes. Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic protist that infects the human gastrointestinal tract and causes 200 to 300 million cases of diarrhea annually. Metronidazole, a major antigiardial drug, is thought to cause oxidative damage within the infective trophozoite form. However, treatment efficacy is suboptimal, due partly to metronidazole-resistant infections. To elucidate conserved and stress-specific responses, we calibrated sublethal metronidazole, hydrogen peroxide, and thermal stresses to exert approximately equal pressure on trophozoite growth and compared transcriptional responses after 24 h of exposure. We identified 252 genes that were differentially transcribed in response to all three stressors, including glycolytic and DNA repair enzymes, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, high-cysteine membrane proteins, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) synthetase, and histone modification enzymes. Transcriptional responses appeared to diverge according to physiological or xenobiotic stress. Downregulation of the antioxidant system and α-giardins was observed only under metronidazole-induced stress, whereas upregulation of GARP-like transcription factors and their subordinate genes was observed in response to hydrogen peroxide and thermal stressors. Limited evidence was found in support of stress-specific response elements upstream of differentially transcribed genes; however, antisense derepression and differential regulation of RNA interference machinery suggest multiple epigenetic mechanisms of transcriptional control.
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131
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McCleary DF, Steakley DL, Rine J. Sir protein-independent repair of dicentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2879-83. [PMID: 27466318 PMCID: PMC5025274 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sir2 has been reported to be recruited to dicentric chromosomes under tension, and these chromosomes are especially vulnerable to breakage in sir2Δ mutants. Loss of viability in such mutants is an indirect effect of repression of nonhomologous end joining in Sir− mutants. Enrichment of Sir2 at chromosomes under tension is not observed. Sir2 protein has been reported to be recruited to dicentric chromosomes under tension, and such chromosomes are reported to be especially vulnerable to breakage in sir2Δ mutants. We found that the loss of viability in such mutants was an indirect effect of the repression of nonhomologous end joining in Sir− mutants and that the apparent recruitment of Sir2 protein to chromosomes under tension was likely due to methodological weakness in early chromatin immunoprecipitation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F McCleary
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David Lee Steakley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jasper Rine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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132
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Subramaniyan B, Jagadeesan K, Ramakrishnan S, Mathan G. Targeting the interaction of Aurora kinases and SIRT1 mediated by Wnt signaling pathway in colorectal cancer: A critical review. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:413-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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133
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Nimmagadda VKC, Makar TK, Chandrasekaran K, Sagi AR, Ray J, Russell JW, Bever CT. SIRT1 and NAD+ precursors: Therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis a review. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 304:29-34. [PMID: 27474445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is an important determinant of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) but while currently approved treatments reduce inflammation, they have not been shown to reduce neurodegeneration. SIRT1, a NAD dependent protein deacetylase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in neurological diseases including MS. We have studied the role of SIRT1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and found evidence for a neuroprotective role. In this review we summarize the most recent findings from the use of SIRT1 activators and SIRT1 overexpression in transgenic mice. These data support provide a rational for the use of SIRT1 activators in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi K C Nimmagadda
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence East, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Avinash Rao Sagi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jayanta Ray
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James W Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher T Bever
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence East, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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134
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Mitochondrial function in hypoxic ischemic injury and influence of aging. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:92-116. [PMID: 27321753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major target in hypoxic/ischemic injury. Mitochondrial impairment increases with age leading to dysregulation of molecular pathways linked to mitochondria. The perturbation of mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular energetics worsens outcome following hypoxic-ischemic insults in elderly individuals. In response to acute injury conditions, cellular machinery relies on rapid adaptations by modulating posttranslational modifications. Therefore, post-translational regulation of molecular mediators such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), c-MYC, SIRT1 and AMPK play a critical role in the control of the glycolytic-mitochondrial energy axis in response to hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The deficiency of oxygen and nutrients leads to decreased energetic reliance on mitochondria, promoting glycolysis. The combination of pseudohypoxia, declining autophagy, and dysregulation of stress responses with aging adds to impaired host response to hypoxic-ischemic injury. Furthermore, intermitochondrial signal propagation and tissue wide oscillations in mitochondrial metabolism in response to oxidative stress are emerging as vital to cellular energetics. Recently reported intercellular transport of mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes also play a role in the response to and treatments for ischemic injury. In this review we attempt to provide an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapies involved in the alteration of cellular energetics with aging and injury with a neurobiological perspective.
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135
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Wu L, Ren D, Hu S, Li G, Dong G, Jiang L, Hu X, Ye W, Cui Y, Zhu L, Hu J, Zhang G, Gao Z, Zeng D, Qian Q, Guo L. Down-Regulation of a Nicotinate Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene, OsNaPRT1, Leads to Withered Leaf Tips. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1085-98. [PMID: 27208230 PMCID: PMC4902584 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Premature leaf senescence affects plant growth and yield in rice. NAD plays critical roles in cellular redox reactions and remains at a sufficient level in the cell to prevent cell death. Although numerous factors affecting leaf senescence have been identified, few involving NAD biosynthetic pathways have been described for plants. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of Leaf Tip Senescence 1 (LTS1) in rice (Oryza sativa), a recessive mutation in the gene encoding O. sativa nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (OsNaPRT1) in the NAD salvage pathway. A point mutation in OsNaPRT1 leads to dwarfism and the withered leaf tip phenotype, and the lts1 mutant displays early leaf senescence compared to the wild type. Leaf nicotinate and nicotinamide contents are elevated in lts1, while NAD levels are reduced. Leaf tissue of lts1 exhibited significant DNA fragmentation and H2O2 accumulation, along with up-regulation of genes associated with senescence. The lts1 mutant also showed reduced expression of SIR2-like genes (OsSRT1 and OsSRT2) and increased acetylation of histone H3K9. Down-regulation of OsSRTs induced histone H3K9 acetylation of senescence-related genes. These results suggest that deficiency in the NAD salvage pathway can trigger premature leaf senescence due to transcriptional activation of senescence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Gengmi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Xingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Weijun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Yongtao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China (L.W., D.R., S.H., G.L., G.D., L.J., X.H., W.Y., Y.C., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., D.Z., Q.Q., L.G.); andAgricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China (S.H., Q.Q.)
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Nagana Gowda GA, Abell L, Lee CF, Tian R, Raftery D. Simultaneous Analysis of Major Coenzymes of Cellular Redox Reactions and Energy Using ex Vivo (1)H NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4817-24. [PMID: 27043450 PMCID: PMC4857157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coenzymes of cellular redox reactions and cellular energy mediate biochemical reactions fundamental to the functioning of all living cells. Despite their immense interest, no simple method exists to gain insights into their cellular concentrations in a single step. We show that a simple (1)H NMR experiment can simultaneously measure oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+) and NADH), oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+) and NADPH), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its precursors, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), using mouse heart, kidney, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue extracts as examples. Combining 1D/2D NMR experiments, chemical shift libraries, and authentic compound data, reliable peak identities for these coenzymes have been established. To assess this methodology, cardiac NADH and NAD(+) ratios/pool sizes were measured using mouse models with a cardiac-specific knockout of the mitochondrial Complex I Ndufs4 gene (cKO) and cardiac-specific overexpression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (cNAMPT) as examples. Sensitivity of NAD(+) and NADH to cKO or cNAMPT was observed, as anticipated. Time-dependent investigations showed that the levels of NADH and NADPH diminish by up to ∼50% within 24 h; concomitantly, NAD(+) and NADP(+) increase proportionately; however, degassing the sample and flushing the sample tubes with helium gas halted such changes. The analysis protocol along with the annotated characteristic fingerprints for each coenzyme is provided for easy identification and absolute quantification using a single internal reference for routine use. The ability to visualize the ubiquitous coenzymes fundamental to cellular functions, simultaneously and reliably, offers a new avenue to interrogate the mechanistic details of cellular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center,
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lauren Abell
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center,
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Chi Fung Lee
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center,
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Rong Tian
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center,
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center,
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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137
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Bedalov A, Chowdhury S, Simon JA. Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Sirtuins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 574:183-211. [PMID: 27423863 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of protein deacylases related by amino acid sequence and cellular function to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Sir2 (Silent Information Regulator-2), the first of this class of enzymes to be identified and studied in detail. Based on its initially discovered activity, Sir2 was classified as a histone deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from histones H3 and H4. The acetylation/deacetylation of these particular substrates leads to changes in transcriptional silencing at specific loci in the yeast genome, hence its name. Sirtuins, however, have been shown to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes beyond transcriptional repression in varied subcellular compartments and in different cell types. Mechanistically distinct from Zn(2+)-dependent deacylases, sirtuins use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor in the removal of acetyl and other acyl groups linking metabolic status and posttranslational modification. Sirtuins' unique position has made them attractive targets for small-molecule drug development. In this chapter, we describe the biological roles, therapeutic areas in which sirtuins may play a role and development of small-molecule inhibitors of sirtuins employing phenotypic screening technologies ranging from assays in yeast, as well as biochemical screens to yield lead drug development candidates targeting a broad spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bedalov
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Chowdhury
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - J A Simon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
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138
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Varela-López A, Giampieri F, Battino M, Quiles JL. Coenzyme Q and Its Role in the Dietary Therapy against Aging. Molecules 2016; 21:373. [PMID: 26999099 PMCID: PMC6273282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a naturally occurring molecule located in the hydrophobic domain of the phospholipid bilayer of all biological membranes. Shortly after being discovered, it was recognized as an essential electron transport chain component in mitochondria where it is particularly abundant. Since then, more additional roles in cell physiology have been reported, including antioxidant, signaling, death prevention, and others. It is known that all cells are able to synthesize functionally sufficient amounts of CoQ under normal physiological conditions. However, CoQ is a molecule found in different dietary sources, which can be taken up and incorporated into biological membranes. It is known that mitochondria have a close relationship with the aging process. Additionally, delaying the aging process through diet has aroused the interest of scientists for many years. These observations have stimulated investigation of the anti-aging potential of CoQ and its possible use in dietary therapies to alleviate the effects of aging. In this context, the present review focus on the current knowledge and evidence the roles of CoQ cells, its relationship with aging, and possible implications of dietary CoQ in relation to aging, lifespan or age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
- Centre for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (UEA), Santander 39011, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
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139
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Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD-dependent lysine deacylases that play critical roles in cellular regulation and are implicated in human diseases. Modulators of sirtuins are needed as tools for investigating their biological functions and possible therapeutic applications. However, the discovery of sirtuin modulators is hampered by the lack of efficient sirtuin assays. Here we report an improved fluorogenic assay for SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 using a new substrate, a myristoyl peptide with a C-terminal aminocoumarin. The new assay has several advantages, including significantly lower substrate concentration needed, increased signal-to-background ratio, and improved Z'-factor. The novel assay thus will expedite high-throughput screening of SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tel: +1 607-255-4650
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140
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu X, Shi L, Du W, Hu L, Liu C, Cao Y. SIRT1 regulates accumulation of oxidized LDL in HUVEC via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:37-44. [PMID: 26723256 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the degradation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a new anti-atherosclerotic factor, can induce autophagy in cardiac myocytes. In the present study, we observed the effect of SIRT1 on the accumulation of ox-LDL in HUVECs, and elucidated whether its effect is relative with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. The results showed that treatment with either SIRT1 siRNA or SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM) increased Dil-labelled-ox-LDL (Dil-ox-LDL) accumulation in HUVECs, and the SIRT1 inducer resveratrol (RSV) decreased it. Knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5 or inhibit the lysosomal degradation by chloroquine (CQ) decreased the effect of RSV. In HUVECs with ox-LDL, expression of LC3II and LC3 puncta was decreased by treatment with SIRT1 siRNA or NAM, but increased by RSV treatment; sequestosome 1 p62 expression showed the opposite effects. Moreover, Dil-ox-LDL combined with SIRT1 siRNA or NAM showed a much smaller degree of overlap of Lamp1 or Cathepsin D with Dil-ox-LDL than in cells with Dil-ox-LDL alone, and RSV treatment resulted in a greater degree of overlap. These results suggest that SIRT1 can decrease the accumulation of ox-LDL in HUVECs, and this effect is related to the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Luyao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Wenxiu Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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141
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Martin A, Tegla CA, Cudrici CD, Kruszewski AM, Azimzadeh P, Boodhoo D, Mekala AP, Rus V, Rus H. Role of SIRT1 in autoimmune demyelination and neurodegeneration. Immunol Res 2015; 61:187-97. [PMID: 25281273 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, in which many factors can act together to influence disease susceptibility and progression. SIRT1 is a member of the histone deacetylase class III family of proteins and is an NAD(+)-dependent histone and protein deacetylase. SIRT1 can induce chromatin silencing through the deacetylation of histones and plays an important role as a key regulator of a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes including DNA damage, cell survival, metabolism, aging, and neurodegeneration. It has gained a lot of attention recently because many studies in animal models of demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases have shown that SIRT1 induction can ameliorate the course of the disease. SIRT1 expression was found to be decreased in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients during relapses. SIRT1 represents a possible biomarker of relapses and a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in MS. Modulation of SIRT1 may be a valuable strategy for treating or preventing MS and neurodegenerative central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Martin
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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142
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Robin JD, Ludlow AT, Batten K, Gaillard MC, Stadler G, Magdinier F, Wright WE, Shay JW. SORBS2 transcription is activated by telomere position effect-over long distance upon telomere shortening in muscle cells from patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Genome Res 2015; 25:1781-90. [PMID: 26359233 PMCID: PMC4665000 DOI: 10.1101/gr.190660.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA is organized into complex three-dimensional chromatin structures, but how this spatial organization regulates gene expression remains a central question. These DNA/chromatin looping structures can range in size from 10-20 kb (enhancers/repressors) to many megabases during intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions. Recently, the influence of telomere length on chromatin organization prior to senescence has revealed the existence of long-distance chromatin loops that dictate the expression of genes located up to 10 Mb from the telomeres (Telomere Position Effect-Over Long Distances [TPE-OLD]). Here, we demonstrate the existence of a telomere loop at the 4q35 locus involving the sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 gene, SORBS2, a skeletal muscle protein using a modification of the chromosome conformation capture method. The loop reveals a cis-acting mechanism modifying SORBS2 transcription. The expression of this gene is altered by TPE-OLD in myoblasts from patients affected with the age-associated genetic disease, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1A, MIM 158900). SORBS2 is expressed in FSHD myoblasts with short telomeres, while not detectable in FSHD myoblasts with long telomeres or in healthy myoblasts regardless of telomere length. This indicates that TPE-OLD may modify the regulation of the 4q35 locus in a pathogenic context. Upon differentiation, both FSHD and healthy myotubes express SORBS2, suggesting that SORBS2 is normally up-regulated by maturation/differentiation of skeletal muscle and is misregulated by TPE-OLD-dependent variegation in FSHD myoblasts. These findings provide additional insights for the complexity and age-related symptoms of FSHD.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Biopsy
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Methylation
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Loci
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/pathology
- MyoD Protein/genetics
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- Myoblasts
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Telomere/genetics
- Telomere Shortening
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Robin
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Andrew T Ludlow
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kimberly Batten
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Guido Stadler
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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143
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Suzuki M, Bandoski C, Bartlett JD. Fluoride induces oxidative damage and SIRT1/autophagy through ROS-mediated JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:369-78. [PMID: 26431905 PMCID: PMC4684823 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is an effective caries prophylactic, but at high doses can also be an environmental health hazard. Acute or chronic exposure to high fluoride doses can result in dental enamel and skeletal and soft tissue fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is manifested as mottled, discolored, porous enamel that is susceptible to dental caries. Fluoride induces cell stress, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, which leads to impairment of ameloblasts responsible for dental enamel formation. Recently we reported that fluoride activates SIRT1 and autophagy as an adaptive response to protect cells from stress. However, it still remains unclear how SIRT1/autophagy is regulated in dental fluorosis. In this study, we demonstrate that fluoride exposure generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative damage is counteracted by SIRT1/autophagy induction through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in ameloblasts. In the mouse-ameloblast-derived cell line LS8, fluoride induced ROS, mitochondrial damage including cytochrome-c release, up-regulation of UCP2, attenuation of ATP synthesis, and H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX), which is a marker of DNA damage. We evaluated the effects of the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 on fluoride-induced SIRT1/autophagy activation. NAC decreased fluoride-induced ROS generation and attenuated JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation. NAC decreased SIRT1 phosphorylation and formation of the autophagy marker LC3II, which resulted in an increase in the apoptosis mediators γH2AX and cleaved/activated caspase-3. SP600125 attenuated fluoride-induced SIRT1 phosphorylation, indicating that fluoride activates SIRT1/autophagy via the ROS-mediated JNK pathway. In enamel organs from rats or mice treated with 50, 100, or 125 ppm fluoride for 6 weeks, cytochrome-c release and the DNA damage markers 8-oxoguanine, p-ATM, and γH2AX were increased compared to those in controls (0 ppm fluoride). These results suggest that fluoride-induced ROS generation causes mitochondrial damage and DNA damage, which may lead to impairment of ameloblast function. To counteract this impairment, SIRT1/autophagy is induced via JNK signaling to protect cells/ameloblasts from fluoride-induced oxidative damage that may cause dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cheryl Bandoski
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute & Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA.
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144
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Bitto A, Wang AM, Bennett CF, Kaeberlein M. Biochemical Genetic Pathways that Modulate Aging in Multiple Species. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/11/a025114. [PMID: 26525455 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying biological aging have been extensively studied in the past 20 years with the avail of mainly four model organisms: the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, and the domestic mouse Mus musculus. Extensive research in these four model organisms has identified a few conserved genetic pathways that affect longevity as well as metabolism and development. Here, we review how the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), sirtuins, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and mitochondrial stress-signaling pathways influence aging and life span in the aforementioned models and their possible implications for delaying aging in humans. We also draw some connections between these biochemical pathways and comment on what new developments aging research will likely bring in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Adrienne M Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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145
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Linking replication stress with heterochromatin formation. Chromosoma 2015; 125:523-33. [PMID: 26511280 PMCID: PMC4901112 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome can be roughly divided into euchromatin and heterochromatin domains that are structurally and functionally distinct. Heterochromatin is characterized by its high compaction that impedes DNA transactions such as gene transcription, replication, or recombination. Beyond its role in regulating DNA accessibility, heterochromatin plays essential roles in nuclear architecture, chromosome segregation, and genome stability. The formation of heterochromatin involves special histone modifications and the recruitment and spreading of silencing complexes that impact the higher-order structures of chromatin; however, its molecular nature varies between different chromosomal regions and between species. Although heterochromatin has been extensively characterized, its formation and maintenance throughout the cell cycle are not yet fully understood. The biggest challenge for the faithful transmission of chromatin domains is the destabilization of chromatin structures followed by their reassembly on a novel DNA template during genomic replication. This destabilizing event also provides a window of opportunity for the de novo establishment of heterochromatin. In recent years, it has become clear that different types of obstacles such as tight protein-DNA complexes, highly transcribed genes, and secondary DNA structures could impede the normal progression of the replisome and thus have the potential to endanger the integrity of the genome. Multiple studies carried out in different model organisms have demonstrated the capacity of such replisome impediments to favor the formation of heterochromatin. Our review summarizes these reports and discusses the potential role of replication stress in the formation and maintenance of heterochromatin and the role that silencing proteins could play at sites where the integrity of the genome is compromised.
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146
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Pantazi E, Folch-Puy E, Bejaoui M, Panisello A, Varela AT, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Roselló-Catafau J. PPARα Agonist WY-14643 Induces SIRT1 Activity in Rat Fatty Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:894679. [PMID: 26539534 PMCID: PMC4619850 DOI: 10.1155/2015/894679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a frequent complication in surgery, especially in case of steatotic livers that present decreased tolerance towards IRI. Apart from its major role in metabolism, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) has been related with positive effects on IRI. In addition, the deacetylase enzyme sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has recently emerged as a promising target for preventing IRI, through its interaction with stress-related mechanisms, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Taking this into account, this study aims to explore whether PPARα agonist WY-14643 could protect steatotic livers against IRI through sirtuins and ERS signaling pathway. Obese Zucker rats were pretreated or not pretreated with WY-14643 (10 mg/kg intravenously) and then submitted to partial (70%) hepatic ischemia (1 hour) followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Liver injury (ALT levels), lipid peroxidation (MDA), SIRT1 activity, and the protein expression of SIRT1 and SIRT3 and ERS parameters (IRE1α, peIF2, caspase 12, and CHOP) were evaluated. Treatment with WY-14643 reduced liver injury in fatty livers, enhanced SIRT1 activity, and prevented ERS. Together, our results indicated that PPARα agonist WY-14643 may exert its protective effect in fatty livers, at least in part, via SIRT1 induction and ERS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mohamed Bejaoui
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arnau Panisello
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Teresa Varela
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Marques Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain
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147
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms by which cells inherit information are, to a large extent, enabled by DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications operate both to influence the structure of chromatin per se and to serve as recognition elements for proteins with motifs dedicated to binding particular modifications. Each of these modifications results from an enzyme that consumes one of several important metabolites during catalysis. Likewise, the removal of these marks often results in the consumption of a different metabolite. Therefore, these so-called epigenetic marks have the capacity to integrate the expression state of chromatin with the metabolic state of the cell. This review focuses on the central roles played by acetyl-CoA, S-adenosyl methionine, NAD(+), and a growing list of other acyl-CoA derivatives in epigenetic processes. We also review how metabolites that accumulate as a result of oncogenic mutations are thought to subvert the epigenetic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Janke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anne E Dodson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jasper Rine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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148
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Cao D, Wang M, Qiu X, Liu D, Jiang H, Yang N, Xu RM. Structural basis for allosteric, substrate-dependent stimulation of SIRT1 activity by resveratrol. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1316-25. [PMID: 26109052 PMCID: PMC4495401 DOI: 10.1101/gad.265462.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cao et al. solved the structure of SIRT1 in complex with resveratrol and an AMC-containing peptide. The structural information provides valuable insights into regulation of SIRT1 activity and should benefit the development of authentic SIRT1 activators. Sirtuins with an extended N-terminal domain (NTD), represented by yeast Sir2 and human SIRT1, harbor intrinsic mechanisms for regulation of their NAD-dependent deacetylase activities. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms is crucial for understanding the biological functions of sirtuins and development of potential therapeutics. In particular, SIRT1 has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target, and the search for SIRT1-activating compounds (STACs) has been actively pursued. However, the effectiveness of a class of reported STACs (represented by resveratrol) as direct SIRT1 activators is under debate due to the complication involving the use of fluorogenic substrates in in vitro assays. Future efforts of SIRT1-based therapeutics necessitate the dissection of the molecular mechanism of SIRT1 stimulation. We solved the structure of SIRT1 in complex with resveratrol and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC)-containing peptide. The structure reveals the presence of three resveratrol molecules, two of which mediate the interaction between the AMC peptide and the NTD of SIRT1. The two NTD-bound resveratrol molecules are principally responsible for promoting tighter binding between SIRT1 and the peptide and the stimulation of SIRT1 activity. The structural information provides valuable insights into regulation of SIRT1 activity and should benefit the development of authentic SIRT1 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanfang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Department of Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Groton Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Na Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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149
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Hentchel KL, Escalante-Semerena JC. Acylation of Biomolecules in Prokaryotes: a Widespread Strategy for the Control of Biological Function and Metabolic Stress. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 79:321-46. [PMID: 26179745 PMCID: PMC4503791 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylation of biomolecules (e.g., proteins and small molecules) is a process that occurs in cells of all domains of life and has emerged as a critical mechanism for the control of many aspects of cellular physiology, including chromatin maintenance, transcriptional regulation, primary metabolism, cell structure, and likely other cellular processes. Although this review focuses on the use of acetyl moieties to modify a protein or small molecule, it is clear that cells can use many weak organic acids (e.g., short-, medium-, and long-chain mono- and dicarboxylic aliphatics and aromatics) to modify a large suite of targets. Acetylation of biomolecules has been studied for decades within the context of histone-dependent regulation of gene expression and antibiotic resistance. It was not until the early 2000s that the connection between metabolism, physiology, and protein acetylation was reported. This was the first instance of a metabolic enzyme (acetyl coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] synthetase) whose activity was controlled by acetylation via a regulatory system responsive to physiological cues. The above-mentioned system was comprised of an acyltransferase and a partner deacylase. Given the reversibility of the acylation process, this system is also referred to as reversible lysine acylation (RLA). A wealth of information has been obtained since the discovery of RLA in prokaryotes, and we are just beginning to visualize the extent of the impact that this regulatory system has on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Hentchel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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150
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The Set3 Complex Antagonizes the MYST Acetyltransferase Esa1 in the DNA Damage Response. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3714-25. [PMID: 26303527 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00298-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification that contributes to chromatin-regulated processes, including DNA replication, repair, recombination, and gene expression. Acetylation is controlled by complexes containing opposing lysine and histone acetyltransferase (KAT and HAT) and deacetylase (KDAC and HDAC) activities. The essential MYST family Esa1 KAT acetylates core histones and many nonhistone substrates. Phenotypes of esa1 mutants include transcriptional silencing and activation defects, impaired growth at high temperatures, and sensitivity to DNA damage. The KDAC Rpd3 was previously identified as an activity opposing Esa1, as its deletion suppresses growth and silencing defects of esa1 mutants. However, loss of Rpd3 does not suppress esa1 DNA damage sensitivity. In this work, we identified Hos2 as a KDAC counteracting ESA1 in the damage response. Deletion of HOS2 resulted in changes of esa1's transcriptional response upon damage. Further, loss of HOS2 or components of the Set3 complex (Set3C) in which it acts specifically suppressed damage sensitivity and restored esa1 histone H4 acetylation. This rescue was mediated via loss of either Set3C integrity or of its binding to dimethylated histone H3K4. Our results thus add new insight into the interactions of an essential MYST acetyltransferase with diverse deacetylases to respond specifically to environmental and physiological challenges.
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