101
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Cardona ID, Goleva E, Ou LS, Leung DYM. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B inhibits regulatory T cells by inducing glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand on monocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:688-95. [PMID: 16522472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superantigens inhibit naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell (nTreg) activity, yet the mechanism for this is unknown. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a prototypic superantigen, inhibits the ability of nTregs to suppress T-effector cell (Teff) proliferation by an antigen-presenting cell-dependent cell contact mechanism and the induction of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand (GITR-L) on monocytes. METHODS Cell proliferation assays were performed on immunomagnetic-bead separated CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD25- T cells and CD14+ monocytes using anti-CD3, SEB, or a neutralizing anti-GITR-L antibody for stimulation. A cytokine permeable membrane insert separating cells in culture was used to evaluate the role of cell contact. Proliferation was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation or a carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester assay. GITR-L expression was determined by RT-PCR and immunostaining. RESULTS Antigen-presenting cell contact was required for proliferation of nTregs and loss of their ability to suppress Teff proliferation as confirmed by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. At baseline, monocytes expressed no GITR-L, but after SEB stimulation, GITR-L gene and protein expression increased significantly over a period of 24 hours (P<.05). When GITR-L activity was neutralized with blocking antibody, as opposed to isotype control, nTregs suppressed Teff proliferation despite the presence of SEB (P<.05). Likewise, loss of GITR-L at 48 hours was associated with restoration of nTreg activity (P<or=.05). CONCLUSION Staphylococcal enterotoxin B upregulates GITR-L on monocytes and inhibits nTreg ability to suppress Teff proliferation via a cell contact interaction. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Prevention of GITR-L induction on monocytes by SEB may be a novel target for control of inflammation in superantigen-driven diseases such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Cardona
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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102
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Nardelli B, Zaritskaya L, McAuliffe W, Ni Y, Lincoln C, Cho YH, Birse CE, Halpern W, Ullrich S, Moore PA. Osteostat/tumor necrosis factor superfamily 18 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and is selectively expressed by vascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:70-8. [PMID: 16179414 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (EC) participate in the process of bone formation through the production of factors regulating osteoclast differentiation and function. In this study, we report the selective expression in primary human microvascular EC of Osteostat/TNF superfamily 18, a ligand of the TNF superfamily. Osteostat protein is detectable in human microvascular EC and is highly up-regulated by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Moreover, an anti-Osteostat antibody strongly binds to the vascular endothelium in human tissues, demonstrating that the protein is present in the EC layers surrounding blood vessels. Functional in vitro assays were used to define Osteostat involvement in osteoclastogenesis. Both recombinant and membrane-bound Osteostat inhibit differentiation of osteoclasts from monocytic precursor cells. Osteostat suppresses the early stage of osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) expression in the osteoclast precursor cells. This effect appears to be specific for the differentiation pathway of the osteoclast lineage, because Osteostat does not inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced RANK expression in monocytes and dendritic cells, or activation-induced RANK expression in T cells. These findings demonstrate that Osteostat is a novel regulator of osteoclast generation and substantiate the major role played by the endothelium in bone physiology.
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103
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Agostini M, Cenci E, Pericolini E, Nocentini G, Bistoni G, Vecchiarelli A, Riccardi C. The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related gene modulates the response to Candida albicans infection. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7502-8. [PMID: 16239552 PMCID: PMC1273911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7502-7508.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-related gene (GITR; TNFRSF18) modulates immune response activating coaccessory signals in T cells and is expressed at high levels in CD4+CD25+ cells. Its ligand (GITRL) is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, where it is capable of promoting signaling. We investigated the role of GITR/GITRL interaction during disseminated candidiasis in GITR knockout (GITR-/-) mice. GITR-/- mice survived longer and had a significantly decreased yeast load in kidneys and brain compared to GITR+/+ mice. Since protective immunity to the fungus is mediated by antigen-specific T helper (Th) 1 cells, we studied in vitro cytokine production following infection. CD4+ T cells of GITR-/- mice demonstrated a more efficient Th1 polarization as suggested by a two- to threefold decreased production of interleukin- (IL-)4 and IL-10 and a four- to fivefold increased production of gamma interferon compared to GITR+/+ mice. This effect was not due to differences in lymphocyte and dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations in infected mice as demonstrated by flow cytometric studies. To verify whether DC activity was differently modulated, DCs were cocultured with CD4+ T cells in the presence of heat-inactivated Candida albicans. DCs, cocultured with GITR+/+ CD4+CD25+ cells produced a lower amount of IL-12 than DCs cocultured with GITR-/- CD4+CD25+ T cells. These results suggest that GITR regulates susceptibility to systemic candidiasis by negatively modulating IL-12 production and promoting polarization of CD4+ T cells towards Th2 by analogy with OX40, another TNF receptor superfamily member.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Candidiasis/genetics
- Candidiasis/immunology
- Candidiasis/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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104
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Goleva E, Cardona ID, Ou LS, Leung DYM. Factors that regulate naturally occurring T regulatory cell–mediated suppression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:1094-100. [PMID: 16275382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells play a key role in the modulation of allergic and autoimmune responses. This review will discuss the factors that regulate naturally occurring Treg (nTreg) cell-mediated suppression. The involvement of cytokines, costimulatory molecules, and ligands on antigen-presenting cells in the inhibition of nTreg cell-mediated suppression in vitro is summarized. Understanding the events that control suppressive function of nTreg cells will allow manipulation of these cells to inhibit or enhance their functions in the development of novel therapies for autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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105
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Morris GP, Kong YCM. Interference with CD4+CD25+ T-cell-mediated tolerance to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor monoclonal antibody. J Autoimmun 2005; 26:24-31. [PMID: 16253477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), a murine model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is inducible with mouse thyroglobulin (mTg), and characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and destruction of the thyroid gland. Pretreatment with mTg leads to CD4+CD25+ T-cell-mediated resistance to subsequent EAT induction. We have recently demonstrated that in vivo administration of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, interferes with both the development and mediation of induced EAT tolerance. Here, we examined the influence of another TNFR family member, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR), which has been reported to modulate the function of CD4+CD25+ T cells in other models. We found that in vivo administration of GITR mAb inhibited EAT tolerance induction and abrogated established tolerance, enabling thyroiditis induction. In in vitro assays, GITR mAb inhibited suppression of mTg-primed T cells by CD4+CD25+ T cells isolated from mTg-pretreated mice. The target of GITR mAb appears to be CD4+CD25- T cells, rather than CD4+CD25+ T cells from tolerized mice, suggesting that GITR signaling likely interferes with EAT tolerance by enabling thyroiditogenic T cells to circumvent suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Morris
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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106
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Quezada SA, Bennett K, Blazar BR, Rudensky AY, Sakaguchi S, Noelle RJ. Analysis of the underlying cellular mechanisms of anti-CD154-induced graft tolerance: the interplay of clonal anergy and immune regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:771-9. [PMID: 16002673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been shown that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) contribute to long-term graft acceptance, their impact on the effector compartment and the mechanism by which they exert suppression in vivo remain unresolved. Using a CD4(+) TCR transgenic model for graft tolerance, we have unveiled the independent contributions of anergy and active suppression to the fate of immune and tolerant alloreactive T cells in vivo. First, it is shown that anti-CD154-induced tolerance resulted in the abortive expansion of the alloreactive, effector T cell pool. Second, commensurate with reduced expansion, there was a loss of cytokine production, activation marker expression, and absence of memory T cell markers. All these parameters defined the tolerant alloreactive T cells and correlated with the inability to mediate graft rejection. Third, the tolerant alloreactive T cell phenotype that is induced by CD154 was reversed by the in vivo depletion of T(reg). Reversal of the tolerant phenotype was followed by rapid rejection of the allograft. Fourth, in addition to T(reg) depletion, costimulation of the tolerant alloreactive T cells or activation of the APC compartment also reverted alloreactive T cell tolerance and restored an activated phenotype. Finally, it is shown that the suppression is long-lived, and in the absence of anti-CD154 and donor-specific transfusion, these T(reg) can chronically suppress effector cell responses, allowing long-lived graft acceptance.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/toxicity
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/toxicity
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Quezada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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107
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Lu LF, Gondek DC, Scott ZA, Noelle RJ. NF kappa B-inducing kinase deficiency results in the development of a subset of regulatory T cells, which shows a hyperproliferative activity upon glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related gene stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 175:1651-7. [PMID: 16034105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T(reg)) play an important role in maintaining immunologic tolerance. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene (GITR) expressed preferentially at high levels on T(reg) has been shown to be a key player of regulating T(reg)-mediated suppression. A recent study reports that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) expression in thymic stroma is important for the normal production of T(reg) but not for its suppression capacity. In this report, we have shown that T(reg) from NIK-deficient mice display hyperproliferative activities upon GITR stimulation through an IL-2-independent mechanism. Furthermore, high dose IL-2, anti-CD28 stimulation, or GITR ligand-transduced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells used as APC (culture conditions which drive T(reg) proliferation in vitro) could not ablate this difference in proliferative activity between NIK-deficient and wild-type T(reg). Additional experiments have shown NIK-deficient mice have a higher ratio of CD4+CD25+CD62L(low) T(reg) both in thymus and periphery than their wild-type littermates. This CD62(low) subset is responsible for the hyperproliferative activity upon GITR stimulation. These data suggest a novel role of NIK in controlling the development and expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/enzymology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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108
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Kohno T, Yamada Y, Akamatsu N, Kamihira S, Imaizumi Y, Tomonaga M, Matsuyama T. Possible origin of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells from human T lymphotropic virus type-1-infected regulatory T cells. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:527-33. [PMID: 16108835 PMCID: PMC11159675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I). Although ATLL cells display an activated helper/inducer T-cell phenotype, CD4+ and CD25+, they are known to exhibit strong immunosuppressive activity. As regulatory T cells (Treg cells) express CD4+ and CD25+ molecules and possess potent immune response suppressive activity, we investigated a possible link between ATLL cells and Treg cells. In primary ATLL cells, the expression levels of the Treg cell marker molecules Foxp3 and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family related protein (GITR) were significantly higher than in those from healthy adults. Furthermore, ATLL cells are unresponsive in vitro to concanavalin A stimulation and suppress the proliferation of normal T cells. GITR mRNA expression was induced by the HTLV-I transactivator Tax, and GITR promoter analyses revealed that this induction depends on the kappaB site from -431 bp to -444 bp upstream of the putative transcription site. Taken together, ATLL cells may originate from HTLV-I-infected Treg cells, and GITR seems to be involved in the progression to ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kohno
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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109
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Bal HP, Cheng J, Murakami A, Tallarico ASC, Wang W, Zhou D, Vasicek TJ, Marasco WA. GITR overexpression on CD4+CD25+ HTLV-1 transformed cells: detection by massively parallel signature sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:569-84. [PMID: 15896717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-I is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal T-cell malignancy that is associated with profound immunosuppression. In this study, comprehensive gene expression profiling was performed using massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) to investigate virus-host interactions in acutely HTLV-1 transformed cells. The analysis revealed the modulation of numerous genes across different functional classes, many of which have not been previously implicated in HTLV-1 transformation or ATL. Differences in the transcriptomes of transformed cell lines were observed that have provided clues on how different clonal populations of cells respond to virus transformation. Quantitation of HTLV-1 transcription was possible, thus making MPSS a useful tool to study emerging pathogens and unknown microbial causes of human diseases. Importantly, overexpression of GITR, an activation marker that has not been previously reported to be upregulated by HTLV-1-infection or in transformed/leukemic cells and that is associated with the suppressor phenotype of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), was also observed. The deep and quantitative gene expression profile generated by MPSS should provide additional leads for discovery research that can be applied to better understand the pathobiology of HTLV-1 transformation and ATL as well as to developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshawardhan P Bal
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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110
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Abstract
Several members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family function after initial T cell activation to sustain T cell responses. This review focuses on CD27, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), HVEM, CD30, and GITR, all of which can have costimulatory effects on T cells. The effects of these costimulatory TNFR family members can often be functionally, temporally, or spatially segregated from those of CD28 and from each other. The sequential and transient regulation of T cell activation/survival signals by different costimulators may function to allow longevity of the response while maintaining tight control of T cell survival. Depending on the disease condition, stimulation via costimulatory TNF family members can exacerbate or ameliorate disease. Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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111
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Nocentini G, Riccardi C. GITR: a multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1016-22. [PMID: 15770698 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR; TNFRSF18), a receptor belonging to the TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF), is activated by GITRL. GITR is expressed at low levels on resting responder T lymphocytes and is up-regulated in T regulatory cells (Treg cells) and in activated T cells. GITRL is expressed in endothelial and antigen-presenting cells. The cytoplasmic region of GITR has a striking homology with other TNFRSF members (4-1BB, CD27, OX40) and binds TRAF molecules and Siva. Over recent years, the role of GITR in the development and in the pathophysiology of the immune system has been actively explored by several groups. GITR triggering induces both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, abrogates the suppressive activity of Treg cells and co-stimulates responder T cells, with the latter activities over-stimulating the immune system. In vivo, GITR activation causes development of autoimmune diseases and restores immune responses in a persistent retroviral infection model and in a tumor model. Intriguingly, GITR knockout mice demonstrate lower mortality in an ischemia model. The GITR-GITRL system appears crucial in regulating immunity and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, Perugia University Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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112
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Esparza EM, Arch RH. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor, a Costimulatory Receptor on Naive and Activated T Cells, Uses TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 in a Novel Fashion as an Inhibitor of NF-κB Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7875-82. [PMID: 15944293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR) has been implicated as an essential regulator of immune responses to self tissues and pathogens. We have recently shown that GITR-induced cellular events promote survival of naive T cells, but are insufficient to protect against activation-induced cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms of GITR-induced signal transduction that influence physiologic and pathologic immune responses are not well understood. TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) are pivotal adapter proteins involved in signal transduction pathways of TNFR-related proteins. Yeast two-hybrid assays and studies in HEK293 cells and primary lymphocytes indicated interactions between TRAF2 and GITR mediated by acidic residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. GITR-induced activation of NF-kappaB is blocked by A20, an NF-kappaB-inducible protein that interacts with TRAFs and functions in a negative feedback mechanism downstream of other TNFRs. Interestingly, in contrast with its effects on signaling triggered by other TNFRs, our functional studies revealed that TRAF2 plays a novel inhibitory role in GITR-triggered NF-kappaB activation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence
- Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Proteins/pharmacology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Esparza
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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113
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Lutsiak MEC, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SVS, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood 2004; 105:2862-8. [PMID: 15591121 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T(REGs)) control the key aspects of tolerance and play a role in the lack of antitumor immune responses. Cyclophosphamide (CY) is a chemotherapeutic agent with a dose-dependent, bimodal effect on the immune system. Although a previous study demonstrated that CY reduces the number of T(REGs), the mechanism involved in this process has yet to be defined. In this report, it is established that low-dose CY not only decreases cell number but leads to decreased functionality of T(REGs). CY treatment enhances apoptosis and decreases homeostatic proliferation of these cells. Expression of GITR and FoxP3, which are involved in the suppressive activity of T(REGs), is down-regulated after CY administration, though the level of expression varies depending on the time studied. This is the first report demonstrating that CY, in addition to decreasing cell number, inhibits the suppressive capability of T(REGs). The relevance of the loss of suppressor functionality and the changes in gene expression are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Christine Lutsiak
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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114
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Stephens GL, McHugh RS, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Luxenberg D, Carreno BM, Collins M, Shevach EM. Engagement of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR Family-Related Receptor on Effector T Cells by its Ligand Mediates Resistance to Suppression by CD4+CD25+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5008-20. [PMID: 15470044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonactivated CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells constitutively express glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR), a TNFR family member whose engagement was presumed to abrogate regulatory T cell-mediated suppression. Using GITR-/- mice, we report that GITR engagement on CD25-, not CD25+ T cells abrogates T cell-mediated suppression. Mouse APCs constitutively express GITR ligand (GITR-L), which is down-regulated following TLR signaling in vivo. Although GITR-/-CD25- T cells were capable of mounting proliferative responses, they were incapable of proliferation in the presence of physiological numbers of CD25+ T cells. Thus, GITR-L provides an important signal for CD25- T cells, rendering them resistant to CD25+ -mediated regulation at the initiation of the immune response. The down-regulation of GITR-L by inflammatory stimuli may enhance the susceptibility of effector T cells to suppressor activity during the course of an infectious insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Stephens
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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115
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Kim JD, Choi BK, Bae JS, Lee UH, Han IS, Lee HW, Youn BS, Vinay DS, Kwon BS. Cloning and characterization of GITR ligand. Genes Immun 2004; 4:564-9. [PMID: 14647196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the natural ligand of murine glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) was cloned and characterized. The putative GITR ligand (GITRL) is composed of 173 amino acids with features resembling those of type II membrane proteins and is 51% identical to the human activation-inducible TNF receptor (AITR) ligand, TL6. Expression of the GITRL is restricted to immature and mature splenic dendritic cells. GITRL binds GITR expressed on HEK 293 cells and triggers NF-kappaB activation. Functional studies reveal that soluble CD8-GITRL prevents CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppressive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kim
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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116
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Muriglan SJ, Ramirez-Montagut T, Alpdogan O, Van Huystee TW, Eng JM, Hubbard VM, Kochman AA, Tjoe KH, Riccardi C, Pandolfi PP, Sakaguchi S, Houghton AN, Van Den Brink MRM. GITR activation induces an opposite effect on alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in graft-versus-host disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:149-57. [PMID: 15249593 PMCID: PMC2212013 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family that is expressed at low levels on unstimulated T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Upon activation, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells up-regulate GITR expression, whereas immunoregulatory T cells constitutively express high levels of GITR. Here, we show that GITR may regulate alloreactive responses during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Using a BMT model with major histocompatibility complex class I and class II disparity, we demonstrate that GITR stimulation in vitro and in vivo enhances alloreactive CD8+CD25− T cell proliferation, whereas it decreases alloreactive CD4+CD25− proliferation. Allo-stimulated CD4+CD25− cells show increased apoptosis upon GITR stimulation that is dependent on the Fas–FasL pathway. Recipients of an allograft containing CD8+CD25− donor T cells had increased GVHD morbidity and mortality in the presence of GITR-activating antibody (Ab). Conversely, recipients of an allograft with CD4+CD25− T cells showed a significant decrease in GVHD when treated with a GITR-activating Ab. Our findings indicate that GITR has opposite effects on the regulation of alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Muriglan
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Kettering 425, Mailbox 111, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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117
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Kanamaru F, Youngnak P, Hashiguchi M, Nishioka T, Takahashi T, Sakaguchi S, Ishikawa I, Azuma M. Costimulation via Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor in Both Conventional and CD25+Regulatory CD4+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7306-14. [PMID: 15187106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), which is a member of the TNF receptor family, is expressed preferentially at high levels on CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells and plays a key role in the peripheral tolerance that is mediated by these cells. GITR is also expressed on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and its expression is enhanced rapidly after activation. In this report we show that the GITR provides a potent costimulatory signal to both CD25+ and CD25- CD4+ T cells. GITR-mediated stimulation induced by anti-GITR mAb DTA-1 or GITR ligand transfectants efficiently augmented the proliferation of both CD25-CD4+ and CD25+CD4+ T cells under the limited dose of anti-CD3 stimulation. The augmentation of T cell activation was further confirmed by the enhanced cell cycle progression; early induction of the activation Ags, CD69 and CD25; cytokine production, such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10; anti-CD3-induced redirected cytotoxicity; and intracellular signaling, assessed by translocation of NF-kappaB components. GITR costimulation showed a potent ability to produce high amounts of IL-10, which resulted in counter-regulation of the enhanced proliferative responses. Our results highlight evidence that GITR acts as a potent and unique costimulator for an early CD4+ T cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Kanamaru
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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118
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Ji HB, Liao G, Faubion WA, Abadía-Molina AC, Cozzo C, Laroux FS, Caton A, Terhorst C. Cutting Edge: The Natural Ligand for Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor-Related Protein Abrogates Regulatory T Cell Suppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5823-7. [PMID: 15128759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immunological self-tolerance through mechanisms that are only in part understood. Previous studies suggest that the glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), which is preferentially expressed on the surface of Treg cells, potentially provides a signal that abrogates Treg suppression. In this study, we show that a soluble form of mouse GITR ligand (sGITR-L) induces GITR-dependent NF-kappaB activation and blocks in vitro suppression mediated by both resting and preactivated polyclonal and Ag-specific Treg cells. Since sGITR-L along with rIL-2 induces proliferation of CD4(+)25(+) cells, it appears that sGITR-L can break the anergic state of Treg cells. Because sGITR-L also up-regulates IL-2 secretion by activated CD4(+)25 (-)T cells, these two sGITR-L induced signals synergize to interfere with suppressor activity by CD4(+)25(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bin Ji
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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119
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Shin HH, Kim SJ, Lee HS, Choi HS. The soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:24-32. [PMID: 15003506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the mechanism by which soluble GITR (sGITR) inhibits the survival of murine macrophages we examined its effect on the macrophage cell cycle. Soluble GITR induced G1 phase arrest followed by apoptosis. It also reduced the expression of cyclins D2 and A, and of cdk4, resulting in reduced cdk2 and cdk4 activities. These findings suggest that sGITR arrests division of the macrophages in G1 by lowering the activities of cdk2 and cdk4, and that this leads to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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120
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Tone M, Tone Y, Adams E, Yates SF, Frewin MR, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H. Mouse glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand is costimulatory for T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15059-64. [PMID: 14608036 PMCID: PMC299905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2334901100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, agonist antibodies to glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 18) have been shown to neutralize the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. It was anticipated that this would be the role of the physiological ligand. We have identified and expressed the gene for mouse GITR ligand and have confirmed that its interaction with GITR reverses suppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells. It also, however, provides a costimulatory signal for the antigen-driven proliferation of naïve T cells and polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 clones. RT-PCR and mAb staining revealed mouse GITR ligand expression in dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Expression was controlled by the transcription factor NF-1 and potentially by alternative splicing of mRNA destabilization sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Tone
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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121
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Yu KY, Kim HS, Song SY, Min SS, Jeong JJ, Youn BS. Identification of a ligand for glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor constitutively expressed in dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:433-8. [PMID: 14521928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis receptor (GITR) has been implicated in regulation of T cell suppression by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). We isolated a cDNA encoding GITR ligand (GITRL) from mouse endothelioma cells. When stably expressed in HEK293 cells, its specific interaction with GITR was confirmed by flow cytometry with the use of GITR-Fc. The interaction was greatly diminished by the addition of soluble GITRL. Consistent with this, soluble GITRL bound to the cell surface of the GITR-expressing HEK293 cells. Coexpression of GITR with GITRL or stimulation of the GITR-expressing cells with soluble GITRL led to activation of NF-kappaB, which was significantly reduced by anti-GITR. More importantly, GITRL was expressed by both immature and mature dendritic cells, suggesting that the interaction between GITR and GITRL may contribute to immune regulation of Tregs by dendritic cells. This isolated TNFRL represents a bona fide GITRL whose presence has been elusive until this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yeol Yu
- KOMED Institute for Life Science, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Rm 640, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, South Korea
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122
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Phillips TA, Ni J, Hunt JS. Cell-specific expression of B lymphocyte (APRIL, BLyS)- and Th2 (CD30L/CD153)-promoting tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in human placentas. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:81-7. [PMID: 12832445 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligands and receptors have been reported in human placentas, but the expression patterns of family members lacking this function [a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), CD30L/CD153, CD40L/CD154, TNF-related activation-induced cytokine, CD27L/CD70, OX40L, activation-inducible TNF receptor ligand (AITRL)] are incompletely documented or unknown. We therefore investigated expression of these eight ligands and nine of their receptors (B cell maturation antigen, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand-interactor, CD30, CD40, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB, osteoprotegerin, CD27, OX40/CD134, AITR). Analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed mRNAs encoding only three of the ligands (APRIL, BLyS, CD30L/CD153). Immunoblots demonstrated all three proteins in first-trimester and term placentas, and immunohistochemical experiments showed that expression was cell-specific and gestation-related. Although mRNAs encoding receptors for the three expressed ligands were absent, those encoding receptors for all of the unexpressed ligands were detectable. Collectively, the results are consistent with the postulate that nonapoptosis-inducing, placenta-derived TNF superfamily cytokines contribute to the T helper cell type 2 bias required for successful pregnancy. Patterns of placental expression of receptors suggest bidirectional maternal-fetal cytokine communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Phillips
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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123
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Ra JS, Broxmeyer HE, Kim MW, Han IS, Choi SW, Kwon BS. Osteoprotegerin inhibits proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2003; 12:33-8. [PMID: 12662434 DOI: 10.1089/152581603321210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and decoy receptor 3 (DcR) are soluble members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Because the proteins are found in the circulation, their effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells was examined. OPG suppressed colony formation by all myeloid progenitor cells stimulated with one or more growth factors. OPG suppressed colony formation by granulocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and multipotential progenitors. Suppression was 64.2-35.0% of control. Although OPG and DcR3 contain approximately 43% identity and approximately 62% similar amino acids in their TNFR-motif-containing regions, DcR3 did not show any effects on hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. The data indicate that OPG has a broader spectrum of activity than previously defined and that myelosuppression may need to be monitored for when OPG is used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae S Ra
- The Immunomodulation Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
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124
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Matsui H, Hikichi Y, Tsuji I, Yamada T, Shintani Y. LIGHT, a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily, prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated human primary hepatocyte apoptosis, but not Fas-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50054-61. [PMID: 12393901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206562200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LIGHT is a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and its receptors have been identified as lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) and the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM)/ATAR/TR2, both of which lack the cytoplasmic sequence termed the "death domain." The present study has demonstrated that LIGHT inhibits TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis of human primary hepatocytes sensitized by actinomycin D (ActD), but not Fas- or TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, LIGHT does not prevent some cell lines such as HepG2 or HeLa from undergoing ActD/TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. This protective effect requires LIGHT pretreatment at least 3 h prior to ActD sensitization. LIGHT stimulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent transcriptional activity in human hepatocytes like TNFalpha. The time course of NF-kappaB activation after LIGHT administration is similar to that of the pretreatment required for the anti-apoptotic effect of LIGHT. LIGHT inhibits caspase-3 processing on the apoptotic protease cascade in TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis but not Fas-mediated apoptosis. In addition, increased caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities in ActD/TNFalpha-treated cells are effectively blocked by LIGHT pretreatment. However, LIGHT does not change the expression of TNFRp55, TNFRp75, and Fas. These results indicate that LIGHT may act as an anti-apoptotic agent against TNFalpha-mediated liver injury by blocking the activation of both caspase-3 and caspase-8.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Reporter
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsui
- Discovery Research Laboratories II, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., 10 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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125
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Spinicelli S, Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Krausz LT, Bianchini R, Riccardi C. GITR interacts with the pro-apoptotic protein Siva and induces apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:1382-4. [PMID: 12478477 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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126
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Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Takahashi T, Ishida Y, Sakaguchi S. Stimulation of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:135-42. [PMID: 11812990 DOI: 10.1038/ni759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1264] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells in normal animals are engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. We show here that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR, also known as TNFRSF18)--a member of the tumor necrosis factor-nerve growth factor (TNF-NGF) receptor gene superfamily--is predominantly expressed on CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells and on CD25(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes in normal naïve mice. We found that stimulation of GITR abrogated CD25(+)CD4(+) T cell-mediated suppression. In addition, removal of GITR-expressing T cells or administration of a monoclonal antibody to GITR produced organ-specific autoimmune disease in otherwise normal mice. Thus, GITR plays a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells and could be a suitable molecular target for preventing or treating autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunopathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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127
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFS) were initially discovered as adaptor proteins that couple the tumor necrosis factor receptor family to signaling pathways. More recently they have also been shown to be signal transducers of Toll/interleukin-1 family members. Six members of the TRAF family have been identified. All TRAF proteins share a C-terminal homology region termed the TRAF domain that is capable of binding to the cytoplasmic domain of receptors, and to other TRAF proteins. In addition, TRAFs 2-6 have RING and zinc finger motifs that are important for signaling downstream events. TRAF proteins are thought to be important regulators of cell death and cellular responses to stress, and TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6 have been demonstrated to mediate activation of NF-kappaB and JNK. TRAF proteins are expressed in normal and diseased tissue in a regulated fashion, suggesting that they play an important role in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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128
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Tsitsikov EN, Laouini D, Dunn IF, Sannikova TY, Davidson L, Alt FW, Geha RS. TRAF1 is a negative regulator of TNF signaling. enhanced TNF signaling in TRAF1-deficient mice. Immunity 2001; 15:647-57. [PMID: 11672546 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a unique TRAF protein because it lacks a RING finger domain and is predominantly expressed in activated lymphocytes. To elucidate the function of TRAF1, we generated TRAF1-deficient mice. TRAF1(-/-) mice are viable and have normal lymphocyte development. TRAF1(-/-) T cells exhibit stronger than wild-type (WT) T cell proliferation to anti-CD3 mAb, which persisted in the presence of IL-2 or anti-CD28 antibodies. Activated TRAF1(-/-) T cells, but not TRAF1(+/+) T cells, responded to TNF by proliferation and activation of the NF-kappa B and AP-1 signaling pathways. This TNF effect was mediated by TNFR2 (p75) but not by TNFR1 (p55). Furthermore, skin from TRAF1(-/-) mice was hypersensitive to TNF-induced necrosis. These findings suggest that TRAF1 is a negative regulator of TNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Tsitsikov
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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129
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Wajant H, Henkler F, Scheurich P. The TNF-receptor-associated factor family: scaffold molecules for cytokine receptors, kinases and their regulators. Cell Signal 2001; 13:389-400. [PMID: 11384837 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family is a phylogenetically conserved group of scaffold proteins that link receptors of the IL-1R/Toll and TNF receptor family to signalling cascades, leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, TRAF proteins serve as a docking platform for a variety of regulators of these signalling pathways and are themselves often regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level. In this review, we address the structural and molecular basis of TRAF protein functions and highlight their role in cytokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wajant
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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130
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Leo E, Deveraux QL, Buchholtz C, Welsh K, Matsuzawa S, Stennicke HR, Salvesen GS, Reed JC. TRAF1 is a substrate of caspases activated during tumor necrosis factor receptor-alpha-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8087-93. [PMID: 11098060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009450200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAF family proteins are signal-transducing adapter proteins that interact with the cytosolic domains of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family receptors. Here we show that TRAF1 (but not TRAF2-6) is cleaved by certain caspases in vitro and during TNF-alpha- and Fas-induced apoptosis in vivo. (160)LEVD(163) was identified as the caspase cleavage site within TRAF1, generating two distinct fragments. Significant enhancement of TNF receptor-1 (CD120a)- and, to a lesser extent, Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis was observed when overexpressing the C-terminal TRAF1 fragment in HEK293T and HT1080 cells. The same fragment was capable of potently suppressing TNF receptor-1- and TRAF2-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB activation in reporter gene assays, providing a potential mechanism for the enhancement of TNF-mediated apoptosis. Cell death induced by other death receptor-independent stimuli such as cisplatin, staurosporine, and UV irradiation did not result in cleavage of TRAF1, and overexpression of the C-terminal TRAF1 fragment did not enhance cell death in these cases. TRAF1 cleavage was markedly reduced in cells that contain little procaspase-8 protein, suggesting that this apical protease in the TNF/Fas death receptor pathway is largely responsible. These data identify TRAF1 as a specific target of caspases activated during TNF- and Fas-induced apoptosis and illustrate differences in the repertoire of protease substrates cleaved during activation of different apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leo
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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131
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Chen MC, Hsu TL, Luh TY, Hsieh SL. Overexpression of bcl-2 enhances LIGHT- and interferon-gamma -mediated apoptosis in Hep3BT2 cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38794-801. [PMID: 10993881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003292200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LIGHT is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and is the ligand for LT-betaR, HVEM, and decoy receptor 3. LIGHT has a cytotoxic effect, which is further enhanced by the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Although LIGHT/IFN-gamma can activate caspase activity, neither benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone nor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone can completely inhibit LIGHT/IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of Bcl-2 further enhances LIGHT/IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis. It appears that LIGHT and IFN-gamma act synergistically to activate caspase-3, with the resultant cleavage of Bcl-2, removal of the BH4 domain, leading to conversion of Bcl-2 from an antiapoptotic to a proapoptotic form in p53-deficient hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3BT2 cells. Thus, LIGHT seems to be able to override the protective effect of Bcl-2 and induce cell death. Although benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone can prevent the cleavage of Bcl-2 by LIGHT/IFN-gamma, they only partially inhibit apoptosis in Hep3BT2 cells that are overexpressing Bcl-2. In contrast, both LIGHT/IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis and Bcl-2 cleavage are inhibited by free radical scavengers, indicating that free radicals may play an essential role in LIGHT/IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis at a step upstream of caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that LIGHT signaling may diverge into multiple, separate processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chen
- Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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132
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Shu HB, Johnson H. B cell maturation protein is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9156-61. [PMID: 10908663 PMCID: PMC16838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.160213497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TALL-1 is a recently identified member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that costimulates B lymphocyte proliferation. Here we show that B cell maturation protein (BCMA), a member of the TNF receptor family that is expressed only by B lymphocytes, specifically binds to TALL-1. A soluble receptor containing the extracellular domain of BCMA blocks the binding of TALL-1 to its receptor on the plasma membrane and inhibits TALL-1-triggered B lymphocyte costimulation. Overexpression of BCMA activates NF-kappaB, and this activation is potentiated by TALL-1. Moreover, BCMA-mediated NF-kappaB activation is inhibited by dominant negative mutants of TNF receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5), TRAF6, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), and IkappaB kinase (IKK). These data indicate that BCMA is a receptor for TALL-1 and BCMA activates NF-kappaB through a TRAF5-, TRAF6-, NIK-, and IKK-dependent pathway. The identification of BCMA as a NF-kappaB-activating receptor for TALL-1 suggests molecular targets for drug development against certain immunodeficient or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Shu
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1400 Jackson Street, K516c, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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133
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids are small lipophilic compounds that mediate their many biological effects by binding an intracellular receptor (GR) that, in turn, translocates to the nucleus and directly or indirectly regulates gene transcription. Perhaps the most recognized biologic effect of glucocorticoids on peripheral T cells is immunosuppression, which is due to inhibition of expression of a wide variety of activationinduced gene products. Glucocorticoids have also been implicated in Th lineage development (favoring the generation of Th2 cells) and, by virtue of their downregulation of fasL expression, the inhibition of activation-induced T cell apoptosis. Glucocorticoids are also potent inducers of apoptosis, and even glucocorticoid concentrations achieved during a stress response can cause the death of CD4(+)CD8(+ )thymocytes. Perhaps surprisingly, thymic epithelial cells produce glucocorticoids, and based upon in vitro and in vivo studies of T cell development it has been proposed that these locally produced glucocorticoids participate in antigen-specific thymocyte development by inhibiting activation-induced gene transcription and thus increasing the TCR signaling thresholds required to promote positive and negative selection. It is anticipated that studies in animals with tissue-specific GR-deficiency will further elucide how glucocorticoids affect T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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134
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Nocentini G, Bartoli A, Ronchetti S, Giunchi L, Cupelli A, Delfino D, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. Gene structure and chromosomal assignment of mouse GITR, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:205-17. [PMID: 10798444 DOI: 10.1089/104454900314474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GITR is a type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor (TNF/NGFR) family. This receptor is preferentially expressed in activated T lymphocytes and may function as signaling molecule during T-cell development. In the present study, we examined the genomic organization of the entire mouse GITR (mGITR) gene. The gene spans a 2543-bp region and consists of five exons (with a length ranging from 88 bp to 395 bp) and four introns (67 bp to 778 bp). In agreement with GITR expression in activated T cells, consensus elements for transcription factors involved in T-cell development and activation were identified in the 5' flanking region, including a consensus element for NF-kappaB. Two highly significant binding sites for MyoD and one binding site for myogenin were also found, suggesting involvement of GITR in muscle development. The mGITR gene contains 17 transcription initiation sites distributed over a 76-bp region, all used with the same frequency. We localized mGITR to the murine chromosome 4 (E region), where other 4 TNF/NGFR members localize, including m4-1BB and mOX40. These results further indicate that GITR shares several features with OX40, 4-1BB, and CD27, suggesting the existence of a new subfamily of the TNFR family, as also confirmed by the similarity of their cytoplasmic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nocentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Perugia University Medical School, Italy
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135
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Darnay BG, Aggarwal BB. Signal transduction by tumour necrosis factor and tumour necrosis factor related ligands and their receptors. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58 Suppl 1:I2-I13. [PMID: 10577967 PMCID: PMC1766589 DOI: 10.1136/ard.58.2008.i2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B G Darnay
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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