101
|
Zhang J, Ney PA. Mechanisms and biology of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 and Nip-like protein X. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1959-69. [PMID: 21126215 PMCID: PMC3078493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and Nip-like protein X (NIX) are atypical BCL-2 homology domain 3-only proteins involved in cell death, autophagy, and programmed mitochondrial clearance. BNIP3 and NIX cause cell death by targeting mitochondria, directly through BCL-2-associated X protein- or BCL-2-antagonist/killer-dependent mechanisms, or indirectly through an effect on calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum. BNIP3 and NIX also induce autophagy through an effect on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, or by releasing Beclin 1 from inhibitory interactions with antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. BNIP3 downregulates mitochondrial mass in hypoxic cells, whereas NIX is required for mitochondrial elimination during erythroid development. BNIP3 and NIX have an emerging role in human health. Cell death mediated by BNIP3 and NIX is implicated in heart disease and ischemic injury. Cancer progression is linked to loss of the prodeath function of BNIP3, but also to induction of its prosurvival activity. Finally, BNIP3 and NIX are implicated in mitochondrial quality control, which is important in aging and degenerative disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which BNIP3 and NIX regulate cell death, autophagy, and mitochondrial clearance may lead to treatments for these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Kim I, Lemasters JJ. Mitophagy selectively degrades individual damaged mitochondria after photoirradiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1919-28. [PMID: 21126216 PMCID: PMC3078512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria are proposed to be removed by autophagy. However, selective degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) has yet to be experimentally verified. In this study, we investigated the cellular fate of individual mitochondria damaged by photoirradiation in hepatocytes isolated from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein fused to microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, a marker of forming and newly formed autophagosomes. Photoirradiation with 488-nm light induced mitochondrial depolarization (release of tetramethylrhodamine methylester [TMRM]) in a dose-dependent fashion. At lower doses of light, mitochondria depolarized transiently with re-polarization within 3 min. With greater light, mitochondrial depolarization became irreversible. Irreversible, but not reversible, photodamage induced autophagosome formation after 32±5 min. Photodamage-induced mitophagy was independent of TMRM, as photodamage also induced mitophagy in the absence of TMRM. Photoirradiation with 543-nm light did not induce mitophagy. As revealed by uptake of LysoTracker Red, mitochondria weakly acidified after photodamage before a much stronger acidification after autophagosome formation. Photodamage-induced mitophagy was not blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition with 3-methyladenine (10 mM) or wortmannin (100 nM). In conclusion, individual damaged mitochondria become selectively degraded by mitophagy, but photodamage-induced mitophagic sequestration occurs independently of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, the classical upstream signaling pathway of nutrient deprivation-induced autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Insil Kim
- Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Chiu SM, Xue LY, Lam M, Rodriguez ME, Zhang P, Kenney ME, Nieminen AL, Oleinick NL. A requirement for bid for induction of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy with a lysosome- but not a mitochondrion-targeted photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 86:1161-73. [PMID: 20553412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with lysosome-targeted photosensitizers induces the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via the cleavage and activation of the BH3-only protein Bid by proteolytic enzymes released from photodisrupted lysosomes. To investigate the role of Bid in apoptosis induction and the role of damaged lysosomes on cell killing by lysosome-targeted PDT, we compared the responses of wild type and Bid-knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts toward a mitochondrion/endoplasmic reticulum-binding photosensitizer, Pc 4, and a lysosome-targeted sensitizer, Pc 181. Whereas apoptosis and overall cell killing were induced equally well by Pc 4-PDT in both cell lines, Bid(-/-) cells were relatively resistant to induction of apoptosis and to overall killing following PDT with Pc 181, particularly at low PDT doses. Thus, Bid is critical for the induction of apoptosis caused by PDT with the lysosome-specific sensitizers, but dispensable for PDT targeted to other membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mao Chiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Chiaviello A, Postiglione I, Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1014-41. [PMID: 24212652 PMCID: PMC3756402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This type of cancer typically develops over a period of many years, and if detected at an early enough stage can be eliminated by a variety of treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). A critical discussion on the clinical applications of PDT in lung cancer is well outside the scope of the present report, which, in turn focuses on mechanistic and other aspects of the photodynamic action at a molecular and cellular level. The knowledge of these issues at pre-clinical levels is necessary to develop, check and adopt appropriate clinical protocols in the future. This report, besides providing general information, includes a brief overview of present experimental PDT and provides some non-exhaustive information on current strategies aimed at further improving the efficacy, especially in regard to lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano" - Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
New hydrophilic/lipophilic tetra-α-(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyanine zinc-mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cells by triggering apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. Molecules 2011; 16:1389-401. [PMID: 21301411 PMCID: PMC6259621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel and promising antitumor treatment. Phthalocyanine-mediated PDT has shown antitumor activity in some tumor cells, but the effect of new hydrophilic/lipophilic tetra-α-(4-carboxyphenoxy)phthalocyanine zinc (TαPcZn)-mediated PDT (TαPcZn-PDT) on human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cells and underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In the present study, therefore, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum and cellular localization of TαPcZn, and effect of TαPcZn-PDT on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, Bcl-2 and Fas in Bel-7402 cells were investigated by spectrophotometry, inverted microscope, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, electron microscopy, annexinV-FITC/propidium iodide double staining, DNA content and immunoblot assay, respectively. We found that an intense absorption in UV-vis absorption spectrum of TαPcZn was in the red visible region at 650–680 nm, where light penetration in tissue is efficient, that green TαPcZn localized to both plasma membrane and nuclear membrane of Bel-7402 cells, signifying that there was a selective uptake of TαPcZn in Bel-7402 cells and TαPcZn-PDT would be expected to directly damage DNA, and that TαPcZn-PDT significantly resulted in the proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction, S cell cycle arrest, and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Fas. Taken together, we conclude that TαPcZn-PDT inhibits the proliferation of Bel-7402 cells by triggering apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle.
Collapse
|
106
|
Baglo Y, Sousa MML, Slupphaug G, Hagen L, Håvåg S, Helander L, Zub KA, Krokan HE, Gederaas OA. Photodynamic therapy with hexyl aminolevulinate induces carbonylation, posttranslational modifications and changed expression of proteins in cell survival and cell death pathways. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
107
|
Vedachalam S, Choi BH, Pasunooti KK, Ching KM, Lee K, Yoon HS, Liu XW. Glycosylated porphyrin derivatives and their photodynamic activity in cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
108
|
Lam M, Lee Y, Deng M, Hsia AH, Morrissey KA, Yan C, Azzizudin K, Oleinick NL, McCormick TS, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy with the silicon phthalocyanine pc 4 induces apoptosis in mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:896161. [PMID: 21197103 PMCID: PMC3004392 DOI: 10.1155/2010/896161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current focus on the effects of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 photosensitizer on malignant T lymphocytes arose due to preclinical observations that Jurkat cells, common surrogate for human T cell lymphoma, were more sensitive to Pc 4-PDT-induced killing than epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Mycosis fungoides (MF) as well as Sezary syndrome (SS) are variants of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in which malignant T-cells invade the epidermis. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of Pc 4-PDT in peripheral blood cells obtained from patients with SS and in skin biopsies of patients with MF. Our data suggest that Pc 4-PDT preferentially induces apoptosis of CD4(+)CD7(-) malignant T-lymphocytes in the blood relative to CD11b(+) monocytes and nonmalignant T-cells. In vivo Pc 4-PDT of MF skin also photodamages the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Lam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - YooJin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Andrew H. Hsia
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Kelly A. Morrissey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Chunlin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kashif Azzizudin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Dermatology Department, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elma D. Baron
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Dermatology Department, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Filip AG, Clichici S, Daicoviciu D, Ion RM, Tatomir C, Rogojan L, Opris I, Mocan T, Olteanu D, Muresan A. Possible in vivo mechanisms involved in photodynamic therapy using tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 44:53-61. [PMID: 21140098 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by oxidative stress causes direct tumor cell damage as well as microvascular injury. To improve this treatment new photosensitizers are being synthesized and tested. We evaluated the effects of PDT with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-porphyrin (TMPP) and its zinc complex (ZnTMPP) on tumor levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and cytokines, and on the activity of caspase-3 and metalloproteases (MMP-2 and -9) and attempted to correlate them with the histological alterations of tumors in 3-month-old male Wistar rats, 180 ± 20 g, bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: group 1, ZnTMPP+irradiation (IR) 10 mg/kg body weight; group 2, TMPP+IR 10 mg/kg body weight; group 3, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA+IR) 250 mg/kg body weight; group 4, control, no treatment; group 5, only IR. The tumors were irradiated for 15 min with red light (100 J/cm², 10 kHz, 685 nm) 24 h after drug administration. Tumor tissue levels of MDA (1.1 ± 0.7 in ZnTMPP vs 0.1 ± 0.04 nmol/mg protein in control) and TNF-α (43.5 ± 31.2 in ZnTMPP vs 17.3 ± 1.2 pg/mg protein in control) were significantly higher in treated tumors than in controls. Higher caspase-3 activity (1.9 ± 0.9 in TMPP vs 1.1 ± 0.6 OD/mg protein in control) as well as the activation of MMP-2 (P < 0.05) were also observed in tumors. These parameters were correlated (Spearman correlation, P < 0.05) with the histological alterations. These results suggest that PDT activates the innate immune system and that the effects of PDT with TMPP and ZnTMPP are mediated by reactive oxygen species, which induce cell membrane damage and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Filip
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Moisenovich MM, Ol'shevskaya VA, Rokitskaya TI, Ramonova AA, Nikitina RG, Savchenko AN, Tatarskiy VV, Kaplan MA, Kalinin VN, Kotova EA, Uvarov OV, Agapov II, Antonenko YN, Shtil AA. Novel photosensitizers trigger rapid death of malignant human cells and rodent tumor transplants via lipid photodamage and membrane permeabilization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12717. [PMID: 20856679 PMCID: PMC2939899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic cascades may frequently be impaired in tumor cells; therefore, the approaches to circumvent these obstacles emerge as important therapeutic modalities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our novel derivatives of chlorin e(6), that is, its amide (compound 2) and boronated amide (compound 5) evoked no dark toxicity and demonstrated a significantly higher photosensitizing efficacy than chlorin e(6) against transplanted aggressive tumors such as B16 melanoma and M-1 sarcoma. Compound 5 showed superior therapeutic potency. Illumination with red light of mammalian tumor cells loaded with 0.1 µM of 5 caused rapid (within the initial minutes) necrosis as determined by propidium iodide staining. The laser confocal microscopy-assisted analysis of cell death revealed the following order of events: prior to illumination, 5 accumulated in Golgi cysternae, endoplasmic reticulum and in some (but not all) lysosomes. In response to light, the reactive oxygen species burst was concomitant with the drop of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential, the dramatic changes of mitochondrial shape and the loss of integrity of mitochondria and lysosomes. Within 3-4 min post illumination, the plasma membrane became permeable for propidium iodide. Compounds 2 and 5 were one order of magnitude more potent than chlorin e(6) in photodamage of artificial liposomes monitored in a dye release assay. The latter effect depended on the content of non-saturated lipids; in liposomes consisting of saturated lipids no photodamage was detectable. The increased therapeutic efficacy of 5 compared with 2 was attributed to a striking difference in the ability of these photosensitizers to permeate through hydrophobic membrane interior as evidenced by measurements of voltage jump-induced relaxation of transmembrane current on planar lipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The multimembrane photodestruction and cell necrosis induced by photoactivation of 2 and 5 are directly associated with membrane permeabilization caused by lipid photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor I. Agapov
- Shumakov Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Kim J, Fujioka H, Oleinick NL, Anderson VE. Photosensitization of intact heart mitochondria by the phthalocyanine Pc 4: Correlation of structural and functional deficits with cytochrome c release. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:726-32. [PMID: 20510354 PMCID: PMC2921926 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is produced by the absorption of red light by the phthalocyanine dye Pc 4, followed by energy transfer to dissolved triplet oxygen. Mitochondria preincubated with Pc 4 were illuminated by red light and the damage to mitochondrial structure and function by the generated singlet oxygen was studied. At early illumination times (3-5 min of red light exposure), State 3 respiration was inhibited (50%), whereas State 4 activity increased, resulting in effectively complete uncoupling. Individual complex activities were measured and only complex IV activity was significantly reduced and exhibited a dose response, whereas the activities of electron transport complexes I, II, and III were not significantly affected. Cytochrome c release was an increasing function of irradiation time, with 30% being released after 5 min of illumination. Mitochondrial expansion along with changes in the structure of the cristae were observed by transmission electron microscopy after 5 min of irradiation, with an increase in large vacuoles and membrane rupture occurring after more extensive exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Biology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Vernon E. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Correspondence to: Vernon Anderson, Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biological Chemistry, NIGMS, Building 45, 2AS.45J, Bethesda, MD 20892, , 301-594-3827 (phone), 301-480-2802 (fax)
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Kim J, Rodriguez ME, Oleinick NL, Anderson VE. Photo-oxidation of cardiolipin and cytochrome c with bilayer-embedded Pc 4. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:718-25. [PMID: 20510355 PMCID: PMC2921921 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, (1)O(2), is produced by absorption of red light by the phthalocyanine dye Pc 4, followed by energy transfer to dissolved triplet molecular oxygen, (3)O(2). In tissues, Pc 4 concentrates in lipid bilayers, and particularly in mitochondrial membranes, because of its positive charge. Illumination of cells and tissues with red light after uptake of Pc 4 results in cell death. The potential initial chemical steps that result in cellular dysfunction have been characterized in this study. Both unsaturated acyl chains of phospholipids and proteins are identified as targets of oxidation. Tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin was oxidized in both liposomes and mitochondria after Pc 4-mediated (1)O(2) generation. Evidence for the formation of both mono- and bis-hydroperoxide adducts of single linoleoyl side chains is provided by ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. Similarly, illumination of Pc 4 in liposomes and mitochondria resulted in cytochrome c oxidation as detected by oxidation of His 26 in the peptide H(26)*KTGPNLHGLFGK, further supporting the potential use of this peptide as a biomarker for the presence of mitochondrial oxidative stress characteristic of (1)O(2) in vivo (J. Kim et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 44:1700-1711; 2008). These observations provide evidence that formation of lipid hydroperoxides and/or protein oxidation can be the initial chemical steps in Pc 4-mediated induction of apoptosis in photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Myriam E. Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Vernon E. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Correspondence to: Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biological Chemistry NIGMS Building 45, Room 2As.43J Bethesda, MD 20892 301-594-3827 (phone) 301-480-2802 (fax)
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Rodriguez ME, Kim J, Delos Santos GB, Azizuddin K, Berlin J, Anderson VE, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL. Binding to and photo-oxidation of cardiolipin by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:051604. [PMID: 21054078 PMCID: PMC2945736 DOI: 10.1117/1.3484256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Its peroxidation correlates with release of cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis. The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 binds preferentially to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Earlier Förster resonance energy transfer studies showed colocalization of Pc 4 and cardiolipin, which suggests cardiolipin as a target of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Pc 4. Using liposomes as membrane models, we find that Pc 4 binds to cardiolipin-containing liposomes similarly to those that do not contain cardiolipin. Pc 4 binding is also studied in MCF-7c3 cells and those whose cardiolipin content was reduced by treatment with palmitate. Decreased levels of cardiolipin are quantified by thin-layer chromatography. The similar level of binding of Pc 4 to cells, irrespective of palmitate treatment, supports the lack of specificity of Pc 4 binding. Thus, factors other than cardiolipin are likely responsible for the preferential localization of Pc 4 in mitochondria. Nonetheless, cardiolipin within liposomes is readily oxidized by Pc 4 and light, yielding apparently mono- and dihydroperoxidized cardiolipin. If similar products result from exposure of cells to Pc 4-PDT, they could be part of the early events leading to apoptosis following Pc 4-PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4942, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Chen X, Zhao P, Chen F, Li L, Luo R. Effect and mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in esophageal cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 26:69-78. [PMID: 20676910 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) provides a novel and promising treatment for esophageal cancer. However, its specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated and its efficacy is remarkably varied. This study investigated the effect of ALA-PDT on esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line Eca-109 in vitro and vivo to explore optimal parameters, and evaluated the significance of cell apoptosis, cell cycle, ALA-protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX) subcellular localization, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA in cells to understand the mechanism of ALA-PDT for esophageal cancer. How ALA concentration, incubation time, and laser irradiation dose influenced the cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. ALA-PpIX subcellular localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The mRNA changes were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Tumor models transplanted with Eca-109 cells in nude mice were established (n = 10) and killed (n = 4) at 24 h post-PDT for malondialdehyde (MDA) detection and histological study. The remaining mice were measured the tumor size for 3 weeks after treatment. Our data show that ALA-PDT significantly inhibits cell proliferation (p < 0.05), the PDT efficacy depends on the saturation of ALA concentration, incubation time, and laser irradiation dose, and the best effect in tumor destruction is at 7-14 days post-PDT. ALA-PpIX is localized in mitochondria and cytoplasm. ALA-PDT induces cell apoptosis and arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Bcl-2 is significantly down-regulated while Bax is up-regulated (p < 0.05). The results of this study provide references in choosing clinical optimal PDT parameters and help in better understanding the PDT mechanism for esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Yan YJ, Zheng MZ, Chen ZL, Yu XH, Yang XX, Ding ZL, Xu L. Studies on preparation and photodynamic mechanism of chlorin P6-13,15-N-(cyclohexyl)cycloimide (Chlorin-H) and its antitumor effect for photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6282-91. [PMID: 20691601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a promising method for treatment of cancerous tumors. The chemical and physical properties of used photosensitizer play key roles in the treatment efficacy. In this study, a novel photosensitizer, Chlorin-H [-13,15-N-(cyclohexyl)cycloimide] which displayed a characteristic long wavelength absorption peak at 698nm was synthesized. Following flash photolysis with 355nm laser, Chlorin-H is potent to react with O(2) and then produce (1)O(2). This finding indicates that Chlorin-H takes its effects through type II mechanism in PDT. Generally, Chlorin-H is localized in mitochondria and nucleus of cell. After light irradiation with 698nm laser, it can kill many types of cell, inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation, suppress cancer cell invasiveness and trigger apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in A549 cells in vitro. In addition, Chlorin-H-PDT can destroy A549 tumor in nude mice and a necrotic scab was formed eventually. The expression levels of many genes which regulated cell growth and apoptosis were determined by RT-PCR following Chlorin-H-PDT. The results showed that it either increased or decrease. Among which, the expression level of TNFSF13, a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, increased significantly. Silencing of TNFSF13 caused by RNA interference decreased the susceptibility of A549 cells to Chlorin-H-PDT. In general, Chlorin-H is an effective antitumor photosensitizer in vitro and in vivo and is worthy of further study as a new drug candidate. TNFSF13 will be an important molecular target for the discovery of new photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Cheng WY, Tong H, Miller EW, Chang CJ, Remington J, Zucker RM, Bromberg PA, Samet JM, Hofer TP. An integrated imaging approach to the study of oxidative stress generation by mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:902-8. [PMID: 20413366 PMCID: PMC2920907 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of action of many environmental agents commonly involve oxidative stress resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction. Zinc is a common environmental metallic contaminant that has been implicated in a variety of oxidant-dependent toxicological responses. Unlike ions of other transition metals such as iron, copper, and vanadium, Zn(2+) does not generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through redox cycling. OBJECTIVE To characterize the role of oxidative stress in zinc-induced toxicity. METHODS We used an integrated imaging approach that employs the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-specific fluorophore Peroxy Green 1 (PG1), the mitochondrial potential sensor 5,5 ,6,6 -tetrachloro-1,1 ,3,3 -tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), and the mitochondria-targeted form of the redox-sensitive genetically encoded fluorophore MTroGFP1 in living cells. RESULTS Zinc treatment in the presence of the Zn(2+) ionophore pyrithione of A431 skin carcinoma cells preloaded with the H(2)O(2)-specific indicator PG1 resulted in a significant increase in H(2)O(2) production that could be significantly inhibited with the mitochondrial inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone. Mitochondria were further implicated as the source of zinc-induced H(2)O(2) formation by the observation that exposure to zinc caused a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Using MTroGFP1, we showed that zinc exposure of A431 cells induces a rapid loss of reducing redox potential in mitochondria. We also demonstrated that zinc exposure results in rapid swelling of mitochondria isolated from mouse hearts. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings show a disruption of mitochondrial integrity, H(2)O(2) formation, and a shift toward positive redox potential in cells exposed to zinc. These data demonstrate the utility of real-time, live-cell imaging to study the role of oxidative stress in toxicological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evan W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - James Remington
- Department of Physics, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- Toxicology Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip A. Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James M. Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to J.M. Samet, 104 Mason Farm Rd., EPA Human Studies Facility, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7315 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-0665. Fax: (919) 962-6271. E-mail:
| | - Thomas P.J. Hofer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Clinical Cooperation Group Inflammatory Lung Diseases, Gauting, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Gamal-Eldeen AM, Hegazy MEF. A crystal lapiferin derived from Ferula vesceritensis induces apoptosis pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:246-57. [PMID: 20140803 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802685398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferula vesceritensis is a plant that is used in the traditional medicine in Algeria. Chromatographic investigation of the methylene chloride/methanol extract of the aerial parts of F. vesceritensis afforded a crystal carotene sesquiterpene designed lapiferin (10alpha-acetoxy-6alpha-angeloyloxy-8alpha,9alpha-epoxy-trans-caxotan-4beta-ol) for the first time from this species. The structure was determined by comprehensive NMR studies, including DEPT, COSY, NOE, HMQC, HMBC and HRMS, and X-ray data of lapiferin. We report here for the first time the isolation of lapiferin from F. vesceritensis as a new natural source, and we additionally report the first X-ray data for lapiferin. We also report for the first time the specific anti-cancer activity of lapiferin against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), which is due to apoptosis and not necrosis. Moreover, we have identified for the first time the cell death pathway induced by lapiferin in human breast cancer cells, and also that lapiferin evokes multiple consequences that trigger apoptotic cell death, involving the enhancement of DNA fragmentation, the activation of caspases and the induction of histone acetylation in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, we record here F. vesceritensis as a new natural source of lapiferin and its first X-ray analysis, and the promising specific anti-cancer activity against human breast cancer of lapiferin and accordingly F. vesceritensis extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Gamal-Eldeen
- Cancer Biology Unit, Biochemistry Department, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Photodynamic properties of ZnTPPS4, ClAlPcS2 and ALA in human melanoma G361 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
119
|
Reiners JJ, Agostinis P, Berg K, Oleinick NL, Kessel D. Assessing autophagy in the context of photodynamic therapy. Autophagy 2010; 6:7-18. [PMID: 19855190 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.1.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a procedure that has applications in the selective eradication of neoplasia where sites of malignant lesions are clearly delineated. It is a two-step process whereby cells are first sensitized to light and then photoirradiated. This results in the formation of singlet molecular oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that can cause photodamage at sites where the photosensitizing agent has localized. Photosensitizers found to be clinically useful show affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, lysosomes, or combinations of these sites. The induction of apoptosis and/or autophagy in photosensitized cells is a common outcome of PDT. This report explores the following issues: (1) Does the induction of autophagy in PDT protocols occur independent of, or in association with, apoptosis? (2) Does the resulting autophagy play a prosurvival or prodeath role? (3) Do photosensitizers damage/inactivate specific proteins that are components of, or that modulate the autophagic process? (4) Can an autophagic response be mounted in cells in which lysosomes are specifically photodamaged? In brief, autophagy can occur independently of apoptosis in PDT protocols, and appears to play a prosurvival role in apoptosis competent cells, and a prodeath role in apoptosis incompetent cells. Mitochondrial and ER-localized sensitizers cause selective photodamage to some (i.e., Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), mTOR) proteins involved in the apoptotic/autophagic process. Finally, an aborted autophagic response occurs in cells with photodamaged lysosomes. Whereas autophagosomes form, digestion of their cargo is compromised because of the absence of functional lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Autophagy and longevity: lessons from C. elegans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:47-60. [PMID: 20886756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a process in which individuals undergo an exponential decline in vitality, leading to death. In the last two decades, the study of the molecular regulation of aging in model organisms, particularly in C. elegans, has greatly expanded our knowledge of aging. Multiple longevity pathways, such as insulin-like growth factor signaling, TOR signaling, dietary restriction and mitochondrial activity, control aging in C. elegans. Recent genetic studies indicate that autophagy, an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, interacts with various longevity signals in the regulation of C. elegans life span. Here, we review the current progress in understanding the role of autophagy in the regulation of C. elegans life span.
Collapse
|
121
|
Fei B, Wang H, Wu C, Chiu SM. Choline PET for monitoring early tumor response to photodynamic therapy. J Nucl Med 2009; 51:130-8. [PMID: 20008981 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.067579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new therapy that has shown promise for treating various cancers in both preclinical and clinical studies. The present study evaluated the potential use of PET with radiolabeled choline to monitor early tumor response to PDT in animal models. METHODS Two human prostate cancer models (PC-3 and CWR22) were studied in athymic nude mice. A second-generation photosensitizer, phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4), was delivered to each animal by a tail vein injection 48 h before laser illumination. Small-animal PET images with (11)C-choline were acquired before PDT and at 1, 24, and 48 h after PDT. Time-activity curves of (11)C-choline uptake were analyzed before and after PDT. The percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue was quantified for both treated and control tumors at each time point. In addition, Pc 4-PDT was performed in cell cultures. Cell viability and (11)C-choline uptake in PDT-treated and control cells were measured. RESULTS For treated tumors, normalized (11)C-choline uptake decreased significantly 24 and 48 h after PDT, compared with the same tumors before PDT (P < 0.001). For the control tumors, normalized (11)C-choline uptake increased significantly. For mice with CWR22 tumors, the prostate-specific antigen level decreased 24 and 48 h after PDT. Pc 4-PDT in cell culture showed that the treated tumor cells, compared with the control cells, had less than 50% (11)C-choline activity at 5, 30, and 45 min after PDT, whereas the cell viability test showed that the treated cells were viable longer than 7 h after PDT. CONCLUSION PET with (11)C-choline is sensitive for detecting early changes associated with Pc 4-PDT in mouse models of human prostate cancer. Choline PET has the potential to determine whether a PDT-treated tumor responds to treatment within 48 h after therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Fei
- Department of Radiology, Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Tang W, Liu Q, Wang X, Wang P, Zhang J, Cao B. Potential mechanism in sonodynamic therapy and focused ultrasound induced apoptosis in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro. ULTRASONICS 2009; 49:786-793. [PMID: 19640555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy employs a combination of ultrasound and a sonosensitizer to enhance the cytotoxic effect of ultrasound and promote apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of ultrasound and hematoporphyrin is still unclear. In this study, we investigated mechanism of the induction of apoptosis by sonodynamic therapy in Sarcoma 180 cells. The cell suspension was treated by 1.75-MHz focused continuous ultrasound at an acoustic power (I(SATA)) of 1.4+/-0.07 W/cm(2) for 3 min in the absence or presence of 20 microg/ml hematoporphyrin. The proportion of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry. We then analyzed the reactive oxygen species generation and localization by confocal microscopy. Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze the expression of caspase-8, caspase-9, poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase, and nuclear factor-kappaB. The findings of our study indicate that ultrasound treatment induced the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB as an early stress response. When cells were pretreated with hematoporphyrin, the initial response to the therapy was the formation of (1)O(2) in the mitochondria. Our results primarily demonstrate that the mechanisms of induction of apoptosis by ultrasound and hematoporphyrin-sonodynamic therapies are very different. Our findings can provide a basis for explaining the synergistic effect of ultrasound and hematoporphyrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710062, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Wang Q, Yang L, Xu Z, Sun Y. 10-Acetyl-10H-phenothia-zine 5-oxide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1978. [PMID: 21583654 PMCID: PMC2977198 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809028487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C14H11NO2S, the sulfoxide O atom is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.886 (4) and 0.114 (4), reflecting a partial inversion of the lone pair at the tetrahedral S-atom site. In the crystal, a supramolecular arrangement arises from weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. π–π contacts between the aromatic rings of symmetry-related molecules [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7547 (15) and 3.9577 (15) Å] in parallel accumulation further stabilize the crystal structure.
Collapse
|
124
|
Xu Z, Sun Y, Yang L, Wang Q. 10-Benzyl-10H-phenothiazine 9-oxide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1799. [PMID: 21583505 PMCID: PMC2977256 DOI: 10.1107/s160053680902577x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H15NOS, the butterfly angle between the mean planes defined by the S, N and phenyl C atoms of the two wings of the phenothiazine unit is 23.4 (1)°. In the crystal, a supramolecular two-dimensional arrangement arises from weak intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions.
Collapse
|
125
|
Quiogue G, Saggu S, Hung HI, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL, Lemasters JJ, Nieminen AL. Signaling From Lysosomes Enhances Mitochondria-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy In Cancer Cells. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2009; 7380:1-8. [PMID: 20228965 DOI: 10.1117/12.823752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), visible light activates a photosensitizing drug added to a tissue, resulting in singlet oxygen formation and cell death. Assessed by confocal microscopy, the photosensitizer phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes in cancer cells, resulting in mitochondria-mediated cell death. A Pc 4 derivative, Pc 181, accumulates into lysosomes. In comparison to Pc 4, Pc 181 was a more effective photosensitizer promoting killing cancer cells after PDT. The mode of cell death after Pc 181-PDT is predominantly apoptosis, and pancaspase and caspase-3 inhibitors prevent onset of the cell death. To assess further how lysosomes contribute to PDT, we monitored cell killing of A431cells after PDT in the presence and absence of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the acidic vacuolar proton pump that collapses the pH gradient of the lysosomal/endosomal compartment. Bafilomycin by itself did not induce toxicity but greatly enhanced Pc 4-PDT-induced cell killing. In comparison to Pc 4, less enhancement of cell killing by bafilomycin occurred after Pc 181-PDT at photosensitizer doses producing equivalent cell killing in the absence of bafilomycin. These results indicate that lysosomal disruption can augment PDT with Pc 4, which targets predominantly mitochondria, but less so after PDT with Pc 181, since Pc 181 already targets lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Quiogue
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Mamoon AM, Gamal–Eldeen AM, Ruppel ME, Smith RJ, Tsang T, Miller LM. In vitro efficiency and mechanistic role of indocyanine green as photodynamic therapy agent for human melanoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
127
|
Effects of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate-based photodynamic therapy on rat brain isolated mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:402-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
128
|
Rodriguez ME, Zhang P, Azizuddin K, Delos Santos GB, Chiu SM, Xue LY, Berlin JC, Peng X, Wu H, Lam M, Nieminen AL, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL. Structural factors and mechanisms underlying the improved photodynamic cell killing with silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizers directed to lysosomes versus mitochondria. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1189-200. [PMID: 19508642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 has been shown to bind preferentially to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Upon photoirradiation of Pc 4-loaded cells, membrane components, especially Bcl-2, are photodamaged and apoptosis, as indicated by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is triggered. A series of analogs of Pc 4 were synthesized, and the results demonstrate that Pcs with the aminopropylsiloxy ligand of Pc 4 or a similar one on one side of the Pc ring and a second large axial ligand on the other side of the ring have unexpected properties, including enhanced cell uptake, greater monomerization resulting in greater intracellular fluorescence and three-fold higher affinity constants for liposomes. The hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands tend to reduce aggregation of the Pc and direct it to lysosomes, resulting in four to six times more killing of cells, as defined by loss of clonogenicity, than with Pc 4. Whereas Pc 4-PDT photodamages Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Pc 181-PDT causes much less photodamage to Bcl-2 over the same dose-response range relative to cell killing, with earlier cleavage of Bid and slower caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, within this series of photosensitizers, these hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands are less aggregated than is Pc 4, tend to localize to lysosomes and are more effective in overall cell killing than is Pc 4, but induce apoptosis more slowly and by a modified pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the irradiation of photosensitized cells with light. Depending on localization of the photosensitizing agent, the process can induce photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, plasma membrane, and/or lysosomes. When ER or mitochondria are targeted, antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family are especially sensitive to photodamage. Both apoptosis and autophagy can occur after PDT, autophagy being associated with enhanced survival at low levels of photodamage to some cells. Autophagy can become a cell-death pathway if apoptosis is inhibited or when cells attempt to recycle damaged constituents beyond their capacity for recovery. While techniques associated with characterization of autophagy are generally applicable, PDT introduces additional factors related to unknown sites of photodamage that may alter autophagic pathways. This chapter discusses issues that may arise in assessing autophagy after cellular photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Interaction of amphiphilic chlorin-based photosensitizers with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine monolayers. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 158:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
131
|
Yen WL, Klionsky DJ. How to live long and prosper: autophagy, mitochondria, and aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23:248-62. [PMID: 18927201 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00013.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of cellular self-degradation in which portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered within cytosolic double-membrane vesicles and delivered to the lysosome/vacuole. This process occurs in all eukaryotic cells and is partly a stress response; autophagy is induced during starvation and hypoxia. However, autophagy also plays a role during development and is associated with a range of diseases. Accumulating data also suggest the involvement of autophagy in aging. For example, the role of various hormones and nutrient sensing pathways in life span extension may involve autophagy. Similarly, autophagy is the primary mechanism for removing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria, which may have a direct impact on aging. Here, we review the role of autophagy, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways that are involved in regulation, and the consequences of autophagy induction with regard to aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lien Yen
- Life Sciences Institute, and Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Thompson S, Chen X, Hui L, Toschi A, Foster DA, Drain CM. Low concentrations of a non-hydrolysable tetra-S-glycosylated porphyrin and low light induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1415-21. [PMID: 18958330 PMCID: PMC6201688 DOI: 10.1039/b806536e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble tetra-S-glycosylated porphyrin (P-Glu(4)) is absorbed by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells whereupon irradiation with visible light causes necrosis or apoptosis depending on the concentration of the porphyrin and the power of the light. With the same amount of light irradiation power (9.4 W m(-2)), at 10-20 microM concentrations necrosis is predominantly observed, while at <10 microM concentrations, apoptosis is the principal cause of cell death. Of the various possible pathways for the induction of apoptosis, experiments demonstrate that calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum, cytochrome c is liberated from the mitochondria to the cytosol, pro-caspase-3 is activated, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase is cleaved, and the chromatin is condensed subsequent to photodynamic treatment of these cells. Confocal microscopy indicates a substantial portion of the P-Glu(4) is located in the endoplasmic reticulum at <10 microM. These data indicate that the photodynamic treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells using low concentrations of the P-Glu(4) porphyrin and low light induces apoptosis mostly initiated from stress produced to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. ; Tel: 212-650-3791
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. ; Tel: 212-650-3791
| | - Li Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alfredo Toschi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David A. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. ; Tel: 212-650-3791
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Tsaytler PA, C. O’Flaherty M, Sakharov DV, Krijgsveld J, Egmond MR. Immediate Protein Targets of Photodynamic Treatment in Carcinoma Cells. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3868-78. [PMID: 18652502 DOI: 10.1021/pr800189q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Tsaytler
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands, and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Martina C. O’Flaherty
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands, and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Sakharov
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands, and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands, and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R. Egmond
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands, and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Kim J, Rodriguez ME, Guo M, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL, Anderson VE. Oxidative modification of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1700-11. [PMID: 18242196 PMCID: PMC2424268 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is a reactive oxygen species that may be generated in biological systems. Photodynamic therapy generates (1)O(2) by photoexcitation of sensitizers resulting in intracellular oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. (1)O(2) oxidizes amino acid side chains of proteins and inactivates enzymes when generated in vitro. Among proteogenic amino acids, His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are known to be oxidized by (1)O(2) at physiological pH. However, there is a lack of direct evidence of oxidation of proteins by (1)O(2). Because (1)O(2) is difficult to detect in cells, identifying oxidized cellular products uniquely derived from (1)O(2) could serve as a marker of its presence. In the present study, (1)O(2) reactions with model peptides analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry provide insight into the mass of prominent adducts formed with the reactive amino acids. Analysis by MALDI-TOF and tandem mass spectrometry of peptides of cytochrome c exposed to (1)O(2) generated by photoexcitation of the phthalocyanine Pc 4 showed unique oxidation products, which might be used as markers of the presence of (1)O(2) in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Differences in the elemental composition of the oxidized amino acid residues observed with cytochrome c and the model peptides suggest that the protein environment can affect the oxidation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Myriam E. Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Malcolm E. Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vernon E. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Corresponding author: 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, Ph: (216) 368-2599, fax (216) 368 3419, E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
MacCormack MA. Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology: An Update on Applications and Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
136
|
Suppression of sphingomyelin synthase 1 by small interference RNA is associated with enhanced ceramide production and apoptosis after photodamage. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1860-8. [PMID: 18374917 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that overexpression of SMS1, an enzyme that converts de novo ceramide into sphingomyelin, is accompanied by attenuated ceramide response and apoptotic resistance after photodamage with the photosensitizer Pc 4 (photodynamic therapy; PDT). To test whether SMS1 overexpression-related effects after PDT can be reversed, in this study SMS1 was downregulated in Jurkat T lymphoma/leukemia cells using small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) for SMS1. Compared to scrambled (control) siRNA-transfectants, in SMS1 siRNA-transfected cells the activity of SMS at rest was downregulated with concomitant decrease in sphingomyelin mass. In SMS1 siRNA-transfected cells increases in ceramides were higher than in control siRNA-transfectants after PDT. Similar findings were obtained for dihydroceramides suggesting the involvement of de novo ceramide pathway. PDT-induced DEVDase (caspase-3-like) activation was enhanced in SMS1 siRNA-transfected cells compared to their control counterparts. The data show that RNA interference-dependent downregulation of SMS1 is associated with increased accumulation of ceramide and dihydroceramide with concomitant sensitization of cells to apoptosis after photodamage. Similarly, in SMS2 siRNA-transfected cells, downregulation of SMS activity was accompanied by potentiated DEVDase activation post-photodamage. These findings suggest that SMS is a potential novel molecular target that can augment therapeutic efficacy of PDT.
Collapse
|
137
|
Ke MS, Xue LY, Feyes DK, Azizuddin K, Baron ED, McCormick TS, Mukhtar H, Panneerselvam A, Schluchter MD, Cooper KD, Oleinick NL, Stevens SR. Apoptosis mechanisms related to the increased sensitivity of Jurkat T-cells vs A431 epidermoid cells to photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine Pc 4. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:407-14. [PMID: 18221452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine the clinical applicability of Pc 4, a promising second-generation photosensitizer, for the photodynamic treatment of lymphocyte-mediated skin diseases, we studied the A431 and Jurkat cell lines, commonly used as surrogates for human keratinocyte-derived carcinomas and lymphocytes, respectively. As revealed by ethyl acetate extraction and absorption spectrophotometry, uptake of Pc 4 into the two cell lines was linear with Pc 4 concentration and similar on a per cell basis but greater in Jurkat cells on a per mass basis. Flow cytometry showed that uptake was linear at low doses; variations in the dose-response for uptake measured by fluorescence supported differential aggregation of Pc 4 in the two cell types. As detected by confocal microscopy, Pc 4 localized to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in both cell lines. Jurkat cells were much more sensitive to the lethal effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) than were A431 cells, as measured by a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, and more readily underwent morphological apoptosis. In a search for molecular factors to explain the greater photosensitivity of Jurkat cells, the fate of important Bcl-2 family members was monitored. Jurkat cells were more sensitive to the induction of immediate photodamage to Bcl-2, but the difference was insufficient to account fully for their greater sensitivity. The antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 was extensively cleaved in a dose- and caspase-dependent manner in Jurkat, but not in A431, cells exposed to Pc 4-PDT. Thus, the greater killing by Pc 4-PDT in Jurkat compared with A431 cells correlated with greater Bcl-2 photodamage and more strongly to the more extensive Mcl-1 degradation. Pc 4-PDT may offer therapeutic advantages in targeting inflammatory cells over normal keratinocytes in the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin diseases, such as cutaneous lymphomas, dermatitis, lichenoid tissue reactions and psoriasis, and it will be instructive to evaluate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins, especially Mcl-1, in the therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Ke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Saw CLL, Olivo M, Wohland T, Fu CY, Kho KW, Soo KC, Sia Heng PW. Effects of N-methyl pyrrolidone on the uptake of hypericin in human bladder carcinoma and co-staining with DAPI investigated by confocal microscopy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 6:383-94. [PMID: 17877426 DOI: 10.1177/153303460700600503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using hypericin (HY), a natural photosensitizer, detects bladder cancer significantly better than white light endoscopy. However, the lipophilicity of HY complicates its administration for clinical applications. Currently, pharmaceutical preparations for HY without plasma protein are being developed. Formulations containing a biocompatible solvent, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) have been shown to enhance the photodynamic therapeutic effects of HY. It was recently reported that, NMP formulations of HY were able to produce significantly higher contrast for fluorescence detection of tumors than albumin-containing HY formulations. This present work hypothesizes that NMP acts both as a solvent and penetration enhancer to improve the delivery of HY into cells by increasing the permeability of cell membranes. This paper reports the use of 3-D confocal microscopy to monitor real-time uptake of HY in human carcinoma. 3-D confocal microscopy was used to investigate the possibility of nuclear localization of HY in MGH cells. The fluorescence of HY was confirmed to be emitted from HY containing cells using spectrometry. The localization of a DNA fluorescent probe 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) was used to confirm the possibility of colocalization of DAPI and HY. The colocalization analysis in the present study suggests that it was very unlikely that HY colocalized in the nucleus that was stained by DAPI. Fluorescein leakage tests showed that 1% NMP changes the permeability of cell membranes, and enhanced the delivery of HY into cells resulting in lower cell survival ratios. Thus, NMP was able to enhance the photodynamic therapeutic effects of HY on cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lay Lay Saw
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Wang KKH, Wilson JD, Kenney ME, Mitra S, Foster TH. Irradiation-induced enhancement of Pc 4 fluorescence and changes in light scattering are potential dosimeters for Pc 4-PDT. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1056-62. [PMID: 17880500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) is a promising photosensitizer currently in clinical trials. Photobiological responses to Pc 4 photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) have been characterized extensively, but relatively little has been done to evaluate dose metrics for this sensitizer. We describe an irradiation-induced increase in fluorescence in tumor cell monolayers. This increase is due solely to enhanced fluorescence from Pc 4, as confirmed by confocal spectroscopy. In EMT6 cells incubated with 250 nM Pc 4 for 24 h, the maximum increase in fluorescence is approximately 3.7-fold above baseline levels. This increase occurs over a range of fluences, 0.05-0.6 J cm(-2), where clonogenic survival decreases by 3 orders of magnitude. Light scattering measurements performed on similarly treated EMT6 cells in suspension suggested a Pc 4-PDT-mediated mitochondrial swelling of approximately 13% at 0.6 J cm(-2), where fluorescence enhancement saturates under these treatment conditions. Fluorescence imaging and light scattering experiments performed at a five-fold lower Pc 4 incubation concentration revealed a reduced fluorescence enhancement at a five-fold higher fluence, which produced comparable mitochondrial swelling. Taken together, these data suggest that Pc 4 is initially aggregated at high local concentration in mitochondria and that irradiation relaxes the quenching of Pc 4 fluorescence through a mechanism that may involve mitochondrial swelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Vittar NBR, Prucca CG, Strassert C, Awruch J, Rivarola VA. Cellular inactivation and antitumor efficacy of a new zinc phthalocyanine with potential use in photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
141
|
Wu S, Xing D, Wang F, Chen T, Chen WR. Mechanistic study of apoptosis induced by high-fluence low-power laser irradiation using fluorescence imaging techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:064015. [PMID: 18163831 DOI: 10.1117/1.2804923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) can cause cell proliferation, differentiation, or death; however, the cellular mechanisms of these effects of LPLI, at high or low fluences, are not well known. To investigate the mechanism of high-fluence LPLI-induced apoptosis, both human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1) and African green monkey SV40-transformed kidney fibroblast cells (COS-7) were irradiated with a He-Ne laser for 10 min under a fluence of 120 J/cm(2) and 80 J/cm(2), respectively. The dynamics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined by measuring changes in fluorescence resulting from oxidation of intracellular dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCFDA) to (DCF). The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential, DeltaPsim, were studied by measuring the reduction of cellular fluorescence of Rhodamine 123 dyes using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The activation of caspase-3 in cells transfected by [SCAT3] reporters was observed using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. The activity of caspase-8 during high-fluence LPLI-induced apoptosis was studied by monitoring the cellular distribution of [Bid-CFP] reporters using fluorescence imaging. The following temporal sequence of cellular events was observed during apoptosis induced by high-fluence LPLI (120 J/cm(2), ASTC-a-1 cells): (1) immediate generation of mitochondrial ROS following laser irradiation, reaching a maximum level 60 min after irradiation; (2) onset of DeltaPsim decrease 15 min after laser irradiation, reaching a minimum level 50 min after irradiation; and (3) activation of caspase-3 between 30 min and 180 min after laser irradiation. Our results also show that the high-fluence LPLI does not activate caspase-8, indicating that the induced apoptosis was initiated directly from mitochondrial ROS generation and DeltaPsim decrease, independent of the caspase-8 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Kolarova H, Bajgar R, Tomankova K, Nevrelova P, Mosinger J. Comparison of sensitizers by detecting reactive oxygen species after photodynamic reaction in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1287-91. [PMID: 17561369 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has a crucial effect on the result of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Because of this fact, we examined the ROS formation by means of three porphyrin sensitizers (TPPS(4), ZnTPPS(4) and PdTPPS(4)) and compared their effectivity for induction of cell death in the G361 (human melanoma) cell line. The porphyrins used are very efficient water-soluble aromatic dyes with a potential application in photomedicine and have a high tendency to accumulate in the membranes of intracellular organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria. Interaction between the triplet excited state of the sensitizer and molecular oxygen leads to the production singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species to induce cell death. Production of ROS was investigated by molecular probe CM-H(2)DCFDA. Our results demonstrated that ZnTPPS(4) induces the highest ROS production in the cell line compared to TPPS(4) and PdTPPS(4) at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 microM and light dose of 1 J cm(-2). We also observed a consequence between ROS production and cell survival. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that photodynamic effect depends on sensitizer type, its concentration and light dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Buytaert E, Dewaele M, Agostinis P. Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1776:86-107. [PMID: 17693025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a recently developed anticancer modality utilizing the generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, through visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue. Multiple signaling cascades are concomitantly activated in cancer cells exposed to the photodynamic stress and depending on the subcellular localization of the damaging ROS, these signals are transduced into adaptive or cell death responses. Recent evidence indicates that PDT can kill cancer cells directly by the efficient induction of apoptotic as well as non-apoptotic cell death pathways. The identification of the molecular effectors regulating the cross-talk between apoptosis and other major cell death subroutines (e.g. necrosis, autophagic cell death) is an area of intense research in cancer therapy. Signaling molecules modulating the induction of different cell death pathways can become useful targets to induce or increase photokilling in cancer cells harboring defects in apoptotic pathways, which is a crucial step in carcinogenesis and therapy resistance. This review highlights recent developments aimed at deciphering the molecular interplay between cell death pathways as well as their possible therapeutic exploitation in photosensitized cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Buytaert
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Yslas EI, Durantini EN, Rivarola VA. Zinc-(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis (methoxy) phthalocyanine: Potential photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4651-60. [PMID: 17467998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative treatment for several types of malignant and non-malignant disease. In the present study, ZnPcOCH(3) was investigated on a human larynx-carcinoma cell line (Hep-2) for its use in PDT. This drug exhibited favourable properties as a photosensitizer in vitro because ZnPcOCH(3) is able to penetrate efficiently in the cytoplasm of cultured cancer cells and is partially localized in lysosomes. The results show that ZnPcOCH(3)-PDT-induced apoptosis by caspase dependent pathway. The new compound shows a good photosensitizing efficiency in vitro on Hep-2 cells, encouraging further in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith I Yslas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X580BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Lo PC, Leung SC, Chan EY, Fong WP, Ko WH, Ng DK. Photodynamic effects of a novel series of silicon(IV) phthalocyanines against human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2007; 4:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
146
|
Ogata M, Inanami O, Nakajima M, Nakajima T, Hiraoka W, Kuwabara M. Ca2+-dependent and Caspase-3-independent Apoptosis Caused by Damage in Golgi Apparatus due to 2,4,5,7-Tetrabromorhodamine 123 Bromide-induced Photodynamic Effects ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780241cacacb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
147
|
Morris RL, Varnes ME, Kenney ME, Li YS, Azizuddin K, McEnery MW, Oleinick NL. The Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor in Photodynamic Therapy with the Phthalocyanine Photosensitizer Pc 4¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750652tpbrip2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
148
|
Teiten MH, Marchal S, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Primary Photodamage Sites and Mitochondrial Events after Foscan® Photosensitization of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780009ppsame2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
149
|
da Silva NS, Ribeiro CDM, Machado AHA, Pacheco-Soares C. Ultrastructural changes in Tritrichomonas foetus after treatments with AlPcS4 and photodynamic therapy. Vet Parasitol 2007; 146:175-81. [PMID: 17399904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Tritrichomonas foetus is an amitochondrial parasitic protist which causes bovine trichomoniasis, a major sexually transmitted disease in cattle. No effective drugs for this disease have been approved to this date. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental treatment that shows great potential for treating bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and viruses. However, the cytotoxic effect of PDT on protozoan has been poorly studied. In this study, PDT with aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonated (AlPcS4) photosensitizer was efficient in killing T. foetus. The mode of cell death in T. foetus after PDT was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Morphological changes, such as membrane projections, nucleus fragmentation with peripheral masses of heterochromatin, endoplasmic reticulum proliferation, intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, fragmented axostyle-pelta complex, and internalized flagella could be observed. This is the first report to demonstrate cell death in T. foetus after PDT, and thus will open up new lines of investigation to develop new treatments for bovine trichomoniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Newton Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Usuda J, Azizuddin K, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Association Between the Photodynamic Loss of Bcl-2 and the Sensitivity to Apoptosis Caused by Phthalocyanine Photodynamic Therapy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780001abtplo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|