101
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Li T, Jahan A, Chiang JYL. Bile acids and cytokines inhibit the human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene via the JNK/c-jun pathway in human liver cells. Hepatology 2006; 43:1202-10. [PMID: 16729332 PMCID: PMC1526464 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway is suppressed by bile acids and inflammatory cytokines. Bile acids are known to induce inflammatory cytokines to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway that inhibits CYP7A1 gene transcription. c-Jun has been postulated to mediate bile acid inhibition of CYP7A1. However, the c-Jun target involved in the regulation of CYP7A1 is unknown. Human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were used as models to study chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) regulation of human CYP7A1 gene expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction, reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunocipitation (ChIP) assays. IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced CYP7A1 but induced c-Jun messenger RNA expression in human primary hepatocytes. IL-1beta inhibited human CYP7A1 reporter activity via the HNF4 alpha binding site. A JNK-specific inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1 beta on HNF4 alpha expression and CYP7A1 reporter activity. c-Jun inhibited HNF4 alpha and PPARgamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) coactivation of CYP7A1 reporter activity, whereas a dominant negative c-Jun did not. Co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP assays revealed that IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced HNF4 alpha bound to the CYP7A1 chromatin, and that c-Jun interacted with HNF4 alpha and blocked HNF4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the CYP7A1 chromatin. In conclusion, IL-1 beta and CDCA inhibit HNF4 alpha but induce c-Jun, which in turn blocks HNF 4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the CYP7A1 chromatin and results in inhibition of CYP7A1 gene transcription. The JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway inhibits bile acid synthesis and protects hepatocytes against the toxic effect of inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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102
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Gao DM, Wang LF, Liu J, Kong YY, Wang Y, Xie YH. Expression of mouse liver receptor homologue 1 in embryonic stem cells is directed by a novel promoter. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1702-8. [PMID: 16500646 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) plays important roles in many physiological processes and embryogenesis. However, little is known about the developmental regulation of lrh-1 expression. We identified a novel transcript of mouse lrh-1 (mlrh-1v2) from embryonic stem (ES) cells. mlrh-1v2 is expressed throughout embryogenesis and in several adult tissues, while the known transcript (mlrh-1v1) appears later during embryogenesis. mlrh-1v2 expression is directed by a new promoter which displays a strong activity in ES cells. The generation of the new transcript is conserved in rats. The identification of novel mlrh-1 variant and promoter is critical for elucidating LRH-1 functions in development and adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S212, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China
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103
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Kudo T, Sutou S. Chicken LRH-1 gene is transcribed from multiple promoters in steroidogenic organs. Gene 2006; 367:38-45. [PMID: 16403608 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a homolog of FTZ-F1, a transcription factor of the fruit fly, and belongs to the orphan nuclear receptor family. LRH-1 is expressed in organs derived from the endoderm, including intestine, liver and exocrine pancreas and plays a predominant role in development, bile-acid homeostasis, and reverse cholesterol transport. Recent research has revealed that mammalian LRH-1 is also expressed in the steroidogenic organs and has suggested that LRH-1 shares a role in steroidogenesis with steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), which is a paralog of LRH-1. In this study, we determined transcription initiation sites of chicken LRH-1 and showed that LRH-1 is expressed as several splicing variants in chicken steroidogenic organs. From three steroidogenic organs, the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes, several cDNA fragments including different lengths and sequences were amplified by 5'-RACE and these were mainly classified into five types. Using these sequences, chicken genomic database was searched and four types of first exons were identified in chromosome 8. However, the database sequence of these regions included several gaps. So we cloned gap regions by PCR cloning from chicken genomic DNA and found the other type of first exons in the gaps. Moreover, RT-PCR showed the expression of LRH-1 in chicken steroidogenic organs as many splicing variants. We concluded that the chicken LRH-1 gene is transcribed from at least five different transcription initiation sites and alternative splicing produces several types of mRNA in steroidogenic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kudo
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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104
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Pan DH, Chen F, Neimark E, Li X, Shneider BL. FTF and LRH-1, two related but different transcription factors in human Caco-2 cells: their different roles in the regulation of bile acid transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 1732:31-7. [PMID: 16469397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) mediates ileal bile acid reabsorption. The transcription factors, liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1:mouse) and fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF:human), are presumably orthologues. Bile-acid induced negative feedback regulation of mouse (m) and human (h) ASBT occurs via LRH-1 and RAR/RXR, respectively. hASBT has a potential FTF cis-element, although its functional role is unknown. hASBT and mASBT promoter constructs and an FTF cis-element mutated hASBT (hASBT/FTFmu) were assessed in human Caco-2 cells treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and/or co-transfected with hFTF, mLRH-1, or specific small interfering FTF or LRH-1 RNA (siFTF or siLRH). Basal promoter activity was reduced in hASBT/FTFmu, although bile acid response persisted. hFTF activated hASBT but not mASBT, while mLRH-1 activated mASBT but not hASBT. siFTF reduced hASBT but not mASBT activity; siLRH reduced mASBT but not hASBT activity. siLRH but not siFTF abrogated bile acid responsiveness. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated distinct and specific binding of the mLRH-1 or hFTF cis-elements. In conclusion, FTF and LRH-1 are two related but different transcription factors in human Caco-2 cells, suggesting that they may be homologues and not orthologues. FTF is not involved directly in bile acid mediated negative feedback regulation of the ASBT.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Symporters/genetics
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra H Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hepatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1656, New York, NY 10029, USA
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105
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Lee YK, Choi YH, Chua S, Park YJ, Moore DD. Phosphorylation of the hinge domain of the nuclear hormone receptor LRH-1 stimulates transactivation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7850-5. [PMID: 16439367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor LRH-1 (NR5A2) functions to regulate expression of a number of genes associated with bile acid homeostasis and other liver functions, but mechanisms that modulate its activity remain unclear. We have found that mitogenic stimuli, including treatment with phorbol myristate (PMA), increase LRH-1 transactivation. This response maps to the hinge and ligand binding domains of LRH-1 and is blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. LRH-1 is a phosphoprotein and hinge domain serine residues at 238 and 243 are required for effective phosphorylation, both in vitro and in cells. Preventing phosphorylation of these residues by mutating both to alanine decreases PMA-dependent LRH-1 transactivation and mimicking phosphorylation by mutation to positively charged aspartate residues increases basal transactivation. Although serine phosphorylation of the hinge of SF-1 (NR5A1), the closest relative of LRH-1, confers a similar response, the specific targets differ in the two closely related orphan receptors. These results define a novel pathway for the modulation of LRH-1 transactivation and identify specific LRH-1 residues as downstream targets of mitogenic stimuli. This pathway may contribute to recently described proliferative functions of LRH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Kwang Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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106
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Pick L, Anderson WR, Shultz J, Woodard CT. The Ftz‐F1 family: Orphan nuclear receptors regulated by novel protein–protein interactions. NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN DEVELOPMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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107
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Safi R, Kovacic A, Gaillard S, Murata Y, Simpson ER, McDonnell DP, Clyne CD. Coactivation of Liver Receptor Homologue-1 by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α on Aromatase Promoter II and Its Inhibition by Activated Retinoid X Receptor Suggest a Novel Target for Breast-Specific Antiestrogen Therapy. Cancer Res 2005; 65:11762-70. [PMID: 16357189 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors target the production of estrogen in breast adipose tissue, but in doing so, also decrease estrogen formation in bone and other sites, giving rise to deleterious side effects, such as bone loss and arthralgia. Thus, it would be clinically useful to selectively inhibit aromatase production in breast. In this regard, we have determined that the orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a specific transcriptional activator of aromatase gene expression in human breast preadipocytes but not in other tissues of postmenopausal women. In this study, we show that the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a physiologically relevant modulator of LRH-1, and that its transcriptional activity can be inhibited effectively using receptor-interacting peptide antagonists that prevent PGC-1alpha recruitment. Interestingly, we note that all of these peptides also interact in an agonist-dependent manner with retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), suggesting that these two receptors may compete for limiting cofactors within target cells. In support of this hypothesis, we show that 9-cis-retinoic acid, acting through RXR, inhibits both the basal and PGC-1alpha-induced transcriptional activity of LRH-1. The importance of this finding was confirmed by showing that LRH-1-dependent, PGC-1alpha-stimulated regulation of aromatase gene expression in primary human breast preadipocytes was effectively suppressed by RXR agonists. We infer from these data that LRH-1 is a bona fide target whose inhibition would selectively block aromatase expression in breast, while sparing other sites of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Safi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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108
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Annicotte JS, Chavey C, Servant N, Teyssier J, Bardin A, Licznar A, Badia E, Pujol P, Vignon F, Maudelonde T, Lazennec G, Cavailles V, Fajas L. The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 is an estrogen receptor target gene. Oncogene 2005; 24:8167-75. [PMID: 16091743 PMCID: PMC2259230 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor previously known to have distinct functions during mouse development and essential roles in cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, a new role for LRH-1 has been discovered in tumor progression, giving LRH-1 potential transforming functions. In order to identify critical factors stimulating LRH-1 expression leading to deregulated cellular proliferation, we studied its expression and its regulation in several breast cancer cell lines. We observed that LRH-1 expression was increased in estrogen receptor (ER) alpha expressing cell lines, whereas weak-to-no expression was found in nonexpressing ERalpha cell lines. In MCF7, LRH-1 expression was highly induced after treatment with 17beta-estradiol (E2). This transcriptional regulation was the result of a direct binding of the ER to the LRH-1 promoter, as demonstrated by gelshift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated inactivation of LRH-1 decreased the E2-dependent proliferation of MCF7 cells. Finally, LRH-1 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in tumor cells of human mammary ductal carcinomas. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LRH-1 is transcriptionally regulated by the ER alpha and reinforce the hypothesis that LRH-1 could exert potential oncogenic effects during breast cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Muscle et pathologies
INSERM : ERI25IFR3Université Montpellier IEA4202hopital arnaud de villeneuve
371, avenue du doyen gaston giraud 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05,FR
| | - Carine Chavey
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Nadège Servant
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Muscle et pathologies
INSERM : ERI25IFR3Université Montpellier IEA4202hopital arnaud de villeneuve
371, avenue du doyen gaston giraud 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05,FR
| | - Jacques Teyssier
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Muscle et pathologies
INSERM : ERI25IFR3Université Montpellier IEA4202hopital arnaud de villeneuve
371, avenue du doyen gaston giraud 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05,FR
| | - Aurélie Bardin
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Anne Licznar
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Eric Badia
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de VilleneuveMontpellier,FR
| | - Françoise Vignon
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Thierry Maudelonde
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de VilleneuveMontpellier,FR
| | - Gwendal Lazennec
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Vincent Cavailles
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Muscle et pathologies
INSERM : ERI25IFR3Université Montpellier IEA4202hopital arnaud de villeneuve
371, avenue du doyen gaston giraud 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de VilleneuveMontpellier,FR
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109
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Ingraham HA, Redinbo MR. Orphan nuclear receptors adopted by crystallography. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2005; 15:708-15. [PMID: 16263271 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the large nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of proteins, orphan nuclear receptors have remained a mystery owing to their lack of identified ligands and their constitutive nature. Now, structures of several ligand-binding domains of orphan receptors have provided some surprising insights that were not anticipated from molecular studies. Therefore, most orphan nuclear receptors have now been 'adopted' and their regulation has been shown to range from true ligand-independence to highly promiscuous ligand-dependence. Former orphan receptors have been found to contain ligand-binding pockets that range in volume from vast (>1600A3) to non-existent and have been shown to generate surface AF2 motifs that range from being multifunctionally active to distinctly inactive. Insights from these new structures illustrate how powerful a structural biology approach can be when integrated with molecular and cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Ingraham
- Department of Physiology, 1550 4(th) Street, University of California, San Francisco, Box 2611, Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA 94143-2611, USA.
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110
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Solomon IH, Hager JM, Safi R, McDonnell DP, Redinbo MR, Ortlund EA. Crystal structure of the human LRH-1 DBD-DNA complex reveals Ftz-F1 domain positioning is required for receptor activity. J Mol Biol 2005; 354:1091-102. [PMID: 16289203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-binding and ligand-binding functions of nuclear receptors are localized to independent domains separated by a flexible hinge. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the human liver receptor homologue-1 (hLRH-1), which controls genes central to development and metabolic homeostasis, interacts with monomeric DNA response elements and contains an Ftz-F1 motif that is unique to the NR5A nuclear receptor subfamily. Here, we present the 2.2A resolution crystal structure of the hLRH-1 DBD in complex with duplex DNA, and elucidate the sequence-specific DNA contacts essential for the ability of LRH-1 to bind to DNA as a monomer. We show that the unique Ftz-F1 domain folds into a novel helix that packs against the DBD but does not contact DNA. Mutations expected to disrupt the positioning of the Ftz-F1 helix do not eliminate DNA binding but reduce the transcriptional activity of full-length LRH-1 significantly. Moreover, we find that altering the Ftz-F1 helix positioning eliminates the enhancement of LRH-1-mediated transcription by the coactivator GRIP1, an action that is associated primarily with the distantly located ligand-binding domain (LBD). Taken together, these results indicate that subtle structural changes in a nuclear receptor DBD can exert long-range functional effects on the LBD of a receptor, and significantly impact transcriptional regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Arginine/chemistry
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Fluorescence Polarization
- Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors/genetics
- Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Glycine/chemistry
- Glycine/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oxygen/chemistry
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/isolation & purification
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Water/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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111
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Pangas SA, Rajkovic A. Transcriptional regulation of early oogenesis: in search of masters. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 12:65-76. [PMID: 16143663 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmi033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors in the germline play important roles in ovary formation and folliculogenesis, and control both oocyte development and somatic cell function. Factor in the germline (Figla) and newborn ovary homeobox gene (Nobox) represent a growing number of oocyte-specific transcription factors that regulate genes unique to oocytes. Studies on oocyte-specific transcription factors are important in understanding the genetic pathways essential for oogenesis, pluripotency, and embryonic development. Likely, these genes regulate reproductive life span and represent candidate genes for reproductive disorders, such as premature ovarian failure, and infertility. Therefore, oocyte-specific transcription factors, and oocyte-specific genes regulated by such factors, are attractive tissue-specific pharmacological targets to regulate human fertility.
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112
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Abstract
In this minireview, the role of various nuclear receptors and transcription factors in the expression of drug disposition genes is summarized. Specifically, the molecular aspects and functional impact of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor-E2 p45-related factor 2 (N(r)f2), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha), constitutive androstane receptor (LAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR(alpha)), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha), vitamin D receptor (VDR), liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1), liver X receptor (LXR(alpha)), small heterodimer partner-1 (SHP-1), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on gene expression are detailed. Finally, we discuss some current topics and themes in nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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113
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Chalkiadaki A, Talianidis I. SUMO-dependent compartmentalization in promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies prevents the access of LRH-1 to chromatin. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5095-105. [PMID: 15923626 PMCID: PMC1140606 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.12.5095-5105.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by SUMO elicits a repressive effect on many transcription factors. In principle, sumoylation may either influence transcription factor activity on promoters, or it may act indirectly by targeting the modified factors to specific cellular compartments. To provide direct experimental evidence for the above, not necessarily mutually exclusive models, we analyzed the role of SUMO modification on the localization and the activity of the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1. We demonstrate, by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays, that sumoylated LRH-1 is exclusively localized in promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies and that this association is a dynamic process. Release of LRH-1 from nuclear bodies correlated with its desumoylation, pointing to the pivotal role of SUMO conjugation in keeping LRH-1 in these locations. SUMO-dependent shuttling of LRH-1 into PML bodies defines two spatially separated pools of the protein, of which only the soluble, unmodified one is associated with actively transcribed target genes. The results suggest that SUMO-PML nuclear bodies may primarily function as dynamic molecular reservoirs, controlling the availability of certain transcription factors to active chromatin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Herakleion, Crete, Greece
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114
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Boulias K, Katrakili N, Bamberg K, Underhill P, Greenfield A, Talianidis I. Regulation of hepatic metabolic pathways by the orphan nuclear receptor SHP. EMBO J 2005; 24:2624-33. [PMID: 15973435 PMCID: PMC1176456 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP (small heterodimer partner) is an important component of the feedback regulatory cascade, which controls the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. In order to identify the bona fide molecular targets of SHP, we performed global gene expression profiling combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in transgenic mice constitutively expressing SHP in the liver. We demonstrate that SHP affects genes involved in diverse biological pathways, and in particular, several key genes involved in consecutive steps of cholesterol degradation, bile acid conjugation, transport and lipogenic pathways. Sustained expression of SHP leads to the depletion of hepatic bile acid pool and a concomitant accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. The mechanism responsible for this phenotype includes SHP-mediated direct repression of downstream target genes and the bile acid sensor FXRalpha, and an indirect activation of PPARgamma and SREBP-1c genes. We present evidence for the role of altered chromatin configurations in defining distinct gene-specific mechanisms by which SHP mediates differential transcriptional repression. The multiplicity of genes under its control suggests that SHP is a pleiotropic regulator of diverse metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Boulias
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Herakleion Crete, Greece
| | - Nitsa Katrakili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Herakleion Crete, Greece
| | | | - Peter Underhill
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Andy Greenfield
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Iannis Talianidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Herakleion Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, PO Box 1527, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Herakleion Crete, Greece. Tel.: +30 2810 391163; Fax: +30 2810 391101; E-mail:
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115
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Wang W, Zhang C, Marimuthu A, Krupka HI, Tabrizizad M, Shelloe R, Mehra U, Eng K, Nguyen H, Settachatgul C, Powell B, Milburn MV, West BL. The crystal structures of human steroidogenic factor-1 and liver receptor homologue-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7505-10. [PMID: 15897460 PMCID: PMC1140416 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409482102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) belong to the fushi tarazu factor 1 subfamily of nuclear receptors. SF-1 is an essential factor for sex determination during development and regulates adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis in the adult, whereas LRH-1 is a critical factor for development of endodermal tissues and regulates cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. Regulatory ligands are unknown for SF-1 and LRH-1. A reported mouse LRH-1 structure revealed an empty pocket in a region commonly occupied by ligands in the structures of other nuclear receptors, and pocket-filling mutations did not alter the constitutive activity observed. Here we report the crystal structures of the putative ligand-binding domains of human SF-1 at 2.1-A resolution and human LRH-1 at 2.5-A resolution. Both structures bind a coactivator-derived peptide at the canonical activation-function surface, thus adopting the transcriptionally activating conformation. In human LRH-1, coactivator peptide binding also occurs to a second site. We discovered in both structures a phospholipid molecule bound in a pocket of the putative ligand-binding domain. MS analysis of the protein samples used for crystallization indicated that the two proteins associate with a range of phospholipids. Mutations of the pocket-lining residues reduced the transcriptional activities of SF-1 and LRH-1 in mammalian cell transfection assays without affecting their expression levels. These results suggest that human SF-1 and LRH-1 may be ligand-binding receptors, although it remains to be seen if phospholipids or possibly other molecules regulate SF-1 or LRH-1 under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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116
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von Hofsten J, Modig C, Larsson A, Karlsson J, Olsson PE. Determination of the expression pattern of the dual promoter of zebrafish fushi tarazu factor-1a following microinjections into zebrafish one cell stage embryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:222-6. [PMID: 15862566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish fushi tarazu factor-1a (ff1a) is a transcription factor belonging to the NR5A subgroup of nuclear receptors. The NR5A receptors bind DNA as monomers and are considered to be orphans due to their ability to promote transcription of downstream genes without ligands. In zebrafish, four ff1 homologues (Ff1a, Ff1b, Ff1c, and Ff1d) have been identified so far. The gene coding for Ff1a is driven by two separate promoters, and give rise to four splice variants. Ff1a is expressed in the somites and pronephric ducts during somitogenesis and in the brain, liver, and mandibular arch during later embryonic stages. In adults the gene is highly expressed in gonads, liver, and intestine, but can be detected in most tissues. The broad variety of embryonic expression domains indicates several important developmental features. One of the mammalian fushi tarazu factor-1 genes, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), is essential for the development of gonads and adrenals. SF-1 is together with Sox9, WT1, and GATA4 a positive transcriptional regulator of human anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and thereby linked to the male sex-determining pathway. The zebrafish ff1a dual promoter contains several GATA binding sites and E-boxes, a site for DR4, XFD2, MyoD, Snail, HNF3, S8, and an HMG-box recognition site for Sox9. In a first attempt to dissect the ff1a promoter in vivo we have produced first generation transgenes in order to determine the correlation between the expression of the endogenous ff1a gene and the microinjected ff1a dual promoter coupled to the pEGFP reporter vector. Our results show that the microinjected constructs are expressed in the correct tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J von Hofsten
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
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117
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Gu P, Goodwin B, Chung ACK, Xu X, Wheeler DA, Price RR, Galardi C, Peng L, Latour AM, Koller BH, Gossen J, Kliewer SA, Cooney AJ. Orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 is required to maintain Oct4 expression at the epiblast stage of embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:3492-505. [PMID: 15831456 PMCID: PMC1084298 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.9.3492-3505.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oct4 plays an essential role in maintaining the inner cell mass and pluripotence of embryonic stem (ES) cells. The expression of Oct4 is regulated by the proximal enhancer and promoter in the epiblast and by the distal enhancer and promoter at all other stages in the pluripotent cell lineage. Here we report that the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1, which is expressed in undifferentiated ES cells, can bind to SF-1 response elements in the proximal promoter and proximal enhancer of the Oct4 gene and activate Oct4 reporter gene expression. LRH-1 is colocalized with Oct4 in the inner cell mass and the epiblast of embryos at early developmental stages. Disruption of the LRH-1 gene results in loss of Oct4 expression at the epiblast stage and early embryonic death. Using LRH-1(-/-) ES cells, we also show that LRH-1 is required to maintain Oct4 expression at early differentiation time points. In vitro and in vivo results show that LRH-1 plays an essential role in the maintenance of Oct4 expression in ES cells at the epiblast stage of embryonic development, thereby maintaining pluripotence at this crucial developmental stage prior to segregation of the primordial germ cell lineage at gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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118
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Lee MB, Lebedeva LA, Suzawa M, Wadekar SA, Desclozeaux M, Ingraham HA. The DEAD-box protein DP103 (Ddx20 or Gemin-3) represses orphan nuclear receptor activity via SUMO modification. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1879-90. [PMID: 15713642 PMCID: PMC549377 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.5.1879-1890.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural analysis of nuclear receptor subfamily V orphan nuclear receptors suggests that ligand-independent mechanisms must regulate this subclass of receptors. Here, we report that steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homolog 1 are repressed via posttranslational SUMO modification at conserved lysines within the hinge domain. Indeed, mutating these lysines or adding the SUMO isopeptidase SENP1 dramatically increased both native and Gal4-chimera receptor activities. The mechanism by which SUMO conjugation attenuates SF-1 activity was found to be largely histone deacetylase independent and was unaffected by the AF2 corepressor Dax1. Instead, our data suggest that SUMO-mediated repression involves direct interaction of the DEAD-box protein DP103 with sumoylated SF-1. Of potential E3-SUMO ligase candidates, PIASy and PIASxalpha strongly promoted SF-1 sumoylation, and addition of DP103 enhanced both PIAS-dependent receptor sumoylation and SF-1 relocalization to discrete nuclear bodies. Taken together, we propose that DEAD-box RNA helicases are directly coupled to transcriptional repression by protein sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Lee
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Mission Bay Campus, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143-2611, USA
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119
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Bertin B, Caby S, Oger F, Sasorith S, Wurtz JM, Pierce RJ. The monomeric orphan nuclear receptor Schistosoma mansoni Ftz-F1 dimerizes specifically and functionally with the schistosome RXR homologue, SmRXR1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:1072-82. [PMID: 15652506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to understand development and differentiation processes of the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily were cloned, including SmFtz-F1 (S. mansoni Fushi Tarazu-factor 1). The Ftz-F1 nuclear receptor subfamily only contains orphan receptors that bind to their response element as monomers. Whereas SmFtz-F1 displays these basic functional properties, we have identified an original and specific interaction between SmFtz-F1 and the schistosome RXR homologue, SmRXR1. The mammalian two-hybrid assay showed that the D, E, and F domains of SmFtz-F1 were capable of interacting specifically with the E domain of SmRXR1 but not with that of mouse RXRalpha. Using three-dimensional LBD homology modelling and structure-guided mutagenesis, we were able to demonstrate the essential role of exposed residues located in the dimerization interfaces of both receptors in the maintenance of the interaction. Cotransfection experiments with constructions encoding full-length nuclear receptors show that SmRXR1 potentiates the transcriptional activity of SmFtz-F1 from various promoters. Nevertheless, the lack of identification of a dimeric response element for this SmFtz-F1/SmRXR1 heterodimer seems to indicate a "tethering" mechanism. Thus, our results suggest for the first time that a member of the Ftz-F1 family could heterodimerize functionally with a homologue of the universal heterodimerization partner of nuclear receptors. This unique property confirms that SmFtz-F1 may be involved in the development and differentiation of schistosome-specific structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bertin
- INSERM U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille, France
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120
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Schoonjans K, Dubuquoy L, Mebis J, Fayard E, Wendling O, Haby C, Geboes K, Auwerx J. Liver receptor homolog 1 contributes to intestinal tumor formation through effects on cell cycle and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2058-62. [PMID: 15684064 PMCID: PMC548586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409756102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that synergizes with beta-catenin/T cell factor 4 signaling to stimulate intestinal crypt cell renewal. We evaluated here the impact of haploinsufficiency of LRH-1 on intestinal tumorigenesis by using two independent mouse models of human colon tumorigenesis. Haploinsufficiency of LRH-1 blunts intestinal tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mice, a genetic model of intestinal cancer. Likewise, Lrh-1+/- mice are protected against the formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of mice exposed to the carcinogen azoxymethane. LRH-1 gene expression is reduced in tumors that express elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. Reciprocally, decreased LRH-1 expression in Lrh-1+/- mice attenuates TNF-alpha expression. Compared with normal human colon, expression and subcellular localization of LRH-1 is significantly altered in neoplastic colon. In combination, these data suggest a role of LRH-1 in the initiation of intestinal tumorigenesis both by affecting cell cycle control as well as through its impact on inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schoonjans
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch, France
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121
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Hinshelwood MM, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Mendelson CR. Temporal and spatial expression of liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) during embryogenesis suggests a potential role in gonadal development. Dev Dyn 2005; 234:159-68. [PMID: 16003771 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor family highly expressed in adult mouse ovary, is closely related to steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), known to be important in gonadal formation. To analyze the potential role of LRH-1 in gonadal differentiation, we compared LRH-1 and SF-1 expression during mouse embryonic and postnatal development. LRH-1 expression was first detected in the urogenital ridge before sexual determination, in primordial germ cells and surrounding somatic cells; expression persisted after differentiation into testes and ovaries. Of interest, LRH-1 expression declined in the developing ovary and testis at embryonic day 15.5 but increased again just after birth in the ovary in granulosa cells and transiently in oocytes of developing follicles. By comparing and contrasting LRH and SF-1 expression with the two tissue-specific steroidogenic markers, cytochromes P450 aromatase and P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase, we provide evidence for a potential role for LRH-1 in gonadal development, the initiation of folliculogenesis and regulation of estrogen biosynthesis within the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Hinshelwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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