101
|
Severino RP, Guido RV, Marques EF, Brömme D, da Silva MFDG, Fernandes JB, Andricopulo AD, Vieira PC. Acridone alkaloids as potent inhibitors of cathepsin V. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1477-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
102
|
Geurink PP, Prely LM, van der Marel GA, Bischoff R, Overkleeft HS. Photoaffinity labeling in activity-based protein profiling. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 324:85-113. [PMID: 22028098 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling has come to the fore in recent years as a powerful strategy for studying enzyme activities in their natural surroundings. Substrate analogs that bind covalently and irreversibly to an enzyme active site and that are equipped with an identification or affinity tag can be used to unearth new enzyme activities, to establish whether and at what subcellular location the enzymes are active, and to study the inhibitory effects of small compounds. A specific class of activity-based protein probes includes those that employ a photo-activatable group to create the covalent bond. Such probes are targeted to those enzymes that do not employ a catalytic nucleophile that is part of the polypeptide backbone. An overview of the various photo-activatable groups that are available to chemical biology researchers is presented, with a focus on their (photo)chemistry and their application in various research fields. A number of comparative studies are described in which the efficiency of various photo-activatable groups are compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Geurink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Chu SC, Yang SF, Tzang BS, Hsieh YS, Lue KH, Lu KH. Cathepsin B and cystatin C play an inflammatory role in gouty arthritis of the knee. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1788-92. [PMID: 20699092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To relate the expression of the matrix degrading proteinase cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in the synovial fluid (SF) to the clinical and laboratory variables of joint inflammation in gouty arthritis of the knee. METHODS Thirty-nine SF samples were obtained from inflamed knees of patients with acute gout. The levels of cathepsin B, cystatin C, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), soluble uPA receptor (suPAR) and PA inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and cell counts as well as local arthritis activity scores (LAS) were examined. RESULTS The increases of cathepsin B levels correlated with increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts, latent MMP-9 (pro-MMP-9) activities, uPA, suPAR and PAI-1 levels, and uPA/PAI-1 ratios. Increased cystatin C levels corresponded closely with increased LAS, leukocyte and neutrophil counts, pro-MMP-9 activities, uPA, suPAR and PAI-1 levels, and uPA/PAI-1 ratios. Moreover, there was a correlation between cathepsin B and cystatin C levels. CONCLUSIONS These results show a high correlation between the cathepsin B/cystatin C system and markers of joint inflammation in acute gout of the knee, demonstrating the pathologic role of cathepsin B and cystatin C in inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Hamblin M, Chang L, Zhang H, Yang K, Zhang J, Chen YE. Vascular smooth muscle cell peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ deletion promotes abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:984-93. [PMID: 20630681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) plays an important role in the vasculature; however, the role of PPARγ in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is not well understood. We hypothesized that PPARγ in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) attenuates the development of AAA. We also investigated PPARγ-mediated signaling pathways that may prevent the development of AAA. METHODS We determined whether periaortic application of CaCl(2) renders vascular SMC-selective PPARγ knockout (SMPG KO) mice more susceptible to destruction of normal aortic wall architecture. RESULTS There is evidence of increased vessel dilatation in the abdominal aorta 6 weeks after 0.25M periaortic CaCl(2) application in SMPG KO mice compared with littermate controls (1.4 ± 0.3 mm [n = 8] vs 1.1 ± 0.2 mm [n = 7]; P = .000119). Results from SMPG KO mice indicate medial layer elastin degradation was greater 6 weeks after abluminal application of CaCl(2) to the abdominal aorta (P < .01). Activated cathepsin S, a potent elastin-degrading enzyme, was increased in SMPG KO mice vs wild-type controls. To further identify a role of PPARγ signaling in reducing the development of AAA, we demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated PPARγ overexpression in cultured rat aortic SMCs decreases (P = .022) the messenger RNA levels of cathepsin S. In addition, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay detected PPARγ bound to a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE) -141 to -159 bp upstream of the cathepsin S gene sequence in mouse aortic SMCs. Also, adenoviral-mediated PPARγ overexpression and knockdown in cultured rat aortic SMCs decreases (P = .013) and increases (P = .018) expression of activated cathepsin S. Finally, immunohistochemistry demonstrated a greater inflammatory infiltrate in SMPG KO mouse aortas, as evidenced by elevations in F4/80 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. CONCLUSION In this study, we identify PPARγ as an important contributor in attenuating the development of aortic aneurysms by demonstrating that loss of PPARγ in vascular SMCs promotes aortic dilatation and elastin degradation. Thus, PPARγ activation may be potentially promising medical therapy in reducing the risk of AAA progression and rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Hamblin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Pharmacological Inhibition of Cathepsin S Decreases Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apoe-/- Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:98-105. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181e23e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
106
|
Alvim J, Severino RP, Marques EF, Martinelli AM, Vieira PC, Fernandes JB, da Silva MFDGF, Corrêa AG. Solution Phase Synthesis of a Combinatorial Library of Chalcones and Flavones as Potent Cathepsin V Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:687-95. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Alvim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - Richele P. Severino
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - Emerson F. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - Ariane M. Martinelli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - João B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - M. Fatima das G. F. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - Arlene G. Corrêa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Leto G, Sepporta MV, Crescimanno M, Flandina C, Tumminello FM. Cathepsin L in metastatic bone disease: therapeutic implications. Biol Chem 2010; 391:655-64. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCathepsin L is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase primarily devoted to the metabolic turnover of intracellular proteins. However, accumulating evidence suggests that this endopeptidase might also be implicated in the regulation of other important biological functions, including bone resorption in normal and pathological conditions. These findings support the concept that cathepsin L, in concert with other proteolytic enzymes involved in bone remodeling processes, could contribute to facilitate bone metastasis formation. In support of this hypothesis, recent studies indicate that cathepsin L can foster this process by triggering multiple mechanisms which, in part, differ from those of the major cysteine proteinase of osteoclasts, namely cathepsin K. Therefore, cathepsin L can be regarded as an additional target in the treatment of patients with metastatic bone disease. This review discusses the clinical and therapeutic implications related to these findings.
Collapse
|
108
|
Oliveira M, Torquato RJS, Alves MFM, Juliano MA, Brömme D, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Improvement of cathepsin S detection using a designed FRET peptide based on putative natural substrates. Peptides 2010; 31:562-7. [PMID: 20045715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase of the papain superfamily which is implicated in physiological and pathological states. The enzyme is highly expressed in antigen presenting cells and is thought to play an important role in the processing of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain. In pathological processes, cathepsin S is associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and obesity and can be regarded as a potential target in related disorders. However, due to the broad substrate specificities of the lysosomal cathepsins, the specific detection of cathepsin S is difficult when other cathepsins are present. In an attempt to distinguish cathepsin S from other cathepsins we synthesized and tested fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from two of its putative natural substrates, namely insulin beta-chain and class II-associated invariant chain (CLIP). The influence of ionic strength on the catalytic activity and the enzyme stability in neutral pH was also analyzed. Using data gathered from our study we developed a selective substrate for cathepsin S and establish the assay conditions to differentiate the enzyme from cathepsins L, B, V and K. The peptide Abz-LEQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp=N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine]) in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1M NaCl was hydrolyzed by cathepsin S with k(cat)/K(m) value of 3585mM(-1)s(-1), and was resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins L, V, K and B. Thus, we developed a sensitive and selective cathepsins S substrate that permits continuous measurement of the enzymatic activity even in crude tissue extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua 3 de Maio 100, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Geurink PP, Klein T, Prèly L, Paal K, Leeuwenburgh MA, van der Marel GA, Kauffman HF, Overkleeft HS, Bischoff R. Design of Peptide Hydroxamate-Based Photoreactive Activity-Based Probes of Zinc-Dependent Metalloproteases. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
110
|
Sevenich L, Hagemann S, Stoeckle C, Tolosa E, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Expression of human cathepsin L or human cathepsin V in mouse thymus mediates positive selection of T helper cells in cathepsin L knock-out mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:1674-80. [PMID: 20347002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A genetic deficiency of the cysteine protease cathepsin L (Ctsl) in mice results in impaired positive selection of conventional CD4+ T helper cells as a result of an incomplete processing of the MHC class II associated invariant chain or incomplete proteolytic generation of positively selecting peptide ligands. The human genome encodes, in contrast to the mouse genome, for two cathepsin L proteases, namely cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin V (CTSV; alternatively cathepsin L2). In the human thymic cortex, CTSV is the predominately expressed protease as compared to CTSL or other cysteine cathepsins. In order to analyze the functions of CTSL and CTSV in the positive selection of CD4+ T cells we employed Ctsl knock-out mice crossed either with transgenic mice expressing CTSL under the control of its genuine human promoter or with transgenic mice expressing CTSV under the control of the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, which drives expression to the cortical epithelium. Both human proteases are expressed in the thymus of the transgenic mice, and independent expression of both CTSL and CTSV rescues the reduced frequency of CD4+ T cells in Ctsl-deficient mice. Moreover, the expression of the human cathepsins does not change the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, but the normalization of the frequency of conventional CD4+ T cell in the transgenic mice results in a rebalancing of conventional T cells and regulatory T cells. We conclude that the functional differences of CTSL and CTSV in vivo are not mainly determined by their inherent biochemical properties, but rather by their tissue specific expression pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Samokhin AO, Wilson S, Nho B, Lizame MLG, Musenden OEE, Brömme D. Cholate-containing high-fat diet induces the formation of multinucleated giant cells in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1166-73. [PMID: 20203298 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS MGCs are a hallmark of giant cell arteritis. They are also described in atherosclerotic plaques from aortic aneurysms and carotid and coronary arteries. Herein, we demonstrate that the cholate-containing Paigen diet yields many MGCs in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-/- mice. These mice revealed a 4-fold increase in MGC numbers when compared with mice on a Western or Paigen diet without cholate. Most of the MGCs stained intensively for cathepsin K and were located at fibrous caps and close to damaged elastic laminae, with associated medial smooth muscle cell depletion. During in vitro experiments, MGCs demonstrated a 6-fold increase in elastolytic activity when compared with macrophages and facilitated transmigration of smooth muscle cells through a collagen-elastin matrix. An elastin-derived hexapeptide (Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly [VGVAPG]) significantly increased the rate of macrophage fusion, providing a possible mechanism of in vivo MGC formation. Comparable to the mouse model, human specimens from carotid arteries and aortic aneurysms contained cathepsin K-positive MGCs. CONCLUSIONS Apolipoprotein E-/- mice fed a Paigen diet provide a model to analyze the tissue-destructive role of MGCs in vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy O Samokhin
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Reich M, Spindler KD, Burret M, Kalbacher H, Boehm BO, Burster T. Cathepsin A is expressed in primary human antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Lett 2009; 128:143-7. [PMID: 19954752 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC). These cathepsins are known to regulate antigen processing and degradation of the invariant chain (Ii) into the class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP), which occupies the peptide-binding groove of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule. Previous studies have identified the serine carboxypeptidase cathepsin A (CatA) in various tissues and cells; however, it is not clear whether CatA is also expressed in primary human APC. We demonstrate the expression of CatA in B lymphoblastoid cells (BLC), primary human B cells, both subsets of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC1 and mDC2), as well as in plasmacytoid DC. PMSF or lactacystin-mediated inhibition of serine proteases in BLC-derived lysosomal proteases resulted in the inhibition of amino acid release from the C-terminal end of two model peptides. This inhibition did not occur by using a proline rich peptide. Our data suggest that CatA is involved in the C-terminal fine-tuning of antigenic T cell epitopes in human APC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Codriansky KA, Quintanilla-Dieck MJ, Gan S, Keady M, Bhawan J, Rünger TM. Intracellular Degradation of Elastin by Cathepsin K in Skin Fibroblasts- A Possible Role in Photoaging. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1356-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
114
|
|
115
|
Reich M, Lesner A, Legowska A, Sieńczyk M, Oleksyszyn J, Boehm BO, Burster T. Application of specific cell permeable cathepsin G inhibitors resulted in reduced antigen processing in primary dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2994-9. [PMID: 19615749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) is expressed in primary antigen-presenting cells and regulates autoantigen processing in CatG pre-loaded fibroblasts. To further investigate the function of CatG in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loading compartments, a specific, cell permeable CatG-inhibitor is needed. In this study, several CatG-inhibitors were tested for their ability to penetrate the cell membrane of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We find that the commercially available reversible CatG-specific inhibitor I (CatG inhibitor) and the irreversible Suc-Val-Pro-Phe(P) (OPh)(2) (Suc-VPF) are both cell permeable and specifically inhibit intracellular CatG in the PBMC. Furthermore, selective inhibition of CatG resulted in reduced tetanus toxin C-fragment (TTC) and hemagglutinin (HA) processing and presentation to CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that these CatG inhibitors can be used for both antigen-processing studies and for modulation of T cell response in situ and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Catheomics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Stoeckle C, Sommandas V, Adamopoulou E, Belisle K, Schiekofer S, Melms A, Weber E, Driessen C, Boehm BO, Tolosa E, Burster T. Cathepsin G is differentially expressed in primary human antigen-presenting cells. Cell Immunol 2008; 255:41-5. [PMID: 19036358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are required for the processing of antigens in order to make them suitable for loading on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells. It was shown that antigen processing in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), a commonly used DC model, is different from that of primary human DC. Here, we report that the two subsets of human myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) differ in their cathepsin distribution. The serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) was detected in mDC1, mDC2, pDC, cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) and high levels of CatG were determined in pDC. To address the role of CatG in the processing and presentation of a Multiple Sclerosis-associated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP), we used a non-CatG expressing fibroblast cell line and fibroblasts, which were preloaded with purified CatG. We find that preloading fibroblasts with CatG results in a decrease of MBP84-98-specific T cell proliferation, when compared to control cells. Our data suggest a different processing signature in primary human antigen-presenting cells and CatG may be of functional importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Li Z, Kienetz M, Cherney MM, James MNG, Brömme D. The crystal and molecular structures of a cathepsin K:chondroitin sulfate complex. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:78-91. [PMID: 18692071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major collagenolytic enzyme produced by bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We showed earlier that the unique triple-helical collagen-degrading activity of cathepsin K depends on the formation of complexes with bone-or cartilage-resident glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Here, we describe the crystal structure of a 1:n complex of cathepsin K:C4-S inhibited by E64 at a resolution of 1.8 A. The overall structure reveals an unusual "beads-on-a-string"-like organization. Multiple cathepsin K molecules bind specifically to a single cosine curve-shaped strand of C4-S with each cathepsin K molecule interacting with three disaccharide residues of C4-S. One of the more important sets of interactions comes from a single turn of helix close to the N terminus of the proteinase containing a basic amino acid triplet (Arg8-Lys9-Lys10) that forms multiple hydrogen bonds either to the caboxylate or to the 4-sulfate groups of C4-S. Altogether, the binding sites with C4-S are located in the R-domain of cathepsin K and are distant from its active site. This explains why the general proteolytic activity of cathepsin K is not affected by the binding of chondroitin sulfate. Biochemical analyses of cathepsin K and C4-S mixtures support the presence of a 1:n complex in solution; a dissociation constant, K(d), of about 10 nM was determined for the interaction between cathepsin K and C4-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Li
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Mihelic M, Dobersek A, Guncar G, Turk D. Inhibitory fragment from the p41 form of invariant chain can regulate activity of cysteine cathepsins in antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14453-60. [PMID: 18362148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play an indispensable role in proteolytic processing of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) and foreign antigens in a number of antigen presenting cells. Previously it was shown that a fragment of 64 residues present in the p41 form of the Ii (p41 fragment) selectively inhibits the endopeptidase cathepsin L, whereas the activity of cathepsin S remains unaffected. Comparison of structures indicated that the selectivity of interactions between cysteine cathepsins and the p41 fragment is far from being understood and requires further investigation. The p41 fragment has now been shown also to inhibit human cathepsins V, K, and F (also, presumably, O) and mouse cathepsin L with K(i) values in the low nanomolar range. These K(i) values are sufficiently low to ensure complex formation at physiological concentrations. In addition we have found that the p41 fragment can inhibit cathepsin S too. These findings suggest that regulation of the proteolytic activity of most of the cysteine cathepsins by the p41 fragment is an important and widespread control mechanism of antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihelic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Hervé-Grépinet V, Veillard F, Godat E, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Extracellular catalase activity protects cysteine cathepsins from inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1307-12. [PMID: 18343226 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of secreted cysteine cathepsins to peroxide inactivation was evaluated using as model THP-1 cells. Differentiated cells released mostly cathepsin B, but also cathepsins H, K, and L, with a maximum of endopeptidase activity at day 6. Addition of non-cytotoxic concentrations of H(2)O(2) did not affect mRNA expression levels and activity of cathepsins, while the catalase activity remained also unchanged, consistently with RT-PCR analysis. Conversely inhibition of extracellular catalase led to a striking inactivation of secreted cysteine cathepsins by H(2)O(2). This report suggests that catalase may participate in the protection of extracellular cysteine proteases against peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hervé-Grépinet
- INSERM U 618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Equipe Protéases et Pathologies Pulmonaires, Tours F-37000, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Cysteine protease activity in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2008; 46:1260-6. [PMID: 18155003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine proteases are potent elastolytic enzymes and together with their inhibitor, cystatin C, have been linked with the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). These enzymes and their inhibitors have previously been studied in AAAs, but comparisons have always been made with wall from normal aorta. Atherosclerosis is a feature of aneurysmal disease and may therefore confound comparisons with normal wall. This study compared the expression and activity of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in aneurysm wall with their expression in the aortic wall of patients with aortic occlusive disease (AOD). METHODS Aortic wall was obtained from 82 patients with AAA and 13 with AOD. Protein expression and activity of cathepsin B, H, K, L and S, and cystatins A, B, and C were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific fluorogenic substrate assays. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity was measured by quantitative bioimmunoassay in the same extracts. RESULTS AAA wall had 330% more cathepsin H protein (P = .007) and >30% less cystatin C (P = .03) than the aortic wall from patients with AOD. The activity of cathepsins B, H, L, and S was significantly greater in AAA than AOD (376%, [P < .0001], 191%, [P = 0.019], 223%, P = 0.002, and approximately 20% [P = 0.045] respectively). MMP-9 activity was also increased in AAA compared with AOD (P<0.0001) and levels in the wall of AAA correlated positively with cathepsin L activity (r = 0.42, P<.0001) and negatively with cystatin C (r = -0.75, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS The activity of four cathepsins B, H, L, and S was higher in the aneurysm wall than in aortic wall of patients with occlusive disease. This was associated with a reduced level of cystatin C in the aneurysmal wall. Cathepsin H was the only protein in which there was a correlation between protein level and activity, which suggests that post-translational modifications were responsible for activation of the other cathepsins. Increased cathepsin activity may influence the activity of MMP-9, which is thought to have an important role in aneurysm development.
Collapse
|
121
|
Puzer L, Barros NM, Paschoalin T, Hirata IY, Tanaka AS, Oliveira MC, Brömme D, Carmona AK. Cathepsin V, but not cathepsins L, B and K, may release angiostatin-like fragments from plasminogen. Biol Chem 2008; 389:195-200. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cathepsin V is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase highly expressed in corneal epithelium; however, its function in the eye is still unknown. Here, we describe the capability of cathepsin V to hydrolyze plasminogen, which is also expressed in human cornea at levels high enough to produce physiologically relevant amounts of angiostatin-related molecules. The co-localization of these two proteins suggests an important role for the enzyme in the maintenance of corneal avascularity, essential for optimal visual performance. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of plasminogen digestion by cathepsin V revealed the generation of three major products of 60, 50 and 40 kDa, which were electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and excised for characterization. NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing of these fragments revealed the sequences EKKVYL, TEQLAP and LLPNVE, respectively. These data are compatible with cleavage sites at plasminogen F94–E95, S358–T359 and V468–L469 peptide bonds generating fragments of the five-kringle domains. In contrast, we did not detect any plasminogen degradation by cathepsins B, K and L. Using a Matrigel assay, we confirmed the angiogenesis inhibition activity on endothelial cells caused by plasminogen processing by cathepsin V. Our results suggest a novel physiological role for cathepsin V related to the control of neovascularization in cornea.
Collapse
|
122
|
Victor BC, Sloane BF. Cysteine cathepsin non-inhibitory binding partners: modulating intracellular trafficking and function. Biol Chem 2008; 388:1131-40. [PMID: 17976005 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play a fundamental role in tumor growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis, and the metastatic cascade. Evidence of their overexpression in a wide array of human tumors has been well documented. Cysteine cathepsins seem to have a characteristic location-function relationship that leads to non-traditional roles such as those in development and pathology. For example, during tumor development, some cysteine cathepsins are found not just within lysosomes, but are also redistributed into presumptive exocytic vesicles at the cell periphery, resulting in their secretion. This altered localization contributes to non-lysosomal functions that have been linked to malignant progression. Mechanisms for altered localization are not well understood, but do include the interaction of cysteine cathepsins with binding partners that modulate intracellular trafficking and association with specific regions on the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette C Victor
- Department of Pharmacology and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Mása M, Maresová L, Vondrásek J, Horn M, Jezek J, Mares M. Cathepsin D propeptide: mechanism and regulation of its interaction with the catalytic core. Biochemistry 2008; 45:15474-82. [PMID: 17176069 DOI: 10.1021/bi0614986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Propeptide blocks the active site in the inactive zymogen of cathepsin D and is cleaved off during zymogen activation. We have designed a set of peptidic fragments derived from the propeptide structure and evaluated their inhibitory potency against mature cathepsin D using a kinetic assay. Our mapping of the cathepsin D propeptide indicated two domains in the propeptide involved in the inhibitory interaction with the enzyme core: the active site "anchor" domain and the N-terminus of the propeptide. The latter plays a dominant role in propeptide inhibition (nanomolar Ki), and its high-affinity binding was corroborated by fluorescence polarization measurements. In addition to the inhibitory domains of propeptide, a fragment derived from the N-terminus of mature cathepsin D displayed inhibition. This finding supports its proposed regulatory function. The interaction mechanisms of the identified inhibitory domains were characterized by determining their modes of inhibition as well as by spatial modeling of the propeptide in the zymogen molecule. The inhibitory interaction of the N-terminal propeptide domain was abolished in the presence of sulfated polysaccharides, which interact with basic propeptide residues. The inhibitory potency of the active site anchor domain was affected by the Ala38pVal substitution, a propeptide polymorphism reported to be associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. We infer that propeptide is a sensitive tethered ligand that allows for complex modulation of cathepsin D zymogen activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mása
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Lecaille F, Brömme D, Lalmanach G. Biochemical properties and regulation of cathepsin K activity. Biochimie 2007; 90:208-26. [PMID: 17935853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (11 in humans) are mostly located in the acidic compartments of cells. They have been known for decades to be involved in intracellular protein degradation as housekeeping proteases. However, the discovery of new cathepsins, including cathepsins K, V and F, has provided strong evidence that they also participate in specific biological events. This review focuses on the current knowledge of cathepsin K, the major bone cysteine protease, which is a drug target of clinical interest. Nevertheless, we will not discuss recent developments in cathepsin K inhibitor design since they have been extensively detailed elsewhere. We will cover features of cathepsin K structure, cellular and tissue distribution, substrate specificity, and regulation (pH, propeptide, glycosaminoglycans, oxidants), and its putative roles in physiological or pathophysiological processes. Finally, we will review the kinetic data of its inhibition by natural endogenous inhibitors (stefin B, cystatin C, H- and L-kininogens).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM, U618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Equipe Protéases et Pathologies Pulmonaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lutgens SPM, Cleutjens KBJM, Daemen MJAP, Heeneman S. Cathepsin cysteine proteases in cardiovascular disease. FASEB J 2007; 21:3029-41. [PMID: 17522380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7924com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is one of the underlying mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Cathepsin cysteine proteases have a central role in ECM remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cathepsins also show differential expression in various stages of atherosclerosis, and in vivo knockout studies revealed that deficiency of cathepsin K or S reduces atherosclerosis. Furthermore, cathepsins are involved in lipid metabolism. Cathepsins have the capability to degrade low-density lipoprotein and reduce cholesterol efflux from macrophages, aggravating foam cell formation. Although expression studies also demonstrated differential expression of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases like aneurysm formation, neointima formation, and neovascularization, in vivo studies to define the exact role of cathepsins in these processes are lacking. Evaluation of the feasibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that serum levels of cathepsins L and S seem to be promising as biomarkers in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, whereas cathepsin B shows potential as an imaging tool. Furthermore, cathepsin K and S inhibitors showed effectiveness in (pre) clinical evaluation for the treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, suggesting that cathepsin inhibitors may also have therapeutic effects for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Lecaille F, Chowdhury S, Purisima E, Brömme D, Lalmanach G. The S2 subsites of cathepsins K and L and their contribution to collagen degradation. Protein Sci 2007; 16:662-70. [PMID: 17384231 PMCID: PMC2203344 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062666607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The exchange of residues 67 and 205 of the S2 pocket of human cysteine cathepsins K and L induces a permutation of their substrate specificity toward fluorogenic peptide substrates. While the cathepsin L-like cathepsin K (Tyr67Leu/Leu205Ala) mutant has a marked preference for Phe, the Leu67Tyr/Ala205Leu cathepsin L variant shows an effective cathepsin K-like preference for Leu and Pro. A similar turnaround of inhibition was observed by using specific inhibitors of cathepsin K [1-(N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl)-5-(N-Boc-phenylalanyl-leucyl)carbohydrazide] and cathepsin L [N-(4-biphenylacetyl)-S-methylcysteine-(D)-Arg-Phe-beta-phenethylamide]. Molecular modeling studies indicated that mutations alter the character of both S2 and S3 subsites, while docking calculations were consistent with kinetics data. The cathepsin K-like cathepsin L was unable to mimic the collagen-degrading activity of cathepsin K against collagens I and II, DQ-collagens I and IV, and elastin-Congo Red. In summary, double mutations of the S2 pocket of cathepsins K (Y67L/L205A) and L (L67Y/A205L) induce a switch of their enzymatic specificity toward small selective inhibitors and peptidyl substrates, confirming the key role of residues 67 and 205. However, mutations in the S2 subsite pocket of cathepsin L alone without engineering of binding sites to chondroitin sulfate are not sufficient to generate a cathepsin K-like collagenase, emphasizing the pivotal role of the complex formation between glycosaminoglycans and cathepsin K for its unique collagenolytic activity.
Collapse
|
127
|
Abdul-Hussien H, Soekhoe RGV, Weber E, von der Thüsen JH, Kleemann R, Mulder A, van Bockel JH, Hanemaaijer R, Lindeman JHN. Collagen degradation in the abdominal aneurysm: a conspiracy of matrix metalloproteinase and cysteine collagenases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:809-17. [PMID: 17322367 PMCID: PMC1864891 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) result from increased collagen turnover. Collagen turnover critically depends on specific collagenases that cleave the triple helical region of fibrillar collagen. As yet, the collagenases responsible for collagen degradation in AAAs have not been identified. Increased type I collagen degradation products confirmed collagen turnover in AAAs (median values: <1, 43, and 108 ng/mg protein in control, growing, and ruptured AAAs, respectively). mRNA and protein analysis identified neutrophil collagenase [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8] and cysteine collagenases cathepsin K, L, and S as the principle collagenases in growing and ruptured AAAs. Except for modestly increased MMP-14 mRNA levels, collagenase expression was similar in growing and ruptured AAAs (anterior-lateral wall). Evaluation of posttranslational regulation of protease activity showed a threefold increase in MMP-8, a fivefold increase in cathepsins K and L, and a 30-fold increase in cathepsin S activation in growing and ruptured AAAs. The presence of the osteoclastic proton pump indicated optimal conditions for extracellular cysteine protease activity. Protease inhibitor mRNA expression was similar in AAAs and controls, but AAA protein levels of cystatin C, the principle cysteine protease inhibitor, were profoundly reduced (>80%). We found indications that this secondary deficiency relates to cystatin C degradation by (neutrophil-derived) proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Abdul-Hussien
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Reis FCG, Costa TFR, Sulea T, Mezzetti A, Scharfstein J, Brömme D, Ménard R, Lima APCA. The propeptide of cruzipain--a potent selective inhibitor of the trypanosomal enzymes cruzipain and brucipain, and of the human enzyme cathepsin F. FEBS J 2007; 274:1224-34. [PMID: 17298440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases of pathogenic protozoa play important roles in parasite growth, differentiation and host cell invasion. The main cysteine proteases of Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzipain) and of Trypanosoma brucei (brucipain) are validated targets for the development of new chemotherapies. These proteases are synthesized as precursors and activated upon removal of the N-terminal prodomain. Here we report potent and selective inhibition of cruzipain and brucipain by the recombinant full-length prodomain of cruzipain. The propeptide did not inhibit human cathepsins S, K or B or papain at the tested concentrations, and moderately inhibited human cathepsin V. Human cathepsin F was very efficiently inhibited (K(i) of 32 pm), an interesting finding indicating that cruzipain propeptide is able to discriminate cathepsin F from other cathepsin L-like enzymes. Comparative structural modeling and analysis identified the interaction between the beta1p-alpha3p loop of the propeptide and the propeptide-binding loop of mature enzymes as a plausible cause of the observed inhibitory selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C G Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Kitamoto S, Sukhova GK, Sun J, Yang M, Libby P, Love V, Duramad P, Sun C, Zhang Y, Yang X, Peters C, Shi GP. Cathepsin L deficiency reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice. Circulation 2007; 115:2065-75. [PMID: 17404153 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.688523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of the arterial extracellular matrix participates importantly in atherogenesis and plaque complication. Increased expression of the elastinolytic and collagenolytic enzyme cathepsin L (Cat L) in human atherosclerotic lesions suggests its participation in these processes, a hypothesis tested here in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated Cat L and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) double-deficient (LDLr-/- Cat L-/-) mice by crossbreeding Cat L-null (Cat L-/-) and LDLr-deficient (LDLr-/-) mice. After 12 and 26 weeks of a Western diet, LDLr-/- Cat L-/- mice had significantly smaller atherosclerotic lesions and lipid cores compared with littermate control LDLr-/- Cat L+/- and LDLr-/- Cat L+/+ mice. In addition, lesions from the compound mutant mice showed significantly reduced levels of collagen, medial elastin degradation, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Mechanistic studies showed that Cat L contributes to the degradation of extracellular matrix elastin and collagen by aortic smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells from LDLr-/- Cat L-/- mice or those treated with a Cat L-selective inhibitor demonstrated significantly less degradation of elastin and collagen and delayed transmigration through elastin in vitro. Cat L deficiency also significantly impaired monocyte and T-lymphocyte transmigration through a collagen matrix in vitro, suggesting that blood-borne leukocyte penetration through the arterial basement membrane requires Cat L. Cysteine protease active site labeling demonstrated that Cat L deficiency did not affect the activity of other atherosclerosis-associated cathepsins in aortic smooth muscle cells and monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Cat L directly participates in atherosclerosis by degrading elastin and collagen and regulates blood-borne leukocyte transmigration and lesion progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kitamoto
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Platt MO, Ankeny RF, Shi GP, Weiss D, Vega JD, Taylor WR, Jo H. Expression of cathepsin K is regulated by shear stress in cultured endothelial cells and is increased in endothelium in human atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H1479-86. [PMID: 17098827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00954.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins, the lysosomal cysteine proteases, are involved in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. Genetic knockout of cathepsins S and K in mice has shown to reduce atherosclerosis, although the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Because atherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arteries exposed to disturbed flow conditions, we hypothesized that shear stress would regulate cathepsin K expression and activity in endothelial cells. Mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) exposed to proatherogenic oscillatory shear (OS, ± 5 dyn/cm2for 1 day) showed significantly higher cathepsin K expression and activity than that of atheroprotective, unidirectional laminar shear stress (LS, 15 dyn/cm2for 1 day). Western blot and active-site labeling studies showed an active, mature form of cathepsin K in the conditioned medium of MAEC exposed to OS but not in that of LS. Functionally, MAEC exposed to OS significantly increased elastase and gelatinase activity above that of LS. The OS-dependent elastase and gelatinase activities were significantly reduced by knocking down cathepsin K with small-interfering (si) RNA, but not by a nonsilencing siRNA control, suggesting that cathepsin K is a shear-sensitive protease. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries showed a positive correlation between the cathepsin K expression levels in endothelium and elastic lamina integrity. These findings suggest that cathepsin K is a mechanosensitive, extracellular matrix protease that, in turn, may be involved in arterial wall remodeling and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Wallace H Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory Univ, 308D WMB, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Novinec M, Grass RN, Stark WJ, Turk V, Baici A, Lenarcic B. Interaction between human cathepsins K, L, and S and elastins: mechanism of elastinolysis and inhibition by macromolecular inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7893-902. [PMID: 17227755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic degradation of elastic fibers is associated with a broad spectrum of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary emphysema. We have studied the interaction between elastins and human cysteine cathepsins K, L, and S, which are known to participate in elastinolytic activity in vivo. The enzymes showed distinctive preferences in degrading elastins from bovine neck ligament, aorta, and lung. Different susceptibility of these elastins to proteolysis was attributed to morphological differences observed by scanning electron microscopy. Kinetics of cathepsin binding to the insoluble substrate showed that the process occurs in two steps. The enzyme is initially adsorbed on the elastin surface in a nonproductive manner and then rearranges to form a catalytically competent complex. In contrast, soluble elastin is bound directly in a catalytically productive manner. Studies of enzyme partitioning between the phases showed that cathepsin K favors adsorption on elastin; cathepsin L prefers the aqueous environment, and cathepsin S is equally distributed among both phases. Our results suggest that elastinolysis by cysteine cathepsins proceeds in cycles of enzyme adsorption, binding of a susceptible peptide moiety, hydrolysis, and desorption. Alternatively, the enzyme may also form a new catalytic complex without prior desorption and re-adsorption. In both cases the active center of the enzymes remains at least partly accessible to inhibitors. Elastinolytic activity was readily abolished by cystatins, indicating that, unlike enzymes such as leukocyte elastase, pathological elastinolytic cysteine cathepsins might represent less problematic drug targets. In contrast, thyropins were relatively inefficient in preventing elastinolysis by cysteine cathepsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Novinec
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Abstract
Degradation of elastin, the main amorphous component of elastic fibers, by elastases belonging to the serine, metallo, or cysteine families leads to the generation of elastin fragments, designated as elastokines in keeping with their cytokine-like properties. Generation of elastokines from one of the longest lived protein in human might represent a strong tissue repair signal. Indeed, they (1) exhibit potent chemotactic activity for leukocytes, (2) stimulate fibroblast and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and (3) display proangiogenic activity as potent as VEGF. However, continuous exposure of cells to these matrikines, through increased elastase(s) expression with age, can contribute to the formation of a chronic inflammatory state, that is, inflamm-aging. Importantly, binding of elastokines to S-Gal, their cognate receptor, proved to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase expression in normal and cancer cells. Besides, these elastin fragments can polarize lymphocytes toward a Th-1 response or induce an osteogenic response in smooth muscle cells, and arterial wall calcification. In this chapter, emphasis will be made on the contribution of elastokines on the genesis of age-related arterial wall diseases, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). An elastokine theory of AAAs progression will be proposed. Age is one main risk factor of cancer incidence and development. The myriad of biological effects exerted by elastokines on stromal and inflammatory cells led us to hypothesize that they might be main actors in elaborating a favorable cancerization field in melanoma; for instance these peptides could catalyze the vertical growth phase transition in melanoma through increased expression of gelatinase A and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Antonicelli
- Faculty of Medicine Extracellular Matrix and Cell Signaling--Reims University, UMR 6198 CNRS 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Lecaille F, Vandier C, Godat E, Hervé-Grépinet V, Brömme D, Lalmanach G. Modulation of hypotensive effects of kinins by cathepsin K. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 459:129-36. [PMID: 17181996 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kinins are pro-inflammatory peptides, which participate in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and play a key role in numerous diseases, including lung fibrosis and hypertension. Evidence has been provided recently for the presence of alternative mechanisms of bradykinin generation and/or degradation. Here we showed that cathepsin K may act as a potent kinin-degrading enzyme in bloodstream. Contrary to cathepsin L, cathepsin K attenuates kallikrein-induced decrease of rat blood pressure, and reduces the hypotensive effect of bradykinin in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we identified, by engineering the S2 subsite of both recombinant enzymes, two critical residues involved respectively in the kininase activity of cathepsin K, i.e. Tyr67/Leu205, versus kininogenase activity of cathepsin L, i.e. Leu67/Ala205. In conclusion, according to its ability to modulate hypotensive effects of kinins, we propose that cathepsin K is a kininase of biological relevance, in complement of well-documented neutral endopeptidase or angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Collapse
|
134
|
Lalmanach G, Diot E, Godat E, Lecaille F, Hervé-Grépinet V. Cysteine cathepsins and caspases in silicosis. Biol Chem 2006; 387:863-70. [PMID: 16913835 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of crystalline silica. It leads to the formation of fibrohyalin nodes that result in progressive fibrosis. Alternatively, emphysema may occur, with abnormal destruction of collagen fibres in the advanced stages. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear, it has been established that the lung responds to silica by massive enrollment of alveolar macrophages, triggering an inflammatory cascade of reactions. An imbalance in the expression of lung proteases and their inhibitors is implicated in extracellular matrix remodelling and basement membrane disruption. Moreover, exposure to silica can initiate apoptotic cell death of macrophages. This review summarises the current knowledge on cysteine cathepsins that have been ignored so far during silicosis and outlines the recent progress on cellular pathways leading to silica-induced caspase activation, which have been partly delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM U618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, IFR 135 Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Hombach-Klonisch S, Bialek J, Trojanowicz B, Weber E, Holzhausen HJ, Silvertown JD, Summerlee AJ, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C, Klonisch T. Relaxin enhances the oncogenic potential of human thyroid carcinoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:617-32. [PMID: 16877360 PMCID: PMC1698779 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of members of the insulin-like superfamily in human thyroid carcinoma is primarily unknown. Here we demonstrate the presence of RLN2 relaxin and relaxin receptor LGR7 in human papillary, follicular, and undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma suggesting a specific involvement of relaxin-LGR7 signaling in thyroid carcinoma. Stable transfectants of the LGR7-positive human follicular thyroid carcinoma cell lines FTC-133 and FTC-238 that secrete bioactive proRLN2 revealed this hormone to act as a multifunctional endocrine factor in thyroid carcinoma cells. Although RLN2 did not act as a mitogen, it acted as an autocrine/paracrine factor and significantly increased anchorage-independent growth and thyroid carcinoma cell motility and invasiveness through elastin matrices. Suppression of LGR7 expression by LGR7-siRNA abolished the RLN2-mediated accelerated tumor cell motility. The increased elastinolytic activity correlated with enhanced production and secretion of the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin-D (cath-D) and cath-L forms hereby identified as new RLN2 target molecules in human neoplastic thyrocytes. We found the intracellular distribution of procath-L specifically altered in RLN2 transfectants, providing first evidence for selective actions of relaxin on the powerful elastinolytic cath-L production, storage, and secretion in thyroid carcinoma cells. Thus, relaxin enhances the oncogenic potential and acts as novel endocrine modulator of invasiveness in human thyroid carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 130 Basic Medical Sciences, 730 William Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Platt MO, Ankeny RF, Jo H. Laminar Shear Stress Inhibits Cathepsin L Activity in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1784-90. [PMID: 16709945 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000227470.72109.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cysteine proteases, cathepsins, have been implicated in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis, processes known to be regulated by shear stress. It is not known, however, whether shear regulates cathepsins. We examined the hypothesis that shear stress regulates cathepsin activity in endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) exposed to atheroprotective, unidirectional laminar shear (LS) degraded significantly less BODIPY-labeled elastin and gelatin in comparison to static and proatherogenic oscillatory shear (OS). The cathepsin inhibitor E64 also reduced this activity. Gelatin zymography showed that cathepsin activity of MAECs was blunted by LS exposure and by a cathepsin L inhibitor but not by cathepsin B and S inhibitors, whereas a cathepsin K inhibitor had a minor effect. Cathepsin L siRNA knocked down cathepsin L expression, gelatinase, and elastase activity in OS and static MAECs. A partial reduction of cathepsin B protein raised the possibility that the siRNA effect on the matrix protease activity could have been attributable to cathepsin L or B. Cathepsin B activity study using the synthetic peptide showed it was not regulated by shear. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cathepsin L is a shear-sensitive matrix protease and that it may play an important role in flow-mediated vascular remodeling and atherogenic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, 308D WMB, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Helske S, Syväranta S, Lindstedt KA, Lappalainen J, Oörni K, Mäyränpää MI, Lommi J, Turto H, Werkkala K, Kupari M, Kovanen PT. Increased expression of elastolytic cathepsins S, K, and V and their inhibitor cystatin C in stenotic aortic valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1791-8. [PMID: 16728655 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000228824.01604.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible role of elastolytic cathepsins S, K, and V and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in adverse extracellular matrix remodeling of stenotic aortic valves. METHODS AND RESULTS Stenotic aortic valves were collected at valve replacement surgery and control valves at cardiac transplantations. The expression of cathepsins S, K, and V and cystatin C was studied by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction and by immunohistochemistry. Total cathepsin activity in the aortic valves was quantified by a fluorometric microassay. When compared with control valves, stenotic valves showed increased mRNA expression of cathepsins S, K, and V (P<0.05 for each) and a higher total cathepsin activity (P<0.001). In stenotic valves, cystatin C mRNA was increased (P<0.05), and cystatin C protein was found particularly in areas with infiltrates of inflammatory cells. Both cathepsin S and cystatin C were present in bony areas of the valves, whereas cathepsin V localized to endothelial cells in areas rich of neovascularization. Incubation of thin sections of aortic valves with cathepsins S, K, and V resulted in severe disruption of elastin fibers, and this cathepsin effect could be blocked by adding cystatin C to the incubation system. CONCLUSIONS Stenotic aortic valves show increased expression and activity of elastolytic cathepsins S, K, and V. These cathepsins may accelerate the destruction of aortic valvular extracellular matrix, so promoting the progression of aortic stenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satu Helske
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Cheng XW, Kuzuya M, Nakamura K, Di Q, Liu Z, Sasaki T, Kanda S, Jin H, Shi GP, Murohara T, Yokota M, Iguchi A. Localization of cysteine protease, cathepsin S, to the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells by association with integrin alphanubeta3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:685-94. [PMID: 16436681 PMCID: PMC1606490 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration from the tunica media to the intima, a key event in neointimal formation, requires proteolytic degradation of elastin-rich extracellular matrix barriers. Although cathepsin S (Cat S) is overexpressed in atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions, its exact role in SMC behavior remains primarily unresolved. We examined the involvement of Cat S on SMC migration through an extracellular matrix barrier and its localization in SMCs. A selective Cat S inhibitor and the endogenous inhibitor cystatin C significantly attenuated SMC invasion across elastin gel. Western blotting and cell surface biotinylation analysis demonstrated localization of the 28-kd active form of Cat S on the SMC surface, consistent with its role in the proteolysis of subcellular matrices. Treatment with interferon-gamma or interleukin-beta1 significantly augmented the ability of SMC membranes to degrade elastin along with a significant increase in the level of active Cat S compared with controls. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showed a punctuated pattern of Cat S clusters at the periphery of SMCs; further studies demonstrated partial co-localization of Cat S and integrin alphanubeta3 at the cell surfaces. These findings demonstrate that active Cat S co-localizes with integrin alphanubeta3 as a receptor on the SMC surface, playing an important role in the invasive behavior of SMCs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Biotinylation
- Blotting, Western
- Cathepsins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cystatin C
- Cystatins/pharmacology
- Elastin/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Subcellular Fractions
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Linke M, Gordon RE, Brillard M, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Brömme D. Degradation of apolipoprotein B-100 by lysosomal cysteine cathepsins. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1295-303. [PMID: 16972799 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the degradation of cellular or endocytosed proteins comprises the normal function of lysosomal proteinases, these enzymes were also detected extracellularly during diseases such as atherosclerosis. Since lysosomal cysteine cathepsins were demonstrated to transform native LDL particles into a proatherogenic type, the following study was undertaken to characterize the modification of LDL particles and the degradation of apolipoprotein B-100 in more detail. LDL was incubated with cathepsins B, F, K, L, S, and V at pH 5.5 and under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) for 2 h to mimic conditions of limited proteolysis. Gel electrophoretic analysis of the degradation products revealed that cathepsin-mediated proteolysis of apolipoprotein B-100 is a fast process carried out by all enzymes at pH 5.5, and by cathepsin S also at pH 7.4. Electron microscopic analysis showed that cathepsin-mediated degradation of apolipoprotein B-100 rendered LDL particles fusion-competent compared to controls. N-Terminal sequencing of cathepsin cleavage fragments from apolipoprotein B-100 revealed an abundance of enzyme-specific cleavage sites located in almost all structurally and functionally essential regions. Since the cleavage sites superimpose well with results from substrate specificity studies, they might be useful for the development of cathepsin-specific inhibitors and substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linke
- Department of Dentistry and UBC Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Lutgens E, Lutgens SPM, Faber BCG, Heeneman S, Gijbels MMJ, de Winther MPJ, Frederik P, van der Made I, Daugherty A, Sijbers AM, Fisher A, Long CJ, Saftig P, Black D, Daemen MJAP, Cleutjens KBJM. Disruption of the cathepsin K gene reduces atherosclerosis progression and induces plaque fibrosis but accelerates macrophage foam cell formation. Circulation 2005; 113:98-107. [PMID: 16365196 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.561449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin K (catK), a lysosomal cysteine protease, was identified in a gene-profiling experiment that compared human early plaques, advanced stable plaques, and advanced atherosclerotic plaques containing a thrombus, where it was highly upregulated in advanced stable plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the function of catK in atherosclerosis, catK(-/-)/apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-) mice were generated. At 26 weeks of age, plaque area in the catK(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice was reduced (41.8%) owing to a decrease in the number of advanced lesions as well as a decrease in individual advanced plaque area. This suggests an important role for catK in atherosclerosis progression. Advanced plaques of catK(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice showed an increase in collagen content. Medial elastin fibers were less prone to rupture than those of apoE(-/-) mice. Although the relative macrophage content did not differ, individual macrophage size increased. In vitro studies of bone marrow derived-macrophages confirmed this observation. Scavenger receptor-mediated uptake (particularly by CD36) of modified LDL increased in the absence of catK, resulting in an increased macrophage size because of increased cellular storage of cholesterol esters, thereby enlarging the lysosomes. CONCLUSIONS A deficiency of catK reduces plaque progression and induces plaque fibrosis but aggravates macrophage foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Perdereau C, Godat E, Maurel MC, Hazouard E, Diot E, Lalmanach G. Cysteine cathepsins in human silicotic bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1762:351-6. [PMID: 16303289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mature, active cysteine cathepsins (CPs) were identified in human inflammatory bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatants from patients suffering from silicosis by both western blot and surface plasmon resonance analyses. BALFs are not a reservoir of activatable proforms, since no autocatalytic maturation at acidic pH occurs. Cathepsin H is the most profuse among studied CPs (median value: 36.5 nM), while cathepsins B and L are the two most abundant thiol-dependent endoproteases. The overall concentration of active cathepsins B, H, K, L, and S is approximately 10-fold lower than their concentration in BALF supernatants from patients suffering from inflammatory acute lung injuries (962+/-347 nM).The cathepsins (approximately 70 nM)/cystatin-like inhibitors (approximately 9 nM) ratio is unbalanced in favor of enzymes ( approximately 8-fold). This presence of uncontrolled CPs suggests that they may contribute, in addition to matrix metalloproteases, to the lung tissue breakdown/remodeling occurring during silicosis, although their exact contribution to interstitial inflammation remains to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Perdereau
- INSERM U618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Equipe Protéases et Pathologies Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Garcia-Touchard A, Henry TD, Sangiorgi G, Spagnoli LG, Mauriello A, Conover C, Schwartz RS. Extracellular proteases in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1119-27. [PMID: 15802622 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000164311.48592.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteolysis plays a key role in many pathophysiologic processes including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Whereas matrix metalloproteinases are their best known member, many others are becoming better known. The extracellular proteases are a complex and heterogeneous superfamily of enzymes. They include metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinases, adamalysins, or pappalysins), serine proteases (elastase, coagulation factors, plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator), and the cysteine proteases (such cathepsins). In addition to their matrix degradation capabilities, they have other less well known biologic functions that include angiogenesis, growth factor bioavailability, cytokine modulation, receptor shedding, enhancing cell migration, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. This review discusses extracellular proteases relevant to the vasculature, their classification and function, and how protease disorders contribute to arterial plaque growth, including chronic atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, restenosis, and vascular remodeling. These broad extracellular protease functions make them potentially interesting therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Garcia-Touchard
- Minnesota Cardiovascular Research Institute, Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minn 55407, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Vasiljeva O, Dolinar M, Pungercar JR, Turk V, Turk B. Recombinant human procathepsin S is capable of autocatalytic processing at neutral pH in the presence of glycosaminoglycans. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1285-90. [PMID: 15710427 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is unique among mammalian cysteine cathepsins in being active and stable at neutral pH. We show that autocatalytic activation of procathepsin S at low pH is a bimolecular process that is considerably accelerated (approximately 20-fold) by glycosaminoglycans and polysaccharides such as dextran sulfate, chondroitin sulfates A and E, and dermatan sulfate through electrostatic interaction with the proenzyme. Procathepsin S is also shown to undergo autoactivation at neutral pH in the presence of dextran sulfate with t1/2 of approximately 20 min at pH 7.5. This novel property of procathepsin S may have implications in pathological conditions associated with the appearance of active cathepsins outside lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Puzer L, Cotrin SS, Alves MFM, Egborge T, Araújo MS, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Brömme D, Carmona AK. Comparative substrate specificity analysis of recombinant human cathepsin V and cathepsin L. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 430:274-83. [PMID: 15369827 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins V and L have high identity and few structural differences. In this paper, we reported a comparative study of the hydrolytic activities of recombinant human cathepsins V and L using fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides derived from Abz-KLRSSKQ-EDDnp (Abz = ortho-aminobenzoic acid and EDDnp = N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine). Five series of peptides were synthesized to map the S3 to S2' subsites. The cathepsin V subsites S1 and S3 present a broad specificity while cathepsin L has preference for positively charged residues. The S2 subsites of both enzymes require hydrophobic residues with preference for Phe and Leu. The S1' and S2' subsites of cathepsins V and L are less specific. Based on these data we designed substrates to explore the electrostatic potential differences of them. Finally, the kininogenase activities of these cathepsins were compared using synthetic human kininogen fragments. Cathepsin V preferentially released Lys-bradykinin while cathepsin L released bradykinin. This kininogenase activity by cathepsins V and L was also observed from human high and low molecular weight kininogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Puzer
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, 100 São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|