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Dimitriadis K, Adamopoulou E, Pyrpyris N, Sakalidis A, Leontsinis I, Manta E, Mantzouranis E, Beneki E, Soulaidopoulos S, Konstantinidis D, Fragkoulis C, Aggeli K, Tsioufis K. The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the endothelium and the microcirculation: from bench to bedside and beyond. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2023; 9:741-757. [PMID: 37500266 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The beneficial cardiovascular effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors irrespective of the presence of diabetes mellitus are nowadays well established and they already constitute a significant pillar for the management of heart failure, irrespective of the ejection fraction. The exact underlying mechanisms accountable for these effects, however, remain largely unknown. The direct effect on endothelial function and microcirculation is one of the most well studied. The broad range of studies presented in this review aims to link all available data from the bench to bedside and highlight the existing gaps as well as the future directions in the investigations concerning the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the endothelium and the microcirculation. METHODS AND RESULTS An extensive search has been conducted using the MEDLINE/PubMed database in order to identify the relevant studies. Preclinical data suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors directly affect endothelial function independently of glucose and specifically via several interplaying molecular pathways, resulting in improved vasodilation, increased NO production, enhanced mitochondrial homeostasis, endothelial cell viability, and angiogenesis as well as attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Clinical data systematically confirm this beneficial effect on the endothelium, whereas the evidence concerning the effect on the microcirculation is conflicting. CONCLUSION Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors attenuate endothelial and microvascular dysfunction via a combination of mechanisms, which play a role in their beneficial cardiovascular effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Adamopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Pyrpyris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sakalidis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Leontsinis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Manta
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Mantzouranis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Beneki
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Konstantinidis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Fragkoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Aggeli
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
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Ternette N, Adamopoulou E, Purcell AW. How mass spectrometric interrogation of MHC class I ligandomes has advanced our understanding of immune responses to viruses. Semin Immunol 2023; 68:101780. [PMID: 37276649 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK.
| | - Eleni Adamopoulou
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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3
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Georgakopoulou V, Bali T, Adamantou M, Asimakopoulou S, Makrodimitri S, Samara S, Triantafyllou M, Voutsinas P, Eliadi I, Karamanakos G, Basoulis D, Chatzipanagiotou O, Adamopoulou E, Alevizou A, Athanasiadis M, Spandidos D, Papalexis P, Tarantinos K, Sipsas N, Samarkos M, Cholongitas E. Acute hepatitis and liver injury in hospitalized patients with COVID‑19 infection. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:691. [PMID: 36277149 PMCID: PMC9535623 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a systemic illness with an increased host inflammatory response that affects multiple extra-pulmonary organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormalities in liver biochemistry have been observed in a significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 upon admission, and this proportion increases with hospitalization. These abnormalities are typically manifested as elevations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, with less frequently detected elevations in the levels of cholestatic enzymes. Elevated aminotransaminase levels have been linked to an increased risk of mortality and complications, indicating the severity of COVID-19 infection. The present study evaluated the prevalence and the baseline factors associated with the development of acute hepatitis (ΑΗ), liver injury (LI) and associated patterns, as well as the presence of abnormalities in the levels of aminotransferases at discharge in the same cohort. For this purpose, 1,304 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study. According to the results obtained, AST levels at baseline were the only independent factor for AH during hospital stay, while AST, alkaline phosphatase and ferritin levels were independent baseline factors for the development of LI. The patients with hepatocellular, compared to those with cholestatic LI, exhibited similar survival rates, as well as similarities in the development of acute kidney injury and the need for oxygen via high-flow nasal cannula and/or mechanical ventilation. In addition, age and ALT were independent risk factors for persistent abnormal values of AST and ALT at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Georgakopoulou
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Triada Bali
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Magdalini Adamantou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Asimakopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiria Makrodimitri
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Samara
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Triantafyllou
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantazis Voutsinas
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Eliadi
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Karamanakos
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Basoulis
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Odysseas Chatzipanagiotou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Adamopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Alevizou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Menelaos Athanasiadis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petros Papalexis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Sipsas
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Samarkos
- Infectious Diseases and COVID‑19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Sotiropoulos C, Loulelis V, Mastorakou A, Adamopoulou E, Kortesas T, Dimitropoulou A, Blika E, Papadimitriou-Olivgeri I, Binenbaum I. The Impact of the Patras Carnival on the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Outbreak of Influenza A: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091484. [PMID: 36146563 PMCID: PMC9502820 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the impact of the indoor mass gathering of young people during the Patras Carnival in Greece on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and the influenza A epidemic. Materials and Methods: For influenza A, we tested 331 subjects with high fever (>38 °C), who arrived at five separate private laboratories over a two-week period after the carnival, via rapid test. One hundred and eighty-eight of them were young adults (17−35 years old), all unvaccinated against influenza A but all immunized against SARS-CoV-2, either through vaccination or previous infection. For the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we tested 2062 subjects at two time periods, two weeks before and two weeks after the carnival, also via rapid test. Additionally, we examined 42 samples positive for influenza A and 51 samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 for the possibility of co-infection via molecular testing (i.e., RT-PCR). Results: 177/331 (53.5%) subjects tested positive for influenza A, and 109/177 (61.6%) of the positive subjects were young adults, and 93/109 (85.3%) of these subjects were tested in the first week after the carnival. Additionally, 42 samples of those subjects were molecularly tested, and 5 were found negative for influenza A but positive for SARS-CoV-2. Regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the increase in the positivity index for young adults between the pre-carnival and post-carnival periods was moderate. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the indoor mass gathering of young people during the carnival contributed to the outbreak of an influenza A epidemic and had a moderate but not statistically significant impact on the course of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, corroborating the crucial role of vaccination against the epidemic’s waves. It also showed the need for the use of high-quality rapid tests for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleni Blika
- Loulelis Private Laboratory, 26221 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ilona Binenbaum
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Rota IA, Handel AE, Maio S, Klein F, Dhalla F, Deadman ME, Cheuk S, Newman JA, Michaels YS, Zuklys S, Prevot N, Hublitz P, Charles PD, Gkazi AS, Adamopoulou E, Qasim W, Davies EG, Hanson I, Pagnamenta AT, Camps C, Dreau HM, White A, James K, Fischer R, Gileadi O, Taylor JC, Fulga T, Lagerholm BC, Anderson G, Sezgin E, Holländer GA. FOXN1 forms higher-order nuclear condensates displaced by mutations causing immunodeficiency. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj9247. [PMID: 34860543 PMCID: PMC8641933 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXN1 is a master regulator of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development and function. Here, we demonstrate that FOXN1 expression is differentially regulated during organogenesis and participates in multimolecular nuclear condensates essential for the factor’s transcriptional activity. FOXN1’s C-terminal sequence regulates the diffusion velocity within these aggregates and modulates the binding to proximal gene regulatory regions. These dynamics are altered in a patient with a mutant FOXN1 that is modified in its C-terminal sequence. This mutant is transcriptionally inactive and acts as a dominant negative factor displacing wild-type FOXN1 from condensates and causing athymia and severe lymphopenia in heterozygotes. Expression of the mutated mouse ortholog selectively impairs mouse TEC differentiation, revealing a gene dose dependency for individual TEC subtypes. We have therefore identified the cause for a primary immunodeficiency disease and determined the mechanism by which this FOXN1 gain-of-function mutant mediates its dominant negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna A. Rota
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam E. Handel
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefano Maio
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabian Klein
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fatima Dhalla
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary E. Deadman
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stanley Cheuk
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph A. Newman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Yale S. Michaels
- Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saulius Zuklys
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Prevot
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Genome engineering services, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D. Charles
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Athina Soragia Gkazi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Eleni Adamopoulou
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Edward Graham Davies
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Imelda Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alistair T. Pagnamenta
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Carme Camps
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helene M. Dreau
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrea White
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kieran James
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tudor Fulga
- Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Georg A. Holländer
- Department of Paediatrics and the MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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Kuss M, Adamopoulou E, Kahle PJ. Interferon-γ induces leucine-rich repeat kinase LRRK2 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK5 in macrophages. J Neurochem 2014; 129:980-7. [PMID: 24479685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprises a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Recently, it has emerged that LRRK2 plays important roles in the immune system. LRRK2 is induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in monocytes, but the signaling pathway is not known. Here, we show that IFN-γ-mediated induction of LRRK2 was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). This was confirmed by LRRK2 immunostaining, which also revealed that the morphological responses to IFN-γ were suppressed by ERK5 inhibitor treatment. Both human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated the ERK5-LRRK2 pathway after differentiation into macrophages. Thus, LRRK2 is induced via a novel, ERK5-dependent IFN-γ signal transduction pathway, pointing to new functions of ERK5 and LRRK2 in human macrophages. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a major risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the role of LRRK2 in the affected neurons remains enigmatic. Recently, LRRK2 has been reported to be strongly expressed in the immune system. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 is induced by Interferon gamma via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) in macrophages, thus providing new insights in LRRK2 and ERK5 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuss
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Stoeckle C, Rota IA, Tolosa E, Haller C, Melms A, Adamopoulou E. Isolation of myeloid dendritic cells and epithelial cells from human thymus. J Vis Exp 2013:e50951. [PMID: 24084687 DOI: 10.3791/50951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c(+)), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45(hi)) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are integral components of the antitumor immune response. The downregulation of ligands for NK-cell stimulatory receptors represents a strategy whereby glioblastoma cells can evade NK-cell attacks. Histone deacetylase inhibitors can stimulate the (re)expression of these ligands, driving cytotoxic responses against glioblastoma cells that efficiently inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Adamopoulou
- Laboratory of Immunology; Department of Vascular Neurology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Höring E, Podlech O, Silkenstedt B, Rota IA, Adamopoulou E, Naumann U. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a promotes apoptosis and antitumor immunity in glioblastoma cells. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:1351-1360. [PMID: 23564772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been described as multifunctional anticancer agents. The failure of conventional therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) renders this tumor an attractive target for immunotherapy. Innate immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, play a crucial role in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe how the HDACi trichostatin A (TSA) promotes apoptosis of tumor cells, as well as augments anti-GBM innate immune responses. In vitro treatment of GBM cells with TSA results in an up-regulation of the natural killer group-2 member-D (NKG2D) ligands major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain (MIC)-A and UL16 binding protein (ULBP)-2 at both mRNA and protein levels, rendering them susceptible to NK cell-mediated lysis. In vivo, TSA delays tumor growth of GBM xenografts. Both the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of TSA was significantly reduced by blocking NK cell activity. Our data suggest that HDACi, especially in combination with other clinical immunotherapeutical approaches, may be considered in a combined therapeutic approach for GBM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Höring
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Tübingen, Germany
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Levisianou D, Melidonis A, Foussas S, Adamopoulou E, Koutsovasilis A, Xenopoulou T, Koukoulis G, Skoularigis I, Triposkiadis F. MS193 THE RELATION BETWEEN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS FUNCTION CLASSICAL TESTS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Levisianou D, Melidonis A, Foussas S, Adamopoulou E, Skopelitis E, Destounis A, Xenopoulou T, Skoularigis I, Koukoulis G, Triposkiadis F. P101 AORTIC STIFFNESS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR RECURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN VERY HIGH RISK DIABETIC MEN. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Levisianou D, Melidonis A, Adamopoulou E, Skopelitis E, Koutsovasilis A, Protopsaltis I, Zairis M, Kougialis S, Skoularigis I, Koukoulis G, Foussas S, Triposkiadis F. Impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components combinations on arterial stiffness in Type 2 diabetic men. INT ANGIOL 2009; 28:490-495. [PMID: 20087288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Arterial stiffness (AS) is a risk marker of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, yet its association with metabolic syndrome (MS) in diabetic patients is not established. The aim of this study was to investigate possible association of MS or its components with AS in diabetic population and to identify the MS definition which better correlates with AS. METHODS Overall, 98 type-2 diabetic men, mean age 64+/-10 years, were classified into groups according to the presence of MS, using the National Cholesterol Educational Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition. AS was estimated using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). For between-group comparisons and correlations between MS and it's components with AS, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were employed, respectively. For multivariable analysis a linear regression model was used. RESULTS PWV in those with (72.5%) and without NCEP-ATPIII MS was 13.4+/-2.9 vs 12+/-3.2 m/s (P=NS) and in those with (79.6%) and without IDF MS 13.6+/-2.8 vs 11+/-3.2 m/s (P=0.036). AS positively correlated with IDF MS (r=0.332, P=0.036), increased blood pressure (r=0.324, P=0.037), and the combination of increased waist circumference according to IDF with hypertension (r=0.380, P=0.013); no correlation with NCEP-ATPIII MS was detected. In multivariable analysis, age, hypertension, and IDF MS were independently associated with AS (beta=2.52, P=0.039). CONCLUSIONS IDF MS is independently associated with increased AS in diabetic men. Additionally, abdominal obesity, hypertension and older age were likely to be associated with increased AS. PWV measurement may be indicated in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Levisianou
- Diabetes outpatient clinic, Tzanio General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
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Diekmann J, Adamopoulou E, Beck O, Rauser G, Lurati S, Tenzer S, Einsele H, Rammensee HG, Schild H, Topp MS. Processing of two latent membrane protein 1 MHC class I epitopes requires tripeptidyl peptidase II involvement. J Immunol 2009; 183:1587-97. [PMID: 19587004 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The EBV Ag latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been described as a potential target for T cell immunotherapy in EBV-related malignancies. However, only a few CD8(+) T cell epitopes are known, and the benefit of LMP1-specific T cell immunotherapy has not yet been proven. In this work, we studied the processing of the two LMP1 HLA-A02-restricted epitopes, YLLEMLRWL and YLQQNWWTL. We found that target cells endogenously expressing the native LMP1 are not recognized by CTLs specific for these epitopes because the N-terminal part of LMP1 limits the efficiency of epitope generation. We further observed that the proteasome is not required for the generation of both epitopes and that the YLLEMLRWL epitope seems to be destroyed by the proteasome, because blocking of proteasomal activities enhanced specific CTL activation. Activation of LMP1-specific CTLs could be significantly reduced after inhibition of the tripeptidyl peptidase II, suggesting a role for this peptidase in the processing of both epitopes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the MHC class I-restricted LMP1 epitopes studied in this work are two of very few epitopes known to date to be processed proteasome independently by tripeptidyl peptidase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Diekmann
- Medical Clinic und Policlinic II, Julius-Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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15
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Luther C, Adamopoulou E, Stoeckle C, Brucklacher-Waldert V, Rosenkranz D, Stoltze L, Lauer S, Poeschel S, Melms A, Tolosa E. Prednisolone treatment induces tolerogenic dendritic cells and a regulatory milieu in myasthenia gravis patients. J Immunol 2009; 183:841-8. [PMID: 19542375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(high) T regulatory cells (Treg) are relevant in the control of autoimmunity, and a defect in this cell population has been observed in several human autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that altered functions of peripheral Treg cells might play a role in the immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies specific for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. We report in this study a significant decrease in the in vitro suppressive function of peripheral Treg cells isolated from myasthenia patients in comparison to those from healthy donors. Interestingly, Treg cells from prednisolone-treated myasthenia gravis patients showed an improved suppressive function compared with untreated patients, suggesting that prednisolone may play a role in the control of the peripheral regulatory network. Indeed, prednisolone treatment prevents LPS-induced maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells by hampering the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and by limiting secretion of IL-12 and IL-23, and enhancing IL-10. In addition, CD4(+) T cells cultured in the presence of such tolerogenic dendritic cells are hyporesponsive and can suppress autologous CD4(+) T cell proliferation. The results shown in this study indicate that prednisolone treatment promotes an environment that favors immune regulation rather than inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Luther
- Department of General Neurology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University Hospital, Germany.
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16
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Stoeckle C, Sommandas V, Adamopoulou E, Belisle K, Schiekofer S, Melms A, Weber E, Driessen C, Boehm BO, Tolosa E, Burster T. Cathepsin G is differentially expressed in primary human antigen-presenting cells. Cell Immunol 2008; 255:41-5. [PMID: 19036358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are required for the processing of antigens in order to make them suitable for loading on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells. It was shown that antigen processing in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), a commonly used DC model, is different from that of primary human DC. Here, we report that the two subsets of human myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) differ in their cathepsin distribution. The serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) was detected in mDC1, mDC2, pDC, cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) and high levels of CatG were determined in pDC. To address the role of CatG in the processing and presentation of a Multiple Sclerosis-associated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP), we used a non-CatG expressing fibroblast cell line and fibroblasts, which were preloaded with purified CatG. We find that preloading fibroblasts with CatG results in a decrease of MBP84-98-specific T cell proliferation, when compared to control cells. Our data suggest a different processing signature in primary human antigen-presenting cells and CatG may be of functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Levisianou D, Melidonis A, Adamopoulou E, Koutsovasilis A, Manolis A, Skoularigis I, Koukoulis G, Foussas S, Triposkiadis F. THE VALUE OF SMOKING CESSATION IN PRENENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE LINEAR CORRELATION BETWEEN SMOKING INTRNSITY AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Foussas S, Levisianou D, Melidonis A, Adamopoulou E, Koutsovasilis A, Makrygiannis S, Koukoulis G, Skoularigis I, Triposkiadis F. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL OBESITY AND MICROALBUMINURIA IN DEFINING RELATION BETWEEN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN TYPE 2 DIABETICS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adamopoulou E, Diekmann J, Tolosa E, Kuntz G, Einsele H, Rammensee HG, Topp MS. Human CD4+ T cells displaying viral epitopes elicit a functional virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell response. J Immunol 2007; 178:5465-72. [PMID: 17442927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ag-specific cellular recall response to herpes virus infections is characterized by a swift recruitment of virus-specific memory T cells. Rapid activation is achieved through formation of the immunological synapse and supramolecular clustering of signal molecules at the site of contact. During the formation of the immunological synapse, epitope-loaded MHC molecules are transferred via trogocytosis from APCs to T cells, enabling the latter to function as Ag-presenting T cells (T-APCs). The contribution of viral epitope expressing T-APCs in the regulation of the herpes virus-specific CD8+ T cell memory response remains unclear. Comparison of CD4+ T-APCs with professional APCs such as Ag-presenting CD40L-activated B cells (CD40B-APCs) demonstrated reduced levels of costimulatory ligands. Despite the observed differences, CD4+ T-APCs are as potent as CD40B-APCs in stimulating herpes virus-specific CD8+ T cells resulting in a greater than 35-fold expansion of CD8+ T cells specific for dominant and subdominant viral epitopes. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells generated by CD4+ T-APCs or CD40B-APCs showed both comparable effector function such as specific lysis of targets and cytokine production and also did not differ in their phenotype after expansion. These results indicate that viral epitope presentation by Ag-specific CD4+ T cells may contribute to the rapid recruitment of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells during a viral recall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Adamopoulou
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Röntgernring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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Zairis PB, Zairis M, Adamopoulou E, Michalopoulou H, Foussas S. Circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac Troponin I upon admission and 31-day mortality in patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure. Crit Care 2007. [PMCID: PMC4095301 DOI: 10.1186/cc5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kolovou G, Hatzaki A, Kafaltis N, Hoursalas J, Adamopoulou E, Mastorakou I, Aggelakas S, Cokkinos D. 1.P.192 Regression of tendon xanthomata after lipid lowering therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(97)88370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Demopoulos VP, Olympios CD, Fakiolas CN, Pissimissis EG, Economides NM, Adamopoulou E, Foussas SG, Cokkinos DV. The natural history of aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Heart 1997; 78:136-41. [PMID: 9326986 PMCID: PMC484892 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.78.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of coronary artery ectasia, either isolated or in association with obstructive coronary artery disease, to morbidity and mortality from ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN A retrospective study of patients undergoing coronary arteriography at a tertiary cardiac centre. PATIENTS AND METHODS The epidemiological, clinical, arteriographic, and follow up characteristics of three groups of patients were examined: group A, 172 patients with coronary artery ectasia and coexisting significant coronary artery disease; group B, 31 patients with coronary artery ectasia only; group C, 165 patients with significant coronary artery disease but without ectasia, matched for sex and age with group A. RESULTS Group A patients had a similar incidence of a previous myocardial infarction to group C patients (61.6% v 64.2%), exercise performance, severity of obstructive lesions (CASS score 2.19 v 2.14), and similar distribution of diseased vessels. At follow up of approximately two years they experienced a similar incidence of unstable angina (7.5% v 4.4%) and myocardial infarction plus cardiac death (4.9% v 6.1%). They underwent bypass surgery with similar frequency (39% v 42%) but there was a lower frequency of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (5.8% v 17%, P < 0.01). Patients with pure coronary ectasia (group B) had a lower incidence of a previous myocardial infarction (38.7%, 12/31, P < 0.05) than the two other groups. The infarct in all cases was related to an ectatic artery. Their exercise performance and ejection fraction (9 (SD 3) minutes and 56.5(9)%) were higher (P < 0.01) than group A (5 (2) minutes, 48.3(10)%) and group C (5.3 (2) minutes, 49.3(10)%). Group B had no myocardial infarctions, cardiac death, surgery, or intervention at follow up; 4.4% (5/115) developed unstable angina. The incidence of angina at study entry was similar in all three groups (38.7-49.7%). CONCLUSIONS Coronary artery ectasia does not confer added risk in patients with coexisting obstructive coronary artery disease. Although there is a measurable incidence of previous myocardial infarction, patients with pure ectasia have a good prognosis. The wisdom of giving oral anticoagulants to such patients is questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Demopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio State Hospital, Pireus, Greece
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