101
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The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the lung. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:917108. [PMID: 20145712 PMCID: PMC2817378 DOI: 10.1155/2010/917108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules. As a pattern-recognition receptor capable of binding a diverse range of ligands, it is typically expressed at low levels under normal physiological conditions in the majority of tissues. In contrast, the lung exhibits high basal level expression of RAGE localised primarily in alveolar type I (ATI) cells, suggesting a potentially important role for the receptor in maintaining lung homeostasis. Indeed, disruption of RAGE levels has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of pulmonary disorders including cancer and fibrosis. Furthermore, its soluble isoforms, sRAGE, which act as decoy receptors, have been shown to be a useful marker of ATI cell injury. Whilst RAGE undoubtedly plays an important role in the biology of the lung, it remains unclear as to the exact nature of this contribution under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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102
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Zhang L, Postina R, Wang Y. Ectodomain shedding of the receptor for advanced glycation end products: a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3923-35. [PMID: 19672558 PMCID: PMC11115926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates diverse physiological and pathological effects and is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAGE is a receptor for amyloid beta peptides (Ab), mediates Abeta neurotoxicity and also promotes Abeta influx into the brain and contributes to Abeta aggregation. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a secreted RAGE isoform, acts as a decoy receptor to antagonize RAGE-mediated damages. Accumulating evidence has suggested that sRAGE represents a promising pharmaceutic against RAGE-mediated disorders. Recent studies revealed proteolysis of RAGE as a previously unappreciated means of sRAGE production. In this review we summarize these findings on the proteolytic cleavage of RAGE and discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of RAGE shedding. Furthermore, we propose a model in which proteolysis of RAGE could restrain AD development by reducing Abeta transport intothe brain and Abeta production via BACE. Thus, the modulation of RAGE proteolysis provides a novel intervention strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Rolf Postina
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yingqun Wang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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103
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Circulating soluble receptor of advanced glycation end product inversely correlates with atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009; 77:225-31. [PMID: 19924100 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The soluble receptor of advanced glycation end product (sRAGE) prevents vascular damage in experimental animal models, and observational studies in the general population support the hypothesis that sRAGE may exert a protective role on the vasculature. To test this in patients with chronic kidney disease, we determined the relationship between plasma sRAGE and carotid atherosclerosis in 142 patients with an average estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 32 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) and 49 healthy control individuals matched for age and gender. Plasma sRAGE was significantly higher in patients with chronic kidney disease than in the control cohort. In an aggregate analysis of the patients and controls, there was a significant inverse relationship between eGFR and sRAGE, with a breakpoint in the regression line at 64 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). Significant inverse relationships were found for sRAGE to intima-media thickness and plaque number in the patients with chronic kidney disease, but no such associations were found in the controls. On covariance analysis, the slopes of intima-media thickness and plaque number to sRAGE were significantly steeper in patients with chronic kidney disease than in the controls. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between sRAGE and smoking for predicting atherosclerotic plaques in patients with chronic kidney disease. The pathophysiological significance of this correlation will have to await more mechanistic studies.
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104
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Dettoraki A, Gil APR, Spiliotis BE. Association between serum levels of the soluble receptor (sRAGE) for advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009; 22:895-904. [PMID: 20020577 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2009.22.10.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The binding of AGEs to RAGE is involved in diabetic vascular complications. We studied sRAGE levels and RAGE protein expression (P) together with N-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), a major AGE, in 74 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and 43 healthy (C) children. METHODS sRAGE and CML levels were determined by ELISA and RAGE P was evaluated in mononuclear cells by Western immunoblotting. RESULTS Serum sRAGE was higher in DM1 than in C (1430 +/- 759 vs 1158 +/- 595 pg/ml, p = 0.047), inversely correlated to diabetes duration (r = -0.265, p = 0.037) and directly correlated to LDL-cholesterol levels (r = 0.224, p = 0.039). Diabetes duration correlated independently with sRAGE (p = 0.034). Circulating CML levels were not significantly different between DM1 and C groups (3.51 +/- 1.49 vs 3.59 +/- 1.83 ng/ml, p > 0.05) and RAGE P was lower in DM1 than in C (61 +/- 46 vs 102 +/- 63%, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Increased serum sRAGE in children with DM1 may provide temporary protection against cell damage and may be sufficient to eliminate excessive circulating CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Dettoraki
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras, School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
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105
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Yoshida T, Flegler A, Kozlov A, Stern PH. Direct inhibitory and indirect stimulatory effects of RAGE ligand S100 on sRANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:917-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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106
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Shelton C, Kocherlakota KS, Zhuang S, Abmayr SM. The immunoglobulin superfamily member Hbs functions redundantly with Sns in interactions between founder and fusion-competent myoblasts. Development 2009; 136:1159-68. [PMID: 19270174 DOI: 10.1242/dev.026302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The body wall muscle of a Drosophila larva is generated by fusion between founder cells and fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs). Initially, a founder cell recognizes and fuses with one or two FCMs to form a muscle precursor, then the developing syncitia fuses with additional FCMs to form a muscle fiber. These interactions require members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), with Kin-of-IrreC (Kirre) and Roughest (Rst) functioning redundantly in the founder cell and Sticks-and-stones (Sns) serving as their ligand in the FCMs. Previous studies have not resolved the role of Hibris (Hbs), a paralog of Sns, suggesting that it functions as a positive regulator of myoblast fusion and as a negative regulator that antagonizes the activity of Sns. The results herein resolve this issue, demonstrating that sns and hbs function redundantly in the formation of several muscle precursors, and that loss of one copy of sns enhances the myoblast fusion phenotype of hbs mutants. We further show that excess Hbs rescues some fusion in sns mutant embryos beyond precursor formation, consistent with its ability to drive myoblast fusion, but show using chimeric molecules that Hbs functions less efficiently than Sns. In conjunction with a physical association between Hbs and SNS in cis, these data account for the previously observed UAS-hbs overexpression phenotypes. Lastly, we demonstrate that either an Hbs or Sns cytodomain is essential for muscle precursor formation, and signaling from IgSF members found exclusively in the founder cells is not sufficient to direct precursor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Shelton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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107
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Kim OY, Jo SH, Jang Y, Chae JS, Kim JY, Hyun YJ, Lee JH. G allele at RAGE SNP82 is associated with proinflammatory markers in obese subjects. Nutr Res 2009; 29:106-13. [PMID: 19285601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with low-grade inflammation. The Gly82Ser (G82S) polymorphism in the receptor for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene related to RAGE expression is also involved in inflammatory response. We examined the association between RAGEG82S and obesity on soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and inflammatory markers in Korean men. The following were measured: anthropometric and biochemical parameters, RAGEG82S polymorphism, sRAGE, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and inflammatory markers in men (n = 1252; range, 30-70 years; body mass index [BMI], > or =18.5 kg/m(2)). Allele frequencies satisfied Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (G/G: 72.2%, G/S: 25.5%, S/S: 2.3%). RAGEG82S (beta-coefficient = -0.384, P < .001) and BMI (beta-coefficient = -0.168, P = .001) were major factors affecting sRAGE concentrations. In all subjects, those with 'S/S' homozygotes showed the lowest levels of sRAGE (G/G: 1036.3 +/- 40.3, G/S: 807.0 +/- 49.6, S/S: 443.0 +/- 47.8 pg/mL) before (P < .001) and after adjusted for age, BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking (P < .001). When subdivided according to BMI of 25 kg/m(2) (Asian Pacific guideline), obese subjects (BMI > or =25 kg/m(2)) had significantly lower levels of sRAGE (831.7 +/- 36.7 vs 1022.7 +/- 47.8 pg/mL, P = .009) and higher levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (1.10 +/- 0.07 vs 0.72 +/- 0.05 mg/dL, P < .001) compared with nonobese subjects (BMI <25 kg/m(2)). Particularly in obese subjects, S/S carriers showed significantly higher concentrations of AGEs (P = .012) and hs-CRP (P = .006) than G allele carriers, whereas nonobese people had no significant RAGEG82S-related differences in AGEs (P = .743) and hs-CRP (P = .436). In conclusion, G allele at RAGEG82S may be more associated with inflammatory markers under obese status than nonobese conditions. In this case, it may help to suggest proper dietary modification for controlling obesity to people with genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics Lab, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
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108
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Davé SH, Tilstra JS, Matsuoka K, Li F, DeMarco RA, Beer-Stolz D, Sepulveda AR, Fink MP, Lotze MT, Plevy SE. Ethyl pyruvate decreases HMGB1 release and ameliorates murine colitis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:633-43. [PMID: 19454652 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signals from stressed cells and the enteric microbiota activate macrophages and dendritic cells and mediate intestinal inflammation. HMGB1 serves as an immunogenic stimuli causing release of inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits secretion of HMGB1 and improves survival in models of endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock. We reasoned that ethyl pyruvate may be protective in colitis, which involves similar inflammatory pathways. In IL-10(-/-) mice with established chronic colitis, ethyl pyruvate administration ameliorated colitis and reduced intestinal cytokine production. IL-10(-/-) mice demonstrated increased intestinal HMGB1 expression and decreased expression of RAGE compared with wild-type mice. Fecal HMGB1 levels were decreased in ethyl pyruvate-treated mice. Furthermore, ethyl pyruvate induced HO-1 expression in intestinal tissue. In TNBS-induced colitis, intrarectal administration of ethyl pyruvate resulted in amelioration of colitis and reduced intestinal cytokine production. In LPS-activated murine macrophages, ethyl pyruvate decreased expression of IL-12 p40 and NO production but did not affect IL-10 levels. Ethyl pyruvate did not inhibit nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB family members but attenuated NF-kappaB DNA binding. Additionally, ethyl pyruvate induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression and HO-1 promoter activation. Moreover, ethyl pyruvate prevented nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1. In conclusion, the HMGB1/RAGE pathway has pathophysiologic and diagnostic significance in experimental colitis. Ethyl pyruvate and other strategies to inhibit HMGB1 release and function represent promising interventions in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaival H Davé
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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109
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Comparison of distinct protein isoforms of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed in murine tissues and cell lines. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:79-89. [PMID: 19415334 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is thought to be expressed ubiquitously as various protein isoforms. Our objective was to use Northern blotting, immunoblotting, and sensitivity to N-glycanase digestion to survey RAGE isoforms expressed in cell lines and mouse tissues in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the RAGE expressome. Pulmonary RAGE mRNA (1.4 kb) was smaller than cell-line and tissue RAGE mRNA (6 kb-10 kb). Three anti-RAGE antibodies that recognized three distinct RAGE epitopes were used for protein studies (N-16, H-300, and alphaES). Lung expressed three predominant protein isoforms with apparent molecular masses of 45.1, 52.6, and 57.4 kDa (N-16/H-300) and four isoforms at 25.0, 46.9, 52.5, and 54.2 kDa (alphaES). These isoforms were expressed exclusively in lung. Heart, ileum, and kidney expressed a 44.0-kDa isoform (N-16), whereas aorta and pancreas expressed a 53.3-kDa isoform (alphaES). Each of these isoforms were absent in tissue extracts prepared from RAGE(-/-) mice. Cell lines expressed a 70.0-kDa isoform, and a subset expressed a 30.0-kDa isoform (alphaES). Lung RAGE appeared to contain two N-linked glycans. Tissue and cell-line RAGE isoforms were completely insensitive to PNGase F digestion. Thus, numerous RAGE protein isoforms are detectable in tissues and cell lines. Canonical transmembrane and soluble RAGE appear to be expressed solely in lung (N-16/H-300). Non-pulmonary tissues and cell lines, regardless of the source tissue, both express distinct RAGE protein isoforms containing the N-terminal N-16 epitope or the alphaES RAGE epitope encoded by alternate exon 9, but lacking the H-300 epitope.
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110
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Su X, Looney MR, Gupta N, Matthay MA. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is an indicator of direct lung injury in models of experimental lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L1-5. [PMID: 19411309 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90546.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a marker of alveolar type I cells and is elevated in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute lung injury (ALI). We tested the hypothesis that RAGE in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) would be elevated in experimental models of direct ALI characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury. We developed ELISA measurements for RAGE and studied ALI (direct and indirect) mouse models and collected BAL at specified endpoints to measure RAGE. We also tested whether levels of BAL RAGE correlated 1) with the severity of lung injury in acid and hyperoxia-induced ALI and 2) with the beneficial effect of a novel treatment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in LPS-induced ALI. In ALI models of direct lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of acid, LPS, or Escherichia coli, the BAL RAGE was 58-, 22-, and 13-fold elevated, respectively. In contrast, BAL RAGE was not detectable in indirect models of ALI induced by an intraperitoneal injection of thiourea or by an intravenous injection of MHC I monoclonal antibody that produces a mouse model of transfusion-related ALI. BAL RAGE did correlate with the severity of lung injury in acid and hyperoxia-induced ALI. In addition, with LPS-induced ALI, BAL RAGE was markedly reduced with MSC treatment. In summary, BAL RAGE is an indicator of ALI, and it may be useful in distinguishing direct from indirect models of ALI as well as assessing the response to specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Su
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA.
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111
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Cho HJ, Son SM, Jin SM, Hong HS, Shin DH, Kim SJ, Huh K, Mook‐Jung I. RAGE regulates BACE1 and Aβ generation
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NFAT1 activation in Alzheimer's disease animal model. FASEB J 2009; 23:2639-49. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-126383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - S. M. Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - S. M. Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - H. S. Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - D. H. Shin
- Department of PhysiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - S. J. Kim
- Department of PhysiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Ischemia/Hypoxia Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - K. Huh
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramAjou University School of MedicineSuwonKorea
| | - I. Mook‐Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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112
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Sparvero LJ, Asafu-Adjei D, Kang R, Tang D, Amin N, Im J, Rutledge R, Lin B, Amoscato AA, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT. RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), RAGE ligands, and their role in cancer and inflammation. J Transl Med 2009; 7:17. [PMID: 19292913 PMCID: PMC2666642 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts [RAGE] is an evolutionarily recent member of the immunoglobulin super-family, encoded in the Class III region of the major histocompatability complex. RAGE is highly expressed only in the lung at readily measurable levels but increases quickly at sites of inflammation, largely on inflammatory and epithelial cells. It is found either as a membrane-bound or soluble protein that is markedly upregulated by stress in epithelial cells, thereby regulating their metabolism and enhancing their central barrier functionality. Activation and upregulation of RAGE by its ligands leads to enhanced survival. Perpetual signaling through RAGE-induced survival pathways in the setting of limited nutrients or oxygenation results in enhanced autophagy, diminished apoptosis, and (with ATP depletion) necrosis. This results in chronic inflammation and in many instances is the setting in which epithelial malignancies arise. RAGE and its isoforms sit in a pivotal role, regulating metabolism, inflammation, and epithelial survival in the setting of stress. Understanding the molecular structure and function of it and its ligands in the setting of inflammation is critically important in understanding the role of this receptor in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Sparvero
- Departments of Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.
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113
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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114
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Role of RAGE in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Promising prospects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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115
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Kalea AZ, Reiniger N, Yang H, Arriero M, Schmidt AM, Hudson BI. Alternative splicing of the murine receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) gene. FASEB J 2009; 23:1766-74. [PMID: 19164451 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-117739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a critical mechanism in genomic complexity, disease, and development. Studies of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) indicate that this gene undergoes a variety of splice events in humans. However, no studies have extensively analyzed the tissue distribution in other species or compared evolutionary differences of RAGE isoforms. Because the majority of studies probing RAGE function have been performed in murine models, we therefore performed studies to identify and characterize the splice variants of the murine RAGE gene, and we compared these to human isoforms. Here, using mouse tissues, we identified numerous splice variants including changes in the extracellular domain or the removal of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, which produce soluble splice isoforms. Comparison of splice variants between humans and mice revealed homologous regions in the RAGE gene that undergo splicing as well as key species-specific mechanisms of splicing. Further analysis of tissue splice variant distribution in mice revealed major differences between lung, kidney, heart, and brain. To probe the potential impact of disease-like pathological states, we studied diabetic mice and report that RAGE splice variation changed dramatically, resulting in an increase in production of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) splice variants, which were not associated with detectable levels of sRAGE in murine plasma. In conclusion, we have determined that the murine RAGE gene undergoes extensive splicing with distinct splice isoforms being uniquely distributed in different tissues. These differences in RAGE splicing in both physiological and pathogenic states further expand our understanding of the biological repertoire of this receptor in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Z Kalea
- Division of Surgical Science, Dept. of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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116
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Lin L, Park S, Lakatta EG. RAGE signaling in inflammation and arterial aging. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:1403-13. [PMID: 19273137 DOI: 10.2741/3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that interacts with diverse endogenous ligands. Ligation of RAGE triggers a series of cellular signaling events, including the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and causing inflammation. While acute inflammation serves to resolve pathogen infection and stresses, which promote tissue repair, persistent inflammation results in maladaptive tissue remodeling and damage. RAGE signaling has been implicated in multiple detrimental human illnesses including diabetes, atherosclerosis, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, prolonged inflammation often serves as the precursor for arterial remodeling that underlies the exponential increase of age-associated arterial diseases. Despite the significant progress and exciting discoveries in RAGE research, little is known on the biochemistry of RAGE and the signaling mechanism of RAGE remains poorly defined. The biological impact of RAGE signaling in clinical situations and aging-associated diseases also remains to be fully realized. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary on both recent findings and missing pieces of the RAGE puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA.
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117
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Leclerc E, Fritz G, Vetter SW, Heizmann CW. Binding of S100 proteins to RAGE: an update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:993-1007. [PMID: 19121341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor of the immunoglobulin family. RAGE interacts with structurally different ligands probably through the oligomerization of the receptor on the cell surface. However, the exact mechanism is unknown. Among RAGE ligands are members of the S100 protein family. S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins with high structural homology. Several members of the family have been shown to interact with RAGE in vitro or in cell-based assays. Interestingly, many RAGE ligands appear to interact with distinct domains of the extracellular portion of RAGE and to trigger various cellular effects. In this review, we summarize the modes of S100 protein-RAGE interaction with regard to their cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Fl 33431, USA
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118
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Zhang L, Bukulin M, Kojro E, Roth A, Metz VV, Fahrenholz F, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, Postina R. Receptor for advanced glycation end products is subjected to protein ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35507-16. [PMID: 18952609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806948200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a 55-kDa type I membrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Ligand-induced up-regulation of RAGE is involved in various pathophysiological processes, including late diabetic complications and Alzheimer disease. Application of recombinant soluble RAGE has been shown to block RAGE-mediated pathophysiological conditions. After expression of full-length RAGE in HEK cells we identified a 48-kDa soluble RAGE form (sRAGE) in the culture medium. This variant of RAGE is smaller than a 51-kDa soluble version derived from alternative splicing. The release of sRAGE can be induced by the phorbol ester PMA and the calcium ionophore calcimycin via calcium-dependent protein kinase C subtypes. Hydroxamic acid-based metalloproteinase inhibitors block the release of sRAGE, and by RNA interference experiments we identified ADAM10 and MMP9 to be involved in RAGE shedding. In protein biotinylation experiments we show that membrane-anchored full-length RAGE is the precursor of sRAGE and that sRAGE is efficiently released from the cell surface. We identified cleavage of RAGE to occur close to the cell membrane. Ectodomain shedding of RAGE simultaneously generates sRAGE and a membrane-anchored C-terminal RAGE fragment (RAGE-CTF). The amount of RAGE-CTF increases when RAGE-expressing cells are treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor, suggesting that RAGE-CTF is normally further processed by gamma-secretase. Identification of these novel mechanisms involved in regulating the availability of cell surface-located RAGE and its soluble ectodomain may influence further research in RAGE-mediated processes in cell biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Becherweg 30, Mainz D-55099, Germany
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119
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Qin J, Goswami R, Dawson S, Dawson G. Expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in oligodendrocytes in response to oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2414-22. [PMID: 18438937 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination is a common result of oxidative stress in the nervous system, and we report here that the response of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress involves the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE has not previously been reported in neonatal rat oligodendrocytes (NRO), but, by using primers specific for rat RAGE, we were able to show expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for RAGE in NRO, and a 55-kDa protein was detected by Western blotting with antibodies to RAGE. Neonatal rat oligodendrocytes stained strongly for RAGE, suggesting membrane localization of RAGE. Addition of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (100 microM) initiated 55-kDa RAGE shedding from the cell membrane and the appearance of "soluble" 45-kDa RAGE in the culture medium, followed by restoration of RAGE expression to normal levels. Increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration (>200 microM) resulted in no restoration of RAGE, and the cells underwent apoptosis and necrosis. We further confirmed the observation in a human oligodendroglioma-derived (HOG) cell line. Both the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and the broad-spectrum metalloproteases inhibitor TAPI0 were able partially to inhibit shedding of RAGE, suggesting involvement of metalloproteases in cleavage to produce soluble RAGE. The level of 55-kDa RAGE in autopsy brain of patients undergoing neurodegeneration with accompanying inflammation [multiple sclerosis and neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten's disease)] was much lower than that in age-matched controls, suggesting that shedding of RAGE might occur as reactive oxygen species accumulate in brain cells and be part of the process of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Nozaki I, Watanabe T, Kawaguchi M, Akatsu H, Tsuneyama K, Yamamoto Y, Ohe K, Yonekura H, Yamada M, Yamamoto H. Reduced expression of endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer's disease brains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:279-90. [PMID: 18431028 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a cell-surface multiligand receptor, which interacts with amyloid beta (Abeta), a key protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAGE-Abeta interaction is thought to be associated with pathological progression in AD. A splice variant of RAGE, endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) can act as a decoy receptor for RAGE ligands that would prevent the progression of some pathologic conditions. In this study, the expression of esRAGE in the hippocampal tissues from AD brains compared with control (non-AD) was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampal tissues using esRAGE-specific antibody revealed significantly decreased immunoreactivities in pyramidal cells in CA1 and CA3 regions of AD compared with non-AD. On the other hand, immunoreactivities of astrocytes for esRAGE significantly increased in those regions. Dentate granule cells and astrocytes showed essentially invariant immunoreactivities between AD and non-AD. Changes in esRAGE immunoreactivity in CA3 neurons and astrocytes were observed from the early pathological stages. Moreover, the esRAGE-immunoreactive bands of AD samples were weaker than those of non-AD samples in Western blot analysis. The results indicate that low expression of esRAGE in the hippocampus would be associated with the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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121
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Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Sakamoto K, Yasuda T, Umayahara Y, Kosugi K, Yamasaki Y. Serum endogenous secretory RAGE level is an independent risk factor for the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:288-92. [PMID: 18926539 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) system plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. It has been recently reported that endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) and total soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels are associated with diabetic complications. The aim of the present study is to longitudinally evaluate the association between esRAGE and sRAGE levels and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Japanese type 1 diabetic patients (n=47, aged 24.0+/-3.1 years) were enrolled into a 4-year follow-up study and annual measurements of serum esRAGE and sRAGE levels and IMTs were performed. At baseline, mean-IMT was inversely correlated with circulating esRAGE levels (r=-0.317, p=0.0292), whereas there was not statistical significance between mean-IMT and sRAGE levels. Mean-IMT significantly increased during the follow-up period (from 0.63+/-0.10 to 0.67+/-0.10mm, p=0.0022). Annual increase in mean-IMT (=(mean-IMT after 4 years-mean-IMT at baseline)/4) was positively correlated with the arithmetic average of systolic blood pressure (r=0.310, p=0.0332) and triglyceride (r=0.337, p=0.0201), and inversely correlated with circulating esRAGE levels (r=-0.360, p=0.0124) and sRAGE levels (r=-0.406, p=0.0042) during the follow-up period. Furthermore, stepwise multivariate regression analyses revealed that continuous low levels of circulating esRAGE and sRAGE were determinants of the progression of mean-IMT independently of conventional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Circulating esRAGE level as well as sRAGE level was an independent risk factor for the progression of carotid IMT in type 1 diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Katakami
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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122
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Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Sakamoto K, Yasuda T, Yamasaki Y. Endogenous secretory RAGE but not soluble RAGE is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5:190-7. [PMID: 18777492 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2008.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) system play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. The soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) that potentially counteracts AGEs consists of several forms, including endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE; a splice variant of RAGE) and cleaved-type soluble RAGE derived from cell-surface RAGE. The aim of this study was to compare sRAGE and esRAGE directly in patients with type 1 diabetes. The associations of both total sRAGE and esRAGE with markers of glycaemic control and with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as a marker of atherosclerosis were examined in 130 type 1 diabetes patients (aged 23.6+/-4.9 years) and 22 age-matched non-diabetic subjects. IMT was inversely correlated with esRAGE (r=-0.254, p=0.0015) but neither with sRAGE nor subtracted soluble RAGE values (that is, circulating total sRAGE values - circulating esRAGE values). Furthermore, a stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that esRAGE (F=7.3), but not sRAGE, was a variable that interacted independently of IMT. It is likely that circulating sRAGE and esRAGE are distinct markers and that circulating esRAGE levels, but not sRAGE levels, are associated with the status of early-stage atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Katakami
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Nienhuis HL, de Leeuw K, Bijzet J, Smit A, Schalkwijk CG, Graaff R, Kallenberg CG, Bijl M. Skin autofluorescence is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus but is not reflected by elevated plasma levels of advanced glycation endproducts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1554-8. [PMID: 18701539 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether skin advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulation, plasma levels of AGEs-N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and N(epsilon)-carboxyethyllysine (CEL)-and serum levels of soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) are elevated in SLE patients compared with controls, and whether these parameters are related to disease activity and endothelial cell (EC) activation. METHODS Ten SLE patients (9 women, age 34 +/- 13 yrs, mean +/- s.d.) and 10 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Patients were analysed during inactive as well as active disease. Skin AGE accumulation was estimated using ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light for measurement of autofluorescence obtained by Excitation-Emission matrix Scanner (AF-EEMS). Levels of CML and CEL were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Levels of sRAGE and of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were determined by ELISAs. RESULTS Skin AF-EEMS was increased in SLE patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). Levels of CML and CEL were comparable between patients and controls and were not influenced by disease activity. sRAGE and sVCAM-1 levels were higher in quiescent SLE patients compared with controls (P < 0.05) and increased further during active disease (P < 0.05). In patients with quiescent disease and controls, sRAGE levels correlated to sVCAM-1 levels (r = 0.579, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Skin AGEs and levels of sRAGE and sVCAM-1 were elevated in SLE patients, whereas levels of CML and CEL were comparable with controls. As sRAGE even further increased during endothelial activation, it might be hypothesized that sRAGE acts as a decoy receptor. Why this proposed mechanism is insufficient to prevent increased AGE accumulation in the skin of SLE patients has to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Nienhuis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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124
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Gohda T, Tanimoto M, Moon JY, Gotoh H, Aoki T, Matsumoto M, Shibata T, Ohsawa I, Funabiki K, Tomino Y. Increased serum endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end-product (esRAGE) levels in type 2 diabetic patients with decreased renal function. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81:196-201. [PMID: 18550199 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binding of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) to their receptor for AGEs (RAGE) may play an important role in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Recently, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) has been identified as an alternative splicing form of RAGE. Furthermore, administration of sRAGE improved atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic mice. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to investigate the role of endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) as a biological marker for type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and also to determine whether serum esRAGE levels are associated with serum AGEs [including Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine-protein adducts (CML) and pentosidine] levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum esRAGE levels were examined in 107 type 2 diabetic patients including those on hemodialysis (HD). Diabetic patients were divided into three groups as follows: Group A [patients without nephropathy, i.e. normoalbuminuric stage (AER<30microg/mg creatinine)], Group B [patients with nephropathy (AER>30microg/mg creatinine) but excluding HD patients], and Group C (HD patients). RESULTS Serum esRAGE and AGEs (including CML and pentosidine) levels in Group C were significantly higher than in Group A or B. In single linear univariate correlation, serum esRAGE levels were correlated using body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes, and serum creatinine, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and AGEs (including CML and pentosidine) levels. Furthermore, in stepwise multivariate regression analysis, the levels of serum creatinine and duration of diabetes were independently associated with serum esRAGE levels. CONCLUSION Serum esRAGE levels are associated with the severity of renal dysfunction and duration of diabetes in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Gohda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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125
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Xie J, Reverdatto S, Frolov A, Hoffmann R, Burz DS, Shekhtman A. Structural basis for pattern recognition by the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27255-69. [PMID: 18667420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801622200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor that is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetic complications, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory responses. The ability of RAGE to recognize advanced glycated end products (AGEs) formed by nonenzymatic glycoxidation of cellular proteins places RAGE in the category of pattern recognition receptors. The structural mechanism of AGE recognition was an enigma due to the diversity of chemical structures found in AGE-modified proteins. Here, using NMR spectroscopy we showed that the immunoglobulin V-type domain of RAGE is responsible for recognizing various classes of AGEs. Three distinct surfaces of the V domain were identified to mediate AGE-V domain interactions. They are located in the positively charged areas of the V domain. The first interaction surface consists of strand C and loop CC ', the second interaction surface consists of strand C ', strand F, and loop FG, and the third interaction surface consists of strand A ' and loop EF. The secondary structure elements of the interaction surfaces exhibit significant flexibility on the ms-micros time scale. Despite highly specific AGE-V domain interactions, the binding affinity of AGEs for an isolated V domain is low, approximately 10 microm. Using in-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer we show that RAGE is a constitutive oligomer on the plasma membrane. We propose that constitutive oligomerization of RAGE is responsible for recognizing patterns of AGE-modified proteins with affinities less than 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xie
- Department of Chemistry State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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126
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Mukherjee TK, Mukhopadhyay S, Hoidal JR. Implication of receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) in pulmonary health and pathophysiology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 162:210-5. [PMID: 18674642 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a membrane bound receptor and member of the immunoglobulin super family and is normally present in a highly abundant basal level expression in lung. This high expression of RAGE in lung alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) cells is presumably involved in the proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary epithelial cells. However, typically higher than basal level expression of RAGE may indicate the existence of severe pathophysiological condition in lung, e.g. acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During pulmonary tissue injury an endogenous secretory isoform of RAGE called EsRAGE is noticed at high levels in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and plasma. Recently, a soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) produced by recombinant gene technology was shown to exhibit a therapeutic potential in experimental animal models. Detailed study of RAGE in the pulmonary tissues will facilitate the understanding of the importance of RAGE signaling in the pulmonary health and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, MGSIPA Complex, Chandigarh, Punjab 160019, India.
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Raucci A, Cugusi S, Antonelli A, Barabino SM, Monti L, Bierhaus A, Reiss K, Saftig P, Bianchi ME. A soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound form by the sheddase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). FASEB J 2008; 22:3716-27. [PMID: 18603587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) mediates responses to cell danger and stress. When bound by its many ligands (which include advanced glycation endproducts, certain members of the S100/calgranulin family, extracellular high-mobility group box 1, the integrin Mac-1, amyloid beta-peptide and fibrils), RAGE activates programs responsible for acute and chronic inflammation. RAGE is therefore also involved in cancer progression, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. RAGE has several isoforms deriving from alternative splicing, including a soluble form called endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). We show here that most soluble RAGE, either produced by cell lines or present in human blood, is not recognized by an anti-esRAGE antibody. Cells transfected with the cDNA for full-length RAGE, and thus not expressing esRAGE, produce a form of soluble RAGE, cleaved RAGE (cRAGE) that derives from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound molecules and acts as a decoy receptor. By screening chemical inhibitors and genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we identify the sheddase ADAM10 as a membrane protease responsible for RAGE cleavage. Binding of its ligand HMGB1 promotes RAGE shedding. Our data do not disprove the interpretation that high levels of soluble forms of RAGE protect against chronic inflammation, but rather suggest that they correlate with high levels of ongoing inflammation.
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128
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Englert JM, Ramsgaard L, Valnickova Z, Enghild JJ, Oury TD. Large scale isolation and purification of soluble RAGE from lung tissue. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 61:99-101. [PMID: 18558495 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been implicated in numerous disease processes including: atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, impaired wound healing and neuropathy to name a few. Treatment of animals with a soluble isoform of the receptor (sRAGE) has been shown to prevent and even reverse many disease processes. Isolating large quantities of pure sRAGE for in vitro and in vivo studies has hindered its development as a therapeutic strategy in other RAGE mediated diseases that require long-term therapy. This article provides an improvement in both yield and detail of a previously published method to obtain 10mg of pure, endotoxin free sRAGE from 65 g of lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson M Englert
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, W957 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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129
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Koyama Y, Takeishi Y, Niizeki T, Suzuki S, Kitahara T, Sasaki T, Kubota I. Soluble Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a prognostic factor for heart failure. J Card Fail 2008; 14:133-9. [PMID: 18325460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that serum levels of pentosidine, one of the well-defined advanced glycation end products (AGE), was an independent prognostic factor for heart failure. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is expressed in a variety of tissues, and RAGE has a C-truncated secretory isoform of the receptor protein, termed soluble RAGE. In the present study, we measured serum soluble RAGE levels in patients and examined whether serum soluble RAGE predicts prognosis in patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum soluble RAGE concentration was measured in 160 patients with heart failure by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were prospectively followed during a median follow-up period of 872 days with end points of cardiac death or rehospitalization. Serum soluble RAGE level increased with advancing New York Heart Association functional class. Serum soluble RAGE level was also higher in patients with cardiac events than in event free patients. From the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff value of serum soluble RAGE level was determined as 1220 pg/mL. Kaplan-Meier analysis clearly demonstrated that the high soluble RAGE group had a significantly higher incidence of cardiac events than occurred in the low serum soluble RAGE group (P = .0004). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, soluble RAGE and serum pentosidine were independent risk factors for cardiac events (soluble RAGE: HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.16-3.09, P = .010; pentosidine: HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.11-2.29, P = .012). CONCLUSIONS Serum soluble RAGE level is an independent prognostic factor for heart failure, and this novel marker may be useful for risk stratification of patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Koyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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130
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Queisser MA, Kouri FM, Königshoff M, Wygrecka M, Schubert U, Eickelberg O, Preissner KT. Loss of RAGE in pulmonary fibrosis: molecular relations to functional changes in pulmonary cell types. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:337-45. [PMID: 18421017 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0244oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a transmembrane receptor of the Ig superfamily. While vascular RAGE expression is associated with kidney and liver fibrosis, high expression levels of RAGE are found under physiological conditions in the lung. In this study, RAGE expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was assessed, and the relationship of the receptor to functional changes of epithelial cells and pulmonary fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of the disease was investigated. Significant down-regulation of RAGE was observed in lung homogenate and alveolar epithelial type II cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in bleomycin-treated mice, demonstrated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, RAGE down-regulation was provoked by stimulation of primary human lung fibroblasts and A549 epithelial cells with the proinflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta1 or TNF-alpha. Blockade of RAGE resulted in impaired cell adhesion, and small interfering RNA-induced knockdown of RAGE increased cell proliferation and migration of A549 cells and human primary fibroblast in vitro. These results indicate that RAGE serves a protective role in the lung, and that loss of the receptor is related to functional changes of pulmonary cell types, with the consequences of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Queisser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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131
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Jandeleit-Dahm K, Watson A, Soro-Paavonen A. THE AGE/RAGE AXIS IN DIABETES-ACCELERATED ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:329-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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132
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Englert JM, Hanford LE, Kaminski N, Tobolewski JM, Tan RJ, Fattman CL, Ramsgaard L, Richards TJ, Loutaev I, Nawroth PP, Kasper M, Bierhaus A, Oury TD. A role for the receptor for advanced glycation end products in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:583-91. [PMID: 18245812 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severely debilitating disease associated with a dismal prognosis. There are currently no effective therapies for IPF, thus the identification of novel therapeutic targets is greatly needed. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface receptors whose activation has been linked to various pathologies. In healthy adult animals, RAGE is expressed at the highest levels in the lung compared to other tissues. To investigate the hypothesis that RAGE is involved in IPF pathogenesis, we have examined its expression in two mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis and in human tissue from IPF patients. In each instance we observed a depletion of membrane RAGE and its soluble (decoy) isoform, sRAGE, in fibrotic lungs. In contrast to other diseases in which RAGE signaling promotes pathology, immunohistochemical and hydroxyproline quantification studies on aged RAGE-null mice indicate that these mice spontaneously develop pulmonary fibrosis-like alterations. Furthermore, when subjected to a model of pulmonary fibrosis, RAGE-null mice developed more severe fibrosis, as measured by hydroxyproline assay and histological scoring, than wild-type controls. Combined with data from other studies on mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis and human IPF tissues indicate that loss of RAGE contributes to IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson M Englert
- Department of Pathology,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Rubartelli A, Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Washburn NR, Devera ME, Liang X, Tör M, Billiar T. The grateful dead: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction/oxidation regulate immunity. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:60-81. [PMID: 17979840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The response to pathogens and damage in plants and animals involves a series of carefully orchestrated, highly evolved, molecular mechanisms resulting in pathogen resistance and wound healing. In metazoans, damage- or pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs, PAMPs) execute precise intracellular tasks and are also able to exert disparate functions when released into the extracellular space. The emergent consequence for both inflammation and wound healing of the abnormal extracellular persistence of these factors may underlie many clinical disorders. DAMPs/PAMPs are recognized by hereditable receptors including the Toll-like receptors, the NOD1-like receptors and retinoic-acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, as well as the receptor for advanced glycation end products. These host molecules 'sense' not only pathogens but also misfolded/glycated proteins or exposed hydrophobic portions of molecules, activating intracellular cascades that lead to an inflammatory response. Equally important are means to not only respond to these molecules but also to eradicate them. We have speculated that their destruction through oxidative mechanisms normally exerted by myeloid cells, such as neutrophils and eosinophils, or their persistence in the setting of pathologic extracellular reducing environments, maintained by exuberant necrotic cell death and/or oxidoreductases, represent important molecular means enabling chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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134
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Bopp C, Bierhaus A, Hofer S, Bouchon A, Nawroth PP, Martin E, Weigand MA. Bench-to-bedside review: The inflammation-perpetuating pattern-recognition receptor RAGE as a therapeutic target in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:201. [PMID: 18226173 PMCID: PMC2374592 DOI: 10.1186/cc6164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis still represents an important clinical and economic challenge for intensive care units. Severe complications like multi-organ failure with high mortality and the lack of specific diagnostic tools continue to hamper the development of improved therapies for sepsis. Fundamental questions regarding the cellular pathogenesis of experimental and clinical sepsis remain unresolved. According to experimental data, inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor, high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), and complement factor C5a and inhibiting the TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) signaling pathway and apoptosis represent promising new therapeutic options. In addition, we have demonstrated that blocking the signal transduction pathway of receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), a new inflammation-perpetuating receptor and a member of the immunglobulin superfamily, increases survival in experimental sepsis. The activation of RAGE by advanced glycation end-products, S100, and HMGB1 initiates nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Importantly, the survival rate of RAGE knockout mice was more than fourfold that of wild-type mice in a septic shock model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Additionally, the application of soluble RAGE, an extracellular decoy for RAGE ligands, improves survival in mice after CLP, suggesting that RAGE is a central player in perpetuating the innate immune response. Understanding the basic signal transduction events triggered by this multi-ligand receptor may offer new diagnostic and therapeutic options in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bopp
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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135
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Nishizawa Y, Koyama H. Endogenous Secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products and Cardiovascular Disease in End-Stage Renal Disease. J Ren Nutr 2008; 18:76-82. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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136
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Tesarová P, Kalousová M, Jáchymová M, Mestek O, Petruzelka L, Zima T. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)--soluble form (sRAGE) and gene polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Invest 2007; 25:720-5. [PMID: 18058469 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701560521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) may be involved in the pathogenesis of the cancer progression and metastasis. Pathological effects mediated via RAGE are physiologically inhibited by soluble RAGE (sRAGE), so the higher sRAGE levels may confer the patients with cancer with better outcome. The aim was to study sRAGE and RAGE gene polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer. The authors studied sRAGE and RAGE polymorphisms in 120 patients with breast cancer (subdivided based on the clinical stage, histologic grading, expression of hormonal and Her2/neu receptors) and in 92 healthy controls. Despite higher serum concentrations of AGEs, serum concentrations of sRAGE were lower in patients with breast cancer compared to healthy controls (1581 +/- 777 versus 1803 +/- 632 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Serum levels of sRAGE were higher in patients with advanced breast cancer (stage III), lower grade and positive estrogen receptors, and intermediate positivity of Her2/neu receptors and were also influenced genetically (Gly82Ser and 2184 AG polymorphisms of the RAGE gene). Decreased sRAGE levels in patients with breast cancer may contribute to the progression of the disease. Patients with better outcome (low grade and positive estrogen receptors) have higher sRAGE levels. Progression of the disease, may, however, increase sRAGE levels, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to counteract further progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Tesarová
- Department of Oncology, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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137
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Wittkowski H, Hirono K, Ichida F, Vogl T, Ye F, Yanlin X, Saito K, Uese K, Miyawaki T, Viemann D, Roth J, Foell D. Acute Kawasaki disease is associated with reverse regulation of soluble receptor for advance glycation end products and its proinflammatory ligand S100A12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:4174-81. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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138
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Kumano-Kuramochi M, Xie Q, Sakakibara Y, Niimi S, Sekizawa K, Komba S, Machida S. Expression and characterization of recombinant C-terminal biotinylated extracellular domain of human receptor for advanced glycation end products (hsRAGE) in Escherichia coli. J Biochem 2007; 143:229-36. [PMID: 18032414 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor involved in the development of diabetic complications. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, we have successfully expressed and purified the C-terminal biotinylated extracellular domain of human RAGE (hsRAGE), which consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains carrying three putative disulfide bonds. Over 90% of hsRAGE was expressed in soluble form in trxB and gor mutant E. coli strain Origami (DE3). Most hsRAGE was biotinylated with a C-terminal AviTag, and stably immobilized onto matrix via streptavidin without any treatment. Immobilized hsRAGE without glycosylation recognized its ligands, such as AGEs. Biotinylated hsRAGE was also able to apply in the detection of AGEs on microtitre wells like antibodies used in enzyme-linked immunoassay. SPR analysis demonstrated that the dissociation constant (K(d)) of RAGE for AGE-BSA was 23.1 nM with the two-state reaction model, and 13.5 nM with the 1:1 binding model, comparable to those of RAGEs on cell surface. These results indicate that biotinylated hsRAGE must be useful not only in analysing RAGE-ligand interactions but also detect AGEs.
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139
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Koyama H, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y. RAGE and soluble RAGE: potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Mol Med 2007; 13:625-35. [PMID: 17932553 PMCID: PMC2017106 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00087.koyama] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is known to be involved in microvascular complications in diabetes. RAGE is also profoundly associated with macrovascular complications in diabetes through regulation of atherogenesis, angiogenic response, vascular injury, and inflammatory response. The potential significance of RAGE in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease appears not to be confined solely to nondiabetic rather than diabetic conditions. Numerous truncated forms of RAGE have recently been described, and the C-terminally truncated soluble form of RAGE has received much attention. Soluble RAGE consists of several forms, including endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), which is a spliced variant of RAGE, and a shedded form derived from cell-surface RAGE. These heterogeneous forms of soluble RAGE, which carry all of the extracellular domains but are devoid of the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic domains, bind ligands including AGEs and can antagonize RAGE signaling in vitro and in vivo. ELISA systems have been developed to measure plasma esRAGE and total soluble RAGE, and the pathophysiological roles of soluble RAGE have begun to be unveiled clinically. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding pathophysiological roles in cardiovascular disease of RAGE and soluble RAGE and discuss their potential usefulness as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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140
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Santilli F, Bucciarelli L, Noto D, Cefalù AB, Davì V, Ferrante E, Pettinella C, Averna MR, Ciabattoni G, Davì G. Decreased plasma soluble RAGE in patients with hypercholesterolemia: effects of statins. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1255-62. [PMID: 17893038 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is overexpressed at sites of vascular pathology. A soluble RAGE isoform (sRAGE) neutralizes the ligand-mediated damage by acting as a decoy. We hypothesized that in hypercholesterolemia up-regulation of the ligand-RAGE axis may bridge impairment of nitric oxide biosynthesis with oxidative stress. We measured in 60 hypercholesterolemic patients and 20 controls plasma total sRAGE levels, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) excretion, and plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). The effects of two structurally different statins (pravastatin and atorvastatin) on these parameters were analyzed in 20 hypercholesterolemic subjects free of vascular disease. Plasma sRAGE was significantly lower, ADMA and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) were higher, in hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic patients. Patients on statin treatment with previous myocardial infarction had lower 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), higher sRAGE, and unchanged ADMA levels compared to subjects free of vascular disease. On multivariate regression analysis only 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and ADMA predicted sRAGE levels. An 8-week treatment with either statin was associated with a significant reduction in urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), whereas only atorvastatin raised sRAGE levels near to normal values, with no change in ADMA levels. sRAGE might serve as an endogenous protecting factor for accelerated atherosclerosis mediated by oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santilli
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Department of Medicine, and Department of Drug Sciences, University of Chieti G. d'Annunzio Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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141
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Pichiule P, Chavez JC, Schmidt AM, Vannucci SJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates neuronal expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products following hypoxia/ischemia. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36330-40. [PMID: 17942394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) by its multiple ligands can trigger diverse signaling pathways with injurious or pro-survival consequences. In this study, we show that Rage mRNA and protein levels were stimulated in the mouse brain after experimental stroke and systemic hypoxia. In both cases, RAGE expression was primarily associated with neurons. Activation of RAGE-dependent pathway(s) post-ischemia appears to have a neuroprotective role because mice genetically deficient for RAGE exhibited increased infarct size 24 h after injury. Up-regulation of RAGE expression was also observed in primary neurons subjected to hypoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation, an in vitro model of ischemia. Treatment of neurons with low concentrations of S100B decreased neuronal death after oxygen-glucose deprivation, and this effect was abolished by a neutralizing antibody against RAGE. Conversely, high concentrations of exogenous S100B had a cytotoxic effect that seems to be RAGE-independent. As an important novel finding, we demonstrate that hypoxic stimulation of RAGE expression is mediated by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1. This conclusion is supported by the finding that HIF-1alpha down-regulation by Cre-mediated excision drastically decreased RAGE induction by hypoxia or desferrioxamine. In addition, we showed that the mouse RAGE promoter region contains at least one functional HIF-1 binding site, located upstream of the proposed transcription start site. A luciferase reporter construct containing this RAGE promoter fragment was activated by hypoxia, and mutation at the potential HIF-1 binding site decreased hypoxia-dependent promoter activation. Specific binding of HIF-1 to this putative HRE in hypoxic cells was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pichiule
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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142
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Koyama H, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y. Endogenous Secretory RAGE as a Novel Biomarker for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomark Insights 2007; 2:331-9. [PMID: 19662215 PMCID: PMC2717812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is known to be involved in both micro- and macro-vascular complications in diabetes. Among numerous truncated forms of RAGE recently described, the C-terminally truncated form of RAGE has received much attention. This form of RAGE, carrying all of the extracellular domains but devoid of the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic domains, is released outside from cells, binds ligands including AGEs, and is capable of neutralizing RAGE signaling on endothelial cells in culture. This form of RAGE is generated as a splice variant and is named endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). Adenoviral overexpression of esRAGE reverses diabetic impairment of vascular dysfunction, suggesting that esRAGE may be an important inhibitor of RAGE signaling in vivo and potentially be useful for prevention of diabetic vascular complications. An ELISA system to measure plasma esRAGE was recently developed, and the pathophysiological roles of esRAGE have begun to be unveiled clinically. Plasma esRAGE levels are decreased in patients with several metabolic diseases including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In cross-sectional analysis, plasma esRAGE levels are inversely correlated with carotid or femoral atherosclerosis. In an observational cohort of patients with end-stage renal disease, cumulative incidence of cardiovascular death was significantly higher in subjects with lower plasma esRAGE levels. These findings suggest that plasma esRAGE may act as a protective factor against and a novel biomarker for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan,Correspondence: Hidenori Koyama, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. Tel: +81-6-6645-3806; Fax: +81-6-6645-3808;
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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143
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Tan KCB, Chow WS, Tso AWK, Xu A, Tse HF, Hoo RLC, Betteridge DJ, Lam KSL. Thiazolidinedione increases serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1819-1825. [PMID: 17639302 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Interfering with the activation of receptor for AGE (RAGE) by using a soluble form of the AGE receptor (sRAGE) prevents or ameliorates the vascular complications of diabetes in experimental studies. Relatively little is known about factors that influence endogenous circulating sRAGE in humans. We investigated the impact of improving glycaemic control on serum total sRAGE and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), a splice variant of sRAGE, and compared the effect of rosiglitazone with that of sulfonylurea. METHODS A randomised, open-label, parallel group study was performed with 64 participants randomised to receive add-on therapy with either rosiglitazone or sulfonylurea. Serum total sRAGE and esRAGE and metabolic parameters were measured before and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS At 6 months, both rosiglitazone and sulfonylurea resulted in a significant reduction in HbA(1c), fasting glucose and AGE. However, significant increases in total sRAGE and esRAGE were only seen in the rosiglitazone group. As a result, serum esRAGE was higher in the rosiglitazone group than in the sulfonylurea group at 6 months (p < 0.01), whereas the differences in sRAGE between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that treatment modality made a greater contribution than the changes in HbA(1c) to the subsequent changes in esRAGE levels at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Treating type 2 diabetic patients with thiazolidinedione can increase circulating levels of esRAGE and sRAGE. Whether modulation of circulating sRAGE has a beneficial effect on diabetic complications will have to be evaluated in long-term prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - W S Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - A W K Tso
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - A Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - H F Tse
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - R L C Hoo
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - D J Betteridge
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - K S L Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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144
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Devangelio E, Santilli F, Formoso G, Ferroni P, Bucciarelli L, Michetti N, Clissa C, Ciabattoni G, Consoli A, Davì G. Soluble RAGE in type 2 diabetes: association with oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:511-8. [PMID: 17640561 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contribute to diabetic vascular complications by engaging the AGE receptor (RAGE). A soluble RAGE form (sRAGE) acts as a decoy domain receptor, thus decreasing AGE cellular binding. A cross-sectional comparison of sRAGE, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) plasma levels (index of endothelial dysfunction), and urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha) (marker of oxidative stress) was performed between 86 diabetic patients and 43 controls. Plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower and ADMA levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients as compared to controls (P<0.0001). HbA1c and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) were correlated inversely with sRAGE and directly with ADMA. On multivariate analysis HbA1c was independently related to sRAGE levels in diabetic patients. Twenty-four of 86 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and 12 patients in poor metabolic control were reevaluated after treatment with a hypoglycemic agent or insulin, respectively. Improvement in metabolic control by oral agents or insulin resulted in a significant increase in sRAGE and decrease in ADMA levels (P<0.0001). Thus, poor glycemic control reduces sRAGE levels, in association with enhanced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. These abnormalities are susceptible to modulation by improvement in metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Devangelio
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Departments of Medicine and Drug Sciences, University of Chieti "G. D'Annunzio" Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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145
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Yamamoto Y, Miura J, Sakurai S, Watanabe T, Yonekura H, Tamei H, Matsuki H, Obata KI, Uchigata Y, Iwamoto Y, Koyama H, Yamamoto H. Assaying Soluble Forms of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.144337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Junnosuke Miura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Shigeru Sakurai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Takuo Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Hironori Tamei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Hirokazu Matsuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Ken-ichi Obata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Yasuko Uchigata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Yasuhiko Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology (Y.Y., S.S., T.W., H. Yamamoto), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa; Diabetes Center (J.M., Y.U., Y.I.), Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (H. Yonekura), Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa; Research Laboratory (H.T., H.M., K.O.), Daiichi Fine Chemical Co Ltd, Takaoka; Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K.), Osaka City
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146
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Wittkowski H, Sturrock A, van Zoelen MAD, Viemann D, van der Poll T, Hoidal JR, Roth J, Foell D. Neutrophil-derived S100A12 in acute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1369-75. [PMID: 17414728 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000262386.32287.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both persistent accumulation and activation of neutrophils may contribute to the most severe form of acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome. We analyzed the expression of neutrophil-derived S100A12 and the proinflammatory receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Additional in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to further analyze the contribution of S100A12 to pulmonary inflammation. SUBJECTS We included 14 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and eight controls. In addition, 16 healthy subjects were included in an experimental lipopolysaccharide challenge model. INTERVENTIONS Concentrations of S100A12 and soluble RAGE were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The expression of S100A12 and RAGE in lung biopsies from patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. S100A12 was also analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from eight healthy subjects after challenge with lipopolysaccharide and compared with eight controls who received placebo inhalation. Effects of S100A12 on endothelial cells were analyzed in vitro. MAIN RESULTS Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome had significantly enhanced pulmonary S100A12 expression and higher S100A12 protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than controls. Levels of soluble RAGE were not significantly elevated in acute respiratory distress syndrome. S100A12 concentrations decreased with time from disease onset. In healthy volunteers, S100A12 was elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. In vitro experiments confirmed strong proinflammatory effects of human S100A12. CONCLUSIONS S100A12 and its receptor RAGE are found at high concentrations in pulmonary tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in acute lung injury. S100A12 expression may reflect neutrophil activation during lung inflammation and contribute to pulmonary inflammation and endothelial activation via binding to RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Muenster, Germany
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147
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Dattilo BM, Fritz G, Leclerc E, Vander Kooi CW, Heizmann CW, Chazin WJ. The extracellular region of the receptor for advanced glycation end products is composed of two independent structural units. Biochemistry 2007; 46:6957-70. [PMID: 17508727 PMCID: PMC2527459 DOI: 10.1021/bi7003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an important cell surface receptor being pursued as a therapeutic target because it has been implicated in complications arising from diabetes and chronic inflammatory conditions. RAGE is a single membrane spanning receptor containing a very small approximately 40 residue cytosolic domain and a large extracellular region composed of 3 Ig-like domains. In this study, high level bacterial expression systems and purification protocols were generated for the extracellular region of RAGE (sRAGE) and the five permutations of single and tandem domain constructs to enable biophysical and structural characterization of its tertiary and quaternary structure. The structure and stability of each of these six protein constructs was assayed by biochemical methods including limited proteolysis, dynamic light scattering, CD, and NMR. A homology model of sRAGE was constructed to aid in the interpretation of the experimental data. Our results show that the V and C1 domains are not independent domains, but rather form an integrated structural unit. In contrast, C2 is attached to VC1 by a flexible linker and is fully independent. The interaction with a known RAGE ligand, Ca2+-S100B, was mapped to VC1, with the major contribution from the V domain but clearly defined secondary effects from the C1 domain. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to models for RAGE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Dattilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, 465 21 Ave S., 5140 BIOSCI/MRBIII, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37121-8725
| | - Günter Fritz
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Estelle Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 770 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, 465 21 Ave S., 5140 BIOSCI/MRBIII, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37121-8725
| | - Claus W. Heizmann
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75 Zürich, CH 8032
| | - Walter J. Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, 465 21 Ave S., 5140 BIOSCI/MRBIII, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37121-8725
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Vanderbilt University
- * Address correspondence to this author. Tel: 615-936-2210. Fax: 615-936-2211. E-mail:
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148
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Ellerman JE, Brown CK, de Vera M, Zeh HJ, Billiar T, Rubartelli A, Lotze MT. Masquerader: High Mobility Group Box-1 and Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2836-48. [PMID: 17504981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification a third of a century ago, the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein has been linked to varied diverse cellular processes, including release from necrotic cells and secretion by activated macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells. Initially described as solely chromatin-associated, HMGB1 was additionally discovered in the cytoplasm of several types of cultured mammalian cells 6 years later. In addition to its intracellular role, HMGB1 has been identified extracellularly as a putative leaderless cytokine and differentiation factor. In the years since its discovery, HMGB1 has also been implicated in disease states, including Alzheimer's, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, arthritis, and cancer. In cancer, overexpression of HMGB1, particularly in conjunction with its receptor for advanced glycation end products, has been associated with the proliferation and metastasis of many tumor types, including breast, colon, melanoma, and others. This review focuses on current knowledge and speculation on the role of HMGB1 in the development of cancer, metastasis, and potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Ellerman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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149
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Lotze MT, Deisseroth A, Rubartelli A. Damage associated molecular pattern molecules. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:1-4. [PMID: 17468050 PMCID: PMC2000827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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150
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Lantz RC, Lynch BJ, Boitano S, Poplin GS, Littau S, Tsaprailis G, Burgess JL. Pulmonary biomarkers based on alterations in protein expression after exposure to arsenic. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:586-91. [PMID: 17450228 PMCID: PMC1852690 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental exposure to arsenic results in multiple adverse effects in the lung. Our objective was to identify potential pulmonary protein biomarkers in the lung-lining fluid of mice chronically exposed to low-dose As and to validate these protein changes in human populations exposed to As. METHODS Mice were administered 10 or 50 ppb As (sodium arsenite) in their drinking water for 4 weeks. Proteins in the lung-lining fluid were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (n = 3) or multidimensional protein identification technology (MUDPIT) (n = 2) coupled with mass spectrometry. Lung-induced sputum samples were collected from 57 individuals (tap water As ranged from ~ 5 to 20 ppb). Protein levels in sputum were determined by ELISA, and As species were analyzed in first morning void urine. RESULTS Proteins in mouse lung-lining fluid whose expression was consistently altered by As included glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-omega-1, contraspin, apolipoprotein A-I and A-IV, enolase-1, peroxiredoxin-6, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Validation of the putative biomarkers was carried out by evaluating As-induced alterations in RAGE in humans. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation (p = 0.016) between sputum levels of RAGE and total urinary inorganic As, similar to results seen in our animal model. CONCLUSION Combinations of proteomic analyses of animal models followed by specific analysis of human samples provide an unbiased determination of important, previously unidentified putative biomarkers that may be related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clark Lantz
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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