101
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Roles of histone H3-lysine 4 methyltransferase complexes in NR-mediated gene transcription. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 87:343-82. [PMID: 20374709 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)87010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) requires multiple coregulators that modulate chromatin structures by catalyzing a diverse array of posttranslational modifications of histones. Different combinations of these modifications yield dynamic functional outcomes, constituting an epigenetic histone code. This code is inscribed by histone-modifying enzymes and decoded by effector proteins that recognize specific covalent marks. One important modification associated with active chromatin structures is methylation of histone H3-lysine 4 (H3K4). Crucial roles for this modification in NR transactivation have been recently highlighted through our purification and subsequent characterization of a steady-state complex associated with ASC-2, a coactivator of NRs and other transcription factors. This complex, designated ASCOM for ASC-2 complex, contains H3K4-methyltransferase MLL3/HALR or its paralogue MLL4/ALR and represents the first Set1-like H3K4-methyltransferase complex to be reported in vertebrates. This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of how ASCOM-MLL3 and ASCOM-MLL4 influence NR-mediated gene transcription and of their physiological function.
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102
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Eissenberg JC, Shilatifard A. Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in development and differentiation. Dev Biol 2009; 339:240-9. [PMID: 19703438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modification of histones on chromatin is a dynamic mechanism by which various nuclear processes are regulated. Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4) implemented by the macromolecular complex COMPASS and its related complexes is associated with transcriptionally active regions of chromatin. Enzymes that catalyze H3K4 methylation were initially characterized genetically as regulators of Hox loci, long before their catalytic functions were recognized. Since their discovery, genetic and biochemical studies of H3K4 methylases and demethylases have provided important mechanistic insight into the role of H3K4 methylation in HOX gene regulation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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103
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The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) tumor suppressor regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5060-9. [PMID: 19596783 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01001-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Menin, the product of the MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) tumor suppressor gene, is involved in activation of gene transcription as part of an MLL1 (mixed-lineage leukemia 1)/MLL2 (KMT2A/B)-containing protein complex which harbors methyltransferase activity for lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4). As MEN1 patients frequently develop lipomas and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in several MEN1-related tumor types, we investigated regulation of PPARgamma activity by menin. We found that menin is required for adipocyte differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 cells and PPARgamma-expressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Menin augments PPARgamma target gene expression through recruitment of H3K4 methyltransferase activity. Menin interacts directly with the activation function 2 transcription activation domain of PPARgamma in a ligand-independent fashion. Ligand-dependent coactivation, however, is dependent on the LXXLL motif of menin and the intact helix 12 of PPARgamma. We propose that menin is an important factor in PPARgamma-mediated adipogenesis and that loss of PPARgamma function may contribute to lipoma development in MEN1 patients.
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104
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Mishra BP, Ansari KI, Mandal SS. Dynamic association of MLL1, H3K4 trimethylation with chromatin and Hox gene expression during the cell cycle. FEBS J 2009; 276:1629-40. [PMID: 19220463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemias (MLLs) are histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4)-specific methylases that play a critical role in regulating gene expression in humans. As chromatin condensation, relaxation and differential gene expression are keys to correct cell cycle progression, we analyzed the dynamic association of MLL and H3K4 trimethylation at different stages of the cell cycle. Interestingly, MLL1, which is normally associated with transcriptionally active chromatins (G1 phase), dissociates from condensed mitotic chromatin and returns at the end of telophase when the nucleus starts to relax. In contrast, H3K4 trimethylation mark, which is also normally associated with euchromatins (in G1), remains associated, even with condensed chromatin, throughout the cell cycle. The global levels of MLL1 and H3K4 trimethylation are not affected during the cell cycle, and H3Ser28 phosphorylation is only observed during mitosis. Interestingly, MLL target homeobox-containing (Hox) genes (HoxA5, HoxA7 and HoxA10) are differentially expressed during the cell cycle, and the recruitment of MLL1 and H3K4 trimethylation levels are modulated in the promoter of these Hox genes as a function of their expression. In addition, down-regulation of MLL1 results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The fluctuation of H3K4 trimethylation marks at specific promoters, but not at the global level, indicates that H3K4 trimethylation marks that are present in the G1 phase may not be the same as the marks in other phases of the cell cycle; rather, old marks are removed and new marks are introduced. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that MLL1 and H3K4 methylation have distinct dynamics during the cell cycle and play critical roles in the differential expression of Hox genes associated with cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhu P Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington 76019, TX, USA
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105
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Targeted inactivation of MLL3 histone H3-Lys-4 methyltransferase activity in the mouse reveals vital roles for MLL3 in adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19229-34. [PMID: 19047629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2), a transcriptional coactivator of multiple transcription factors that include the adipogenic factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and C/EBPalpha, is associated with histone H3-Lys-4-methyltransferase (H3K4MT) MLL3 or its paralogue MLL4 in a complex named ASCOM (ASC-2 complex). Indeed, ASC-2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been demonstrated to be refractory to PPARgamma-stimulated adipogenesis and fail to express the PPARgamma-responsive adipogenic marker gene aP2. However, the specific roles for MLL3 and MLL4 in adipogenesis remain undefined. Here, we provide evidence that MLL3 plays crucial roles in adipogenesis. First, MLL3(Delta/Delta) mice expressing a H3K4MT-inactivated mutant of MLL3 have significantly less white fat. Second, MLL3(Delta/Delta) MEFs are mildly but consistently less responsive to inducers of adipogenesis than WT MEFs. Third, ASC-2, MLL3, and MLL4 are recruited to the PPARgamma-activated aP2 gene during adipogenesis, and PPARgamma is shown to interact directly with the purified ASCOM. Moreover, although H3K4 methylation of aP2 is readily induced in WT MEFs, it is not induced in ASC-2(-/-) MEFs and only partially induced in MLL3(Delta/Delta) MEFs. These results suggest that ASCOM-MLL3 and ASCOM-MLL4 likely function as crucial but redundant H3K4MT complexes for PPARgamma-dependent adipogenesis.
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106
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Subramanian K, Jia D, Kapoor-Vazirani P, Powell DR, Collins RE, Sharma D, Peng J, Cheng X, Vertino PM. Regulation of estrogen receptor alpha by the SET7 lysine methyltransferase. Mol Cell 2008; 30:336-47. [PMID: 18471979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Upon binding estrogen, ER recruits coactivator complexes with histone acetyltransferase or methyltransferase activities to activate downstream target genes. In addition to histones, coactivators can modify ER itself and other proteins in the transactivation complex. Here, we show that ER is directly methylated at lysine 302 (K302) by the SET7 methyltransferase. SET7-mediated methylation stabilizes ER and is necessary for the efficient recruitment of ER to its target genes and for their transactivation. The SET7-ER complex structure reveals the molecular basis for ER peptide recognition and predicts that modifications or mutations of nearby residues would affect K302 methylation. Indeed, a breast cancer-associated mutation at K303 (K303R) alters methylation at K302 in vitro and in vivo. These findings raise the possibility that generation, recognition, and removal of modifications within the ER hinge region generate "ER modification cassettes" that yield distinct patterns for signaling downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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107
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Lee S, Lee J, Lee SK, Lee JW. Activating signal cointegrator-2 is an essential adaptor to recruit histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases MLL3 and MLL4 to the liver X receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1312-9. [PMID: 18372346 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2), a coactivator of multiple nuclear receptors and transcription factors, including the liver X receptors (LXRs), is associated with histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase (H3K4MT) MLL3 or its paralogue MLL4 in a steady-state complex named ASCOM (ASC-2 complex). ASCOM belongs to Set1-like complexes, a conserved family of related H3K4MT complexes. ASC-2 binds to many nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner through its two LXXLL motifs. In particular, the second motif has been shown to specifically recognize LXRs. However, the exact role for neither ASC-2 nor MLL3/4 in LXR transactivation is clearly defined. Here, we show that the key function of ASC-2 in transactivation by LXRs is to present MLL3 and MLL4 to LXRs. Thus, ASC-2 is required for ligand-induced recruitment of MLL3 and MLL4 to LXRs, and LXR ligand T1317 induces not only expression of LXR-target genes but also their H3K4-trimethylation. Strikingly, both of these ligand effects are ablated in ASC-2-null cells but only partially suppressed in cells expressing an enzymatically inactivated mutant MLL3. Our results also reveal that transactivation by LXRs does not appear to require other Set1-like complexes. Taken together, these results suggest that ASCOM-MLL3 and ASCOM-MLL4 play redundant but essential roles in ligand-dependent H3K4 trimethylation and expression of LXR-target genes, and that ASC-2 is likely a key determinant for LXRs to function through ASCOM but not other Set1-like complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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108
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Mahajan MA, Samuels HH. Nuclear receptor coactivator/coregulator NCoA6(NRC) is a pleiotropic coregulator involved in transcription, cell survival, growth and development. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2008; 6:e002. [PMID: 18301782 PMCID: PMC2254332 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.06002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NCoA6 (also referred to as NRC, ASC-2, TRBP, PRIP and RAP250) was originally isolated as a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interacting protein. However, NCoA6 is a multifunctional coregulator or coactivator necessary for transcriptional activation of a wide spectrum of target genes. The NCoA6 gene is amplified and overexpressed in breast, colon and lung cancers. NCoA6 is a 250 kDa protein which harbors a potent N-terminal activation domain, AD1; and a second, centrally-located activation domain, AD2, which is necessary for nuclear receptor signaling. The intrinsic activation potential of NCoA6 is regulated by its C-terminal STL regulatory domain. Near AD2 is an LxxLL-1 motif which interacts with a wide spectrum of ligand-bound NRs with high-affinity. A second LxxLL motif (LxxLL-2) located towards the C-terminal region is more restricted in its NR specificity. The potential role of NCoA6 as a co-integrator is suggested by its ability to enhance transcriptional activation of a wide variety of transcription factors and from its in vivo association with a number of known cofactors including CBP/p300. NCoA6 has been shown to associate with at least three distinct coactivator complexes containing Set methyltransferases as core polypeptides. The composition of these complexes suggests that NCoA6 may play a fundamental role in transcriptional activation by modulating chromatin structure through histone methylation. Knockout studies in mice suggest that NCoA6 is an essential coactivator. NCoA6-/- embryos die between 8.5-12.5 dpc from general growth retardation coupled with developmental defects in the heart, liver, brain and placenta. NCoA6-/- MEFs grow at a reduced rate compared to WT MEFs and spontaneously undergo apoptosis, indicating the importance of NCoA6 as a prosurvival and anti-apoptotic gene. Studies with NCoA6+/- and conditional knockout mice suggest that NCoA6 is a pleiotropic coregulator involved in growth, development, wound healing and maintenance of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktar A Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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109
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Kinyamu HK, Jefferson WN, Archer TK. Intersection of nuclear receptors and the proteasome on the epigenetic landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:83-95. [PMID: 18095329 PMCID: PMC2482603 DOI: 10.1002/em.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent a class of transcription factors that associate with both positive and negative chromatin modifying complexes to activate or repress gene transcription. The 26S proteasome plays a major role in NR-regulated gene transcription by tightly regulating the levels of the receptor and coregulator complexes. Recent evidence suggests a robust nonproteolytic role for specific proteasome subunits in gene transcription mediated via alterations in specific histone modifications. The involvement of nuclear receptors and the proteasome with chromatin modifying complexes or proteins, particularly those that modify DNA and histone proteins, provides an opportunity to review two critical epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression and heritable biological processes. Both nuclear receptors and the proteasome are targets of environmental factors including some which lead to epigenetic changes that can influence human diseases such as cancer. In this review, we will explore molecular mechanisms by which NR-mediated gene expression, under the control of the proteasome, can result in altered epigenetic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trevor K. Archer
- Correspondence to: Trevor K. Archer, Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233 (MD C4−06), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
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110
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Ansari KI, Mishra BP, Mandal SS. Human CpG binding protein interacts with MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 and regulates Hox gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2007; 1779:66-73. [PMID: 18082152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human encodes several histone H3-Lysine 4 (H3K4) specific methyl-transferases (HMTs) such as MLL1 (mixed lineage leukemia 1), MLL2, MLL3, hSet1 etc, that play critical roles in gene expression. These HMTs are present as distinct multi-protein complexes with several proteins in common. Herein, we have affinity purified and characterized human CpG binding protein (CGBP) and its interacting proteins from human cells. We demonstrated that CGBP is co-purified with three H3K4 specific HMTs MLL1, MLL2, and hSet1. We also performed independent immuno-precipitation of MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 complexes from human cell and demonstrated that each of these complexes contains CGBP. In addition, CGBP is co-localized with MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 in vivo and binds to the promoter of MLL target gene HoxA7. Antisense mediated knock down of CGBP diminished the recruitment of MLL1 and down regulated levels of H3K4 trimethylation in HoxA7 promoter affecting its expression. These results demonstrated that CGBP interacts with MLL1, MLL2 as well as hSet1 HMTs and plays critical roles in regulations of MLL target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul I Ansari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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111
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Savas S, Shariff M, Taylor IW, Ozcelik H. Human non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms can influence ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2007; 11:200-8. [PMID: 17594238 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2007.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis plays a critical role in the degradation of proteins important in the cellular processes, such as cell cycle/division, differentiation and development, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and signaling. It is carried out by a complex cascade of enzymes that contain a high degree of specificity to motifs found in many proteins with rapid turnover. For example, the PEST motifs are hydrophilic stretches of amino acids that serve as signals for proteolytic degradation. In this study, we propose that amino acid altering non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP) result in the abolishment or creation of putative PEST motifs, and thus lead to abnormal stabilization or degradation of the proteins. Using a web-based algorithm, PESTFind, we analyzed a total of 253 nsSNPs from proteins involved in cell cycle (n = 24), DNA repair (n = 128), and TGFbeta signaling pathway (n = 101). Fifteen nsSNPs were located within putative PEST sequences, and 9/15 (60%) either created or abolished these PEST motifs. PEST motifs were abolished in the presence of nsSNPs in CCND3, PMS2, POLE4, SITPEC, and PPARG and putative PEST motifs were created in NEIL2, BIRC4, MLL2, and PPP1R15A. Although experimental analyses are required to confirm these results, they suggest that nsSNPs can induce changes in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Savas
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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112
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Demers C, Chaturvedi CP, Ranish JA, Juban G, Lai P, Morle F, Aebersold R, Dilworth FJ, Groudine M, Brand M. Activator-mediated recruitment of the MLL2 methyltransferase complex to the beta-globin locus. Mol Cell 2007; 27:573-84. [PMID: 17707229 PMCID: PMC2034342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MLL-containing complexes methylate histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) and have been implicated in the regulation of transcription. However, it is unclear how MLL complexes are targeted to specific gene loci. Here, we show that the MLL2 complex associates with the hematopoietic activator NF-E2 in erythroid cells and is important for H3K4 trimethylation and maximal levels of transcription at the beta-globin locus. Furthermore, recruitment of the MLL2 complex to the beta-globin locus is dependent upon NF-E2 and coincides spatio-temporally with NF-E2 binding during erythroid differentiation. Thus, a DNA-bound activator is important initially for guiding MLL2 to a particular genomic location. Interestingly, while the MLL2-associated subunit ASH2L is restricted to the beta-globin locus control region 38 kb upstream of the beta(maj)-globin gene, the MLL2 protein spreads across the beta-globin locus, suggesting a previously undefined mechanism by which an activator influences transcription and H3K4 trimethylation at a distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Demers
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Chandra-Prakash Chaturvedi
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Ranish
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Gaetan Juban
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard, Lyon-1, 16 rue Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Lai
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Francois Morle
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard, Lyon-1, 16 rue Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Honggerberg HPT E 78, Wolfgang Pauli-Str. 16, CH-8093 Zurich, and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F. Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Mark Groudine
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Av. N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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113
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Cho YW, Hong T, Hong S, Guo H, Yu H, Kim D, Guszczynski T, Dressler GR, Copeland TD, Kalkum M, Ge K. PTIP associates with MLL3- and MLL4-containing histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20395-406. [PMID: 17500065 PMCID: PMC2729684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701574200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PTIP, a protein with tandem BRCT domains, has been implicated in DNA damage response. However, its normal cellular functions remain unclear. Here we show that while ectopically expressed PTIP is capable of interacting with DNA damage response proteins including 53BP1, endogenous PTIP, and a novel protein PA1 are both components of a Set1-like histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex that also contains ASH2L, RBBP5, WDR5, hDPY-30, NCOA6, SET domain-containing HMTs MLL3 and MLL4, and substoichiometric amount of JmjC domain-containing putative histone demethylase UTX. PTIP complex carries robust HMT activity and specifically methylates lysine 4 (K4) on histone H3. Furthermore, PA1 binds PTIP directly and requires PTIP for interaction with the rest of the complex. Moreover, we show that hDPY-30 binds ASH2L directly. The evolutionarily conserved hDPY-30, ASH2L, RBBP5, and WDR5 likely constitute a subcomplex that is shared by all human Set1-like HMT complexes. In contrast, PTIP, PA1, and UTX specifically associate with the PTIP complex. Thus, in cells without DNA damage agent treatment, the endogenous PTIP associates with a Set1-like HMT complex of unique subunit composition. As histone H3 K4 methylation associates with active genes, our study suggests a potential role of PTIP in the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Cho
- Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Teresa Hong
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Immunology Division, Duarte, California 91010
| | - SunHwa Hong
- Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hong Guo
- Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hong Yu
- Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Doyeob Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tad Guszczynski
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Terry D. Copeland
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Immunology Division, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Kai Ge
- Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nuclear Receptor Biology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Tel.: 301-451-1998; Fax: 301-480-1021; E-mail:
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114
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Karamouzis MV, Konstantinopoulos PA, Badra FA, Papavassiliou AG. SUMO and estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:195-210. [PMID: 17377839 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a family of proteins structurally similar to ubiquitin that have been found to be covalently attached to certain lysine residues of specific target proteins. By contrast to ubiquitination, however, SUMO proteins do not promote protein degradation but, instead, modulate important functional properties, depending on the protein substrate. These properties include--albeit not limited to--subcellular localization, protein dimerization, DNA binding and/or transactivation of transcription factors, among them estrogen receptors. Moreover, it has been suggested that SUMO proteins might affect transcriptional co-factor complexes of the estrogen receptor signalling cascade. Tissue and/or state specificity seems to be one of their intriguing features. In this regard, elucidation of their contribution to estrogen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity during breast carcinogenesis will offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing sensitivity/resistance in currently applied endocrine treatment and/or chemoprevention, and provide novel routes to breast carcinoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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115
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Ruthenburg AJ, Allis CD, Wysocka J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol Cell 2007; 25:15-30. [PMID: 17218268 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells employ elaborate mechanisms to introduce structural and chemical variation into chromatin. Here, we focus on one such element of variation: methylation of lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4). We assess a growing body of literature, including treatment of how the mark is established, the patterns of methylation, and the functional consequences of this epigenetic signature. We discuss structural aspects of the H3K4 methyl recognition by the downstream effectors and propose a distinction between sequence-specific recruitment mechanisms and stabilization on chromatin through methyl-lysine recognition. Finally, we hypothesize how the unique properties of the polyvalent chromatin fiber and associated effectors may amplify small differences in methyl-lysine recognition, simultaneously allowing for a dynamic chromatin architecture.
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Issaeva I, Zonis Y, Rozovskaia T, Orlovsky K, Croce CM, Nakamura T, Mazo A, Eisenbach L, Canaani E. Knockdown of ALR (MLL2) reveals ALR target genes and leads to alterations in cell adhesion and growth. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1889-903. [PMID: 17178841 PMCID: PMC1820476 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01506-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ALR (MLL2) is a member of the human MLL family, which belongs to a larger SET1 family of histone methyltransferases. We found that ALR is present within a stable multiprotein complex containing a cohort of proteins shared with other SET1 family complexes and several unique components, such as PTIP and the jumonji family member UTX. Like other complexes formed by SET1 family members, the ALR complex exhibited strong H3K4 methyltransferase activity, conferred by the ALR SET domain. By generating ALR knockdown cell lines and comparing their expression profiles to that of control cells, we identified a set of genes whose expression is activated by ALR. Some of these genes were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation as direct ALR targets. The ALR complex was found to associate in an ALR-dependent fashion with promoters and transcription initiation sites of target genes and to induce H3K4 trimethylation. The most characteristic features of the ALR knockdown cells were changes in the dynamics and mode of cell spreading/polarization, reduced migration capacity, impaired anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, and decreased tumorigenicity in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that ALR is a transcriptional activator that induces the transcription of target genes by covalent histone modification. ALR appears to be involved in the regulation of adhesion-related cytoskeletal events, which might affect cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Issaeva
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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117
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Lee S, Lee DK, Dou Y, Lee J, Lee B, Kwak E, Kong YY, Lee SK, Roeder RG, Lee JW. Coactivator as a target gene specificity determinant for histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15392-7. [PMID: 17021013 PMCID: PMC1622834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607313103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2), a coactivator of multiple transcription factors that include retinoic acid receptor (RAR), associates with histone H3-K4 methyltranferases (H3K4MTs) MLL3 and MLL4 in mixed-lineage leukemia. Here, we show that mice expressing a SET domain mutant of MLL3 share phenotypes with isogenic ASC2+/- mice and that expression and H3-K4 trimethylation of RAR target gene RAR-beta2 are impaired in ASC-2-null mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) or in MEFs expressing siRNAs against both MLL3 and MLL4. We also show that MLL3 and MLL4 are found in distinct ASC-2-containing complexes rather than in a common ASC-2 complex, and they are recruited to RAR-beta2 by ASC-2. In contrast, RAR-beta2 expression is intact in MEFs devoid of menin, a component of MLL1 and MLL2 H3K4MT complexes. These results suggest that ASC-2 confers target gene specificity to MLL3 and MLL4 H3K4MT complexes and that recruitment of H3K4MTs to their target genes generally involves interactions between integral components of H3K4MT complexes and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Kee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, and
| | - Yali Dou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Jeongkyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, and
| | - Bora Lee
- *Deparment of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Eunyee Kwak
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Lee
- *Deparment of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert G. Roeder
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Jae W. Lee
- *Deparment of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, and
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at: Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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118
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Pugazhendhi D, Sadler AJ, Darbre PD. Comparison of the global gene expression profiles produced by methylparaben,n-butylparaben and 17β-oestradiol in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 27:67-77. [PMID: 17121429 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) can be measured intact in the human breast and possess oestrogenic properties, it has been suggested that they could contribute to an aberrant burden of oestrogen signalling in the human breast and so play a role in the rising incidence of breast cancer. However, although parabens have been shown to regulate a few single genes (reporter genes, pS2, progesterone receptor) in a manner similar to that of 17beta-oestradiol, the question remains as to the full extent of the similarity in the overall gene profile induced in response to parabens compared with 17beta-oestradiol. The GE-Amersham CodeLink 20 K human expression microarray system was used to profile the expression of 19881 genes in MCF7 human breast cancer cells following a 7-day exposure to 5 x 10(-4) M methylparaben, 10(-5) M n-butylparaben and 10(-8) M 17beta-oestradiol. At these concentrations, the parabens gave growth responses in MCF7 cells of similar magnitude to 17beta-oestradiol. The study identified genes which are upregulated or downregulated to a similar extent by methylparaben, n-butylparaben and 17beta-oestradiol. However, the majority of genes were not regulated in the same way by all three treatments. Some genes responded differently to parabens from 17beta-oestradiol, and furthermore, differences in expression of some genes could be detected even between the two individual parabens. Therefore, although parabens possess oestrogenic properties, their mimicry in terms of global gene expression patterns is not perfect and differences in gene expression profiles could result in consequences to the cells that are not identical to those following exposure to 17beta-oestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pugazhendhi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
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