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Zhou LY, Liu JP, Wang K, Gao J, Ding SL, Jiao JQ, Li PF. Mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:1118-25. [PMID: 23044430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophic program is a chronic, complex process, and occurs in response to long-term increases of hemodynamic load related to a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Mitochondria, known as "the cellular power plants", occupy about one-third of cardiomyocyte volume and supply roughly 90% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of energy metabolism has been regarded as one of the main pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, we summarize here the molecular events of mitochondrial adaptations, including the mitochondrial genesis, ATP generation, ROS signaling and Ca(2+) homeostasis in cardiac hypertrophy, expecting that this effort will shed new light on understanding the maladaptive cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yu Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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102
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The disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and ion homeostasis in chicken hearts exposed to manganese. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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103
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Behl G, Sharma M, Sikka M, Dahiya S, Chhikara A, Chopra M. Gallic acid loaded disulfide cross-linked biocompatible polymeric nanogels as controlled release system: synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 24:865-81. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2012.723958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Behl
- a Department of Chemistry , Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi , Lodhi Road, Delhi , 110003 , India
| | - Monal Sharma
- b Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research,University of Delhi , Delhi , 110007 , India
| | - Manisha Sikka
- b Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research,University of Delhi , Delhi , 110007 , India
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- c Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Aruna Chhikara
- a Department of Chemistry , Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi , Lodhi Road, Delhi , 110003 , India
| | - Madhu Chopra
- b Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research,University of Delhi , Delhi , 110007 , India
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104
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Kurdi M, Sivakumaran V, Duhé RJ, Aon MA, Paolocci N, Booz GW. Depletion of cellular glutathione modulates LIF-induced JAK1-STAT3 signaling in cardiac myocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2106-15. [PMID: 22939972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide induces oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, which blocks Janus kinase (JAK) activation by the interleukin 6 (IL-6)-type cytokines. One implication suggested by this finding is that IL-6 signaling is dependent upon cellular anti-oxidant defenses or redox status. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to directly test the hypothesis that JAK1 signaling by the IL-6-type cytokines in cardiac myocytes is impaired by glutathione (GSH) depletion, since this tripeptide is one of the major anti-oxidant molecules and redox-buffers in cells. Cardiac myocytes were pretreated for 6h with l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH synthesis. After 24h, cells were dosed with the IL-6-like cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). BSO treatment decreased GSH levels and dose-dependently attenuated activation of JAK1, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), and extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Addition of glutathione monoethyl ester, which is cleaved intracellularly to GSH, prevented attenuation of LIF-induced JAK1 and STAT3 activation, as did the reductant N-acetyl-cysteine. Unexpectedly, LIF-induced STAT1 activation was unaffected by GSH depletion. Evidence was found that STAT3 is more resistant than STAT1 to intermolecular disulfide bond formation under oxidizing conditions and more likely to retain the monomeric form, suggesting that conformational differences explain the differential effect of GSH depletion on STAT1 and STAT3. Overall, our findings indicate that activation of both JAK1 and STAT3 is redox-sensitive and the character of IL-6 type cytokine signaling in cardiac myocytes is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status. In cardiac myocytes, activation of STAT1 may be favored over STAT3 under oxidizing conditions due to GSH depletion and/or augmented reactive oxygen species production, such as in ischemia-reperfusion and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon.
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105
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Cytoplasmic expression, antibody production, and characterization of the novel zinc finger protein 637. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:741-9. [PMID: 22733115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 637 (zfp637), belonging to the Kruppel-like protein family, comprises one atypical C(2)H(2) and six consecutive typical zinc finger motifs. Based on the structural characterization of zfp637 and its location in the cell nucleus, we predict that zfp637 might function as a DNA-binding protein to regulate gene transcription. However, the absence of both a purified zfp637 protein and any commercial antibody for detecting it in cells and tissues has limited functional studies of zfp637 to date. Here, we developed and optimized an expression system by fusing zfp637 with glutathione S-transferase (GST) to achieve a maximal yield of soluble GST-zfp637 fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The yield was about 10 mg/l of the original bacterial culture. The recombinant GST-zfp637 fusion protein was purified and used for polyclonal antibody production in rabbits. In addition, we developed a method to remove the anti-GST antibody component and obtained a highly purified anti-zfp637 antibody, as demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting showed that the anti-zfp637 antibody recognized not only the recombinant zfp637 protein but also endogenous zfp637 in several cell lines. The protein was localized mainly in the cell nucleus by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of zfp637 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in NIH3T3 cells treated with 200 μM of H(2)O(2) in a time-dependent manner. The recombinant GST-zfp637 fusion protein and our purified anti-zfp637 antibody will help in elucidating the function of zfp637.
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106
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Al Numair KS, Chandramohan G, Alsaif MA, Baskar AA. Protective effect of morin on cardiac mitochondrial function during isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male Wistar rats. Redox Rep 2012; 17:14-21. [PMID: 22340511 DOI: 10.1179/1351000211y.0000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial function and free radical-mediated tissue damage have been suggested as an important pathological event in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity. This study was undertaken to know the preventive effect of morin on mitochondrial damage in ISO-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Myocardial infarction (MI) in rats was induced by ISO (85 mg/kg) at an interval of 24 hours for 2 days. Morin was given to rats as pre-treatment for 30 days orally using an intragastric tube. ISO-treated rats showed a significant elevation of mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) level and pre-treatment with morin significantly prevented the increase of TBARS and HP level to near normality. The level of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants was decreased significantly in ISO-treated rats and pre-treatment with morin significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione to normality. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were decreased significantly in ISO-treated myocardial ischemic rats and upon pre-treatment with morin restored these enzymes activity to normality. In addition, the decreased activities of cytochrome-C oxidase and NADH-dehydrogenases were observed in ISO-treated rats and pre-treatment with morin prevented the activities of cytochrome-C oxidase and NADH-dehydrogenase to normality. Pre-treatment with morin favorably restored the biochemical and functional parameters to near normal indicating morin to be a significant protective effect on cardiac mitochondrial function against ISO-induced MI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S Al Numair
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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107
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Kojima T, Wakamatsu TH, Dogru M, Ogawa Y, Igarashi A, Ibrahim OM, Inaba T, Shimizu T, Noda S, Obata H, Nakamura S, Wakamatsu A, Shirasawa T, Shimazaki J, Negishi K, Tsubota K. Age-Related Dysfunction of the Lacrimal Gland and Oxidative Stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1879-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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108
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Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Briasoulis A, Androulakis E, Charakida M, Tsiamis E, Stefanadis C. Conflicting effects of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure: potential therapeutic strategies. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 17:65-79. [PMID: 21293971 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. In addition, the beneficial NO turns to be deleterious when it reacts with superoxide anion, leading to peroxynitrite formation. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have reported increased production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical) both in animals and patients with CHF. Moreover, there are indicative data suggesting mechanisms associated with endothelial dysfunction in states of CHF, mainly attributed to decreased NO bioavailability and enhanced inactivation of the latter. Thus, such molecules appear to be potential targets in patients with CHF. These patients are strong candidates to receive a variety of therapeutic agents, some of which have known antioxidant effects. Classic treatment with statins or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has been found to be beneficial in restoring NO and improving myocardial function and structure. Other agents such as sildenafil and b-blockers along with novel agents such as NO synthase transcription enhancers have been proved to be also beneficial, but their use for such a purpose is still controversial. Approaches using more-effective antioxidants or targeting myocardial oxidant-producing enzymes and oxidative or nitrosative stress might be promising strategies in the future.
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109
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Oh SS, Sullivan KA, Wilkinson JE, Backus C, Hayes JM, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Neurodegeneration and early lethality in superoxide dismutase 2-deficient mice: a comprehensive analysis of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuroscience 2012; 212:201-13. [PMID: 22516022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of oxidative stress to diabetic complications including neuropathy is widely known. Mitochondrial and cellular damage are associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and decreased levels or function of the cellular antioxidant mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). We hypothesized that targeted SOD2 deletion in the peripheral nervous system using cre-lox technology under control of the nestin promoter would accelerate neuropathy in a type 2 model of diabetes, the BKS.db/db mouse. SOD2-deficient mice, however, demonstrated severe gait deformities and seizures and died by 20 days of age. Examination of SOD2 expression levels revealed that SOD2 was lost in brain and reduced in the spinal cord, but appeared normal in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerves in SOD2-deficient mice. These findings indicate incomplete targeted knockout of SOD2. Morphological examination revealed cortical lesions similar to spongiform encephalopathy in the brain of SOD2-deficient mice. No lesions were evident in the spinal cord, but changes in myelin within the sciatic and sural nerves including a lack of cohesion between layers of compact myelin were observed. Together, these results indicate that targeted neuronal SOD2 knockout using the nestin promoter results in severe central nervous system degeneration and perinatal lethality in mice. A specific peripheral nervous system-targeting construct is required to examine the consequences of SOD2 knockout in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Oh
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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110
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Abstract
Concussion is defined as a biomechanically induced brain injury characterized by the absence of gross anatomic lesions. Early and late clinical symptoms, including impairments of memory and attention, headache, and alteration of mental status, are the result of neuronal dysfunction mostly caused by functional rather than structural abnormalities. The mechanical insult initiates a complex cascade of metabolic events leading to perturbation of delicate neuronal homeostatic balances. Starting from neurotoxicity, energetic metabolism disturbance caused by the initial mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be the main biochemical explanation for most postconcussive signs and symptoms. Furthermore, concussed cells enter a peculiar state of vulnerability, and if a second concussion is sustained while they are in this state, they may be irreversibly damaged by the occurrence of swelling. This condition of concussion-induced brain vulnerability is the basic pathophysiology of the second impact syndrome. N-acetylaspartate, a brain-specific compound representative of neuronal metabolic wellness, is proving a valid surrogate marker of the post-traumatic biochemical damage, and its utility in monitoring the recovery of the aforementioned "functional" disturbance as a concussion marker is emerging, because it is easily detectable through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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111
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Hulsmans M, Van Dooren E, Holvoet P. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Risk of Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012; 14:264-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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112
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ICB3E induces iNOS expression by ROS-dependent JNK and ERK activation for apoptosis of leukemic cells. Apoptosis 2012; 17:612-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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113
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Richters L, Lange N, Renner R, Treiber N, Ghanem A, Tiemann K, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Bloch W, Brixius K. Exercise-induced adaptations of cardiac redox homeostasis and remodeling in heterozygous SOD2-knockout mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1431-40. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01392.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduced expression of the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is characterized by increased cardiac oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has also been described in situations of physical exercise. We investigated the influence of physical exercise (EX; treadmill 1 h/day at 15 m/min, 5 days/wk, at an angle of 5° for a duration of 8 wk) on cardiac function [heart frequency (HF), echocardiography, morphometry], oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS)], and antioxidative defence capacity (peroxiredoxin 1–6) in male SOD2-knockout (SOD2_EX) and wild-type mice (WT_EX) compared with untrained age-matched animals (WT_CON; SOD2_CON). In SOD2_CON, heart weight, cardiomyocyte diameter, and cardiac ROS were significantly larger and peroxiredoxin isoforms 4–6 lower than in WT_CON. The vessel-to-cardiomyocyte ratio, cardiac VEGF-concentration, and cardiac function were similar in SOD2_CON and WT_CON. Both groups tolerated the exercise protocol well. In WT, exercise significantly increased vessel-to-cardiomyocyte ratio and ROS-generation and downregulated peroxiredoxin isoforms 4–6 and VEGF generation. The vessel-to-cardiomyocyte ratio, cardiac VEGF concentration, and cardiac ROS were not altered in SOD2_EX compared with SOD2_CON, but a significant upregulation of cardiac peroxiredoxin 1 and 4 was observed. Similar to the result observed in WT_EX, peroxiredoxin 3 was upregulated in SOD2_EX. Chronic exercise shifted the (mal)adaptive hypertrophic into a compensated dilated cardiac phenotype in SOD2_EX. In conclusion, downregulation of SOD2 induces a maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. In this situation, physical exercise results in a further deterioration of cardiac remodeling despite an upregulation of the antioxidative defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Richters
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N. Lange
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R. Renner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne
| | - N. Treiber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Ulm, Ulm
| | - A. Ghanem
- Clinic and Policlinic II, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - K. Tiemann
- University Hospital of Muenster, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Muenster; and
| | | | - W. Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne
| | - K. Brixius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne
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114
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Redox modification of cell signaling in the cardiovascular system. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:550-8. [PMID: 21945521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is presumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease. However, oxidants are also generated in healthy cells, and increasing evidence suggests that they can act as signaling molecules. The intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) status is tightly regulated by oxidant and antioxidant systems. Imbalance between them causes oxidative or reductive stress which triggers cellular damage or aberrant signaling, leading to dysregulation. In this review, we will briefly summarize the aspects of ROS generation and neutralization mechanisms in the cardiovascular system. ROS can regulate cell signaling through oxidation and reduction of specific amino acids within proteins. Structural changes during post-translational modification allow modification of protein activity which can result in altered cellular function. We will focus on the molecular basis of redox protein modification and how this regulatory mechanism affects signal transduction in the cardiovascular system. Finally, we will discuss some techniques applied to monitoring redox status and identifying redox-sensitive proteins in the heart. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
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115
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Sugamura K, Keaney JF. Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:978-92. [PMID: 21627987 PMCID: PMC3156326 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the "free radical theory" of disease, researchers have been trying to elucidate the role of oxidative stress from free radicals in cardiovascular disease. Considerable data indicate that reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are important features of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. However, blanket strategies with antioxidants to ameliorate cardiovascular disease have not generally yielded favorable results. However, our understanding of reactive oxygen species has evolved to the point at which we now realize these species have important roles in physiology as well as pathophysiology. Thus, it is overly simplistic to assume a general antioxidant strategy will yield specific effects on cardiovascular disease. Indeed, there are several sources of reactive oxygen species that are known to be active in the cardiovascular system. This review addresses our understanding of reactive oxygen species sources in cardiovascular disease and both animal and human data defining how reactive oxygen species contribute to physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sugamura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605
| | - John F. Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605
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116
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Kurtz B, Thibault HB, Raher MJ, Popovich JR, Cawley S, Atochin DN, Hayton S, Shakartzi HR, Huang PL, Bloch KD, Buys E, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Nitric oxide synthase 3 deficiency limits adverse ventricular remodeling after pressure overload in insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2093-101. [PMID: 21856905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00744.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and systemic hypertension are independently associated with heart failure. We reported previously that nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) has a beneficial effect on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function after pressure-overload in mice. The aim of our study was to investigate the interaction of IR and NOS3 in pressure-overload-induced LV remodeling and dysfunction. Wild-type (WT) and NOS3-deficient (NOS3(-/-)) mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce IR. After 9 days of diet, mice underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC). LV structure and function were assessed serially using echocardiography. Cardiomyocytes were isolated, and levels of oxidative stress were evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated, and mitochondrial respiration and ATP production were measured. TAC induced LV remodeling and dysfunction in all mice. The TAC-induced decrease in LV function was greater in SD-fed NOS3(-/-) mice than in SD-fed WT mice. In contrast, HFD-fed NOS3(-/-) developed less LV remodeling and dysfunction and had better survival than did HFD-fed WT mice. Seven days after TAC, oxidative stress levels were lower in cardiomyocytes from HFD-fed NOS3(-/-) than in those from HFD-fed WT. N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone) decreased oxidative stress levels in cardiomyocytes from HFD-fed WT mice. Mitochondrial respiration was altered in NOS3(-/-) mice but did not worsen after HFD and TAC. In contrast with its protective role in SD, NOS3 increases LV adverse remodeling after pressure overload in HFD-fed, insulin resistant mice. Interactions between NOS3 and mitochondria may be responsible for increased oxidative stress levels in HFD-fed WT mice hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Kurtz
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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117
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Wang SB, Foster DB, Rucker J, O'Rourke B, Kass DA, Van Eyk JE. Redox regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase: implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ Res 2011; 109:750-7. [PMID: 21817160 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.246124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective clinical treatment for heart failure patients with conduction delay, impaired contraction, and energetics. Our recent studies have revealed that mitochondrial posttranslational modifications (PTM) may contribute to its benefits, motivating the present study of the oxidative regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase. OBJECTIVES We tested whether CRT alteration of ATP synthase function is linked to cysteine (Cys) oxidative PTM (Ox-PTM) of specific ATP synthase subunits. METHODS AND RESULTS Canine left ventricular myocardium was collected under conditions to preserve Ox-PTM from control, dyssynchronous heart failure (DHF), or hearts that had undergone CRT. In-gel ATPase activity showed that CRT increased ATPase activity by approximately 2-fold (P<0.05) over DHF, approaching control levels, and this effect was recapitulated with a reducing agent. ATP synthase function and 3 Ox-PTM: disulfide bond, S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosation were assessed. ATP synthase from DHF hearts contained 2 novel disulfide bonds, between ATP synthase α subunits themselves and between α and γ subunits, both of which were decreased in CRT hearts (4.38 ± 0.13- and 4.23 ± 0.36-fold, respectively, P<0.01). S-glutathionylation of ATP synthase α subunit occurred in DHF hearts and was decreased by CRT (1.56 ± 0.16-fold, P<0.04). In contrast, S-nitrosation of ATP synthase α subunit in DHF hearts was lower than in CRT hearts (1.53 ± 0.19-fold, P<0.05). All modifications occurred at ATP synthase α subunit Cys294 and Cys to Ser mutation indicated that this residue is critical for ATP synthase function. CONCLUSIONS A selective Cys in ATP synthase α subunit is targeted by multiple Ox-PTM suggesting that this Cys residue may act as a redox sensor modulating ATP synthase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Bing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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118
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Parajuli N, Marine A, Simmons S, Saba H, Mitchell T, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T, MacMillan-Crow LA. Generation and characterization of a novel kidney-specific manganese superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:406-16. [PMID: 21571061 PMCID: PMC3118857 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant, has been associated with renal disorders and often results in detrimental downstream events that are mechanistically not clear. Development of an animal model that exhibits kidney-specific deficiency of MnSOD would be extremely beneficial in exploring the downstream events that occur following MnSOD inactivation. Using Cre-Lox recombination technology, kidney-specific MnSOD deficient mice (both 100% and 50%) were generated that exhibited low expression of MnSOD in discrete renal cell types and reduced enzymatic activity within the kidney. These kidney-specific 100% KO mice possessed a normal life-span, although it was interesting that the mice were smaller. Consistent with the important role in scavenging superoxide radicals, the kidney-specific KO mice showed a significant increase in oxidative stress (tyrosine nitration) in a gene-dose dependent manner. In addition, loss of MnSOD resulted in mild renal damage (tubular dilation and cell swelling). Hence, this novel mouse model will aid in determining the specific role (local and/or systemic) governed by MnSOD within certain kidney cells. Moreover, these mice will serve as a powerful tool to explore molecular mechanisms that occur downstream of MnSOD inactivation in renal disorders or possibly in other pathologies that rely on normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Akira Marine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sloane Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hamida Saba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Aging Control Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Corresponding Author: Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow, Ph.D., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 325 Jack Stephens Drive, Biomedical Bldg. I 323D, Little Rock, AR 72205, Tel.: 501-686-5289; Fax: 501-686-8970,
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Lustgarten MS, Jang YC, Liu Y, Qi W, Qin Y, Dahia PL, Shi Y, Bhattacharya A, Muller FL, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. MnSOD deficiency results in elevated oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial function but does not lead to muscle atrophy during aging. Aging Cell 2011; 10:493-505. [PMID: 21385310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that a deficiency in MnSOD activity (approximately 80% reduction) targeted to type IIB skeletal muscle fibers was sufficient to elevate oxidative stress and to reduce muscle function in young adult mice (TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice). In this study, we used TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice to examine the effect of elevated oxidative stress on mitochondrial function and to test the hypothesis that elevated oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial function over the lifespan of the TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice would be sufficient to accelerate muscle atrophy associated with aging. We found that mitochondrial function is reduced in both young and old TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice, when compared with control mice. Complex II activity is reduced by 47% in young and by approximately 90% in old TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice, and was found to be associated with reduced levels of the catalytic subunits for complex II, SDHA and SDHB. Complex II-linked mitochondrial respiration is reduced by approximately 70% in young TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice. Complex II-linked mitochondrial Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate (ATP) production is reduced by 39% in young and was found to be almost completely absent in old TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice. Furthermore, in old TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice, aconitase activity is almost completely abolished; mitochondrial superoxide release remains > 2-fold elevated; and oxidative damage (measured as F(2) - isoprostanes) is increased by 30% relative to age-matched controls. These data show that despite elevated skeletal muscle-specific mitochondrial oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and complex II-linked mitochondrial dysfunction, age-related muscle atrophy was not accelerated in old TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice, suggesting mitochondrial oxidative stress may not be causal for age-related muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lustgarten
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Makino N, Maeda T, Oyama JI, Sasaki M, Higuchi Y, Mimori K, Shimizu T. Antioxidant therapy attenuates myocardial telomerase activity reduction in superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:670-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Oxidative stress in mitochondria is believed to promote aging. Although passive leakage of electron from the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been considered as a major source of oxidative stress in the heart and the cardiomyocytes therein, enzymes actively producing reactive oxygen species may also exist in mitochondria. We have shown recently that Nox4, a member of the NADPH oxidase family, is localized on intracellular membranes, primarily at mitochondria, in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial expression of Nox4 is upregulated by cardiac stress and aging in the heart, where Nox4 could become a major source of oxidative stress. This raises an intriguing possibility that Nox4 may play an important role in mediating aging of the heart. Here we discuss the potential involvement of Nox4 in mitochondrial oxidative stress and aging in the heart.
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Abstract
Despite today's standard of care, aimed at preventing homeostatic neurohormonal activation, one in every five patients recently hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF) will be readmitted within 30 days of discharge because of a recurrence of their symptoms and signs. In light of recent pathophysiological insights, it is now propitious to revisit CHF with a view toward complementary and evolving management strategies. CHF is a progressive systemic illness. Its features include: oxidative stress in diverse tissues; an immunostimulatory state with circulating proinflammatory cytokines; a wasting of soft tissues; and a resorption of bone. Its origins are rooted in homeostatic mechanisms gone awry to beget dyshomeostasis. For example, marked excretory losses of Ca2+ and Mg2+ accompany renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, causing ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia that lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism with consequent bone resorption and a propensity to atraumatic fractures. Parathyroid hormone accounts for paradoxical intracellular Ca2+ overloading in diverse tissues and consequent systemic induction of oxidative stress. In cardiac myocytes and mitochondria, these events orchestrate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore with an ensuing osmotic-based destruction of these organelles and resultant cardiomyocyte necrosis with myocardial scarring. Contemporaneous with Ca2+ and Mg2+ dyshomeostasis is hypozincemia and hyposelenemia, which compromise metalloenzyme-based antioxidant defenses, whereas hypovitaminosis D threatens Ca2+ stores needed to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism. An intrinsically coupled dyshomeostasis of intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+, representing pro-oxidant and antioxidant, respectively, is integral to regulating the mitochondrial redox state; it can be uncoupled by a Zn2+ supplement in favor of antioxidant defenses. Hence, the complementary use of nutriceuticals to nullify dyshomeostatic responses involving macro- and micronutrients should be considered. Evolving strategies with mitochondria-targeted interventions interfering with their uptake of Ca2+ or serving as selective antioxidant or mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor may also prove efficacious in the overall management of CHF.
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123
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Sasaki T, Shimizu T, Koyama T, Sakai M, Uchiyama S, Kawakami S, Noda Y, Shirasawa T, Kojima S. Superoxide dismutase deficiency enhances superoxide levels in brain tissues during oxygenation and hypoxia-reoxygenation. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:601-10. [PMID: 21280062 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the mitochondria or cytoplasm produces superoxide during ischemia-reperfusion of the brain, we analyzed lucigenine-enhanced chemiluminescence emission in slices of brain tissue prepared from manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)-deficient (Sod2-deficient) and copper and zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD)-deficient (Sod1-deficient) mice during oxygenation and hypoxia-reoxygenation. The steady-state level of chemiluminescence under oxygenated conditions was significantly enhanced by a lack of either Sod. We hypothesize that the enhanced chemiluminescence produced by Sod2 and Sod1 deficiency reflects in situ superoxide generation in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. Based on this hypothesis, the major site of intracellular superoxide generation was assumed to be the cytoplasm. However, mitochondria occupy less cellular space than the cytoplasm. In terms of volume, the superoxide concentration is assumed to be higher in mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. Mn-SOD activity was 18% of the Cu,Zn-SOD activity observed in the wild-type mouse brain. However, when mitochondrial SOD activity was expressed as per volume, it was assumed to be equal to that observed in the cytoplasm. This imbalance between superoxide and SOD activity is expected to cause mitochondrial oxidative damage. The chemiluminescence intensity increased significantly during reoxygenation and was enhanced by Sod2 deficiency but was not significantly affected by Sod1 deficiency. The superoxide concentration in the reoxygenated brain would be higher in the mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. The present study indicated that the major site of intracellular superoxide generation in the brain during oxygenation is the cytoplasm, whereas it is the mitochondria during reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sasaki
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Murakami K, Shimizu T, Irie K. Formation of the 42-mer Amyloid β Radical and the Therapeutic Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:654207. [PMID: 22332002 PMCID: PMC3276080 DOI: 10.4061/2011/654207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely involved in age-related diseases and ageing itself. There is evidence of the leading contribution of oxidative damage to neurodegenerative disease, in contrast to other diseases where oxidative stress plays a secondary role. The 42-mer amyloid β (Aβ42) peptide is thought to be a culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ42 aggregates form the oligomeric assembly and show neurotoxicity, causing synaptic dysfunction. Aβ42 also induces tissue oxidation (DNA/RNA, proteins, and lipids) through trace metals (Cu, Zn, and Fe), which can be protected by antioxidant enzymes, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the conversion of toxic superoxide radical to less reactive hydrogen peroxide, contributing to protection from AD. Here we review the involvement of oxidative stress in AD progression induced from an imbalance between the radical formation of Aβ42 itself together with unique turn structure at positions Glu22 and Asp23 and several defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry in Life Science, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry in Life Science, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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125
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Signoretti S, Vagnozzi R, Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G. Biochemical and neurochemical sequelae following mild traumatic brain injury: summary of experimental data and clinical implications. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 29:E1. [PMID: 21039135 DOI: 10.3171/2010.9.focus10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), there are still no standard criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of this peculiar condition. The dominant theory that diffuse axonal injury is the main neuropathological process behind mTBI is being revealed as weak at best or inconclusive, given the current literature and the fact that neuronal injury inherent to mTBI improves, with few lasting clinical sequelae in the vast majority of patients. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that such a course, rather than being due to cell death, is based on temporal neuronal dysfunction, the inevitable consequence of complex biochemical and neurochemical cascade mechanisms directly and immediately triggered by the traumatic insult. This report is an attempt to summarize data from a long series of experiments conducted in the authors' laboratories and published during the past 12 years, together with an extensive analysis of the available literature, focused on understanding the biochemical damage produced by an mTBI. The overall clinical implications, as well as the metabolic nature of the post-mTBI brain vulnerability, are discussed. Finally, the application of proton MR spectroscopy as a possible tool to monitor the full recovery of brain metabolic functions is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Signoretti
- Department of Neurosciences Head and Neck Surgery, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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126
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Loor G, Kondapalli J, Schriewer JM, Chandel NS, Vanden Hoek TL, Schumacker PT. Menadione triggers cell death through ROS-dependent mechanisms involving PARP activation without requiring apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1925-36. [PMID: 20937380 PMCID: PMC3005834 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can function as redox-active signaling messengers, whereas high levels of ROS induce cellular damage. Menadione generates ROS through redox cycling, and high concentrations trigger cell death. Previous work suggests that menadione triggers cytochrome c release from mitochondria, whereas other studies implicate the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as the mediator of cell death. We investigated menadione-induced cell death in genetically modified cells lacking specific death-associated proteins. In cardiomyocytes, oxidant stress was assessed using the redox sensor RoGFP, expressed in the cytosol or the mitochondrial matrix. Menadione elicited rapid oxidation in both compartments, whereas it decreased mitochondrial potential and triggered cytochrome c redistribution to the cytosol. Cell death was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine and exogenous glutathione or by overexpression of cytosolic or mitochondria-targeted catalase. By contrast, no protection was observed in cells overexpressing Cu,Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD. Overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-X(L) protected against staurosporine-induced cell death, but it failed to confer protection against menadione. Genetic deletion of Bax and Bak, cytochrome c, cyclophilin D, or caspase-9 conferred no protection against menadione-induced cell death. However, cells lacking PARP-1 showed a significant decrease in menadione-induced cell death. Thus, menadione induces cell death through the generation of oxidant stress in multiple subcellular compartments, yet cytochrome c, Bax/Bak, caspase-9, and cyclophilin D are dispensable for cell death in this model. These studies suggest that multiple redundant cell death pathways are activated by menadione, but that PARP plays an essential role in mediating each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loor
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul T. Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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127
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Xu J, Nie HG, Zhang XD, Tian Y, Yu B. Down-regulated energy metabolism genes associated with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism in viral cardiomyopathy mouse heart. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4007-13. [PMID: 21127995 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of experimental and clinical studies indicates that the hypertrophied and failing myocardium are characterized by changes in energy and substrate metabolism that attributed to failing heart changes at the genomic level, in fact, heart failure is caused by various diseases, their energy metabolism and substrate are in different genetic variations, then the potential significance of the molecular mechanisms for the aetiology of heart failure is necessary to be evaluated. Persistent viral infection (especially coxsackievirus group B3) of the myocardium in viral myocarditis and viral dilated cardiomyopathy has never been neglected by experts. This study aimed to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of the altered gene expression for energy metabolism involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism in viral dilated cardiomyopathy. cDNA Microarray technology was used to evaluate the expression of >35,852 genes in a mice model of viral dilated cardiomyopathy. In total 1385 highly different genes expression, we analyzed 33 altered genes expression for energy metabolism involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism and further selected real-time-PCR for quantity one of regulatory mechanisms for energy including fatty acid metabolism-the UCP2 and assayed cytochrome C oxidase activity by Spectrophotometer to explore mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function. We found obviously different expression of 33 energy metabolism genes associated with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism in cardiomyopathy mouse heart, the regulatory gene for energy metabolism: UCP2 was down-regulated and cytochrome C oxidase activity was decreased. Genes involved in both fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP2) expression did not increase but decrease which might be a kind of adaptive protection response to regulate energy metabolism for ATP produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
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128
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Pretreatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor improves doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy via preservation of mitochondrial function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 142:396-403.e3. [PMID: 21094500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapy drug, but its application is associated with cardiotoxicity. Free radical generation and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to contribute to doxorubicin-induced cardiac failure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are commonly used as cardioprotective agents and have recently been shown in clinical studies to be efficacious in the prevention of anthracycline-induced heart failure. This study evaluated a mechanism for these protective effects by testing the ability of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril to preserve mitochondrial function in a model of chronic doxorubicin treatment in rats. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups and followed for a total of 10 weeks: (1) control-untreated, (2) doxorubicin treated, and (3) doxorubicin + enalapril treated. Doxorubicin was administered via intraperitoneal injection at weekly intervals from weeks 2 to 7. Enalapril was administered in the drinking water of the doxorubicin + enalapril group for the study duration. RESULTS Doxorubicin treatment produced a significant loss in left ventricular contractility (P < .05), decrease in mitochondrial function via impairment of state-3 respiration, decrease in the cytosolic fraction of adenosine triphosphate, and up-regulation of free radical production. Enalapril significantly attenuated the decrease in percent fractional shortening (P < .05) and prevented the doxorubicin-associated reduction in respiratory efficiency and cytosolic adenosine triphosphate content (P < .05). Enalapril also abolished the robust doxorubicin-induced increase in free radical formation. CONCLUSIONS Administration of enalapril attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction via preservation of mitochondrial respiratory efficiency and reduction in doxorubicin-associated free radical generation.
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129
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Koczor CA, Lewis W. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity and mitochondrial DNA. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1493-504. [PMID: 20929279 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.526602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD HIV/AIDS is a worldwide epidemic. While there remains no cure for the HIV-1 infection, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have helped transform the HIV-1 infection from a lethal disease into a chronic illness. Though NRTIs inhibit HIV-1 replication, they exhibit side effects in human tissues that appear to result from NRTI inhibition of human mitochondrial polymerase γ (pol γ). AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW this review discusses the current knowledge of NRTI-induced toxicity, specifically the inhibition of pol γ and the mitochondrial toxicity from incorporation of NRTIs into mitochondrial DNA. Details are discussed about general mechanisms of NRTI toxicity and how specific tissue toxicities in mitochondria relate to clinical manifestation. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN a detailed knowledge of the mitochondrial toxicity resulting from NRTI-inclusive therapies and related tissue toxicities are provided. This review presents both the molecular effects of NRTI usage on mitochondrial genetic homeostasis and energy metabolism as well as the clinical manifestations associated with NRTI toxicities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE NRTIs remain a critical component of current HIV-1 treatment regimens. Future NRTIs should provide higher specificity for HIV-RT and lower incorporation by pol γ to minimize mitochondrial toxicity. Alternatively, therapeutic interventions to prevent or alleviate mitochondrial toxicity should be addressed.
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130
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Lu Z, Xu X, Hu X, Fassett J, Zhu G, Tao Y, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang P, Zhao B, Chen Y. PGC-1 alpha regulates expression of myocardial mitochondrial antioxidants and myocardial oxidative stress after chronic systolic overload. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1011-22. [PMID: 20406135 PMCID: PMC2959178 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a principal site for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heart. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and myocardial metabolism, but whether PGC-1 alpha can simultaneously upregulate myocardial mitochondrial antioxidants has not been studied. In the present study, we examined the effect of PGC-1 alpha deficiency (PGC-1 alpha(-/-)) on oxidative stress and expression of a group of mitochondrial antioxidants in normal hearts and in hearts exposed to chronic systolic pressure overload produced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). We found that PGC-1 alpha(-/-) caused moderate but significant decreases of myocardial mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes such as SOD2, and thioredoxin (Trx2), but had no effect on expression of myocardial oxidative stress markers and left ventricular (LV) function under basal conditions. However, in response to TAC for 6 weeks, PGC-1 alpha(-/-) mice showed greater increases of myocardial oxidative stress markers 3'-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal, more severe LV hypertrophy and dilatation, pulmonary congestion, and a greater reduction of LV fractional shortening and dP/dt(max) than did wild-type hearts. SOD mimetic MnTMPyP treatment (6 mg/kg/day) significantly attenuated TAC-induced LV hypertrophy and dysfunction in PGC-1 alpha(-/-) mice. These data indicate that PGC-1 alpha plays an important role in regulating expression of myocardial mitochondrial antioxidants SOD2 and Trx2 and in protecting hearts against TAC-induced myocardial oxidative stress, hypertrophy, and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Lu
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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131
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Lijnen PJ, van Pelt JF, Fagard RH. Downregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase by angiotensin II in cardiac fibroblasts of rats: Association with oxidative stress in myocardium. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:1128-35. [PMID: 20596034 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether angiotensin II (ANG II) affects the protein and mRNA expressions of the mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in cardiac fibroblasts of rats through inducing the phosphorylation of the proteins Akt and FOXO3a, thereby contributing to the oxidative stress in the myocardium. METHODS Cardiac fibroblasts (passage 2) from normal male adult rats were cultured to confluency and incubated in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 24 h. The cells were then preincubated with/without the tested inhibitors for 1 h and then further incubated with/without ANG II (1 µmol/l) for 24 h. RESULTS ANG II increased the production of superoxide ions in the cardiac fibroblasts, and decreased the activity levels of both Mn-SOD and CuZn-SOD, but not the activity levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. ANG II also decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of Mn-SOD, but not those of CuZn-SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The likely mechanism through which ANG II produces the effect of reducing Mn-SOD activity is by reducing the extent of binding of FOXO3a to the Mn-SOD promoter. In control fibroblasts, inhibition of FOXO3a transcription with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) led to a reduction in the binding of FOXO3a to the Mn-SOD promoter, and a concomitant reduction in Mn-SOD gene expression. Our data suggest that when Akt is phosphorylated by ANG II, P-Akt is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; subsequently, nuclear phosphorylation of FOXO3a by P-Akt leads to relocalization of FOXO3a from the nucleus to the cytosol, resulting in a decrease in its transcriptional activity, and consequently in Mn-SOD expression. The likelihood of such a mechanism of action is further strengthened by the fact that inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with wortmannin or LY 294002, and Akt inhibition, were shown to lead to a decrease in P-AKT and to a consequent increase in Mn-SOD mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ANG II inactivates FOXO3a by activating Akt, leading to a reduction in the expression of the antioxidant Mn-SOD, and thereby potentially contributing to oxidative stress in the myocardium.
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Son NH, Yu S, Tuinei J, Arai K, Hamai H, Homma S, Shulman GI, Abel ED, Goldberg IJ. PPARγ-induced cardiolipotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by PPARα deficiency despite increases in fatty acid oxidation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3443-54. [PMID: 20852389 DOI: 10.1172/jci40905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess lipid accumulation in the heart is associated with decreased cardiac function in humans and in animal models. The reasons are unclear, but this is generally believed to result from either toxic effects of intracellular lipids or excessive fatty acid oxidation (FAO). PPARγ expression is increased in the hearts of humans with metabolic syndrome, and use of PPARγ agonists is associated with heart failure. Here, mice with dilated cardiomyopathy due to cardiomyocyte PPARγ overexpression were crossed with PPARα-deficient mice. Surprisingly, this cross led to enhanced expression of several PPAR-regulated genes that mediate fatty acid (FA) uptake/oxidation and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Although FA oxidation and TAG droplet size were increased, heart function was preserved and survival improved. There was no marked decrease in cardiac levels of triglyceride or the potentially toxic lipids diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide. However, long-chain FA coenzyme A (LCCoA) levels were increased, and acylcarnitine content was decreased. Activation of PKCα and PKCδ, apoptosis, ROS levels, and evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress were also reduced. Thus, partitioning of lipid to storage and oxidation can reverse cardiolipotoxicity despite increased DAG and ceramide levels, suggesting a role for other toxic intermediates such as acylcarnitines in the toxic effects of lipid accumulation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Huiping Son
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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133
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Zachariah E, Bankapur A, Santhosh C, Valiathan M, Mathur D. Probing oxidative stress in single erythrocytes with Raman Tweezers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:113-6. [PMID: 20561796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
The endothelium is vital to the proper functioning in the heart, in particular due to its production of nitric oxide (NO) which regulates vascular tone. Damage to the endothelium contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, and hence to possible myocardial infarction and subsequent heart failure. Like most cells, endothelial cells contain mitochondria, despite their having relatively little dependence on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. However, endothelial mitochondria are centrally involved in maintaining the fine regulatory balance between mitochondrial calcium concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and NO. This raises the question of whether damage to endothelial mitochondria would have repercussions in terms of the development of heart disease. In fact, increasingly nuanced techniques enabling restricted transgenic expression of antioxidant proteins in mice has demonstrated that mitochondrial ROS do contribute to endothelial damage. New pharmaceutical approaches designed to target protective molecules such as ROS scavengers to the mitochondria promise to be effective in preventing heart disease. As well as protecting cardiomyocytes, these drugs may have the added benefit of preventing damage to the endothelial mitochondria. However, much remains to be done in understanding the contribution that mitochondria make to endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Michael Davidson
- Department of Medicine, The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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135
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Model mice for tissue-specific deletion of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S70-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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136
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Kuroda J, Sadoshima J. NADPH oxidase and cardiac failure. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:314-20. [PMID: 20559780 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increases in oxidative stress in the heart play an important role in mediating hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the consequent development of heart failure. Although it has been widely believed that electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the primary source of oxidative stress in the failing heart, increasing lines of evidence suggest that enzymes which produce reactive oxygen species may also contribute to it. NADPH oxidases are transmembrane enzymes dedicated to producing superoxide (O(2)(-)) by transferring an electron from NAD(P)H to molecular oxygen. Nox4 is a major NADPH oxidase isoform expressed in the heart. Nox4 is localized primarily at mitochondria in cardiac myocytes, and upregulation of Nox4 hypertrophic stimuli enhances O(2)(-) production, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby playing an important role in mediating cardiac dysfunction. Since Nox4 could be a key molecule mediating oxidative stress and pathological hypertrophy, it may serve as an important target of heart failure treatment. In this review, the importance of NADPH oxidases as sources of increased oxidative stress in the failing heart and the role of Nox4 in mediating growth and death of cardiac myocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kuroda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 S Orange Ave., MSB G609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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137
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Shi J, Guan J, Jiang B, Brenner DA, del Monte F, Ward JE, Connors LH, Sawyer DB, Semigran MJ, Macgillivray TE, Seldin DC, Falk R, Liao R. Amyloidogenic light chains induce cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction and apoptosis via a non-canonical p38alpha MAPK pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4188-93. [PMID: 20150510 PMCID: PMC2840082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912263107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary (AL) cardiac amyloidosis suffer from progressive cardiomyopathy with a median survival of less than 8 months and a 5-year survival of <10%. Contributing to this poor prognosis is the fact that these patients generally do not tolerate standard heart failure therapies. The molecular mechanisms underlying this deadly form of heart disease remain unclear. Although interstitial amyloid fibril deposition of Ig light chain proteins is a major cause of cardiac dysfunction in AL cardiac amyloidosis, we have previously shown that amyloid precursor proteins directly impair cardiac function at the cellular and isolated organ levels, independent of fibril formation. In this study, we report that amyloidogenic light chain (AL-LC) proteins provoke oxidative stress, cellular dysfunction, and apoptosis in isolated adult cardiomyocytes through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). AL-LC-induced p38 activation was found to be independent of the upstream MAPK kinase, MKK3/6, and instead depends upon transforming growth factor-beta-activated protein kinase-1 binding protein-1 (TAB1)-mediated p38alpha MAPK autophosphorylation. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, significantly attenuated AL-LC-induced oxidative stress, cellular dysfunction, and apoptosis. Our data provide a unique mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of AL-LC cardiac toxicity and suggest that TAB1-mediated p38alpha MAPK autophosphorylation may serve as an important event leading to cardiac dysfunction and subsequent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Shi
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jian Guan
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program and
| | - Bingbing Jiang
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel A. Brenner
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Federica del Monte
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jennifer E. Ward
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Lawreen H. Connors
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Douglas B. Sawyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | - David C. Seldin
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program and
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Rodney Falk
- Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, MA 02116
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program and
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138
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Lee YH, Lin Q, Boelsterli UA, Chung MCM. The Sod2 mutant mouse as a model for oxidative stress: a functional proteomics perspective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:179-196. [PMID: 19294730 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases and disorders, but the mechanistic basis often remains enigmatic. The Sod2 mutant mouse, which is sensitized to mitochondrial stress, is an ideal mutant model for studying the role of oxidative stress in a diverse range of complications arising from mitochondrial dysfunction and diminished antioxidant defense. To fully appreciate the widespread molecular consequences under increased oxidative stress, a systems approach utilizing proteomics is able to provide a global overview of the complex biological changes, which a targeted single biomolecular approach cannot address fully. This review focuses on the applications of mass spectrometry and functional proteomics in the Sod2 mouse. The combinatorial approach provides novel insights into the interplay of chemistry and biology, free radicals and proteins, thereby augmenting our understanding of how redox perturbations influence protein dynamics. Ultimately, this knowledge can lead to the development of free radical-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Hou Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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139
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Davis CW, Hawkins BJ, Ramasamy S, Irrinki KM, Cameron BA, Islam K, Daswani VP, Doonan PJ, Manevich Y, Madesh M. Nitration of the mitochondrial complex I subunit NDUFB8 elicits RIP1- and RIP3-mediated necrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:306-17. [PMID: 19897030 PMCID: PMC2818448 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species target multiple sites in the mitochondria to influence cellular bioenergetics and survival. Kinetic imaging studies revealed that NO from either activated macrophages or donor compounds rapidly diffuses to the mitochondria, causing a dose-dependent progressive increase in NO-dependent DAF fluorescence, which corresponded to mitochondrial membrane potential loss and initiated alterations in cellular bioenergetics that ultimately led to necrotic cell death. Cellular dysfunction is mediated by an elevated 3-nitrotyrosine signature of the mitochondrial complex I subunit NDUFB8, which is vital for normal mitochondrial function as evidenced by selective knockdown via siRNA. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase substantially decreased NDUFB8 nitration and restored mitochondrial homeostasis. Further, treatment of cells with either necrostatin-1 or siRNA knockdown of RIP1 and RIP3 prevented NO-mediated necrosis. This work demonstrates that the interaction between NO and mitochondrially derived superoxide alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and cell function, thus providing a molecular mechanism for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-mediated alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana W. Davis
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brian J. Hawkins
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Subbiah Ramasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Krishna M. Irrinki
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Bruce A. Cameron
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Khalid Islam
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Varsha P. Daswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Patrick J. Doonan
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Yefim Manevich
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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140
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SHIMIZU T, SHIRASAWA T. Anti-aging Research Using Mn-SOD Conditional Knockout Mice. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:19-24. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko SHIMIZU
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Takuji SHIRASAWA
- Department Ageing Control Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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141
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Smyth JW, Hong TT, Gao D, Vogan JM, Jensen BC, Fong TS, Simpson PC, Stainier DYR, Chi NC, Shaw RM. Limited forward trafficking of connexin 43 reduces cell-cell coupling in stressed human and mouse myocardium. J Clin Invest 2009; 120:266-79. [PMID: 20038810 DOI: 10.1172/jci39740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions form electrical conduits between adjacent myocardial cells, permitting rapid spatial passage of the excitation current essential to each heartbeat. Arrhythmogenic decreases in gap junction coupling are a characteristic of stressed, failing, and aging myocardium, but the mechanisms of decreased coupling are poorly understood. We previously found that microtubules bearing gap junction hemichannels (connexons) can deliver their cargo directly to adherens junctions. The specificity of this delivery requires the microtubule plus-end tracking protein EB1. We performed this study to investigate the hypothesis that the oxidative stress that accompanies acute and chronic ischemic disease perturbs connexon forward trafficking. We found that EB1 was displaced in ischemic human hearts, stressed mouse hearts, and isolated cells subjected to oxidative stress. As a result, we observed limited microtubule interaction with adherens junctions at intercalated discs and reduced connexon delivery and gap junction coupling. A point mutation within the tubulin-binding domain of EB1 reproduced EB1 displacement and diminished connexon delivery, confirming that EB1 displacement can limit gap junction coupling. In zebrafish hearts, oxidative stress also reduced the membrane localization of connexin and slowed the spatial spread of excitation. We anticipate that protecting the microtubule-based forward delivery apparatus of connexons could improve cell-cell coupling and reduce ischemia-related cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Smyth
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Lustgarten MS, Jang YC, Liu Y, Muller FL, Qi W, Steinhelper M, Brooks SV, Larkin L, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T, McManus LM, Bhattacharya A, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. Conditional knockout of Mn-SOD targeted to type IIB skeletal muscle fibers increases oxidative stress and is sufficient to alter aerobic exercise capacity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1520-32. [PMID: 19776389 PMCID: PMC2793066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00372.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies of isolated skeletal muscle have shown that oxidative stress is limiting with respect to contractile function. Mitochondria are a potential source of muscle function-limiting oxidants. To test the hypothesis that skeletal muscle-specific mitochondrial oxidative stress is sufficient to limit muscle function, we bred mice expressing Cre recombinase driven by the promoter for the inhibitory subunit of troponin (TnIFast-iCre) with mice containing a floxed Sod2 (Sod2(fl/fl)) allele. Mn-SOD activity was reduced by 82% in glycolytic (mainly type II) muscle fiber homogenates from young TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice. Furthermore, Mn-SOD content was reduced by 70% only in type IIB muscle fibers. Aconitase activity was decreased by 56%, which suggests an increase in mitochondrial matrix superoxide. Mitochondrial superoxide release was elevated more than twofold by mitochondria isolated from glycolytic skeletal muscle in TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice. In contrast, the rate of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production was reduced by 33%, and only during respiration with complex II substrate. F(2)-isoprostanes were increased by 36% in tibialis anterior muscles isolated from TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice. Elevated glycolytic muscle-specific mitochondrial oxidative stress and damage in TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice were associated with a decreased ability of the extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscles to produce contractile force as a function of time, whereas force production by the soleus muscle was unaffected. TnIFastCreSod2(fl/fl) mice ran 55% less distance on a treadmill than wild-type mice. Collectively, these data suggest that elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress and damage in glycolytic muscle fibers are sufficient to reduce contractile muscle function and aerobic exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lustgarten
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78245, USA
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143
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Kupper N, Gidron Y, Winter J, Denollet J. Association between type D personality, depression, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure. Psychosom Med 2009; 71:973-80. [PMID: 19834046 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181bee6dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether markers of oxidative stress differ as a function of Type D personality, depression, and chronic heart failure (CHF) etiology. Type D (distressed) personality and depression are related to poor cardiac prognosis. Because patients with CHF are characterized by increased oxidative stress, this may be a candidate mechanism responsible for the adverse prognosis in emotionally distressed patients with CHF. METHODS Serum levels of xanthine oxidase (XO), inducible heat shock protein (Hsp)70, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage marker 8-OHdG were measured in 122 patients, and effects of Type D, depression, and etiology were assessed. RESULTS CHF patients with Type D personality had lower levels of Hsp70 than non-Type D patients (6.48 ng/mL versus 7.85 ng/mL, p = .04, d = 0.26), and in case of an ischemic etiology, higher levels of XO (13.57 ng/mL versus 9.84 ng/mL, p = .01, d = 0.98). There were no significant univariate differences for depression. When adding depression as an additional independent variable in the Type D analysis, the effect of Type D personality remained significant (F = 5.460, p = .02) and was independent of depression (F = 0.942, p = .33). The ratio of XO to Hsp70 was significantly higher in Type D patients with CHF as compared with non-Type D patients (6.14 versus 2.83, p = .03, d = 0.39), independent of etiology class. CONCLUSION CHF patients with Type D personality are characterized by an increased oxidative stress burden, apparent in the decreased antioxidant levels and an increased oxidative stress ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kupper
- Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Warandelaan 2, PO box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.
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Kawakami S, Matsuda A, Sunagawa T, Noda Y, Kaneko T, Tahara S, Hiraumi Y, Adachi S, Matsui H, Ando K, Fujita T, Maruyama N, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T. Antioxidant, EUK-8, prevents murine dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2009; 73:2125-34. [PMID: 19749480 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice lacking manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity exhibit the typical pathology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In the present study, presymptomatic and symptomatic mutant mice were treated with the SOD/catalase mimetic, EUK-8. METHODS AND RESULTS Presymptomatic heart/muscle-specific Mn-SOD-deficient mice (H/M-Sod2(-/-)) were treated with EUK-8 (30 mg x kg(-1) . day(-1)) for 4 weeks, and then cardiac function and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in their heart mitochondria were assessed. EUK-8 treatment suppressed the progression of cardiac dysfunction and diminished ROS production and oxidative damage. Furthermore, EUK-8 treatment effectively reversed the cardiac dilatation and dysfunction observed in symptomatic H/M-Sod2(-/-) mice. Interestingly, EUK-8 treatment repaired a molecular defect in connexin43. CONCLUSIONS EUK-8 treatment can prevent and cure murine DCM, so SOD/catalase mimetic treatment is proposed as a potential therapy for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawakami
- Department of Research and Development, Anti-Aging Science, Co Ltd, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Rosca MG, Hoppel CL. New aspects of impaired mitochondrial function in heart failure. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:107-12. [PMID: 19347572 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the impairment of function in cardiac mitochondria in heart failure (HF). It is generally accepted that chronic energy starvation leads to cardiac mechanical dysfunction in HF. Mitochondria are the primary ATP generator for the heart. Current evidence suggests that the assembly of the electron transport chain (ETC) into respirasomes provides structural support for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by facilitating electron channeling and perhaps by preventing electron leak and superoxide production. Defects have been purported to occur in the individual ETC complexes or components of the phosphorylation apparatus in HF, but these defects have not been linked to impaired mitochondrial function. Moreover, studies that reported decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in HF did not identify the site of the defect. We propose a sequential mechanistic pathway in which the decrease in functional respirasomes in HF is the primary event causing decreased oxidative phosphorylation and increased reactive oxygen species production, leading to a progressive decrease in cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Rosca
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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146
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Murakami K, Inagaki J, Saito M, Ikeda Y, Tsuda C, Noda Y, Kawakami S, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T. Skin atrophy in cytoplasmic SOD-deficient mice and its complete recovery using a vitamin C derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:457-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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147
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Loch T, Vakhrusheva O, Piotrowska I, Ziolkowski W, Ebelt H, Braun T, Bober E. Different extent of cardiac malfunction and resistance to oxidative stress in heterozygous and homozygous manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase-mutant mice. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:448-57. [PMID: 19293248 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mitochondrially expressed manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, SOD2) is an essential antioxidative enzyme that is necessary for normal heart function. In this study, we investigated the heart function of mice that were exposed to increased oxidative stress for time periods of up to 6 months due to decreased MnSOD activity caused by heterozygous deletion of the MnSOD gene. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a mouse strain in which the gene encoding MnSOD was exchanged against a cassette containing the SOD cDNA under the control of the tetracycline response element. After breeding with mice carrying the tetracycline receptor, compound mice express MnSOD depending on the presence of tetracycline. Without tetracycline receptor the MnSOD gene is fully inactivated, and animals show an MnSOD-deficient phenotype. Using echocardiographic recordings, we found an impairment of left ventricular functions: MnSOD+/- mice displayed a decrease in fraction shortening and ejection fraction and an increase in left ventricular internal diameter in systole. Furthermore, MnSOD+/- mice developed heart hypertrophy with accompanying fibrosis and necrosis revealed by immunhistochemical analysis. Although we did not find an increase in apoptosis in MnSOD+/- hearts under normal conditions, we observed an increase of the number of apoptotic cells and vascular senescence after treatment with doxorubicin. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that lifelong reduction of MnSOD activity has a negative effect on normal heart function. This animal model presents a valuable tool to investigate the mechanism of heart pathology reported in patients bearing different polymorphic variants of the MnSOD gene and to develop new therapeutic strategies through manipulation of the antioxidative defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Loch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystr. 1 D-06097, Halle, Germany
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148
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Collins A, Larson MK. Kir 2.2 inward rectifier potassium channels are inhibited by an endogenous factor in Xenopus oocytes independently from the action of a mitochondrial uncoupler. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:8-13. [PMID: 19016473 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed inhibition of K(ir)2 inward rectifier K(+) channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the mitochondrial agents carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and sodium azide. Mutagenesis studies suggested that FCCP may act via phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) depletion. This mechanism could be reversible in intact cells but not in excised membrane patches which preclude PIP(2) regeneration. This prediction was tested by investigating the reversibility of the inhibition of K(ir)2.2 by FCCP in intact cells and excised patches. We also investigated the effect of FCCP on K(ir)2.2 expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. K(ir)2.2 current, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, increased in inside-out patches from FCCP-treated and untreated oocytes. The fraction of total current that increased was 0.79 +/- 0.05 in control and 0.89 +/- 0.03 in 10 microM FCCP-treated (P > .05). Following "run-up," K(ir)2.2 current was re-inhibited by "cramming" inside-out patches into oocytes. Therefore, run-up reflected not reversal of inhibition by FCCP, but washout of an endogenous inhibitor. K(ir)2.2 current recovered in intact oocytes within 26.5 h of FCCP removal. Injection of oocytes with 0.1 U apyrase completely depleted ATP (P < .001) but did not inhibit K(ir)2.2 and inhibited K(ir)2.1 by 35% (P < .05). FCCP only partially reduced [ATP] (P < .001), despite inhibiting K(ir)2.2 by 75% (P < .01) but not K(ir)2.1. FCCP inhibited K(ir)2.2 expressed in HEK cells. The recovery of K(ir)2.2 from inhibition by FCCP requires intracellular components, but direct depletion of ATP does not reproduce the differential inhibitory effect of FCCP. Inhibition of K(ir)2.2 by FCCP is not unique to Xenopus oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Collins
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Tziomalos K, Hare JM. Role of xanthine oxidoreductase in cardiac nitroso-redox imbalance. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:237-62. [PMID: 19273066 DOI: 10.2741/3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the importance of nitroso-redox balance in the cardiovascular system. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a major oxidative enzyme and increased XOR activity, leading to both increased production of reactive oxygen species and uric acid, is implicated in heart failure. Within the heart, XOR activity stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and impairs matrix structure. The underpinnings of these derangements can be linked not solely to oxidative stress, but may also involve the process of nitroso-redox imbalance. In this regard, XOR interacts with nitric oxide signaling at numerous levels, including a direct protein-protein interaction with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Deficiency or translocation of NOS1 away from this microdomain leads to increased activity of XOR, which in turn impairs excitation-contraction coupling and myofilament calcium sensitivity. There is a mounting abundance of preclinical data supporting beneficial effects of inhibiting XOR, but translation to the clinic continues to be incomplete. A growing understanding of XOR and its role in nitroso-redox imbalance has great potential to lead to improved pathophysiologic insights and possibly therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tziomalos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Division of Cardiology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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150
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Abstract
The development of heart failure is associated with alterations in the expression of a wide variety of structural, signaling, and metabolic proteins. One such effect is the downregulation of uncoupling proteins in the setting of heart failure. This group of proteins regulates the mitochondrial membrane potential and therefore plays a role in mitochondrial energy metabolism as well as reactive oxygen species generation by the mitochondria. This review discusses the role of uncoupling proteins in regulating oxidant stress and implications with respect to the pathogenesis of heart failure and potential treatments.
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