101
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McCabe JM, Leahy DJ. Smoothened goes molecular: new pieces in the hedgehog signaling puzzle. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3500-7. [PMID: 25519909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.617936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A general aim of studies of signal transduction is to identify mediators of specific signals, order them into pathways, and understand the nature of interactions between individual components and how these interactions alter pathway behavior. Despite years of intensive study and its central importance to animal development and human health, our understanding of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway remains riddled with gaps, question marks, assumptions, and poorly understood connections. In particular, understanding how interactions between Hh and Patched (Ptc), a 12-pass integral membrane protein, lead to modulation of the function of Smoothened (Smo), a 7-pass integral membrane protein, has defied standard biochemical characterization. Recent structural and biochemical characterizations of Smoothened domains have begun to unlock this riddle, however, and lay the groundwork for improved cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M McCabe
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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102
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In Vitro Osteoinductive Effects of Hydroxycholesterol on Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Are Mediated through the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 134:960-968. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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103
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive biliary tract malignancy with limited treatment options and low survival rates. Currently, there are no curative medical therapies for CCA. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the genetic basis of this disease, and elucidated therapeutically relevant targets. Therapeutic efforts in development are directed at several key pathways due to genetic aberrations including receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, mutant IDH enzymes, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and chromatin remodeling networks. A highly desmoplastic, hypovascular stroma is characteristic of CCAs and recent work has highlighted the importance of targeting this pathway via stromal myofibroblast depletion. Future efforts should concentrate on combination therapies with action against the cancer cell and the surrounding tumor stroma. As the mutational landscape of CCA is being illuminated, molecular profiling of patient tumors will enable identification of specific mutations and the opportunity to offer directed, personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Tushar Patel
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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104
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Hu S, Liu H, Pan Z, Xia L, Dong X, Li L, Xu F, He H, Wang J. Molecular cloning, expression profile and transcriptional modulation of two splice variants of very low density lipoprotein receptor during ovarian follicle development in geese (Anser cygnoide). Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 149:281-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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105
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Montgomery SR, Nargizyan T, Meliton V, Nachtergaele S, Rohatgi R, Stappenbeck F, Jung ME, Johnson JS, Aghdasi B, Tian H, Weintraub G, Inoue H, Atti E, Tetradis S, Pereira RC, Hokugo A, Alobaidaan R, Tan Y, Hahn TJ, Wang JC, Parhami F. A novel osteogenic oxysterol compound for therapeutic development to promote bone growth: activation of hedgehog signaling and osteogenesis through smoothened binding. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1872-85. [PMID: 24591126 PMCID: PMC4457783 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic factors are often used in orthopedics to promote bone growth, improve fracture healing, and induce spine fusion. Osteogenic oxysterols are naturally occurring molecules that were shown to induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro and promote spine fusion in vivo. The purpose of this study was to identify an osteogenic oxysterol more suitable for clinical development than those previously reported, and evaluate its ability to promote osteogenesis in vitro and spine fusion in rats in vivo. Among more than 100 oxysterol analogues synthesized, Oxy133 induced significant expression of osteogenic markers Runx2, osterix (OSX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) in C3H10T1/2 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in M2-10B4 mouse marrow stromal cells. Oxy133-induced activation of an 8X-Gli luciferase reporter, its direct binding to Smoothened, and the inhibition of Oxy133-induced osteogenic effects by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine, demonstrated the role of Hh pathway in mediating osteogenic responses to Oxy133. Oxy133 did not stimulate osteogenesis via BMP or Wnt signaling. Oxy133 induced the expression of OSX, BSP, and OCN, and stimulated robust mineralization in primary human mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo, bilateral spine fusion occurred through endochondral ossification and was observed in animals treated with Oxy133 at the fusion site on X-ray after 4 weeks and confirmed with manual assessment, micro-CT (µCT), and histology after 8 weeks, with equal efficiency to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Unlike rhBMP-2, Oxy133 did not induce adipogenesis in the fusion mass and resulted in denser bone evidenced by greater bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio and smaller trabecular separation. Findings here suggest that Oxy133 has significant potential as an osteogenic molecule with greater ease of synthesis and improved time to fusion compared to previously studied oxysterols. Small molecule osteogenic oxysterols may serve as the next generation of bone anabolic agents for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Montgomery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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106
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Daugvilaite V, Arfelt KN, Benned-Jensen T, Sailer AW, Rosenkilde MM. Oxysterol-EBI2 signaling in immune regulation and viral infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1904-12. [PMID: 24810762 PMCID: PMC4209795 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced gene 2 (EBI2; also known as GPR183) was identified in 1993 on the basis of its substantial upregulation in EBV-infected cells. It is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells; most abundantly in B cells. EBI2 is central for the positioning of B cells within the lymphoid organs, a process that is regulated in part by a chemotactic gradient formed by the endogenous lipid agonists, and in part by a fine-tuned regulation of EBI2 cell surface expression. The most potent endogenous EBI2 agonist is 7α, 25-dihydroxyxcholesterol (7α,25-OHC), yet many structurally related oxysterols can bind to an EBI2 pocket that is defined by the upper parts of the transmembrane helices and extracellular receptor regions. EBI2 signals via Gαi, as well as via G protein-independent pathways like β-arrestin recruitment. The concerted action of these pathways leads to cell migration. By genetically interfering with its up- and downregulation, EBI2 was also recently shown to induce cell proliferation, an action that could be inhibited by small molecule antagonists. Here, we focus on the oxysterol-EBI2 axis in immune control, including its role in the EBV life cycle. We also summarize the structural and functional properties of EBI2 interaction with oxysterol agonists and small molecule antagonists and discuss EBI2 as therapeutic target for diseases of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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107
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Teperino R, Aberger F, Esterbauer H, Riobo N, Pospisilik JA. Canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signalling and the control of metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 33:81-92. [PMID: 24862854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent key healthcare challenges of our day, affecting upwards of one billion people worldwide. These individuals are at higher risk for cancer, stroke, blindness, heart and cardiovascular disease, and to date, have no effective long-term treatment options available. Recent and accumulating evidence has implicated the developmental morphogen Hedgehog and its downstream signalling in metabolic control. Generally thought to be quiescent in adults, Hedgehog is associated with several human cancers, and as such, has already emerged as a therapeutic target in oncology. Here, we attempt to give a comprehensive overview of the key signalling events associated with both canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signalling, and highlight the increasingly complex regulatory modalities that appear to link Hedgehog and control metabolism. We highlight these key findings and discuss their impact for therapeutic development, cancer and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Teperino
- Department of Epigenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Riobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John Andrew Pospisilik
- Department of Epigenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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108
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G-protein-coupled receptors, Hedgehog signaling and primary cilia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 33:63-72. [PMID: 24845016 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has become an important model to study the cell biology of primary cilia, and reciprocally, the study of ciliary processes provides an opportunity to solve longstanding mysteries in the mechanism of vertebrate Hh signal transduction. The cilium is emerging as an unique compartment for G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in many systems. Two members of the GPCR family, Smoothened and Gpr161, play important roles in the Hh pathway. We review the current understanding of how these proteins may function to regulate Hh signaling and also highlight some of the critical unanswered questions being tackled by the field. Uncovering GPCR-regulated mechanisms important in Hh signaling may provide therapeutic strategies against the Hh pathway that plays important roles in development, regeneration and cancer.
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109
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Agarwal JR, Wang Q, Tanno T, Rasheed Z, Merchant A, Ghosh N, Borrello I, Huff CA, Parhami F, Matsui W. Activation of liver X receptors inhibits hedgehog signaling, clonogenic growth, and self-renewal in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1873-81. [PMID: 24807964 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers, and recent clinical studies have demonstrated that pathway inhibitors are effective in advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The majority of these agents have been designed to target SMOOTHENED (SMO), a transmembrane regulator of Hh signaling, but subsequent mutations in SMO have been found to generate drug resistance. In other cancers, oncogenic events that bypass SMO may activate canonical Hh signaling, and SMO antagonists have not demonstrated significant activity in several diseases. Therefore, alternative strategies targeting the Hh pathway downstream of SMO may have clinical utility. Liver X receptors (LXR) regulate cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis, and LXR activation can inhibit the Hh pathway in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We examined the effects of LXR activation on Hh signaling in human multiple myeloma cells and found that LXR agonists inhibited Hh pathway activity and clonogenic tumor growth in vitro. LXR activation also inhibited putative multiple myeloma cancer stem cells in vivo leading to the loss of tumor initiating and self-renewal potential. Finally, Hh signaling was inhibited downstream of SMO, suggesting that LXR agonists may represent a novel strategy to target pathogenic Hh signaling as well as treat multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Agarwal
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toshihiko Tanno
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zeshaan Rasheed
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akil Merchant
- Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California; and
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Farhad Parhami
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - William Matsui
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
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110
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Roberg-Larsen H, Lund K, Vehus T, Solberg N, Vesterdal C, Misaghian D, Olsen PA, Krauss S, Wilson SR, Lundanes E. Highly automated nano-LC/MS-based approach for thousand cell-scale quantification of side chain-hydroxylated oxysterols. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1531-6. [PMID: 24792927 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d048801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iso-octyl chain-hydroxylated oxysterols were determined in attomoles per 10,000 cells concentrations in 10,000-80,000 cultured pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, using a sensitive, highly automated nano-LC-ESI-MS-based method. Identified oxysterols included 24S hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), 25 hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), and 27 hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), while 20S hydroxycholesterol and 22S hydroxycholesterol were not detected. Lower mass limit of quantification was 23 fg (65 amol) for 25-OHC and 27-OHC (100 times lower than our previous method) and 54 fg (135 amol) for 24S-OHC, after derivatization into Girard T hydrazones and online sample cleanup using simplified and robust automatic filtration and filter back flushing solid phase extraction LC/MS/MS. The instrument configuration was easily installed using a commercial nano-LC/MS system. Recoveries in spiked sample were 96, 97, and 77% for 24S-OHC, 25-OHC, and 27-OHC, with within- and between-day repeatabilities of 1-21% and 2-20% relative SD, respectively. The study demonstrates the potential of nano-LC in lipidomics/sterolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaja Lund
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre (SFI-CAST), Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway Affitech Research AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Solberg
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre (SFI-CAST), Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Petter Angell Olsen
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre (SFI-CAST), Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre (SFI-CAST), Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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111
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Gessier F, Preuss I, Yin H, Rosenkilde MM, Laurent S, Endres R, Chen YA, Marsilje TH, Seuwen K, Nguyen DG, Sailer AW. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Modulators of the Epstein–Barr Virus-Induced Gene 2 (EBI2) Receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3358-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4019355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Yin
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Laboratory
for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yu A. Chen
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas H. Marsilje
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Deborah G. Nguyen
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
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112
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Peyrot SM, Nachtergaele S, Luchetti G, Mydock-McGrane LK, Fujiwara H, Scherrer D, Jallouk A, Schlesinger PH, Ory DS, Covey DF, Rohatgi R. Tracking the subcellular fate of 20(s)-hydroxycholesterol with click chemistry reveals a transport pathway to the Golgi. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11095-11110. [PMID: 24596093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, oxidized metabolites of cholesterol, are endogenous small molecules that regulate lipid metabolism, immune function, and developmental signaling. Although the cell biology of cholesterol has been intensively studied, fundamental questions about oxysterols, such as their subcellular distribution and trafficking pathways, remain unanswered. We have therefore developed a useful method to image intracellular 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol with both high sensitivity and spatial resolution using click chemistry and fluorescence microscopy. The metabolic labeling of cells with an alkynyl derivative of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol has allowed us to directly visualize this oxysterol by attaching an azide fluorophore through cyclo-addition. Unexpectedly, we found that this oxysterol selectively accumulates in the Golgi membrane using a pathway that is sensitive to ATP levels, temperature, and lysosome function. Although previous models have proposed nonvesicular pathways for the rapid equilibration of oxysterols between membranes, direct imaging of oxysterols suggests that a vesicular pathway is responsible for differential accumulation of oxysterols in organelle membranes. More broadly, clickable alkynyl sterols may represent useful tools for sterol cell biology, both to investigate the functions of these important lipids and to decipher the pathways that determine their cellular itineraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Peyrot
- Departments of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Laurel K Mydock-McGrane
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David Scherrer
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Jallouk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Departments ofAnesthesiology, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and.
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113
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Rognan D, Mus-Veteau I. Three-Dimensional Structure of the Smoothened Receptor: Implications for Drug Discovery. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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114
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Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent of late that inflammation plays an integral role in a spectrum of malignancies including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Primary sclerosing cholangitis with chronic inflammation is the most common risk factor for CCA in the Western world. Recent work has highlighted that inflammatory pathways are essential in carcinogenesis and tissue invasion and migration. Inflammation advances carcinogenesis by induction of DNA damage, evasion of apoptosis, promotion of cell proliferation, and neoangiogenesis. CCA is characterized by the presence of a desmoplastic stroma consisting of cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This rich inflammatory milieu is vital to the cancer ecosystem, and targeting its components represents an attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
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115
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Abstract
Oxysterols modulate the Hedgehog signalling pathway by binding a novel site on the membrane protein Smoothened, which may offer new options for the treatment of cancers linked to this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Yu Wang is at the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and the School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
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116
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Murdolo G, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, Piroddi M, Iuliano L, Galli F. Lipokines and oxysterols: novel adipose-derived lipid hormones linking adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:811-820. [PMID: 23954331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of adipose tissue (AT) is, by definition, a hallmark of obesity. However, not all increases in fat mass are associated with pathophysiological cues. Indeed, whereas a "healthy" fat mass accrual, mainly in the subcutaneous depots, preserves metabolic homeostasis, explaining the occurrence of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype, "unhealthy" AT expansion is importantly associated with insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The development of a dysfunctional adipose organ may find mechanistic explanation in a reduced ability to recruit new and functional (pre)adipocytes from undifferentiated precursor cells. Such a failure of the adipogenic process underlies the "AT expandability" paradigm. The inability of AT to expand further to store excess nutrients, rather than obesity per se, induces a diabetogenic milieu by promoting the overflow and the ectopic deposition of fatty acids in insulin-dependent organs (i.e., lipotoxicity), the secretion of various metabolically detrimental adipose-derived hormones (i.e., adipokines and lipokines), and the occurrence of local and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Hitherto, fatty acids (i.e., lipokines) and the oxidation by-products of cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as nonenzymatic oxysterols and reactive aldehyde species, respectively, emerge as key modulators of (pre)adipocyte signaling through Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK pathways and potential regulators of glucose homeostasis. These and other mechanistic insights linking adipose dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impairment of glucose homeostasis are discussed in this review article, which focuses on adipose peroxidation as a potential instigator of, and a putative therapeutic target for, obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assisi Hospital, I-06081 Assisi, Perugia, Italy; Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine, and Metabolic Sciences, Italy.
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marta Piroddi
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Unit of Vascular Medicine, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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117
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Nury T, Samadi M, Zarrouk A, Riedinger JM, Lizard G. Improved synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic profile of oxysterols oxidized at C4 (4α- and 4β-hydroxycholesterol) and C7 (7-ketocholesterol, 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol) on cells of the central nervous system. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:558-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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118
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Jové M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Pamplona R, Ricart W, Portero-Otín M, Fernández-Real JM. Human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibit specific lipidomic signatures. FASEB J 2013; 28:1071-81. [PMID: 24265485 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite their differential effects on human metabolic pathophysiology, the differences in omental and subcutaneous lipidomes are largely unknown. To explore this field, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for lipidome analyses of adipose tissue samples (visceral and subcutaneous) selected from a group of obese subjects (n=38). Transcriptomics and in vitro studies in adipocytes were used to confirm the pathways affected by location. The analyses revealed the existence of obesity-related specific lipidome signatures in each of these locations, attributed to selective enrichment of specific triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, because these were not observed in adipose tissues from nonobese individuals. The changes were compatible with subcutaneous enrichment in pathways involved in adipogenesis, triacylglyceride synthesis, and lipid droplet formation, as well as increased α-oxidation. Marked differences between omental and subcutaneous depots in obese individuals were seen in the association of lipid species with metabolic traits (body mass index and insulin sensitivity). Targeted studies also revealed increased cholesterol (Δ56%) and cholesterol epoxide (Δ34%) concentrations in omental adipose tissue. In view of the effects of cholesterol epoxide, which induced enhanced expression of adipocyte differentiation and α-oxidation genes in human omental adipocytes, a novel role for cholesterol epoxide as a signaling molecule for differentiation is proposed. In summary, in obesity, adipose tissue exhibits a location-specific differential lipid profile that may contribute to explaining part of its distinct pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- 1Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta," Carretera de França s/n, 17007, Girona, Spain.
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119
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Hadden MK. Hedgehog pathway agonism: therapeutic potential and small-molecule development. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:27-37. [PMID: 24203435 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a developmental signaling pathway that plays multiple roles during embryonic development and in adult tissues. Constitutive Hh signaling has been linked to the development and progression of several forms of cancer, and the application of small-molecule pathway inhibitors as anticancer chemotherapeutics is well studied and clearly defined. Activation of the Hh pathway as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of degenerative or ischemic disorders has also been proposed; however, the development of small-molecule Hh agonists has received less attention. The goal of this review is to highlight the recent evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of Hh pathway activators and to provide a comprehensive overview of small-molecule pathway agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269 (USA).
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120
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Nachtergaele S, Whalen DM, Mydock LK, Zhao Z, Malinauskas T, Krishnan K, Ingham PW, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Structure and function of the Smoothened extracellular domain in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2013; 2:e01340. [PMID: 24171105 PMCID: PMC3809587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signal is transduced across the membrane by the heptahelical protein Smoothened (Smo), a developmental regulator, oncoprotein and drug target in oncology. We present the 2.3 Å crystal structure of the extracellular cysteine rich domain (CRD) of vertebrate Smo and show that it binds to oxysterols, endogenous lipids that activate Hh signaling. The oxysterol-binding groove in the Smo CRD is analogous to that used by Frizzled 8 to bind to the palmitoleyl group of Wnt ligands and to similar pockets used by other Frizzled-like CRDs to bind hydrophobic ligands. The CRD is required for signaling in response to native Hh ligands, showing that it is an important regulatory module for Smo activation. Indeed, targeting of the Smo CRD by oxysterol-inspired small molecules can block signaling by all known classes of Hh activators and by clinically relevant Smo mutants. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01340.001.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hedgehog Proteins/chemistry
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- Sterols/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel M Whalen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel K Mydock
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Philip W Ingham
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London/Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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121
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of 1-(4-(tert-butyl)benzyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (Pyr-C) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. MATERIALS & METHODS MTT and BrdU incorporation assay were used to determine cell survival and proliferation. The gene expression levels of osteogenic markers were determined using real-time PCR and ALP activity was detected. Western-blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression of BSP and OPN. The long-term effect of Pyr-C on mineralization deposition was measured by Alizarin Red Staining. RESULTS Pyr-C inhibited cell proliferation and increased ALP activity. Gene expression of ALP, BSP, OCN, Runx2, and Osterix was up-regulated in Pyr-C-induced group. Pyr-C increased the protein expression of BSP at day 7, 14 and 21, and OPN at day 14, 21 and 28. Meanwhile, Pyr-C enhanced the mineral deposition. CONCLUSION Pyr-C inhibits proliferation and stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.
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122
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Hokugo A, Sorice S, Parhami F, Yalom A, Li A, Zuk P, Jarrahy R. A novel oxysterol promotes bone regeneration in rabbit cranial bone defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:591-9. [PMID: 23997014 DOI: 10.1002/term.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have played a central role in the development of regenerative therapies for bone reconstruction. However, the high cost and side-effect profile of BMPs limits their broad application. Oxysterols, naturally occurring products of cholesterol oxidation, are promising osteogenic agents alternative to BMPs. The osteogenic capacity of these non-toxic and relatively inexpensive molecules has been documented in rodent models. We studied the impact of Oxy49, a novel oxysterol analogue, on the osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Moreover, we evaluated the capacity for in vivo bone regeneration with Oxy49 in rabbit cranial bone defects. We found that rabbit BMSCs treated with Oxy49 demonstrated differentiation along osteogenic pathways, and that complete bone regeneration occurred when cranial defects were treated with Oxy49. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Oxy49 has the ability to induce osteogenic differentiation in rabbit BMSCs with an efficacy comparable to that of BMP-2 and to promote significant bone regeneration in cranial defects. Oxysterols may be a viable novel agent in bone tissue engineering. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akishige Hokugo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sorice
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Parhami
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anisa Yalom
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Zuk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reza Jarrahy
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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123
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Myers BR, Sever N, Chong YC, Kim J, Belani JD, Rychnovsky S, Bazan JF, Beachy PA. Hedgehog pathway modulation by multiple lipid binding sites on the smoothened effector of signal response. Dev Cell 2013; 26:346-57. [PMID: 23954590 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during development and in postembryonic tissues requires activation of the 7TM oncoprotein Smoothened (Smo) by mechanisms that may involve endogenous lipidic modulators. Exogenous Smo ligands previously identified include the plant sterol cyclopamine (and its therapeutically useful synthetic mimics) and hydroxylated cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols); Smo is also highly sensitive to cellular sterol levels. The relationships between these effects are unclear because the relevant Smo structural determinants are unknown. We identify the conserved extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) as the site of action for oxysterols on Smo, involving residues structurally analogous to those contacting the Wnt lipid adduct in the homologous Frizzled CRD; this modulatory effect is distinct from that of cyclopamine mimics, from Hh-mediated regulation, and from the permissive action of cellular sterol pools. These results imply that Hh pathway activity is sensitive to lipid binding at several Smo sites, suggesting mechanisms for tuning by multiple physiological inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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124
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De Boussac H, Alioui A, Viennois E, Dufour J, Trousson A, Vega A, Guy L, Volle DH, Lobaccaro JMA, Baron S. Oxysterol receptors and their therapeutic applications in cancer conditions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1029-38. [PMID: 23875732 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.820708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxysterols are implicated in various cellular processes. Among their target proteins, liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β modulate the cell cycle in a large range of cancer cell lines. Besides their role as cholesterol sensors, LXRs are also involved in the proliferation/apoptosis balance regulation in various types of cancers. AREAS COVERED This review covers oxysterols and derivatives of cholesterol as well as synthetic or natural ligands (agonist/antagonist) of LXRs. Most tumor cell lines are sensitive to LXR activation. Indeed various cancers are concerned such as prostate, breast, glioblastoma, colorectal, and ovary tumors, and leukemia. EXPERT OPINION Developing the use of LXR ligands in human health, especially in the field of cancer, represents a novel and promising strategy. Despite a wide spectrum of applications, numerous adverse effects of LXR activation need to be solved before genuine clinical trials in humans. Future directions will be based on the engineering of selective LXRs modulators (SLiMs) as already done for nuclear steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues De Boussac
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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125
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Nedelcu D, Liu J, Xu Y, Jao C, Salic A. Oxysterol binding to the extracellular domain of Smoothened in Hedgehog signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:557-64. [PMID: 23831757 PMCID: PMC3749252 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols bind the seven-transmembrane protein Smo (Smo) and potently activate vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a pathway essential in embryonic development, adult stem cell maintenance and cancer. It is unknown, however, whether oxysterols are important for normal vertebrate Hh signaling and whether antagonizing oxysterols can inhibit the Hh pathway. We developed azasterols that block Hh signaling by binding the oxysterol-binding site of Smo. We show that the binding site for oxysterols and azasterols maps to the extracellular, cysteine-rich domain of Smo and is completely separable from the site bound by other small-molecule modulators, located within the heptahelical bundle of Smo. Smo mutants in which oxysterol binding is abolished no longer respond to oxysterols and cannot be maximally activated by the Hh ligand. Our results show that oxysterol binding to vertebrate Smo is required for normal Hh signaling and that targeting the oxysterol-binding site is an effective strategy to inhibit Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nedelcu
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
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126
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In Vitro Study of a Novel Oxysterol for Osteogenic Differentiation on Rabbit Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:70e-80e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318290f460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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127
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Liu CF, Breidenbach A, Aschbacher-Smith L, Butler D, Wylie C. A role for hedgehog signaling in the differentiation of the insertion site of the patellar tendon in the mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65411. [PMID: 23762363 PMCID: PMC3677907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are typically composed of two histologically different regions: the midsubstance and insertion site. We previously showed that Gli1, a downstream effector of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, is expressed only in the insertion site of the mouse patellar tendon during its differentiation. To test for a functional role of Hh signaling, we targeted the Smoothened (Smo) gene in vivo using a Cre/Lox system. Constitutive activation of the Hh pathway in the mid-substance caused molecular markers of the insertion site, e.g. type II collagen, to be ectopically expressed or up-regulated in the midsubstance. This was confirmed using a novel organ culture method in vitro. Conversely, when Smo was excised in the scleraxis-positive cell population, the development of the fibrocartilaginous insertion site was affected. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in chondrogenesis and mineralization was down-regulated in the insertion site, and expression of insertion site markers was decreased. Biomechanical testing of murine adult patellar tendon, which developed in the absence of Hh signaling, showed impairment of tendon structural properties (lower linear stiffness and greater displacement) and material properties (greater strain), although the linear modulus of the mutant group was not significantly lower than controls. These studies provide new insights into the role of Hh signaling during tendon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew Breidenbach
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Energy, Environment, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Aschbacher-Smith
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Butler
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Energy, Environment, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher Wylie
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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128
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Briscoe J, Thérond PP. The mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling and its roles in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:416-29. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1212] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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129
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Gallinari P, Filocamo G, Jones P, Pazzaglia S, Steinkühler C. Smoothened antagonists: a promising new class of antitumor agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:525-44. [PMID: 23485085 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902852686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog signaling is essential for the development of most metazoans. In recent years, evidence has accumulated showing that many human tumors aberrantly re-activate this developmental signaling pathway and that interfering with it may provide a new strategy for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics. Smoothened is a G-protein coupled receptor-like protein that is essentially involved in hedgehog signal transduction and small molecule antagonists of Smoothened have started to show antitumor activity in preclinical models and in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE We critically review the role of hedgehog signaling in normal development and in human malignancies, the available drug discovery tools and the classes of small molecule inhibitors that are in development. We further aim to address the potential impact that pathway antagonists may have on the treatment options of cancer patients. METHODS Literature, patents and clinical trial results from the past 5 years were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS 1) A large body of evidence suggests a frequent reactivation of hedgehog signaling in human cancer. 2) Smoothened is an attractive, highly druggable target with extensive preclinical and initial clinical validation in basal cell carcinoma. Several promising novel classes of Smoothened antagonists have been discovered and are being developed as anticancer agents. 3) Our knowledge of the biology of hedgehog signaling in cancer is still very incomplete and significant efforts will be required to understand how to use the emerging novel agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallinari
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Department of Oncology, IRBM- Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy +39 06 91093232 ; +39 06 91093549 ;
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130
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de Weille J, Fabre C, Bakalara N. Oxysterols in cancer cell proliferation and death. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:154-60. [PMID: 23500545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols have been shown to interfere with proliferation and cause the death of many cancer cell types, such as leukaemia, glioblastoma, colon, breast and prostate cancer cells, while they have little or no effect on senescent cells. The mechanisms by which oxysterols may influence proliferation are manifold: they control the transcription and the turnover of the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, by binding to Insig-1, Insig-2 and liver X receptors. Oxysterols are thought to be generated in proportion to the rate of cholesterol synthesis. Although there is no consensus about the mechanism by which these oxysterols are generated in vivo, it clearly has to be ubiquitous. The 25- and the 27-cholesterol hydroxylases, present in almost all tissues, are possible candidates. Cholesterol uptake from lipoproteins, intracellular vesicle transport and lipid transfer are also modified by oxysterols. Oxysterols interfere with ERK, hedgehog and wnt pathways of proliferation and differentiation. When administered in vitro to cancer cell lines, oxysterols invariably both slow down proliferation and provoke cell death. Perhaps is it sufficient to stop proliferation of a cancer to provoke its eradication. Therefore, the two facets of oxysterol action that seem important for cancer treatment, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Weille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, U1051 INSERM, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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131
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Stulov SV, Misharin AY. Synthesis of steroids with nitrogen-containing substituents in ring D (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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132
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Kim J, Aftab BT, Tang JY, Kim D, Lee AH, Rezaee M, Kim J, Chen B, King EM, Borodovsky A, Riggins GJ, Epstein EH, Beachy PA, Rudin CM. Itraconazole and arsenic trioxide inhibit Hedgehog pathway activation and tumor growth associated with acquired resistance to smoothened antagonists. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:23-34. [PMID: 23291299 PMCID: PMC3548977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the multiple roles of Hedgehog signaling in cancer has prompted intensive efforts to develop targeted pathway inhibitors. Leading inhibitors in clinical development act by binding to a common site within Smoothened, a critical pathway component. Acquired Smoothened mutations, including SMO(D477G), confer resistance to these inhibitors. Here, we report that itraconazole and arsenic trioxide, two agents in clinical use that inhibit Hedgehog signaling by mechanisms distinct from that of current Smoothened antagonists, retain inhibitory activity in vitro in the context of all reported resistance-conferring Smoothened mutants and GLI2 overexpression. Itraconazole and arsenic trioxide, alone or in combination, inhibit the growth of medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma in vivo, and prolong survival of mice with intracranial drug-resistant SMO(D477G) medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Blake T. Aftab
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jean Y. Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex H. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Jynho Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390-8593
| | - Emily M. King
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alexandra Borodovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ervin H. Epstein
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding authors: Philip A. Beachy, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, Rm G3120a, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5463, Tel: 650-723-4521, . Charles M. Rudin, MD, PhD, Professor of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building 2, Room 544, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, Tel: 410-502-0678, Fax: 410-502-0677,
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Corresponding authors: Philip A. Beachy, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, Rm G3120a, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5463, Tel: 650-723-4521, . Charles M. Rudin, MD, PhD, Professor of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building 2, Room 544, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, Tel: 410-502-0678, Fax: 410-502-0677,
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Murdolo G, Piroddi M, Luchetti F, Tortoioli C, Canonico B, Zerbinati C, Galli F, Iuliano L. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by-products at the crossroad between adipose organ dysregulation and obesity-linked insulin resistance. Biochimie 2012; 95:585-94. [PMID: 23274128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been proposed as an energy balance disorder in which the expansion of adipose tissue (AT) leads to unfavorable health outcomes. Even though adiposity represents the most powerful driving force for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes, mounting evidence points to "adipose dysregulation", rather than fat mass accrual per se, as a key pathophysiological trigger of the obesity-linked metabolic complications. The dysfunctional fat, besides hypertrophic adipose cells and inflammatory cues, displays a reduced ability to form new adipocytes from the undifferentiated precursor cells (ie, the preadipocytes). The failure of adipogenesis poses a "diabetogenic" milieu either by promoting the ectopic overflow/deposition of lipids in non-adipose targets (lipotoxicity) or by inducing a dysregulated secretion of different adipose-derived hormones (ie, adipokines and lipokines). This novel and provocative paradigm ("expandability hypothesis") further extends current "adipocentric view" implicating a reduced adipogenic capacity as a missing link between "unhealthy" fat expansion and impairment of metabolic homeostasis. Hitherto, reactive oxygen species have been implicated in multiple forms of IR. However, the effects of stress on adipogenesis remain controversial. Compelling circumstantial data indicate that lipid peroxidation by-products (ie, oxysterols and 4-hydrononenal) may detrimentally affect adipose homeostasis partly by impairing (pre)adipocyte differentiation. In this scenario, it is tempting to speculate that a fine tuning of the adipose redox status may provide new mechanistic insights at the interface between fat dysregulation and development of metabolic dysfunctions. Yet, in humans, the molecular "signatures" of oxidative stress in the dysregulated fat as well as the pathophysiological effects of adipose (per)oxidation on glucose homeostasis remain poorly investigated. In this review we will summarize the potential mechanisms by which increased oxidative stress in fat may impair (pre)adipocyte differentiation and promote the adipose dysfunction. We will also attempt to highlight the conundrum with the adipose redox changes and the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Finally, we will briefly discuss the scientific rationale for proposing the adipose redox state as a potential target for novel therapeutic strategies to curb/prevent adiposity-linked insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assisi Hospital, Via Valentin Muller 1, Assisi, Perugia, Italy.
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134
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Cucchi D, Occhione MA, Gulino A, De Smaele E. Hedgehog signaling pathway and its targets for treatment in basal cell carcinoma. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:173-85. [PMID: 27186130 PMCID: PMC4863577 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s28553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common type of cancer and accounts for up to 40% of all cancers in the US, with a growing incidence rate over recent decades in all developed countries. Surgery is curative for most patients, although it leaves unaesthetic scars, but those that develop locally advanced or metastatic BCC require different therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, patients with BCC present a high risk of developing additional tumors. The increasing economic burden and the morbidity of BCC render primary interest in the development of targeted treatments for this disease. Among the molecular signals involved in the development of BCC, the critical role of the morphogenetic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has become evident. This pathway is found altered and activated in almost all BCCs, both sporadic and inherited. Given the centrality of the Hh pathway in the pathophysiology of BCC, the primary efforts to identify molecular targets for the topical or systemic treatment of this cancer have focused on the Hh components. Several Hh inhibitors have been so far identified - from the first identified natural cyclopamine to the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved synthetic vismodegib - most of which target the Hh receptor Smoothened (either its function or its translocation to the primary cilium). Other molecules await further characterization (bisamide compounds), while drugs currently approved for other diseases such as itraconazole (an antimicotic agent) and vitamin D3 have been tested on BCC with encouraging results. The outcomes of the numerous ongoing clinical trials are expected to expand the field in the very near future. Further research is needed to obtain drugs targeting downstream components of the Hh pathway (eg, Gli) or to exploit combinatorial therapies (eg, with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors or retinoids) in order to overcome potential drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Cucchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Center of Life NanoScience @ La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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135
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Cancer stem cells: potential target for bioactive food components. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:691-8. [PMID: 22704055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells often have phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to normal stem cells including the properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Recent findings suggest that uncontrolled self-renewal may explain cancer relapses and may represent a critical target for cancer prevention. It is conceivable that the loss of regulatory molecules resulting from inappropriate consumption of specific foods and their constituents may foster the aberrant self-renewal of cancer stem cells. In fact, increasing evidence points to the network delivering signals for self-renewal from extracellular compartments to the nucleus including changes in stem cell environments, inducible expression of microRNAs, hyperplastic nuclear chromatin structures, and the on/off of differentiation process as possible sites of action for bioactive food components. Diverse dietary constituents such as vitamins A and D, genistein, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), sulforaphane, curcumin, piperine, theanine and choline have been shown to modify self-renewal properties of cancer stem cells. The ability of these bioactive food components to influence the balance between proliferative and quiescent cells by regulating critical feedback molecules in the network including dickkopf 1 (DKK-1), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2), B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) may account for their biological response. Overall, the response to food components does not appear to be tissue or organ specific, suggesting there may be common cellular mechanisms. Unquestionably, additional studies are needed to clarify the physiological role of these dietary components in preventing the resistance of tumor cells to traditional drugs and cancer recurrence.
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136
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins regulate the development of a wide range of metazoan embryonic and adult structures, and disruption of Hh signaling pathways results in various human diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways regulated by Hh, consolidating data from a diverse array of organisms in a variety of scientific disciplines. Similar to the elucidation of many other signaling pathways, our knowledge of Hh signaling developed in a sequential manner centered on its earliest discoveries. Thus, our knowledge of Hh signaling has for the most part focused on elucidating the mechanism by which Hh regulates the Gli family of transcription factors, the so-called "canonical" Hh signaling pathway. However, in the past few years, numerous studies have shown that Hh proteins can also signal through Gli-independent mechanisms collectively referred to as "noncanonical" signaling pathways. Noncanonical Hh signaling is itself subdivided into two distinct signaling modules: (i) those not requiring Smoothened (Smo) and (ii) those downstream of Smo that do not require Gli transcription factors. Thus, Hh signaling is now proposed to occur through a variety of distinct context-dependent signaling modules that have the ability to crosstalk with one another to form an interacting, dynamic Hh signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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137
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Corman A, DeBerardinis AM, Hadden MK. Structure-activity relationships for side chain oxysterol agonists of the hedgehog signaling pathway. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:828-33. [PMID: 24900386 DOI: 10.1021/ml300192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols (OHCs) are byproducts of cholesterol oxidation that are known to activate the Hedeghog (Hh) signaling pathway. While OHCs that incorporate hydroxyl groups throughout the scaffold are known, those that act as agonists of Hh signaling primarily contain a single hydroxyl on the alkyl side chain. We sought to further explore how side chain hydroxylation patterns affect oxysterol-mediated Hh activation, by performing a structure-activity relationship study on a series of synthetic OHCs. The most active analogue, 23(R)-OHC (35), demonstrated potent activation of Hh signaling in two Hh-dependent cell lines (EC50 values 0.54-0.65 μM). In addition, OHC 35 was approximately 3-fold selective for the Hh pathway as compared to the liver X receptor, a nuclear receptor that is also activated by endogenous OHCs. Finally, 35 induced osteogenic differentiation and osteoblast formation in cultured cells, indicating functional agonism of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Corman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,
United States
| | - Albert M. DeBerardinis
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,
United States
| | - M. Kyle Hadden
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,
United States
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138
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Nowaczyk MJM, Irons MB. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: phenotype, natural history, and epidemiology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:250-62. [PMID: 23059950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital multiple anomaly/intellectual disability syndrome caused by a deficiency of cholesterol synthesis resulting from a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase encoded by DHCR7. SLOS is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, a variable degree of intellectual disability that encompasses normal intelligence to severe intellectual deficiency, and multiple major and minor malformations. External malformations include distinctive facial features, cleft palate, postaxial polydactyly, 2-3 syndactyly of the toes, and underdeveloped external genitalia in males, while internal anomalies may affect every organ system. The clinical spectrum is wide, and rare individuals have been described with normal development and only minor malformations. The clinical diagnosis of SLOS is confirmed by demonstrating an abnormally elevated concentration of the cholesterol precursor, 7DHC, in serum or other tissues, or by the presence of two DHCR7 mutations. The enzymatic deficiency results in decreased cholesterol and increased 7DHC levels, both during embryonic development and after birth. The malformations found in SLOS may result from decreased cholesterol, increased 7DHC or a combination of these two factors. This review discusses the physical and behavioral phenotype of SLOS, the diagnostic approaches, the natural history from the prenatal period to adulthood, and current understanding of the pathophysiology of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata J M Nowaczyk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University McMaster University Medical Centre, Room 3N16, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton ON, Canada L8S 4J9.
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139
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Kuver R. Mechanisms of oxysterol-induced disease: insights from the biliary system. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2012; 7:537-548. [PMID: 23630545 PMCID: PMC3636558 DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized species of cholesterol that are derived from exogenous (e.g. dietary) and endogenous (in vivo) sources. Oxysterols play critical roles in normal physiologic functions as well as in pathophysiologic processes in a variety of organ systems. This review provides an overview of oxysterol biology from the vantage point of the biliary system. Several oxysterols have been identified in human bile in the context of biliary tract infection and inflammation. This finding has led to investigations regarding the potential pathophysiologic significance of biliary oxysterols in diseases affecting the biliary system, with an emphasis on cholangiocarcinoma. Emerging evidence implicates specific oxysterols in the development and progression of this malignancy. This review will summarize the literature on oxysterols in the biliary system and discuss how the accumulated evidence contributes to a hypothesis describing the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kuver
- Division of Gastroenterology, Box 356424, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Tel.: +1 206 543 1305, ,
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140
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Zhou Y, Robciuc MR, Wabitsch M, Juuti A, Leivonen M, Ehnholm C, Yki-Järvinen H, Olkkonen VM. OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) in human adipose depots and cultured adipocytes: evidence for impacts on the adipocyte phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45352. [PMID: 23028956 PMCID: PMC3448648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues, ORPs, are implicated in lipid homeostatic control, vesicle transport, and cell signaling. We analyzed here the quantity of ORP mRNAs in human subcutaneous (s.c.) and visceral adipose depots, as well as in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocyte cell model. All of the ORP mRNAs were present in the s.c and visceral adipose tissues, and the two depots shared an almost identical ORP mRNA expression pattern. SGBS adipocytes displayed a similar pattern, suggesting that the adipose tissue ORP expression pattern mainly derives from adipocytes. During SGBS cell adipogenic differentiation, ORP2, ORP3, ORP4, ORP7, and ORP8 mRNAs were down-regulated, while ORP11 was induced. To assess the impacts of ORPs on adipocyte differentiation, ORP3 and ORP8, proteins down-regulated during adipogenesis, were overexpressed in differentiating SGBS adipocytes, while ORP11, a protein induced during adipogenesis, was silenced. ORP8 overexpression resulted in reduced expression of the aP2 mRNA, while down-regulation of adiponectin and aP2 was observed in ORP11 silenced cells. Furthermore, ORP8 overexpression or silencing of ORP11 markedly decreased cellular triglyceride storage. These data identify the patterns of ORP expression in human adipose depots and SGBS adipocytes, and provide the first evidence for a functional impact of ORPs on the adipocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius R. Robciuc
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne Juuti
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Leivonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Ehnholm
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M. Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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141
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Dashti M, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F. Hedgehog signalling as an antagonist of ageing and its associated diseases. Bioessays 2012; 34:849-56. [PMID: 22903465 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog is an important morphogenic signal that directs pattern formation during embryogenesis, but its activity also remains present through adult life. It is now becoming increasingly clear that during the reproductive phase of life and beyond it continues to direct cell renewal (which is essential to combat the chronic environmental stress to which the body is constantly exposed) and counteracts vascular, osteolytic and sometimes oncological insults to the body. Conversely, down-regulation of hedgehog signalling is associated with ageing-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Hence, in this essay we argue that hedgehog signalling is not only important at the start of life, but also constitutes an important anti-geriatric influence, and that enhanced understanding of its properties may contribute to developing rational strategies for healthy ageing and prevention of ageing-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Dashti
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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142
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Stappenbeck F, Xiao W, Epperson M, Riley M, Priest A, Huang D, Nguyen K, Jung ME, Thies RS, Farouz F. Novel oxysterols activate the Hedgehog pathway and induce osteogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5893-7. [PMID: 22901899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Localized induction of bone formation is essential during orthopedic procedures that involve skeletal repair, such as surgical treatment of non-union bone fractures and degenerative disk disease. Herein we disclose the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel oxysterol derivatives designed as anabolic bone growth agents. Structure-activity relationship studies of oxysterol 4 have identified analogues such as 18, 21 and 30. These new analogues are characterized by higher potency in an osteoblast differentiation assay and/or by increased metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. Oxysterols 4, 18 and 21 were evaluated in vivo in a rat spinal fusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stappenbeck
- Fate Therapeutics, 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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143
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Riobo NA. Cholesterol and its derivatives in Sonic Hedgehog signaling and cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:736-41. [PMID: 22832232 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The connection between the Hedgehog (HH) pathway and cholesterol has been recognized since the early days that shaped our current understanding of this unique pathway. Cholesterol and related lipids are intricately linked to HH signaling: from the role of cholesterol in HH biosynthesis to the modulation of HH signal reception and transduction by other sterols, passing by the phylogenetic relationships among many components of the HH pathway that resemble or contain lipid-binding domains. Here I review the connections between HH signaling, cholesterol and its derivatives and analyze the potential implications for HH-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Riobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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144
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Brown AJ. Cholesterol versus other sterols: How do they compare as physiological regulators of cholesterol homeostasis? EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Brown
- BABS, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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145
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Bee WT, Xie W, Truong M, Will M, Turunen B, Zuercher WJ, McMillan L, Li H, Hornberger KR, Davenport EA, Ames RS, Kallal LA. The Development of a High-Content Screening Binding Assay for the Smoothened Receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:900-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112447872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the development of an image-based high-content screening (HCS) binding assay for the seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptor Smoothened (Smo) is described. Using BacMam-based gene delivery of Smo, BODIPY-cyclopamine as a fluorescent probe, and a confocal imaging system, a robust 384-well assay that could be used for high-throughput compound profiling activities was developed. The statistically robust HCS binding assay was developed through optimization of multiple parameters, including cell transduction conditions, Smo expression levels, the image analysis algorithm, and staining procedures. Evaluation of structurally diverse compounds, including functional Smo activators, inhibitors, and related analogs, demonstrated good compound potency correlations between high-content imaging binding, membrane fluorescence polarization binding, and gene reporter assays. Statistical analysis of data from a screening test set of compounds at a single 10-µM concentration suggested that the high-content imaging Smo binding assay is amenable for use in hit identification. The 384-well HCS assay was rapidly developed and met statistical assay performance targets, thus demonstrating its utility as a fluorescent whole-cell binding assay suitable for compound screening and profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Tiger Bee
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Wensheng Xie
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Maggie Truong
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Will
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Brandon Turunen
- Discovery Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Discovery Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lynette McMillan
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Davenport
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Robert S. Ames
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Lorena A. Kallal
- Department of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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146
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Kim M, Kim C, Choi YS, Kim M, Park C, Suh Y. Age-related alterations in mesenchymal stem cells related to shift in differentiation from osteogenic to adipogenic potential: implication to age-associated bone diseases and defects. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:215-25. [PMID: 22738657 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have attracted considerable attention in the fields of cell and gene therapy due to their intrinsic ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. The various therapeutic applications involving MSC require initial expansion and/or differentiation in vitro prior to clinical use. However, serial passages of MSC in culture lead to decreased differentiation potential and stem cell characteristics, eventually inducing cellular aging which will limit the success of cell-based therapeutic interventions. Here we review the age-related changes that occur in MSC with a special focus on the shift of differentiation potential from osteogenic to adipogenic lineage during the MSC aging processes and how aging causes this preferential shift by oxidative stress and/or energy metabolism defect. Oxidative stress-related signals and some microRNAs affect the differentiation potential shift of MSC by directly targeting key regulatory factors such as Runx-2 or PPAR-γ, and energy metabolism pathway is involved as well. All information described here including transcription factors, microRNAs and FoxOs could be used towards development of treatment regimens for age-related bone diseases and related defects based on mutually exclusive lineage fate determination of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Kim
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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147
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Madhala-Levy D, Williams VC, Hughes SM, Reshef R, Halevy O. Cooperation between Shh and IGF-I in promoting myogenic proliferation and differentiation via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways requires Smo activity. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1455-64. [PMID: 21618536 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has been shown to promote adult myoblast proliferation and differentiation and affect Akt phosphorylation via its effector Smoothened (Smo). Here, the relationship between Shh and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was examined with regard to myogenic differentiation via signaling pathways which regulate this process. Each factor enhanced Akt and MAPK/ERK (p42/44) phosphorylation and myogenic factor expression levels in a dose-responsive manner, while combinations of Shh and IGF-I showed additive effects. Blockage of the IGF-I effects by neutralizing antibody partially reduced Shh's effects on signaling pathways, suggesting that IGF-I enhances, but is not essential for Shh effects. Addition of cyclopamine, a Smo inhibitor, reduced Shh- and IGF-I-induced Akt phosphorylation in a similar manner, implying that Shh affects gain of the IGF-I signaling pathway. This implication was also examined via a genetic approach. In cultures derived from Smo(mut) (MCre;Smo(flox/flox)) mice lacking Smo expression specifically in hindlimb muscles, IGF-I-induced Akt and p42/44 phosphorylation was significantly reduced compared to IGF-I's effect on Smo(cont) cells. Moreover, remarkable inhibition of the stimulatory effect of IGF-I on myogenic differentiation was observed in Smo(mut) cultures, implying that intact Smo is required for IGF-I effects in myoblasts. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including the regulatory unit of PI3K (p85), are recruited to Smo in response to Shh. Moreover, IGF-IR was found to associate with Smo in response to Shh and to IGF-I, suggesting that Shh and IGF-I are already integrated at the receptor level, a mechanism by which their signaling pathways interact in augmenting their effects on adult myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Madhala-Levy
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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148
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Oxysterols and their cellular effectors. Biomolecules 2012; 2:76-103. [PMID: 24970128 PMCID: PMC4030866 DOI: 10.3390/biom2010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized 27-carbon cholesterol derivatives or by-products of cholesterol biosynthesis, with a spectrum of biologic activities. Several oxysterols have cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activities, the ability to interfere with the lateral domain organization, and packing of membrane lipids. These properties may account for their suggested roles in the pathology of diseases such as atherosclerosis, age-onset macular degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Oxysterols also have the capacity to induce inflammatory responses and play roles in cell differentiation processes. The functions of oxysterols as intermediates in the synthesis of bile acids and steroid hormones, and as readily transportable forms of sterol, are well established. Furthermore, their actions as endogenous regulators of gene expression in lipid metabolism via liver X receptors and the Insig (insulin-induced gene) proteins have been investigated in detail. The cytoplasmic oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues form a group of oxysterol/cholesterol sensors that has recently attracted a lot of attention. However, their mode of action is, as yet, poorly understood. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (ROR) α and γ, and Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (EBI2) have been identified as novel oxysterol receptors, revealing new physiologic oxysterol effector mechanisms in development, metabolism, and immunity, and evoking enhanced interest in these compounds in the field of biomedicine.
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Oxysterols are allosteric activators of the oncoprotein Smoothened. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:211-20. [PMID: 22231273 PMCID: PMC3262054 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are a class of endogenous signaling molecules that can activate the Hedgehog pathway, which has critical roles in development, regeneration and cancer. However, it has been unclear how oxysterols influence Hedgehog signaling, including whether their effects are mediated through a protein target or indirectly through effects on membrane properties. To answer this question, we synthesized the enantiomer and an epimer of the most potent oxysterol, 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol. Using these molecules, we show that the effects of oxysterols on Hedgehog signaling are exquisitely stereoselective, consistent with the hypothesis that they function through a specific protein target. We present several lines of evidence that this protein target is the seven-pass transmembrane protein Smoothened, a major drug target in oncology. Our work suggests that these enigmatic sterols, which have multiple effects on cell physiology, may act as ligands for signaling receptors and provides a generally applicable framework for probing sterol signaling mechanisms.
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Opposing actions of rosiglitazone and resveratrol on mineralization in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:862-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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